View source for Kacapi

{{Short description|Indonesian traditional musical instrument}}
{{About|the Sundanese zither|the Philippine lute|Kutiyapi}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = ''Kacapi''
| image                 = File:Kacapi-suling-full.jpg
| image_size            = 
| alt                   =
| caption               = ''Kacapi indung'' or ''kacapi parahu'', with 18 strings.
| background            =
| names                 =
| classification        = [[String instrument]]
| hornbostel_sachs      =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors             =
| developed             = [[Indonesia]]
| timbre                = 
| volume                = 
| attack                = 
| decay                 = 
| range                 =
| pitch                 = 
| related               = 
| musicians             =
| builders              =
| articles              =
}}

The '''kacapi''' is a traditional [[zither]] of [[Sundanese people]] in [[Indonesia]]. This musical instrument is similar to Chinese {{lang|zh-Latn|[[guzheng]]}}, Japanese ''[[Koto (instrument)|koto]]'', the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn|[[yatga]]}}, the Korean {{lang|ko-Latn|[[gayageum]]}}, the Vietnamese {{lang|vi|[[đàn tranh]]}} and the Kazakh [[jetigen]]. The kacapi played as the main accompanying instrument in the [[Tembang Sunda]] or Mamaos Cianjuran, [[kacapi suling]] ([[tembang Sunda]] without vocal accompaniment) genre (called ''kecapi seruling'' in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Pantun Sunda|pantun]] stories recitation or an additional instrument in [[Gamelan Degung]] performance.

The word ''kacapi'' in Sundanese also refers to [[Santol (fruit)|santol]] tree, from which initially the wood is believed to be used for building the zither instrument.

==Form==
[[File:kacapi-tuners.jpg|thumb|Details of tuner elements of a Kacapi Parahu]]
According to its form or physical appearance, there are two kinds of kacapis:
#Kacapi Parahu (=Boat Kacapi) or Kacapi Gelung; and
#Kacapi Siter

The '''Kacapi Parahu''' is a resonance box with an uncovered underside to allow the sound out. The sides of this kind of kacapi are tapered inward from top to bottom, which gives the instrument a boat-like shape. In ancient times, it was made directly from solid wood by perforating it.

The '''Kacapi siter''' is a plan-parallel resonance box. Similar to the kacapi parahu, its hole is located at the bottom. The upper and bottom sides of it form a trapezoid shape.

For both kinds of kacapi, each string is affixed to a small screw or peg on the top right-hand side of the box. They can be tuned in different systems: [[pelog]], [[sorog]]/[[madenda]], or [[slendro]]. Kacapi siter often tuned in Western diatonic scale for some purposes, such as [[Contemporary music of Indonesia|contemporary music]].

Nowadays, the resonance box of kacapi is made by gluing six wood-plates side by side.

The kacapi is traditionally played by sitting cross-legged on the floor. Thus, the strings are about 25&nbsp;cm above the floor. Nowadays the kacapi is sometimes placed on a wooden frame, so that the player can sit on a chair. If the kacapi indung is played while sitting on the floor, usually a pillow or some other small object is placed under its left-hand side, as seen from the player, so that the sound can freely escape through the resonance hole in the bottom of the soundbox. Some kecapi are fitted with small feet, so that it is not necessary to lift them in this way.<ref>Wim van Zanten, Sundanese Music in the Cianjuran Style, Foris Publications, USA, 1989</ref>

[[File:kacapi-bridges.jpg|thumb|Details of pawn-bridges of a Kacapi Parahu]]

==Functions==
[[File:kacapi-rincik-covered.jpg|thumb|Kacapi indung and kacapi rincik]]
According to its functions in a musical accompaniment, the kacapi is played as:
#Kacapi Indung (=mother kacapi) or ; and
#Kacapi Anak (=child kacapi) or Kacapi Rincik

The '''Kacapi indung''' leads the accompaniment by providing intros, bridges, and interludes, as well as determining the tempo. For this purpose, a large kacapi with 18 or 20 strings is used. 
<blockquote>{{Audio|Catrik2w-ind.ogg|Listen to an excerpt from a kacapi indung.}}</blockquote>

The '''Kacapi rincik''' enriches the accompaniment by filling in inter-note spaces with higher frequencies, especially in fixed metered songs as in the [[kacapi suling]] or [[Sekar Panambih]]. For this purpose, a smaller kacapi with ~15 strings is used.
<blockquote>{{Audio|Catrik2w.ogg|Listen to an excerpt from a kacapi indung and rincik.}}</blockquote>

==Tuning and notation==
Kacapi uses various scales, such as Saléndro, Degung, Madenda, and its derived transpositions. Wisaya nad Mandalungan are playable if the suling has additional holes. See the following table.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 1em"
| colspan="5" |'''[[Musical tuning|Tunings]]'''
| colspan="3" |'''[[Western musical notation|Western Approximations]]'''
|-
|'''[[Slendro|Saléndro]]'''
|'''Wisaya'''
|'''[[Degung]]'''
|'''[[Madenda]]'''
|'''Mandalungan'''
|'''Suling 54'''
|'''Suling 56'''
|'''Suling 60'''
|-
|1 (da)
|1 (da)
| 1 (da)
|3 (na)
|3 (na)
|A♭
|G
|F♯
|-
|
|2 (mi)
| 2 (mi)
|4 (ti)
|
|G
|F♯
|E♯ (F)
|-
|
|
|
|
|4 (ti)
|G♭
|F
|E
|-
|2 (mi)
|
|
|5 (la)
|5 (la)
|F
|E
|D♯
|-
|3 (na)
|3 (na)
| 3 (na)
|
|
|E♭
|D
|C♯
|-
|
|4 (ti)
|
|
|
|D
|C♯
|B♯ (C)
|-
|4 (ti)
|
| 4 (ti)
|1 (da)
|1 (da)
|D♭
|C
|B
|-
|
|5 (la)
| 5 (la)
|2 (mi)
|2 (mi)
|C
|B
|A♯
|-
|5 (la)
|
|
|
|
|B♭
|A
|G♯
|}

The note range, from the lowest to the highest frequency in Degung scale is:<br/>
[[Image:Kacapi noterange.png|Note range]]
{{Audio|KacapiRange.ogg|(Listen)}}

The kacapi is tuned to match the 60&nbsp;cm length suling tones. With this length, an approximation for the tuning compared to western scale is: <br/>
[[Image:Kacapi tune.png|Tuning of kacapi]]

The following picture applies the above-mentioned tuning and notation.<br/>
[[Image:Kacapi tn.png|Tuning and Notation of a kacapi]]

==Physical dimensions==
[[Image:KacapiDimensi.png|550px|Typical dimension of a kacapi siter]]

==Recitation of pantun stories==
It is not certain how long the kacapi has been used to accompany the recitation of [[Pantun Sunda|pantun]] stories. In the [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] dictionary published by the Lembaga Basa & Sastra Sunda (1976) the primary meaning of the word [[Pantun Sunda|pantun]] is given as kacapi. This may be an indication that the relation between the kacapi and the recitation of [[Pantun Sunda|pantun]] stories is an old one. Eringa (1949:3) points to the proverb "''kawas pantun teu jeung kacap''i", 'like a pantun (traditional sung story telling) without a kacapi', used of someone who likes to give other people advice but who does not himself practise what he preaches. This proverb, according to Eringa, indicates that the kacapi is the Standard instrument for accompanying a [[Pantun Sunda|pantun]] recitation. The [[Baduy people|Baduy]] [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] of [[Banten Province]] still make exclusive use of the kacapi to accompany their pantun stories.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/17411910801972933|title=The Marriage Relationship between Player and Kacapi ''Zither'' in West Java|journal=Ethnomusicology Forum|volume=17|pages=41–65|year=2008|last1=Van Zanten|first1=Wim|s2cid=217504871 }}

{{Zithers}}
{{Indonesian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indonesian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Box zithers]]
[[Category:Sundanese culture]]
[[Category:Music of West Java]]