View source for KASCADE

{{distinguish|Kaskade|Cascade (disambiguation){{!}}Cascade}}

'''KASCADE''' was a [[Europe]]an [[physics experiment]] started in 1996 at [[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]] (now [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|Karlsruher Institut für Technologie]]), an extensive [[Air shower (physics)|air shower]] experiment array to study the [[cosmic ray]] primary composition and the [[hadronic interaction]]s, measuring simultaneously the [[electron]]ic, [[muon]]ic and [[hadron]]ic components.

'''KASCADE-Grande''' was a further extension of the previous project by reassembling 37 detectors of the former [[EAS-TOP]] experiment running between 1987 and 2000 at [[Campo Imperatore]], [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso|Gran Sasso Laboratories]], [[Italy]]. By this Grande extension of KASCADE the energy range was extended to 10<sup>14</sup>–10<sup>18</sup> eV.

The experiment contributed significantly to the development of the [[CORSIKA]] simulation program which is use heavily in astroparticle physics. Co-located with KASCADE-Grande is the [[LOPES (telescope)|LOPES]] experiment. LOPES consists of radio antennas and measures the radio emission of extensive air showers.

KASCADE (including all extensions) stopped operation in 2013, but a part of the detectors is still used in other experiments for cosmic-ray air showers, e.g., [[Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)|LOFAR]] or [[Tunka experiment|Tunka]].

The data acquired by KASCADE-Grande has meanwhile been made accessible to the public in the [https://kcdc.iap.kit.edu/ KASCADE Cosmic-Ray Data Center (KCDC)].

== Results ==
KASCADE studied heavier components of cosmic rays, finding a "knee" near 80 PeV in 2011,<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Apel |first1=W. D.
 |last2=Arteaga-Velázquez |first2=J. C.
 |last3=Bekk |first3=K.
 |last4=Bertaina |first4=M.
 |last5=Blümer |first5=J.
 |last6=Bozdog |first6=H.
 |last7=Brancus |first7=I. M.
 |last8=Buchholz |first8=P.
 |last9=Cantoni |first9=E.
 |last10=Chiavassa |first10=A.
 |last11=Cossavella |first11=F.
 |last12=Daumiller |first12=K.
 |last13=de Souza |first13=V.
 |last14=Di Pierro |first14=F.
 |last15=Doll |first15=P.
 |last16=Engel |first16=R.
 |last17=Engler |first17=J.
 |last18=Finger |first18=M.
 |last19=Fuhrmann |first19=D.
 |last20=Ghia |first20=P. L.
 |last21=Gils |first21=H. J.
 |last22=Glasstetter |first22=R.
 |last23=Grupen |first23=C.
 |last24=Haungs |first24=A.
 |last25=Heck |first25=D.
 |last26=Hörandel |first26=J. R.
 |last27=Huber |first27=D.
 |last28=Huege |first28=T.
 |last29=Isar |first29=P. G.
 |last30=Kampert |first30=K.-H.
 |last31=Kang |first31=D.
 |last32=Klages |first32=H. O.
 |last33=Link |first33=K.
 |last34=Łuczak |first34=P.
 |last35=Ludwig |first35=M.
 |last36=Mathes |first36=H. J.
 |last37=Mayer |first37=H. J.
 |last38=Melissas |first38=M.
 |last39=Milke |first39=J.
 |last40=Mitrica |first40=B.
 |last41=Morello |first41=C.
 |last42=Navarra |first42=G.
 |last43=Oehlschläger |first43=J.
 |last44=Ostapchenko |first44=S.
 |last45=Over |first45=S.
 |last46=Palmieri |first46=N.
 |last47=Petcu |first47=M.
 |last48=Pierog |first48=T.
 |last49=Rebel |first49=H.
 |last50=Roth |first50=M.
 |last51=Schieler |first51=H.
 |last52=Schröder |first52=F. G.
 |last53=Sima |first53=O.
 |last54=Toma |first54=G.
 |last55=Trinchero |first55=G. C.
 |last56=Ulrich |first56=H.
 |last57=Weindl |first57=A.
 |last58=Wochele |first58=J.
 |last59=Wommer |first59=M.
 |last60=Zabierowski |first60=J.
 |display-authors=1
 |date=2011
 |title=Kneelike Structure in the Spectrum of the Heavy Component of Cosmic Rays Observed with KASCADE-Grande
 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
 |volume=107 |issue=17 |page=171104
 |arxiv=1107.5885
 |bibcode=2011PhRvL.107q1104A
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.171104 |pmid=22107501
|s2cid=13264179
 }}</ref> and extending the spectrum measurements to 200PeV.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Apel |first1=W. D.
 |last2=Arteaga-Velázquez |first2=J.C.
 |last3=Bekk |first3=K.
 |last4=Bertaina |first4=M.
 |last5=Blümer |first5=J.
 |last6=Bozdog |first6=H.
 |last7=Brancus |first7=I. M.
 |last8=Cantoni |first8=E.
 |last9=Chiavassa |first9=A.
 |last10=Cossavella |first10=F.
 |last11=Daumiller |first11=K.
 |last12=de Souza |first12=V.
 |last13=Di Pierro |first13=F.
 |last14=Doll |first14=P.
 |last15=Engel |first15=R.
 |last16=Engler |first16=J.
 |last17=Finger |first17=M.
 |last18=Fuchs |first18=B.
 |last19=Fuhrmann |first19=D.
 |last20=Gils |first20=H. J.
 |last21=Glasstetter |first21=R.
 |last22=Grupen |first22=C.
 |last23=Haungs |first23=A.
 |last24=Heck |first24=D.
 |last25=Hörandel |first25=J. R.
 |last26=Huber |first26=D.
 |last27=Huege |first27=T.
 |last28=Kampert |first28=K.-H.
 |last29=Kang |first29=D.
 |last30=Klages |first30=H. O.
 |last31=Link |first31=K.
 |last32=Łuczak |first32=P.
 |last33=Ludwig |first33=M.
 |last34=Mathes |first34=H. J.
 |last35=Mayer |first35=H. J.
 |last36=Melissas |first36=M.
 |last37=Milke |first37=J.
 |last38=Mitrica |first38=B.
 |last39=Morello |first39=C.
 |last40=Oehlschläger |first40=J.
 |last41=Ostapchenko |first41=S.
 |last42=Palmieri |first42=N.
 |last43=Petcu |first43=M.
 |last44=Pierog |first44=T.
 |last45=Rebel |first45=H.
 |last46=Roth |first46=M.
 |last47=Schieler |first47=H.
 |last48=Schoo |first48=S.
 |last49=Schröder |first49=F. G.
 |last50=Sima |first50=O.
 |last51=Toma |first51=G.
 |last52=Trinchero |first52=G. C.
 |last53=Ulrich |first53=H.
 |last54=Weindl |first54=A.
 |last55=Wochele |first55=J.
 |last56=Wommer |first56=M.
 |last57=Zabierowski |first57=J.
 |display-authors=1
 |date=2013
 |title=KASCADE-Grande measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays
 |journal=[[Astroparticle Physics (journal)|Astroparticle Physics]]
 |volume=47 |pages=54–66
 |bibcode=2013APh....47...54A
 |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.06.004
|arxiv=1308.2098|s2cid=56226807
 }}</ref>

Later, a knee-like feature in the heavy component and an ankle-like feature in the light component of cosmic rays was discovered at an energy of about 10<sup>17</sup> eV.

== Participants ==
* Institut für Kernphysik and Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik of [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|Karlsruher Institut für Technologie]] (KIT), [[Germany]]
* Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell' Università and Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario of [[INAF|Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica]] [[Torino]], [[Italy]]
* [[Universität Siegen]], Germany
* [[Universität Wuppertal]], Germany
* [[Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies]], [[Łódź]], [[Poland]]
* [[Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering]], [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{oweb|https://web.iap.kit.edu/KASCADE/}} of KASCADE
* [https://kcdc.iap.kit.edu/ KASCADE Cosmic-Ray Data Center (KCDC)]
* [https://www.astro.ru.nl/lopes/ LOPES experiment]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kascade}}
[[Category:Cosmic-ray experiments]]


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