View source for Juvenal

{{Short description|Early 2nd century Roman poet}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Juvenal
| image            = Juvenalcrowned.gif
| caption          = [[Book frontispiece|Frontispiece]] from [[John Dryden]], ''The<br/>[[Satires of Juvenal|Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis]]:<br/>And of [[Aulus Persius Flaccus]]''
| pseudonym        = 
| birth_date       = c. 55 AD
| birth_place      = [[Aquinum]], [[Roman Italy|Italy]], [[Roman Empire]]
| death_date       = 128 (aged c. 73)
| death_place      = 
| occupation       = [[Poet]]
| nationality      = [[Roman Empire|Roman]]
| period           = 
| genre            = [[Satire]]
| subject          = 
| movement         = 
}}

'''Decimus Junius Juvenalis''' ({{IPA|la|ˈdɛkɪmʊs ˈjuːniʊs jʊwɛˈnaːlɪs|lang}}), known in English as '''Juvenal''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|uː|v|ən|əl}} {{respell|JOO|vən|əl}}; {{Circa}} 55–128), was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[poet]]. He is the author of the ''[[Satires (Juvenal)|Satires]]'', a collection of satirical poems. The details of Juvenal's life are unclear, but references in his works to people from the late first and early second centuries AD suggest that he began writing no earlier than that time. One recent scholar argues that his first book was published in 100 or 101.<ref>Uden, J. ''The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome'' (Oxford, 2015), pp. 219–226</ref> A reference to a political figure dates his fifth and final surviving book to sometime after 127.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayor |first=John Eyton Bickersteth |date=1881 |title=Thirteen Satires of Juvenal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ6p_J1Bc3EC&pg=PR18 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Macmillan and Company |page=xviii |isbn=}}</ref>

Juvenal wrote at least 16 poems in the verse form [[dactylic hexameter]]. These poems cover a range of Roman topics. This follows [[Gaius Lucilius|Lucilius]]&mdash;the originator of the Roman satire genre, and it fits within a poetic tradition that also includes [[Horace]] and [[Persius]]. The ''Satires'' are a vital source for the study of [[ancient Rome]] from a number of perspectives, although their comic mode of expression makes it problematic to accept the content as strictly factual. At first glance the ''Satires'' could be read as a critique of Rome.

== Life ==
[[File:Juvenal_portrait.jpg|thumb|left|''Juvenal'', S. H. Gimber, 1837]]

Details of the author's life cannot be reconstructed definitively. The ''Vita Iuvenalis'' (Life of Juvenal), a biography of the author that became associated with his manuscripts no later than the tenth century, is little more than an extrapolation from the ''Satires''.

Traditional biographies, including the ''Vita Iuvenalis'', give us the writer's full name and also tell us that he was either the son, or adopted son, of a rich [[freedman]]. He is supposed to have been a pupil of [[Quintilian]], and to have practiced rhetoric until he was middle-aged, both as amusement and for legal purposes. The ''Satires'' do make frequent and accurate references to the operation of the Roman legal system, which adds credit to him having studied law. His career as a satirist is supposed to have begun at a fairly late stage in his life, possibly by a lack of income in his study of law. The ''Vita Iuvenalis'' also states that he was incredibly poor, which is further reinforced by Martial calling him 'a poor dependent cadging from rich men'.

Biographies agree in giving his birthplace as the [[Volsci]]an town of [[Aquinum]]<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Juvenal |volume=15 |pages=610–613 |first1=William |last1=Sellar   |first2=John |last2=Postgate}}</ref> and in allotting to his life a period of exile, which supposedly was due to his insulting an actor who had high levels of court influence – possibly the actor Paris, whom he slandered in his 7th ''Satire''. The emperor who banished him was [[Trajan]] or [[Domitian]]. A preponderance of the biographies place his exile in Egypt, with the exception of one that opts for Scotland.<ref name="Peter Green p.15">Peter Green: Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of the ''Satires'', 1998 edition: pp. 15 ff</ref>

Only one of these traditional biographies supplies a date of birth for Juvenal: it gives 55 CE, which most probably is speculation, but accords reasonably well with the rest of the evidence. Other traditions have him surviving for some time past the year of [[Hadrian]]'s death (138 CE). Some sources place his death in exile, others have him being recalled to Rome (the latter of which is considered more plausible by contemporary scholars). If he was exiled by Domitian, then it is possible that he was one of the political exiles recalled during the brief reign of [[Nerva]].<ref name="Peter Green p.15"/>

It is impossible to tell how much of the content of these traditional biographies is fiction and how much is fact. Large parts clearly are mere deduction from Juvenal's writings, but some elements appear more substantial. Juvenal never mentions a period of exile in his life, yet it appears in every extant traditional biography. Many scholars think the idea of his exile to be a later invention, made up to show how much his works offended others. However the ''Satires'' do display some knowledge of Egypt and Britain, and it is thought that this gave rise to the tradition that Juvenal was exiled. Others, however—particularly [[Gilbert Highet]]—regard the exile as factual, and these scholars also supply a concrete date for the exile: 93 CE until 96, when Nerva became emperor. They argue that a reference to Juvenal in one of [[Martial]]'s poems, which is dated to 92, is impossible if, at this stage Juvenal was already in exile, or, had served his time in exile, since in that case, Martial would not have wished to antagonize Domitian by mentioning such a ''persona non grata'' as Juvenal. If Juvenal was exiled, he would have lost his [[Family patrimony|patrimony]], and this may explain the consistent descriptions of the life of the client he bemoans in the ''Satires''.

The only other biographical evidence available is a dedicatory inscription said to have been found at Aquinum in the nineteenth century, which consists of the following text:<ref>(From L to R: the inscription as preserved, the restored inscription, and the translation of the restored inscription.)</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
: ...]RI·SACRVM
: ...]NIVS·IVVENALIS
: ...] COH·[.]·DELMATARVM
: II·VIR·QVINQ·FLAMEN
: DIVI·VESPASIANI
: VOVIT·DEDICAV[...]UE
: SVA                     PEC
</div>
{{col-3}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
:[CERE]RI·SACRVM
:[D(ECIMVS) IV]NIVS·IVVENALIS
:[TRIB(VNVS)] COH(ORTIS)·[I]·DELMATARVM
:II·VIR·QVINQ(VENNALIS)·FLAMEN
:DIVI·VESPASIANI
:VOVIT·DEDICAV[ITQ]VE
:SVA PEC(VNIA)
</div>
{{col-3}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
: To [[Ceres (Roman mythology)|Ceres]] (this) sacred (thing)
: (Decimus Junius?) Juvenalis
: military tribune of the first cohort of the Dalmatian<ref name=EB1911/> (legions)
: [[Duovir]], Quinquennalis, [[Imperial cult (Ancient Rome)|Flamen]]
: of the Divine [[Vespasian]]
: vowed and dedicated
: at his own expense
: (''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' X.5382)
</div>
{{col-end}}

Scholars usually are of the opinion that this inscription does not relate to the poet: a military career would not fit well with the pronounced anti-militarism of the ''Satires'' and, moreover, the Dalmatian legions do not seem to have existed prior to 166 CE. Therefore, it seems likely that this reference is to a Juvenal who was a later relative of the poet, however, as they both came from Aquinum and were associated with the goddess [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]] (the only deity the ''Satires'' shows much respect for). If the theory that connects these two Juvenals is correct, then the inscription does show that Juvenal's family was reasonably wealthy, and that, if the poet really was the son of a foreign freedman, then his descendants assimilated into the Roman class structure more quickly than typical. [[Peter Green (historian)|Green]] thinks it more likely that the tradition of the freedman father is false, and that Juvenal's ancestors had been minor nobility of Roman Italy of relatively ancient descent.<ref>Peter Green: Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of the ''Satires'', 1998 edition: pp. 23–24</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Rome|Literature}}
* [[Glossarium Eroticum]]
* [[Junia (gens)]]
* ''[[Bread and circuses|Panem et circenses]]''
* [[Satires (Juvenal)|''Satires'' (Juvenal)]]
* [[Satire VI]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*Anderson, William S. (1982) ''Essays on Roman Satire'', Princeton: Princeton University Press.
*[[Susanna Braund|Braund, Susanna M.]] (1988) ''Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal’s Third Book of Satires'', Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
*Braund, Susanna (1996) ''Juvenal Satires Book I'',  Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
*Braund, Susanna (1996) ''The Roman Satirists and their Masks'',  London: Bristol Classical Press.
* {{cite book |last=Braund |first=Susanna |year=2012 |chapter=Juvenal |title=Oxford Classical Dictionary |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |display-editors=etal |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3522 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 }}
*Courtney, E. (1980) ''A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal'', London: Athlone Press.
*Edwards, Catherine (1993) ''The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Gleason, Maud W. (1995) ''Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome'',  Princeton: Princeton University Press.
*Gowers, Emily (1993) ''The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature'',  Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Green, Peter (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007317 "Juvenal Revisited"]. ''Grand Street'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (Autumn, 1989), pp.&nbsp;175–196.
*Green, Peter (trans.) (1998): [https://books.google.com/books?id=uvQTNfOi7M8C&dq=Juvenal%20Penguin&pg=PP1 ''Juvenal. The Sixteen Satires'']. London: Penguin Books. (3rd revised edn; first edn published 1967).
*Highet, Gilbert (1961) ''Juvenal the Satirist'',  New York: Oxford University Press.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKHX78b24N4C&dq=Juvenal%20Niall%20Rudd&pg=PP1 Juvenal (1992) ''The Satires''], Trans. [[Niall Rudd]], Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Juvenal (1992) ''Persi et Juvenalis Saturae'', ed. W. V. Clausen.  London:  Oxford University Press.
* Kelk, Christopher (2010), ''The Satires of Juvenal: A Verse Translation'', Edwin Mellen Press.
*Macleane, Arthur J. (1867). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001808847 ''Decii Junii Juvenalis et A. Persii Flacci Satirae. With a commentary''].
*''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' 3rd ed., 1996, New York: Oxford University Press.
*Richlin, Amy (1992) ''The Garden of Priapus'', New York : Oxford University Press.
*[[Niall Rudd|Rudd, Niall]] (1982) ''Themes in Roman Satire'', Los Angeles: University of California Press.
*Rudd, Niall (tr.) (1991): [https://books.google.com/books?id=LKHX78b24N4C&dq=Juvenal%20Niall%20Rudd&pg=PP1 Juvenal ''Juvenal: The Satires, with an Introduction and Notes by William Barr'']. Oxford.
*Syme, Ronald (1939) ''The Roman Revolution'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Uden, James (2015) ''The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
*Stramaglia, Antonio; Grazzini, Stefano; Dimatteo, Giuseppe (2015): ''Giovenale tra storia, poesia e ideologia'', Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Juvenal
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/juvenal.html Latin text of The ''Satires'' of Juvenal] at [[The Latin Library]]
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#Juvenal English translations of all 16 satires] at the Tertullian Project.  Together with a survey of the manuscript transmission.
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Juvenal Works by Juvenal at Perseus Digital Library]
* [[s:Juvenal Satires|English translations of Satires 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9]]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/juvenalpersius-intro.html Juvenal's first 3 "Satires" in English]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141206193712/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/juvenal.htm SORGLL:  Juvenal, Satire I.1–30, read by Mark Miner]
* [http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Lessons-from-Juvenal-1755 Lessons From Juvenal]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Juvenal}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5458}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft Juvenal and Persius]'', G. G. Ramsay (ed.), Loeb, London: William Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1928.

{{Ancient Rome topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Junii|Juvenalis, Decimus]]
[[Category:50s births]]
[[Category:128 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman poets]]
[[Category:2nd-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Ancient Romans in Britain]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman writers]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman satirists]]
[[Category:Silver Age Latin writers]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Frosinone]]