View source for Justice and Equality Movement

{{Short description|Sudanese opposition group}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name             = Justice and Equality Movement
| native_name      = حركة العدل والمساواة
| native_name_lang = ar
| war              = the [[War in Darfur]], the [[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile|conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]] and the [[Second Libyan Civil War]]<ref name="ME_briefing_Haftar_support">{{cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | last2= | first2= | authorlink = | language = | title= Libya on the Brink of a Full-blown Civil War?  |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[Orient Research Centre#Middle East Briefing|Middle East briefing]] |date =2016-09-22 | url = http://mebriefing.com/?p=2528 |format = |issue=144 |volume=III | doi = | accessdate = 2019-11-01 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161121132437/http://mebriefing.com/?p=2528 |archivedate= 2016-11-21 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| image            = JEM Logo June 2013.jpg
| caption          = 
| active           = 2000–present
| ideology         = [[Islamic democracy]]<br>[[Populism]]<br>[[Federalism]]
| leaders          = [[Khalil Ibrahim]] <small>(2000–2011)</small><br>[[Gibril Ibrahim]] <small>(2012–present)</small>
| groups           = 
| headquarters     = 
| area             = [[Darfur]] & [[Kurdufan]], [[Sudan]]<br>[[Libya]]
| size             = 35,000 (claim)<ref name="WhoAreJem">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/05/20095721141953829.html "Who are Sudan's Jem rebels?" ''Al Jazeera'']</ref>
| partof           = [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]]
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| allies           = [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army]] <br/>[[Liberation and Justice Movement]]
| opponents        = [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] <small>(until November 2023)</small><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=Sudan civil war: Darfur's Jem rebels join army fight against RSF |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67450204 |access-date=2024-05-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br/>[[Janjaweed]] and [[Rapid Support Forces]]
| battles          = {{tree list}}
*[[War in Darfur]]
*[[Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile]]
*[[Heglig Crisis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=JEM involvement against Sudanese government in the Heglig War |url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610103523/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
*[[South Sudanese Civil War]]
**[[2016–2019 Wau clashes]]
* [[Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)]]
*[[Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)]]
*[[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]]
{{tree list/end}}
| url              = 
}}
{{Darfur conflict}}

The '''Justice and Equality Movement''' ('''JEM'''; {{langx|ar|حركة العدل والمساواة}}, ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Ḥarakat al-ʿAdl wal-musāwāh}}'') is an opposition group in [[Sudan]] founded by [[Khalil Ibrahim]].<ref name="WhoAre">{{Cite news |date=23 February 2010 |title=Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228161605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Gibril Ibrahim]] has led the group since January 2012 after the death of Khalil, his brother, in December 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-26 |title=Darfur's strongest rebel group elects new chief |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-sudan-darfurr-20120126-idAFJOE80P05T20120126 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref> The JEM supported the removal of President of Sudan, [[Omar al-Bashir]] and nation-wide government reform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) |url=https://smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/HSBA-Armed-Groups-JEM.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013201858/https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/HSBA-Armed-Groups-JEM.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

==Formation and organization==
{{update section|date=November 2019}}
The Justice and Equality Movement trace their origin to the writers of ''[[The Black Book: Imbalance of Power and Wealth in the Sudan]]'', a manuscript published in 2000 that details what it views as the [[structural inequality]] in the country; the JEM's founder, Khalil Ibrahim, was one of the authors.<ref name="WhoAre"/>

The JEM claims to number around 35,000 with an ethnically diverse membership.<ref name="WhoAreJem"/> According to critics it is not the "rainbow of tribes" it claims to be, as most JEM members, including its leader, are from the [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]] tribe.<ref name="WhoAreJem"/> The JEM is part of the [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]] (SRF), an alliance of groups opposed to the Government of Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrie |first=Jared |date=2 November 2023 |title=Sudanese Darfur Rebel Group Joins Anti-Government Alliance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119024717/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-13/sudanese-darfur-rebel-group-joins-anti-government-alliance.html |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=19 Jan 2013 |website=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref>

==History of attacks==
===Raids on Haskanita===
In the September and October 2007 [[raids on Haskanita]] JEM units attacked the [[African Union Mission in Sudan]]. Three JEM leaders, [[Bahr Idriss Abu Garda]],<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLH434223 First Darfur rebel to appear before Hague court], ''[[Reuters]]'', 2009-05-17</ref> [[Abdallah Banda|Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain]] and [[Saleh Jerbo|Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus]], were charged by the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur|International Criminal Court]] (ICC) of [[war crimes]].<ref name="ICC_Banda_Jerbo" /> The case against Garda was dropped due to lack of evidence<ref name="AbuGarda_charges_dropped" /> and the case against Jerbo was dropped after his presumed death on 19 April 2013.<ref name="ICC_drops_Jerbo_case" /> {{As of|2019|06}}, Banda was considered a fugitive by the ICC.<ref name="Bensouda_June2019_update" />

===Oilfield attacks and anti-government operations===
In October 2007, the JEM attacked the Defra oilfield in the [[Kordofan]] region of Sudan. The [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]], a [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]]-led consortium, controls the field. The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on the Defra field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. [They are] just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the [[Janjaweed|Janjaweed militia]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| title= Darfur rebels spurn Chinese force | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7111206.stm | date=2007-11-24| access-date=2007-11-24 }}</ref>

On the morning of December 11, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the [[Kordofan]] region. [[Khartoum]] officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack.  Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web|title=Sudan rebels 'attack oilfield' |publisher=Al Jazeera English |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7BD4ADA2-8B0F-4D4B-B673-A836027DA78B.htm |date=2007-12-11 |access-date=2007-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233515/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7BD4ADA2-8B0F-4D4B-B673-A836027DA78B.htm |archive-date=2007-12-12 }}</ref>

===2008–2013 Khartoum attack and continued battles===
In May 2008, JEM engaged in its most famous operation against the Sudanese government when it [[2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum|attacked the Sudanese capital of Khartoum]]. JEM's advance recorded many impressive gains which included temporarily controlling the city of [[Omdurman]], the airport at the Wadi Sayedna military base, {{convert|10|mi|km}} north of Khartoum, and three bridges leading into the capital.<ref name="Bloomfield">Steve Bloomfield, The Independent, Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum, 11 May 2008</ref>  The operation ended with heavy battles in the western part of the Sudanese capital that included the government's use of army helicopters to repel the JEM advance.<ref name="Bloomfield" />  Following this battle, [[Eltahir Elfaki]], the General Secretary of JEM's legislative council, vowed that the war would henceforth be fought across the country, saying that "We haven't changed our tactics. From the beginning, Jem is a national movement and it has a national agenda."<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/51DF8D2C-009B-4262-BCC2-C59F07219ABB.htm "Sudan 'repulses' rebel attack"], Al Jazeera, May 11, 2008.</ref> [[Khalil Ibrahim]] declared that "This is just the start of a process and the end is the termination of this regime".<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A0C807C2-F75E-4E95-8BFD-F1BFE716CD77.htm "Sudan leader 'terrified' by arrest"], Al Jazeera, May 13, 2008.</ref>

In April 2013, JEM and its allies in the [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]] engaged in many successful attacks against Sudanese government forces.  In a raid coordinated between all the parties of the SRF that included the use of 20 vehicles, the opposition forces briefly held the strategic city of Um Rawaba in [[North Kordofan]], located {{convert|300|mi|km}} south of Khartoum.<ref>Reuters, Sudan rebels attack city, push closer to capital, 27 April 2013</ref> As part of the offensive, JEM and the SRF also gained control of Abu Korshola, a strategic town of 40,000 in  [[South Kordofan]].<ref>Reuters, Sudan's army seizes back town from rebels in oil state, 27 May 2013</ref> In its bid to retake control, the Sudanese Armed Forces engaged in indiscriminate air raid campaigns.<ref>Enough Project, Civilians Caught in the Crossfire: The Bombing of Abu Kershola and Ad Dandour, 10 June 2013, [http://enoughproject.org/reports/civilians-caught-crossfire-bombing-abu-kershola-and-ad-dandour]</ref> On May 27, the opposition forces withdrew in order to allow humanitarian aid to be delivered to the area's residents.<ref>Reuters, Sudan's army seizes back town from rebels in oil state, 27 May 2013 [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-fighting-idUSBRE94Q0G320130527]</ref> During 2013, opposition forces continued to engage in offensive operations, leading to dozens of casualties for Sudanese forces around Abu Korshola.<ref>Radio Dabanga, 'SRF kill 14 Sudan government troops in blitz on Abu Karshola, South Kordofan': Rebels, 9 June 2013, {{cite web |url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/51227 |title='SRF kill 14 Sudan government troops in blitz on Abu Karshola, South Kordofan': Rebels &#124; Radio Dabanga |access-date=2014-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215223854/https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/51227 |archive-date=2013-12-15 }}</ref><ref>Radio Dabanga, Sudan rebel attack on Abu Karshola 'kills 30 SAF, downs chopper', 31 May 2013 {{cite web |url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/50550 |title=Sudan rebel attack on Abu Karshola 'kills 30 SAF, downs chopper' – Bashir fails to show &#124; Radio Dabanga |access-date=2014-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215223317/https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/50550 |archive-date=2013-12-15 }}</ref>

==August 2020 peace agreement==
{{main|Juba Peace Agreement}}
The Justice and Equality Movement signed a peace agreement with the [[Cabinet of Sudan|Transitional Government of Sudan]] on 31 August 2020 and will now participate in the [[2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy|transition to democracy]] in Sudan through peaceful means. Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to three seats on the [[Sovereignty Council (Sudan)|sovereignty council]], a total of five ministers in the [[Cabinet of Sudan|transitional cabinet]] and a quarter of seats in the [[Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)|transitional legislature]]. At a regional level, signatories will be entitled between 30 and 40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states or regions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200901011217/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-darfur/sudan-signs-peace-deal-with-key-rebel-groups-some-hold-out-idUKKBN25R14T Reuters]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|title = 'Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba| date=September 2020 }}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ICC_Banda_Jerbo">[http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/BandaAndJerboEng.pdf ICC Case Information Sheet on the Banda and Jerbo proceedings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028193144/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/BandaAndJerboEng.pdf |date=2011-10-28 }}. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</ref>

<ref name="AbuGarda_charges_dropped">{{cite web | title = The Prosecutor v. Bahar Idriss Abu Garda | publisher = [[International Criminal Court]] | date = 2010-04-23 | url = http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200205/related%20cases/icc02050209/icc02050209 | access-date = 22 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120403035657/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200205/related%20cases/icc02050209/icc02050209 |archive-date= 2012-04-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ICC_drops_Jerbo_case">{{cite web | title =Situation in Darfur, Sudan in the case of The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Band Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus | publisher = [[International Criminal Court]] | date = 2013-10-04 | url = https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2013_06637.PDF | access-date = 2019-06-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190608234917/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2013_06637.PDF |archive-date= 2019-06-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bensouda_June2019_update">{{cite web | last1 =Bensouda | first1 =Fatou | author1-link =Fatou Bensouda | title = Statement to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur, pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005) | publisher =[[International Criminal Court]] | date =2019-06-19 | url = https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=190619-stat-otp-UNSC-Darfur-Sudan | access-date = 2019-06-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190619214801/https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=190619-stat-otp-UNSC-Darfur-Sudan |archive-date= 2019-06-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130814045754/http://justiceandequalitymovement.com/ Justice and Equality Movement (JEM Sudan)] The JEM's English Language homepage
*[http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Photojournalist's Account] - Images of the Justice and Equality Movement and Darfur's displaced
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/darfur.htm Darfur conflict]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071126024120/http://www.gnpoc.com/home.asp Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company's website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Politics of Sudan]]
[[Category:War in Darfur]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in Sudan]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Sudan]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Chad]]
[[Category:Sudan Revolutionary Front]]