View source for Junkers Ju 87

{{short description|1935 dive bomber aircraft family by Junkers}}
{{redirect|Stuka|other uses|Stuka (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
{{Very long|date=June 2025|words=15,378}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Ju 87
| image = File:Junkers Ju 87Ds in flight Oct  1943.jpg
| image_border = yes
| image_caption = Ju 87Ds in October 1943
| aircraft_type = [[Dive bomber]] and [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack aircraft]]
| national_origin = [[Nazi Germany]]
| manufacturer = [[Junkers]]
| designer = [[Hermann Pohlmann]]
| first_flight = 17 September 1935
| introduction = 1936
| retired = 1945
| status = 
| primary_user = ''[[Luftwaffe]]''<!-- List only one user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add flag templates, as they limit horizontal space. -->
| more_users = {{plainlist|
* [[Bulgarian Air Force]]
* ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]''
* [[Royal Romanian Air Force]]
}} <!-- Limited to THREE (3) "more users" here (4 total users).  List users with {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}}. -->
| produced = 
| number_built = 6,000{{efn|Figures are debated. Griehl cites additions of Chief engineer Pichon's list. This indicates 5,930 produced. Griehl points out this may include all machines, even those that were incomplete. Junkers records give 5,126 aircraft delivered to the Luftwaffe.{{Sfn|Griehl|2001|pp=129–130}} }}
| developed_from = 
| variants = 
| developed_into = 
}}

The '''Junkers Ju 87''', popularly known as the "'''Stuka'''",{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|s|t|u:|k|ə}}; {{IPA|de|ˈʃtuːkaː|lang|De-Stuka.ogg}}; from {{wikt-lang|de|Sturzkampfflugzeug}}, "dive bomber"<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuka |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/stuka |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sturzkampfflugzeug |url=https://www.wordreference.com/deen/Sturzkampfflugzeug |website=Wörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch – [[WordReference.com]] |access-date=22 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>}} is a German [[dive bomber]] and [[Attack aircraft|ground-attack aircraft]]. Designed by [[Hermann Pohlmann]], it first flew in 1935. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the [[Luftwaffe]]'s [[Condor Legion]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–1939 and served the [[Axis powers|Axis]] in [[World War II]] from beginning to end (1939–1945).

The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted [[gull wing]]s and fixed [[Aircraft fairing|spatted]] [[Landing gear|undercarriage]]. Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted ram-air [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]], officially called "Lärmgerät" (noise device), which became a [[propaganda]] symbol of German [[Aerial warfare|air power]] and of the so-called ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' victories of 1939–1942, as well as providing Stuka pilots with audible feedback as to speed. The Stuka's design included several innovations, including automatic pull-up [[dive brake]]s under both wings to ensure that the aircraft recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot [[G-LOC|blacked out]] from the high [[g-force]]s, or suffered from [[target fixation]].

The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in [[close air support]] and [[Maritime interdiction|anti-shipping]] roles at the outbreak of World War II. It led air assaults during the [[Invasion of Poland]] in September 1939.  Stukas proved critical to the rapid conquest of [[Norwegian campaign|Norway]], the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]], and [[Battle of France|France]] in 1940. Though sturdy, accurate, and very effective against ground targets, the Stuka was, like many other dive bombers of the period, vulnerable to fighter aircraft. During the [[Battle of Britain]] of 1940–1941, its lack of manoeuvrability, speed, or defensive armament meant that it required a heavy fighter escort to operate effectively.

After the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe deployed Stuka units in the [[Balkans Campaign (World War II)|Balkans Campaign]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|African]] and the Mediterranean theatres and in the early stages of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] war, where it was used for general ground support, as an effective specialised [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank aircraft]] and in an anti-shipping role.  Once the Luftwaffe lost [[air superiority]], the Stuka became an easy target for enemy fighters, but it continued being produced until 1944 for lack of a better replacement. By 1945 ground-attack versions of the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] had largely replaced the Ju 87, but it remained in service until the end of the war in 1945.

Germany built an estimated 6,000 Ju 87s of all versions between 1936 and August 1944.

''[[Oberst]]'' [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]] became the most successful Stuka pilot and the most highly decorated German pilot of the war.

==Development==

===Early design===
The Ju 87's principal designer, [[Hermann Pohlmann]], held the opinion that any dive-bomber design needed to be simple and robust.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 37">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=37}}</ref> This led to many technical innovations, such as the retractable undercarriage being discarded in favour of one of the Stuka's distinctive features, its fixed and "[[Aircraft fairing|spatted]]" undercarriage. Pohlmann continued to carry on developing and adding to his ideas and those of [[Diplom|Dipl]] [[European Engineer|Ing]] Karl Plauth (Plauth was killed in a flying accident in November 1927), and produced the Ju A 48, which underwent testing on 29 September 1928. The military version of the Ju A 48 was designated the [[Junkers K 47|Ju K 47]].<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 37"/>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R15623, Ernst Udet.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ernst Udet]]; proponent of the dive-bomber and the Ju 87 (1928 photo)]]

After the [[Nazis]] came to power, the design was given priority. Despite initial competition from the [[Henschel Hs 123]], the ''[[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|Reichsluftfahrtministerium]]'' (RLM/German aviation ministry) turned to the designs of Herman Pohlmann of [[Junkers]] and co-designer of the K 47, [[Karl Plauth]]. During the trials with the K 47 in 1932, [[Twin tail|double vertical stabilisers]] were introduced to give the rear gunner a better [[field of fire (weaponry)|field of fire]]. The main, and what was to be the most distinctive, feature of the Ju 87 was its double-spar inverted [[gull wing]]s.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 38-39">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=38–39}}</ref>
After Plauth's death, Pohlmann continued the development of the Junkers dive bomber. The Ju A 48 registration D-ITOR, was originally fitted with a [[BMW 132]] engine, producing 450&nbsp;[[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]] (600&nbsp;[[Horsepower|hp]]). The machine was also fitted with [[dive brake]]s for dive testing. The aircraft was given a good evaluation and "exhibited very good flying characteristics".<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 37"/>

[[Ernst Udet]] took an immediate liking to the concept of dive-bombing after flying the [[Curtiss F11C Goshawk]]. When [[Walther Wever (general)|Walther Wever]] and [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] were invited to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jüterbog artillery range, it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber. Udet began his dive at {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and released his {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs at {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}, barely recovering and pulling out of the dive.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 38">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=38}}</ref> The chief of the ''Luftwaffe'' Command Office Walther Wever, and the Secretary of State for Aviation [[Erhard Milch]], feared that such high-level nerves and skill could not be expected of "average pilots" in the ''Luftwaffe''.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 38"/> Nevertheless, development continued at Junkers.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 38"/> Udet's "growing love affair" with the dive bomber pushed it to the forefront of German aviation development.<ref>{{harvnb|Murray|1983|p=13}}</ref> Udet went so far as to advocate that all [[medium bomber]]s should have dive-bombing capabilities,<ref>{{harvnb|Murray|1983|p=16}}</ref> which initially doomed the only dedicated, strategic [[heavy bomber]] design to enter German front-line service during the war years—the 30-metre wingspan [[Heinkel He 177]]A—into having an airframe design (due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937) that could perform "medium angle" dive-bombing missions, until ''Reichsmarschall'' [[Hermann Göring]] exempted the He 177A, Germany's only operational heavy bomber, in September 1942 from being given the task of such a mismatched mission profile for its large airframe.<ref name="Griehl and Dressel 1998, p. 53">{{harvnb|Griehl|Dressel|1998|p=53}}</ref>

===Evolution===
The design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the ''Sturzbomber-Programm''. The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]] liquid-cooled [[V12 engine]], ten of which were ordered by Junkers on 19 April 1934 at a cost of [[Pound sterling|£]]20,514 2s 6d ({{Inflation|UK-GDP|{{£sd|l=20514|s=2|d=6}}|1934|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=27}}</ref> The first Ju 87 prototype was built by [[AB Flygindustri]] in Sweden and secretly brought to Germany in late 1934. It was to have been completed in April 1935, but, due to the inadequate strength of the airframe, construction took until October 1935. The mostly complete Ju 87 V1 W.Nr.{{efn|''Werknummer'' (W.Nr.) means "works number" of the factory. The number can usually be found on the vertical stabiliser of all German military aircraft of the Second World War.}} 4921 (less non-essential parts) took off for its maiden flight on 17 September 1935. The aircraft was later given the registration D-UBYR.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=40}}</ref> The flight report, by ''Hauptmann'' [[Wilhelm Neuenhofen|Willy Neuenhofen]], stated the only problem was with the small radiator, which caused the engine to overheat.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=41}}</ref>

The Ju 87 V1, powered by a Kestrel engine and fitted with a twin tail, crashed on 24 January 1936 at Kleutsch near [[Dresden]], killing Junkers' chief test pilot, Willy Neuenhofen, and his engineer, Heinrich Kreft.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=28}}</ref> The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive.<ref>{{harvnb|Mondey|1996|pp=111–118}}</ref> The crash prompted a change to a single [[vertical stabiliser]] tail design. To withstand strong forces during a dive, heavy plating, along with brackets riveted to the frame and [[longeron]], was fitted to the fuselage. Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the [[leading edge]] and could rotate 90°.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=27}}</ref>

[[File:Junkers Ju 87 Inverted Wings.jpg|left|thumb|The Stuka had inverted gull wings, as shown in this photograph. Also visible are the two separate sliding "hoods" of the canopy.]]

The RLM was still not interested in the Ju 87 and was not impressed that it relied on a British engine. In late 1935, Junkers suggested fitting a [[Daimler-Benz DB 600|DB 600]] inverted V12 engine, with the final variant to be equipped with the [[Jumo 210]]. This was accepted by the RLM as an interim solution. The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936. The test flight could not be carried out for over two months due to a lack of adequate aircraft. The 24 January crash had already destroyed one machine. The second prototype was also beset by design problems. It had its twin stabilisers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability. Due to a shortage of engines, instead of a DB 600, a BMW "Hornet" engine was fitted. All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=41}}</ref>

By March 1936, the second prototype, the V2, was finally fitted with the [[Junkers Jumo 210]]Aa engine, which a year later was replaced by a Jumo 210 G (W.Nr. 19310). The testing went well, and the pilot, Flight Captain Hesselbach, praised its performance. However, [[Wolfram von Richthofen]], in charge of developing and testing new aircraft in the Technisches Amt, or Technical Service, told the Junkers representative and Construction Office chief engineer [[:de:Ernst Zindel|Ernst Zindel]] that the Ju 87 stood little chance of becoming the Luftwaffe's main dive bomber, as it was underpowered in his opinion. On 9 June 1936, the RLM ordered cessation of development in favour of the [[Heinkel He 118]], a rival design. Udet cancelled the order the next day, and development continued.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=42–44}}</ref>

On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM.<ref name="Ward 2004, p. 31">{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=31}}</ref> That same day, [[Charles Lindbergh]] was visiting [[Ernst Heinkel]], so Heinkel could communicate with Udet only by telephone. According to this version of the story, Heinkel warned Udet about the propeller's fragility. Udet failed to consider this, so in a dive, the engine oversped and the propeller broke away.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=44}}</ref> Immediately after this incident, Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest.<ref name="Ward 2004, p. 31"/>

===Refinements===
Despite being chosen, the design was still lacking and drew frequent criticism from Wolfram von Richthofen. Testing of the V4 prototype (A Ju 87 A-0) in early 1937 revealed several problems. The Ju 87 could take off in {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} and climb to {{convert|1875|m|ft|abbr=on}} in eight minutes with a {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb load, and its cruising speed was {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Richthofen pushed for a more powerful engine.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=46}}</ref> According to the test pilots, the [[Heinkel He 50]] had a better acceleration rate, and could climb away from the target area much more quickly, avoiding enemy ground and air defences. Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was unacceptable for those reasons. Pilots also complained that navigation and powerplant instruments were mixed together, and were not easy to read, especially in combat. Despite this, pilots praised the aircraft's handling qualities and strong airframe.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=47}}</ref>

These problems were to be resolved by installing the DB 600 engine, but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 D inverted V-12 engine. Flight testing began on 14 August 1936. Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen's hopes, although the machine's speed was increased to {{convert|280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at ground level and {{convert|290|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at {{convert|1250|m|ft|abbr=on}}, while maintaining its good handling ability.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=52–53}}</ref>

==Design==

===Basic design (based on the B series)===
The Ju 87 was a single-engined all-metal [[cantilever]] [[monoplane]]. It had a fixed [[Landing gear|undercarriage]] and could carry a two-person crew. The main construction material was [[duralumin]], and the external coverings were made of duralumin sheeting. Parts that were required to be of strong construction, such as the [[Flap (aircraft)|wing flaps]], were made of [[Pantal]] (a German [[aluminium]] alloy containing titanium as a hardening element) and its components made of [[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]]. Bolts and parts that were required to take heavy stress were made of steel.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=48}}</ref>

The Ju 87 was fitted with detachable hatches and removable coverings to aid and ease maintenance and overhaul. The designers avoided [[welding]] parts wherever possible, preferring moulded and cast parts instead. Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit, which increased speed of repair.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48"/>

The airframe was also subdivided into sections to allow transport by road or rail. The wings were of standard Junkers double-wing construction. This gave the Ju 87 considerable advantage on take-off; even at a shallow angle, large lift forces were created through the [[aerofoil]], reducing take-off and landing runs.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48"/>

In accordance with the Aircraft Certification Centre for "Stress Group 5", the Ju 87 had reached the acceptable structural strength requirements for a dive bomber. It was able to withstand diving speeds of {{convert|600|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and a maximum level speed of {{convert|340|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} near ground level, and a flying weight of {{convert|4300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Performance in the diving attack was enhanced by the introduction of dive brakes under each wing, which allowed the Ju 87 to maintain a constant speed and allow the pilot to steady his aim. It also prevented the crew from suffering extreme [[g-force|g forces]] and high acceleration during "pull-out" from the dive.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48"/>

The fuselage had an oval cross-section and housed, in most examples, a [[Junkers Jumo 211]] [[Internal combustion engine cooling|water-cooled]] [[V engine#Inverted engines|inverted]] [[V12 engine#Later V12s in aviation|V-12 engine]]. The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing centre section where the fuel tanks were located. At the rear of the cockpit, the bulkhead was covered by a [[canvas]] cover which could be breached by the crew in an emergency, enabling them to escape into the main fuselage. The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame. The canopy itself was made of [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|Plexiglas]] and each compartment had its own "sliding hood" for the two crew members.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48"/>

The engine was mounted on two main support frames that were supported by two tubular [[strut]]s. The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage. The main frames were bolted onto the engine's top quarter. In turn, the frames were attached to the firewall by [[universal joint]]s. The firewall itself was constructed from [[asbestos]] mesh with dural sheets on both sides. All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 50">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=50}}</ref>

The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main (forward) and rear spars of the (inner) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings, each with {{convert|240|L|gal|adj=on}} capacity.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|1990|pp=438–439}}</ref> The tanks also had a predetermined limit which, if passed, would warn the pilot via a red warning light in the cockpit. The [[Fuel injection|fuel was injected]] via a pump from the tanks to the engine. Should this shut down, it could be pumped manually using a hand-pump on the fuel cock [[Armature (electrical engineering)|armature]].<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 50"/> The powerplant was cooled by a {{convert|10|L|gal|adj=on}}, ring-shaped aluminium water container situated between the propeller and engine. A further container of {{convert|20|L|gal|adj=on}} was positioned under the engine.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 50"/>

The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft, with the exception of the innovative automatic pull-out system. Releasing the bomb initiated the pull-out, or automatic recovery and climb, upon the deflection of the dive brakes. The pilot could override the system by exerting significant force on the control column and taking manual control.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 49">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=49}}</ref>

[[File:Junkers Ju87G-2 ‘494083 - RI+JK’ (33003385142).jpg|thumb|right|The RAF Museum's Ju 87, 2016, partially disassembled, showing the four attachment points for the outer wing section]]

The wing was the most unusual feature. It consisted of a single centre section and two outer sections, each installed using four universal joints. The centre section had a large negative [[dihedral (aircraft)|dihedral]] (anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. This created the [[Inverted gull wing|inverted gull, or "cranked", wing]] pattern along the leading edge. The shape of the wing improved the pilot's ground visibility and also allowed a shorter undercarriage height. The centre section protruded by only {{convert|3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} on either side.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 49"/>

The offensive armament was two 7.92&nbsp;mm (.312&nbsp;in) [[MG 17 machine gun]]s fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage, operated by a mechanical [[pneumatics]] system from the pilot's control column. The rear gunner/radio operator operated one 7.92&nbsp;mm (.312&nbsp;in) [[MG 15 machine gun]] for defensive purposes.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 48"/>

The engine and propeller had automatic controls, and an auto-trimmer made the aircraft tail-heavy as the pilot rolled over into his dive, lining up red lines at 60°, 75° or 80° on the cockpit side window with the horizon and aiming at the target with the sight of the fixed gun. The heavy bomb was swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release.<ref>{{harvnb|Gunston|1984|p=122}}</ref>

===Diving procedure===
[[File:Stuka bombarder 1.gif|thumb|Ju 87 diving procedure]]
Flying at {{convert|4600|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear, limiting the "throw" of the control column.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=61}}</ref> The dive brakes were activated automatically, the pilot set the trim tabs, reduced his throttle and closed the coolant flaps. The aircraft then rolled 180°, automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive. Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that, in case of a [[G-LOC|g-force induced black-out]], the automatic dive recovery system would be activated. The Stuka dived at a 60–90° angle, holding a constant speed of {{convert|500|–|600|km/h|abbr=on}} due to dive-brake deployment, which increased the accuracy of the Ju 87's aim.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61"/>

When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target, a light on the contact [[altimeter]] (an altimeter equipped with an electrical contact which triggers at a preset altitude) came on to indicate the bomb-release point, usually at a minimum height of {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull-out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61"/> An elongated U-shaped crutch located under the fuselage swung the bomb out of the way of the propeller, and the aircraft automatically began a 6[[g-force|g]] pullout.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61"/> Once the nose was above the horizon, dive brakes were retracted, the throttle was opened, and the propeller was set to climb. The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight. The coolant flaps had to be reopened quickly to prevent overheating. The automatic pull-out was not liked by all pilots. [[Helmut Mahlke]] later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87's recovery pattern and height, making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahlke|2013|p=132}}</ref>

Physical stress on the crew was severe. Human beings subjected to more than 5g in a seated position will suffer [[Greyout (medical)|vision impairment in the form of a grey veil]] known to Stuka pilots as "seeing stars". They lose vision while remaining conscious; after five seconds, they black out. The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during "pull-up" from a dive.<ref>{{harvnb|Just|1986|p=54}}</ref>

[[Eric "Winkle" Brown]] [[Royal Navy|RN]], a British test pilot and Commanding Officer of [[No. 1426 Flight RAF]] (the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at [[RAE Farnborough]]. He said of the Stuka, "I had flown a lot of [[dive-bomber]]s and it's the only one that you can dive truly vertically. Sometimes with the dive-bombers&nbsp;... maximum dive is usually in the order of 60 degrees&nbsp;... When flying the Stuka, because it's all automatic, you are really flying vertically&nbsp;... The Stuka was in a class of its own."<ref name="Thompson and Smith pp. 235–236.">{{harvnb|Thompson|Smith|2008|pp=235–236}}</ref>

===G-force test at Dessau===
Extensive tests were carried out by the Junkers works at their [[Dessau]] plant. It was discovered that the highest load a pilot could endure was 8.5&nbsp;g for three seconds, when the aircraft was pushed to its limit by the centrifugal forces. At less than 4&nbsp;g, no visual problems or loss of consciousness were experienced.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 52">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=52}}</ref> Above 6&nbsp;g, 50% of pilots suffered visual problems, or ''greyout''. With 40%, vision vanished altogether from 7.5&nbsp;g upwards and black-out sometimes occurred.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 53">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=53}}</ref> Despite this blindness, the pilot could maintain consciousness and was capable of "bodily reactions". After more than three seconds, half the subjects passed out. The pilot would regain consciousness two or three seconds after the centrifugal forces had dropped below 3&nbsp;g and had lasted no longer than three seconds. In a crouched position, pilots could withstand 7.5&nbsp;g and were able to remain functional for a short duration. In this position, Junkers concluded that {{fraction|2|3}} of pilots could withstand 8&nbsp;g and perhaps 9&nbsp;g for three to five seconds without vision defects which, under war conditions, was acceptable.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 54">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=54}}</ref> During tests with the Ju 87 A-2, new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g. The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this research. Testing revealed that at high altitude, even 2&nbsp;g could cause death in an unpressurised cabin and without appropriate clothing. This new technology, along with special clothing and oxygen masks, was researched and tested. When the [[United States Army]] occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945, they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 54"/>

===Other designs===
The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. Later bomber models like the [[Junkers Ju 88]] and the [[Dornier Do 217]] were equipped for dive bombing. The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities, a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design,<ref>{{harvnb|Dressel|Griehl|1994|pp=100–105}}</ref> with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Göring.<ref name="Griehl and Dressel 1998, p. 53"/>

Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. None of the dedicated close-support designs on the drawing board progressed far due to the impact of the war and technological difficulties. So the Luftwaffe settled on the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] fighter aircraft, with the Fw 190F becoming the ground-attack version. The Fw 190F started to replace the Ju 87 for day missions in 1943, but the Ju 87 continued to be used as a night nuisance-raider until the end of the war.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 179">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=179}}</ref>

==Variants==

===Ju 87 A===
[[File:Ju87A 050406-F-1234P-041.jpg|thumb|Formation of Ju 87 A dive-bombers, with the A's characteristic large wheel "trousers", each having one transverse bracing strut]]
The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a {{cvt|610|PS|hp kW|1}} Jumo 210 A engine installed, and later the Jumo 210Da. The first A series variant, the A-0, was of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit under a "greenhouse" well-framed canopy; bearing twin radio masts on its aft sections, diagonally mounted to either side of the airframe's planform centreline and unique to the -A version. To ease the difficulty of mass production, the leading edge of the wing was straightened out and the [[aileron]]s' two [[Airfoil|aerofoil]] sections had smooth leading and trailing edges. The pilot could adjust the elevator and rudder trim tabs in flight, and the tail was connected to the landing flaps, which were positioned in two parts between the ailerons and fuselage. The A-0 also had a flatter engine cowling, which gave the pilot a much better field of vision. In order for the engine cowling to be flattened, the engine was set down nearly {{convert|0.25|m|in|abbr=on}}. The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner's position, allowing the gunner a better field of fire.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 50">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=50}}</ref>

The RLM ordered seven A-0s initially, but then increased the order to 11. Early in 1937, the A-0 was tested with varied bomb loads. The underpowered Jumo 210A, as pointed out by von Richthofen, was insufficient, and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D engine.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 50"/>

The A-1 differed from the A-0 only slightly.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 52">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=52}}</ref> As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D, the A-1 had two {{cvt|220|L|USgal+impgal}} fuel tanks built into the inner wing, but it was not armoured or protected.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 52"/> The A-1 was also intended to be fitted with four {{cvt|7.92|mm|3}} MG 17 machine guns in its wings, but two of these—one per side—were omitted due to weight concerns; the pair that remained were fed a total of 500 rounds of ammunition, stored in the design's characteristic transverse strut-braced, large-planform undercarriage "trousers", not used on the Ju 87B versions and onward. The pilot relied on the Revi C 21C gun sight for the two MG 17s. The gunner had a single {{cvt|7.92|mm|3}} MG 15, with 14 drums of ammunition, each containing 75 rounds. This represented a 150-round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A-0. The A-1 was also fitted with a larger {{convert|3.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} propeller.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 52"/>

[[File:Het prototype van de Junkers Ju 87 V4 'Stuka' bij de fabrikek in 1936 2157 001-053.jpg|thumb|right|The Ju 87 V4 prototype in 1936]]
The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb, but only if not carrying the rear gunner/radio operator as, even with the Jumo 210D, the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb load. All Ju 87 As were restricted to {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} weapons (although during the [[Spanish Civil War]] missions were conducted without the gunner).<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=53}}</ref>

The Ju 87 A-2 was retrofitted with the Jumo 210Da fitted with a two-stage [[supercharger]]. The only further significant difference between the A-1 and A-2 was the H-PA-III [[Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)|controllable-pitch propeller]].<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=54}}</ref> By mid-1938, 262 Ju 87 As had been produced, 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau and a further 70 from [[Weser Flugzeugbau]] ("Weserflug" – WFG) in [[Lemwerder]] near Bremen. The new, more powerful, Ju 87B model started to replace the Ju 87A at this time.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=57}}</ref>

'''Production variants'''
* '''Ju 87 A-0''' : Ten pre-production aircraft, powered by a 640&nbsp;PS ({{convert|471|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}) Jumo 210C engine.<ref name="Erfurth 2004, p. 42">{{harvnb|Erfurth|2004|p=42}}</ref>
* '''Ju 87 A-1''' : Initial production version.
* '''Ju 87 A-2''' : Production version fitted with an improved 680&nbsp;PS ({{convert|500|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}) Jumo 210E engine.

===Ju 87 B===
[[File:Een met bommen beladen Junkers Ju 87 Stuka op een gecamoufleerde opstelplaats op Fliegerhorst Schiphol (2189-01-25-002).jpg|thumb|left|Junkers Ju 87 B parked at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands, 1940.]]

The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass-produced variant. A total of six pre-production Ju 87 B-0 were produced, built from Ju 87 A airframes.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 63">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=63}}</ref> The first production version was the Ju 87 B-1, with a considerably larger engine, its Jumo 211D generating 1,200&nbsp;PS ({{convert|883|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}), and completely redesigned fuselage and landing gear, replacing the twin radio masts of the "A" version with a single mast mounted further forward on the "greenhouse" canopy, and much simpler, lighter-weight wheel "spats" used from the -B version onwards, discarding the transverse strut bracing of the "A" version's maingear design. This new design was again tested in Spain, and after proving its abilities there, production was ramped up to 60 per month. As a result, by the outbreak of [[World War II]], the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B-1s on hand.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61"/>

The B-1 was also fitted with "Lärmgeräte", essentially [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]] driven by propellers with a diameter of {{convert|0.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 64">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=64}}</ref> The devices caused a loss of 20–25&nbsp;km/h (12–15&nbsp;mph) through drag, and over time the sirens were no longer installed on many units, although they remained in use to various extent. As an alternative, some bombs were fitted with whistles on the fin to produce the noise after release.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=64–65}}</ref> The trumpets were a suggestion from Udet, but some authors say the idea originated from [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="Boyne 1994, p. 30">{{harvnb|Boyne|1994|p=30}}</ref>

The Ju 87 B-2s that followed had some improvements and were built in several variants that included ski-equipped versions (the B-1 also had this modification)<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=65}}</ref> and at the other end, with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B-2 trop. Italy's [[Regia Aeronautica]] received B-2s and named them the "Picchiatello", while others went to the other members of the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]], including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The B-2 also had an oil hydraulic system for closing the [[Aircraft engine controls|cowling flaps]]. This continued in all the later designs.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 66">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=66}}</ref>

Production of the Ju 87 B started in 1937. 89 B-1s were to be built at Junkers' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937. Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938, but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 68"/>

=== Ju 87 R ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1523-35A, Italien, Lastensegler DFS 230, Ju 87.jpg|thumb|A Ju-87 towing a [[DFS 230]] over Italy]]
A long range version of the Ju 87 B was also built, known as the Ju 87 R, the letter being an abbreviation for ''Reichweite'', "(operational) range". They were primarily intended for anti-shipping missions. The Ju 87 R had a B-series airframe with an additional oil tank and fuel lines to the outer wing stations to permit the use of two {{convert|300|L|USgal}} standardised capacity under-wing [[drop tank]]s, used by a wide variety of Luftwaffe aircraft through most of the war. This increased fuel capacity to {{convert|1080|L|USgal}} (500&nbsp;litres in main fuel tank of which 480&nbsp;litres were usable + 600&nbsp;litres from drop tanks). To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-378-0037-16A, Reichsgebiet, Wartung Ju 87.jpg|thumb|The powerplant; a Jumo 211D installed in a Ju 87 B – the "Lärmgerät" housing is faired over on the maingear leg]]The Ju 87 R-1 had a B-1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank. This was installed to feed the engine due to the increase in range with the extra fuel tanks.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 79">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=79}}</ref>

The Ju 87 R-2 had the same airframe as the B-2, and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of {{convert|600|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The Jumo 211D in-line engine was installed, replacing the R-1s Jumo 211A.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 79"/> Due to an increase in overall weight by {{convert|700|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, the Ju 87 R-2 was {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} slower than the Ju 87 B-1 and had a lower service ceiling. The Ju 87 R-2 had an increased range advantage of {{convert|360|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 68">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=68}}</ref> The R-3 and R-4 were the last R variants developed. Only a few were built. The R-3 was an experimental tug for gliders and had an expanded radio system so the crew could communicate with the glider crew by way of the tow rope. The R-4 differed from the R-2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 80-81">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=80–81}}</ref>

=== Ju 87 C ===
On 18 August 1937, the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr(C). The Ju 87 C was intended to be a dive and [[torpedo bomber]] for the [[Kriegsmarine]]. The type was ordered into prototype production and available for testing in January 1938. Testing was given two months and was to begin in February and end in April 1938.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 240">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=240}}</ref> The prototype V10 was to be a fixed wing test aircraft, while the following V11 would be modified with [[folding wing]]s. The prototypes were Ju 87 B-0 airframes powered by Jumo 211 A engines.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 240"/> Owing to delays, the V10 was not completed until March 1938. It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C-1.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 240"/> On 12 May, the V11 also flew for the first time. By 15 December 1939, 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made. It was found that the [[arresting gear]] winch was too weak and had to be replaced. Tests showed the average braking distance was {{convert|20|–|35|m|ft}}.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 241">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=241}}</ref> The Ju 87 V11 was designated C-0 on 8 October 1938. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. The "carrier Stuka" was to be built at the Weserflug Company's Lemwerder plant between April and July 1940.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 242">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=242}}</ref>

Among the "special" equipment of the Ju 87 C was a two-seat rubber [[dinghy]] with a flare gun, signal ammunition and other emergency supplies. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750&nbsp;L (200&nbsp;US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500&nbsp;L (130&nbsp;US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 242"/> On 6 October 1939, with the war already underway, 120 of the planned Ju 87 Tr(C)s on order at that point were cancelled. Despite the cancellation, the tests continued using catapults. The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of {{convert|5300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and a speed of {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on departure. The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb and four SC {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs under the fuselage. The C-1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner. On 18 May 1940, production of the C-1 was switched to the R-1.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 243">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=243}}</ref>

=== Ju 87 D ===
Despite the Stuka's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the [[Battle of Britain]], the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development, as there was no replacement aircraft in sight.<ref>{{harvnb|Mondey|1996|p=114}}</ref> The result was the D-series. In June 1941, the RLM ordered five prototypes, the Ju 87 V21–25. A [[Daimler-Benz DB 603]] powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D-1, but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed "poorly" during tests and was dropped.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 87">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=87}}</ref> The Ju 87 D-series featured two coolant radiators underneath the inboard sections of the wings, while the oil cooler was relocated to the position formerly occupied by the single, undernose "chin" coolant radiator. The D-series also introduced an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=95}} Armour protection was increased and a new dual-barrel 7.92&nbsp;mm (.312&nbsp;in) [[MG 81 machine gun|MG 81Z machine gun]] with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position. Engine power was increased again, the Jumo 211J now delivering 1,420&nbsp;PS ({{convert|1044|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}).{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=95}}
Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in the B-version to {{convert|1800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in the D-version (max. load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from {{convert|500|-|1200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 99">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=99}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-329-2984-05A, Russland, Junkers Ju 87 Recolored.png|thumb|Ju 87Ds, Soviet Union, January/February 1943]]

The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87 D was raised to 800&nbsp;L (of which 780&nbsp;L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300&nbsp;L drop tanks. Tests at [[Rechlin-Lärz Airfield]] revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. With an extra two 300&nbsp;L (80&nbsp;US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=95}}

The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The armour reduced its performance and caused the [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe]] to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2".{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=95}} The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armour for its ground-attack role. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3&nbsp;trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=95}} The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version, which could carry a {{convert|750|–|905|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[aerial torpedo]] on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the ''Luftorpedo'' LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese [[Type 91 torpedo#Provision of the aerial torpedo technology to Germany|Type 91 aerial torpedo]] of 848&nbsp;kg (1,870&nbsp;lb). The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier ''{{ship|German aircraft carrier|Graf Zeppelin||2}}''.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 97">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=97}}</ref> Other modifications included a flame eliminator and, unlike earlier D variants, two 20&nbsp;mm MG 151/20 cannon, while the radio operator/rear gunner's ammunition supply was increased by 1,000 to 2,000 rounds.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 98">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=98}}</ref>

[[File:Duitse Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" 2157 008308.jpg|thumb|right|A pair of Ju 87Ds following a landing with air brakes still deployed]]
The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2&nbsp;ft) longer than previous variants. The two 7.92&nbsp;mm MG&nbsp;17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20&nbsp;mm MG&nbsp;151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role. The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. Higher diving speeds were obtained of {{convert|650|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} up to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The range was recorded as {{convert|715|km|mi|abbr=on}} at ground level and {{convert|835|km|mi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 99"/>

The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". Due to shortages in raw materials, it did not go into mass production.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 101–102"/> The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5 standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 101–102">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=101–102}}</ref> The D-7 and D-8 were both were fitted with exhaust flame dampers, and could conduct night operations.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 101–102"/>

Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered. These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942. The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941. The Weserflug company was tasked with their production. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be built, increasing to 90 thereafter.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 102">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=102}}</ref> Various production problems were encountered. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941, none were delivered.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 102"/> In September did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s came off the production lines.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 103">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=103}}</ref> The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. During this time, the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin. Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected. By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944, 3,300 Ju 87s, mostly D-1s, D-2s and D-5s had been manufactured.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 103"/>

In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. At the start of 1943, the coastal Luftwaffe [[Tarnewitz test site|''Erprobungsstelle'' test centre at Tarnewitz]] tested this combination from a static position. ''Oberst'' G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the [[Messerschmitt Me 410]].<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 284">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=284}}</ref> Testing continued, and on 31 January 1943, Ju 87 D-1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by ''[[Hauptmann]]'' [[Hans-Karl Stepp]] near the [[Briansk]] training area. Stepp noted the increase in drag, which reduced the aircraft's speed to {{convert|259|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. D-1 and D-3 variants operated in combat with the {{convert|37|mm|in|abbr=on}} BK 37 cannon in 1943.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 284"/>

=== Ju 87 G ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-646-5184-26, Russland, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 87 edit 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ju 87 G-1 "''Kanonenvogel''" with its twin Bordkanone {{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on|2}} underwing gun pods]]

With the G variant, the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. The reversal in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of [[Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II|huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks]] caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The [[Henschel Hs 129]] had proved a potent ground attack weapon, but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire, prompting the RLM to say, "that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place."<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=274}}</ref> With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. On 3 November, Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87, or redesigning it altogether. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a [[Junkers Jumo 211#Variants|Junkers Jumo 211J]], and two {{convert|37|mm|in|abbr=on}} cannons were added. The variant was also designed to carry a {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} free-fall bomb load. Furthermore, the armoured protection of the [[Ilyushin Il-2]] ''Sturmovik''{{Efn|a feature pioneered by the 1916–17 origin [[Junkers J.I]] all-metal sesquiplane of World War I [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]]'s [[Luftstreitkräfte]]}} was copied to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|pp=274–275}}

[[File:Niemiecki samolot bojowy na polu startowym (2-13035).jpg|thumb|right|Hans-Ulrich Rudel's Ju 87 G-1 in May 1944]]
[[File:Niemiecki samolot bojowy na polu startowym (2-13036).jpg|thumb|left|A technician servicing the 3.7 cm gun pod. The barrel can be seen near the left border of the photo.]]
[[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]], a Stuka ace, had suggested using two [[3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37|37&nbsp;mm (1.46&nbsp;in) Flak 18 guns]], each one in a self-contained under-wing [[gun pod]], as the [[BK 37|''Bordkanone BK 3,7'']], after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20&nbsp;mm MG 151/20 cannon. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943, piloted by Stepp.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 284"/> The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the [[Henschel Hs 129#Hs 129 B-3|Henschel Hs 129 B-3]], both designs using the large, [[7.5 cm Pak 40]]-based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5&nbsp;cm (2.95&nbsp;in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. In April 1943, the first production Ju 87 G-1s were delivered to front line units.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 284"/> The two 37&nbsp;mm (1.46&nbsp;in) [[BK 3,7|''Bordkanone'' BK 3,7]] cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of [[Armor-piercing ammunition#APCR and HVAP|armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition]]. With these weapons, the ''Kanonenvogel'' ("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved very successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel. The G-1 was converted from older D-series airframes, retaining the smaller wing, but without the dive brakes. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 except for use of the extended wing of the D-5. 208 G-2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D-3 airframes. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the [[Battle of Kursk]]. On the opening day of the offensive, Hans-Ulrich Rudel flew the only "official" Ju 87 G, although a significant number of Ju 87 D variants were fitted with the 37&nbsp;mm (1.46&nbsp;in) cannon, and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle. In June 1943, the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 286.">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=286}}</ref>

=== Night-harassment variants ===
The Ju 87 had been used in the [[intruder (air combat)|night intruder]] role in 1940 and 1941 during [[The Blitz]],<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=349}}</ref> but the [[Soviet Air Force]] practice of [[Night Witches|harassing German ground forces]] using antiquated [[Polikarpov Po-2]] and [[Polikarpov R-5|R-5]] [[biplane]]s at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs, inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own ''Störkampfstaffeln'' (harassment squadrons). On 23 July 1942, Junkers offered the Ju 87 B-2, R-2 and R-4s with ''Flammenvernichter'' ("flame eliminators"). On 10 November 1943, the RLM GL/C-E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=209}}</ref>

The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. The latter variants were either conversions or modified D-1 and D-3 air frames. Adding the necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. Some sub-contractors added an "N" designation (Nacht) for clarity on D-3 and 5s . Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the [[Luftwaffe radio equipment of World War II|FuG 7]] radio. A great deal of confusion exists concerning the D-7. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the ''Der Reichsminister der Luftfahrt'' and ''Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt''.  There was no production "nacht stuka", and modifications could vary according to the sub-contractor and depending on what parts were available.<ref name="Smith 2011 352–353">{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=352–353}}</ref>

A Stuka repair centre was set up at Wels-Lichtenegg. From May 1940 to November 1944, 746 were repaired and flight-tested there. In the winter 1943/44, the ''Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell'' company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Dive-brakes were removed there, while gun muzzles and dampers were installed to eliminate exhaust and muzzle flash. The [[Jumo 211]]P engine was installed in some cases. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. Total figures for conversions to night flying operations are unknown. The company's equipment was seized by the [[Soviet Union]] at the end of the war, and the records were lost or destroyed.<ref name="Smith 2011 352–353"/> A main piece of equipment, hereto not installed in the Ju 87, was the FuG 101 Electronic Radio Altimeter. This was used to measure height. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification Friend or Foe).<ref name="Smith 2011 352–353"/>

Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. Pilots were trained at night, over unfamiliar terrain, and forced to rely on their instruments for direction. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced with the new ''Nachtrevi'' ("Night revi") C12N. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=210}}</ref>

On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary ''Staffel'' was created. By mid-1943, [[Luftflotte 1|''Luftflotte'' 1]] was given four ''Staffeln'' while [[Luftflotte 4|''Luftflotte'' 4]] and ''Luftwaffe Kommando Ost'' (Luftwaffe Command East) were given six and two respectively. In the first half of 1943, 12 ''Nachtschlachtgruppen'' ("night battle groups"—NSGr) had been formed, flying a multitude of different types of aircraft, including the Ju 87, which proved itself ideally suited to the low-level slow flying needed.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=210–212}}</ref> NSGr 1 and 2 fought with some success on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] during the [[Battle of Normandy]] and [[Battle of the Bulge]].<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1998|p=208}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=200}}</ref> NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in [[Albania]] from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=354}}</ref> The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the [[Arctic]] and the 9th in Italy.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=356, 363}}</ref> NSGr 20 fought against the [[Western Allied invasion of Germany]] in 1945. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt]]s of the USAAF [[IX Tactical Air Command]]. The unit operated against the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] during the [[Battle of Remagen]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=364}}</ref>

==Production==
Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The first 35 Ju 87 A-1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau (WFG). By 1 September 1939, 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen. By 30 September 1939, Junkers had received 2,365,196 [[German Reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) for Ju 87 construction orders. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. According to [[audit]] records in Berlin, by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941, 3,059,000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 115.">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=115}}</ref> By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 115."/>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-642-4711-17A, Produktion von Junkers Ju 87.jpg|thumb|A Ju 87D during wing installation]]

The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. In May 1941, the development of the D-1 was planned and was ordered into production by March 1942. The expansion of the Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of [[Dornier Do 17]] production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117.">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|pp=116–117}}</ref> To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117."/> Skilled workers had been called up for military service in the [[Wehrmacht]]. Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory, and as an interim solution, [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany]].<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117."/> Working around the clock, the shortfall was made good. WFG received an official commendation.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117."/> By May 1942, demand increased further. Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition. Not until June–December 1942 did production capacity increase, and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117."/>

By 17 August 1942, production had climbed rapidly after [[Blohm & Voss BV 138]] production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Undercarriage parts were in particularly short supply. Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in September 1942. This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich.<ref name="Griehl 2001, pp. 116–117."/>

The RLM considered setting up production facilities in [[Slovakia]]. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The Slovaks could provide 3,500–4,000 workers, but no technical personnel.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 118.">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=118}}</ref> The move would produce only another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing. In October, production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down, leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts. Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at [[Tempelhof|Berlin-Tempelhof]].<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 118."/>

===Decline and end of production===
After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front, Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total. ''{{ill|General der Schlachtflieger|de}}'' ("General of Ground Attack"{{sfn|McNab|2012|p=278}}) [[Ernst Kupfer]] decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value". [[Adolf Galland]], a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in ground attack, said that abandoning development would be premature, but 150 machines per month would be sufficient.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 118."/>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-642-4711-08, Produktion von Junkers Ju 87.jpg|thumb|left| Two Junkers Ju 87 Ds near completion]]

On 28 July 1943, strike and bomber production was to be scaled down, and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority. On 3 August 1943, Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87, Ju 188, Ju 288 and Ju 290. This was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced (since 1941) from 9.5 months to 5.5 months to just 100 operational flying hours.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 120.">{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=120}}</ref> On 26 October, Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D-3 and D-5 production for a smooth transition period.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 120."/>
In May 1944, production wound down. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after December 1944 and the end of production.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 120."/>

Overall, 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|pp=120–121}} During the course of the war, little damage was done to the WFG plant at Lemwerder. Attacks throughout 1940-45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes, in contrast to the Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|pp=131–133}} At Berlin-Tempelhof, little delay or damage was caused to Ju 87 production, despite the heavy bombings and large-scale destruction inflicted on other targets. The WFG again went unscathed. The Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked, but not until Ju 87 production had ceased. The Ju 87 repair facility at the [[Wels]] aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=134}}

==Operational history==

===Spanish Civil War===
[[File:Junkers Ju 87A with Spanish rebel markings.jpg|thumb|Condor Legion's Junkers Ju 87A with [[Aviación Nacional|Spanish Nationalist]] markings]]

Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the [[Condor Legion]], and as part of other [[German involvement in the Spanish Civil War]], a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental ''Staffel'' of the Legion's [[Wing (military aviation unit)|fighter wing]]. The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship ''[[Usaramo]]'' and departed [[Hamburg]] harbour on the night of 1 August 1936, arriving in Cádiz five days later. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by ''Unteroffizier'' Herman Beuer, and took part in the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] [[Battle of Bilbao|offensive against Bilbao]] in 1937. Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany.<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 15">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=15}}</ref>

In January 1938, three Ju 87 As from the Legion Condor arrived. Several problems became evident—the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. The maximum {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat, therefore the bomb load was restricted to {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in October 1938.<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 15"/> During the [[Catalonia Offensive]] in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. On the morning of 21 January 1939, 34 [[Heinkel He 111]], along with some escorts and three Ju 87B, attacked the [[Port of Barcelona]], five days before the city was captured by the Nationalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Gesalí|Íñiguez|2012|pp=470–472}}</ref> 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican [[Polikarpov I-15]] pilot, Francisco Alférez Jiménez, claimed it destroyed near [[El Vendrell]], in [[Comarruga]], but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of [[Catalonia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gesalí|Íñiguez|2012|pp=478–480}}</ref> On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on [[Molins de Rei]]. During the attack the Republican ground defenders, equipped with a quadruple [[PM M1910]] mounting, hit one pilot (Heinz Bohne) in both legs and the Stuka crashed, seriously injuring Bohne, and his machine gunner, Albert Conrad. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Gesalí|Íñiguez|2012|pp=482–484}}</ref>

As with the Ju 87 A-0, the B-1s were returned discreetly to the Reich.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|pp=15–16}}</ref> The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable—air and ground crews perfected their skills, and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=17}}</ref>

===Second World War===
All Stuka units were moved to Germany's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland. On the morning of 15 August 1939, during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at [[Świętoszów|Neuhammer]] training grounds near [[Żagań|Sagan]], 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The planes dived through clouds, expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling. They were unaware that the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed, leaving them no time to pull out of the dive.<ref name="Weal 1997, pp. 18–19">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|pp=18–19}}</ref>

====Poland====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-1210-502, Polen, Stukas.jpg|thumb|Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September/October 1939]]

On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, beginning [[World War II]]. ''Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe'' records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939.<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 61"/> The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the [[Vistula]], that linked Eastern Germany to the [[Polish Corridor|Danzig corridor]] and [[East Prussia]] as well as Polish [[Pomerania]]. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the [[Polish Army]] Garrison headquarters. II. and III./[[StG 1]] targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at [[Dirschau]] (now [[Tczew]], Poland. At exactly 04:26 [[Central European Time|CET]], a ''Kette'' ("chain" or flight of three) of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 led by ''[[Staffelkapitän]]'' ''[[Oberleutnant]]'' Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. The mission failed as the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them.<ref name="Boyne 1994, p. 30"/><ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|pp=21–22}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=87–88}}</ref>

A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939, when ''[[:de:Rotte (Luftfahrt)|Rottenführer]]'' ''[[Leutnant]]'' [[Frank Neubert]] of I./[[StG 2]] "Immelmann" shot down a Polish [[PZL P.11]]c [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] while it was taking off from [[Balice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Balice]] airfield; its pilot, Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, was killed. In air-to-air combat, Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious, but short lived opposition.<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 22.">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=22}}</ref>

The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks [[Bombing of Wieluń|at Wieluń]]. The lack of [[anti-aircraft artillery]] in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87. At [[Piotrków Trybunalski]] I./StG 76 and I./StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de-training there. Troop trains were also easy targets. StG 77 destroyed one such target at [[Radomsko]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=98}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Radom]] six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. Employed in this assault were {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Demoralised, the Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the [[Battle of Bzura]] which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance. The dive bomber wings (''[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)#Geschwader|Sturzkampfgeschwader]]'') alone dropped 388&nbsp;tonnes (428&nbsp;tons) of bombs during this battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Hooton|2007|p=91}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Siege of Warsaw]] and the [[Battle of Modlin]], the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. IV(Stuka)./[[LG 1]] was particularly effective in destroying the fortified [[Modlin Fortress|Modlin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=101}}</ref>

The ''Luftwaffe'' had a few anti-shipping naval units such as 4.(St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. This unit performed effectively, sinking the 1540-ton destroyer [[ORP Wicher (1928)|''Wicher'']] and the minelayer [[ORP Gryf (1936)|''Gryf'']] of the [[Polish Navy]] (both moored in a harbour).<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 22."/> The torpedo boat ''Mazur'' (412 tons) was sunk at [[Oksywie]]; the gunboat ''General Haller'' (441 tons) was sunk in [[Hel, Poland|Hel Harbour]] on 6 September—during the [[Battle of Hel]]—along with the minesweeper ''Mewa'' (183 tons) and its sister ships ''Czapla'' and ''Jaskolka'' with several auxiliaries. The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=96–97}}</ref> Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the ''Stukawaffe'' (Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign.<ref name="Weal p. 34">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=34}}</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-760-0165N-26, Norwegen, Erhard Milch bei Stuka-Staffel.jpg|thumb|[[Erhard Milch]] addressing a Ju 87 ''staffel'' on a Norwegian airfield]]
{{See also|Norwegian campaign}}
[[Operation Weserübung]] began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Denmark capitulated within the day; Norway continued to resist with British and French help. The campaign was not a ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' of fast-moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead, the Germans relied on [[Fallschirmjäger (Nazi Germany)|paratroops]] transported by [[Junkers Ju 52]]s and specialised [[Ski warfare|ski troops]]. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions; they proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter task.<ref name="Weal p. 34"/>

On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy [[Oscarsborg Fortress]], after the loss of the German cruiser [[German cruiser Blücher|''Blücher'']], which disrupted the amphibious landings in [[Oslo]] through [[Oslofjord]]. The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing [[Battle of Drøbak Sound]], but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured. As a result, the German naval operation failed.{{sfn|Weal|1997|pp=34–35}} StG 1 caught the 735&nbsp;ton Norwegian destroyer [[HNoMS Æger (1936)|''Æger'']] off [[Stavanger]] and hit her in the engine room. ''Æger'' was run aground and scuttled.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=35}}</ref> The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R, which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range.<ref name="Weal p. 34"/>

The Stukas had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations. The British heavy cruiser [[HMS Suffolk (55)|HMS ''Suffolk'']] was attacked on 17 April. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to [[Scapa Flow]] with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. The [[light cruiser]] squadron consisting of the sister ships [[HMS Curacoa (D41)|''Curacoa'']] and [[HMS Curlew (D42)|''Curlew'']] were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. A witness later said, "they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve-racking dive".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=114}}</ref> The same fate nearly befell the [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] [[HMS Black Swan (L57)|''Black Swan'']]. On 27 April, a bomb passed through the quarterdeck, a wardroom, a water tank and 4-inch (10.2&nbsp;cm) ammunition magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord. The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull. ''Black Swan'' fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot down any of her attackers. The sloop {{HMS|Bittern|L07|6}} was sunk on 30 April. The [[Guépard class destroyer|French large destroyer ''Bison'']] was sunk along with {{HMS|Afridi|F07|6}} by ''Sturzkampfgeschwader'' 1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos. ''Bison''{{'}}s forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew. ''Afridi'', which had taken off some of ''Bison''{{'}}s survivors, was sunk in a later attack with the loss of 63 sailors.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> 49 officers and men, 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from ''Bison'' were lost aboard ''Afridi''.<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 118">{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=118}}</ref> All ships were targeted. Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in an attempt to make smaller targets. Such craft were not armoured or armed.{{clarify|reason=How is an "armed trawler" not armed?|date=August 2021}} The Ju 87s demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the ''Jardine'' (452 tons) and ''Warwickshire'' (466 tons). On 15 May, the Polish troopship ''Chrobry'' (11,442 tons) was sunk.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=113–115}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=68–69}}</ref>

The ''Stukas'' also had an operational effect, even when little damage was done. On 1 May 1940, [[Vice Admiral]] [[Lionel Wells]] commanded a [[Home Fleet]] expedition of seven destroyers, the heavy cruiser ''Berwick'', the aircraft carriers [[HMS Glorious|''Glorious'']] and [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|''Ark Royal'']], and the battleship [[HMS Valiant (1914)|''Valiant'']]. The carriers mounted fighter patrols over the ships evacuating troops from Andalsnes. The ''Stuka'' waves (accompanied by He 111s) achieved several near misses, but were unable to obtain a hit. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. The Ju 87s had, in effect, driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast. Moreover, Victor reported to the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Home Fleet, Admiral [[Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Forbes]], that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=116}}

In the following weeks, StG 1 continued their sea operations. Off Namsos on 5 May 1940, they caught and sank the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] transports ''Aafjord'' (335 tons) and ''Blaafjeld'' (1,146 tons). The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of [[Eduard Dietl]]. The town fell in the first week of May. In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in [[Narvik]] until they withdrew in early June.<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 118"/>

====France and the Low Countries====
[[File:Duitse Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" 2157 008308.jpg|thumb|right|Campaign in the Low Countries]]

The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures in Poland, and of the ''Stukas'' of I./StG 1 to silence the Oscarsborg fort, ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the [[Phoney War]] period. This was to pay off in the Western campaign.<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 43.">{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=43}}</ref>

When ''[[Fall Gelb]]'' (Case Yellow) began on 10 May 1940, the ''Stuka'' helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of [[Eben Emael]], Belgium. The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the [[Belgian Army]]-held bridges along the [[Albert Canal]] was stationed in the village of [[Lanaken]] (14&nbsp;km/8.7&nbsp;mi to the north). The ''Stuka'' demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits. As a result, only one of the three bridges was destroyed, allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the [[Battle of Belgium]].<ref name="Weal 1997, p. 43."/> The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to [[Army Group B]] in the [[Low Countries]]. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at [[Battle of Hannut|Hannut]] and [[Battle of Gembloux (1940)|Gembloux]], Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour.<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 124">{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=124}}</ref>

The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the [[Battle of the Netherlands]]. The [[Dutch Navy]] in concert with the British were evacuating the [[Dutch royal family]] and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. Ju 87s sank the Dutch ships [[HNLMS Van Galen (1928)|''Jan Van Galen'']] (1,316 tons) and [[HNLMS Johan Maurits van Nassau (1932)|''Johan Maurits Van Nassau'']] (1,520 tons) as they provided close-shore artillery support at [[Waalhaven]] and the [[Afsluitdijk]]. The British [[HMS Valentine (L69)|''Valentine'']] was crippled, beached and scuttled while [[HMS Winchester (L55)|''Winchester'']], [[HMS Whitley (L23)|''Whitley'']] and [[HMS Westminster (L40)|''Westminster'']] were damaged. ''Whitley'' was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May.<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 124"/>

The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the [[Battle of France]]. It was here that most of the Ju 87-equipped units were concentrated. They assisted in the breakthrough [[Battle of Sedan (1940)|at Sedan]], the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The ''Stukawaffe'' flew 300 sorties against French positions, with [[Sturzkampfgeschwader 77|StG 77]] alone flying 201 individual missions. The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] units.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=46}}</ref> When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. For example, on 12 May, near Sedan, six French [[Curtiss H-75]]s from Groupe de Chasse I/5 (Group Interception) attacked a formation of Ju 87s, claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss (the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire).<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=73–74}}</ref><ref name=Boyne>{{harvnb|Boyne|1994|p=78}}</ref> For the most part, Allied opposition was disorganised. During the battles of [[Battle of Montcornet|Montcornet]], [[Battle of Arras (1940)|Arras]], [[Battle of Boulogne (1940)|Bolougne]], and [[Siege of Calais (1940)|Calais]], Ju 87 operations broke up counterattacks and offered pin-point aerial artillery support for German infantry.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=124, 131–140}}</ref>

The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes. {{Lang|de|[[Oberstleutnant]]}} [[Hans Seidemann]] (Richthofen's [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]]) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved."<ref>{{harvnb|Hooton|2007|p=67}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of Dunkirk]], many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks while [[Operation Dynamo|evacuating British and French troops]]. The French destroyer {{ship|French destroyer|L'Adroit|1927|2}} was sunk on 21 May 1940, followed by the [[paddle steamer]] ''Crested Eagle'' on 28 May. The French Channel-steamer ''Côte d'Arzur'' (3,047 tons) followed. The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed. RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best. On 29 May the Royal Navy destroyer [[HMS Grenade (H86)|HMS ''Grenade'']] was severely damaged by a Ju 87 attack within Dunkirk's harbour, and subsequently sank. The [[French destroyer Mistral|French destroyer ''Mistral'']] was crippled by bomb damage the same day. [[HMS Jaguar (F34)|''Jaguar'']] and [[HMS Verity (D63)|''Verity'']] were badly damaged while the trawlers ''Calvi'' and ''Polly Johnson'' (363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. The merchant ship ''Fenella'' (2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. The ferries ''Lorina'' and [[SS Normannia (1911)|''Normannia'']] (1,564 and 1,567 tons) were sunk also.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=138}}</ref> By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|pp=52–53}}</ref> On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the [[Halcyon-class minesweeper|''Halcyon''-class minesweeper]] ''Skipjack'' while the destroyer [[HMS Keith|''Keith'']] was sunk and [[HMS Basilisk (H11)|''Basilisk'']] was crippled before being scuttled by [[HMS Whitehall|''Whitehall'']]. ''Whitehall'' was later badly damaged and along with [[HMS Ivanhoe (D16)|''Ivanhoe'']], staggered back to [[Dover]]. [[HMS Havant (H32)|''Havant'']], commissioned for just three weeks, was sunk and in the evening the [[French destroyer Foudroyant (1929)|French destroyer ''Foudroyant'']] sank after a mass-attack. Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. The steamer ''Pavon'' was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. The oil tanker ''Niger'' was also destroyed. A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost—''Denis Papin'' (264 tons), the ''Le Moussaillon'' (380 tons) and ''Venus'' (264 tons).<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=138–140}}</ref>

In total, 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and of 40 RN destroyers used in the battle, eight were sunk (one to an E-boat and one to a submarine), and a further 23 damaged and out of service.<ref>{{harvnb|Hooton|2007|p=74}}</ref>
The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. Allied air power had been ineffective and disorganised, and as a result, ''Stuka'' losses were mainly due to ground fire. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=55}}</ref>

====Battle of Britain====
For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's [[order of battle]] included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87. [[Lehrgeschwader 2]]'s IV.(St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. Gruppe and [[Sturzkampfgeschwader 2]]'s III. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the [[Kanalkampf|early stages of the battle]]. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the [[English Channel]], sinking four freighters: ''Britsum'', ''Dallas City'', ''Deucalion'' and ''Kolga''. Six more were damaged. That afternoon, 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history, when 33 Ju 87s of III./StG 51, avoiding [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) interception, sank the 5,500 ton anti-aircraft ship {{HMS|Foylebank}} in [[Portland Harbour]], killing 176 of its 298 crew. One of ''Foylebank's'' gunners, [[Jack Foreman Mantle|Leading Seaman John F. Mantle]] continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank. He was awarded a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded. Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=94}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|pp=66–67}}</ref>

During August, the Ju 87s also had some success. On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place; it was known to the Luftwaffe as ''[[Adlertag]]'' ("Eagle Day"). Bf 109s of [[Jagdgeschwader 26]] (JG 26) were sent out in advance of the main strike and drew off RAF fighters, allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack [[RAF Detling]] in Kent unhindered. The attack killed the station commander, destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield's buildings. Detling was not an [[RAF Fighter Command]] station.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=105}}</ref>

The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. The Ju 87, like other dive bombers, was slow and possessed inadequate defences. Furthermore, it could not be effectively protected by fighters because of its low speed, and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over Britain. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft.<ref>{{harvnb|Bungay|2000|pp=251–257}}</ref>

Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, known as [[the Hardest Day]] because both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=83}}</ref> According to the Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe, 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had been lost between 8 and 18 August;<ref name="Ward 2004, pp. 108–109">{{harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=108–109}}</ref> and the myth of the Stuka shattered.<ref name="Ward 2004, pp. 108–109"/><ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1997|p=66}}</ref> The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships, 14 merchant ships, badly damaging seven airfields and three [[Chain Home]] radar stations, and destroying 49 British aircraft, mainly on the ground.<ref name="Smith, p. 51">{{harvnb|Smith|2007|p=51}}</ref>

On 19 August, the units of [[8th Air Corps (Germany)|VIII. Fliegerkorps]] moved up from their bases around [[Cherbourg-Octeville]] and concentrated in the [[Pas de Calais]] under [[Luftflotte 2]], closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain.<ref name="Smith, p. 51"/> On 13 September, the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again, with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at [[Selsey]] and heading for [[RAF Tangmere|Tangmere]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wood|Dempster|2003|p=228}}</ref> After a lull, anti-shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940, as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade. Over the next 10 days, seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged, mainly in the [[Thames Estuary]], for the loss of four Ju 87s. On 14 November 19 Stukas from III./St.G 1 with escort drawn from [[JG 26]] and [[JG 51]] went out against another convoy; as no targets were found over the estuary, the Stukas attacked Dover, their alternative target.<ref name="Smith, p. 51"/>

Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87 [[Group (military aviation unit)|groups]] began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for [[Operation Barbarossa]]. By spring 1941, only St.G 1 with 30 Ju 87s remained facing the United Kingdom. Operations on a small scale continued throughout the winter months into March. Targets included ships at sea, the Thames Estuary, the [[Chatham Dockyard|Chatham naval dockyard]] and Dover and night-bomber sorties made over the Channel. These attacks were resumed the following winter.<ref name="Smith, p. 51"/><ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=109}}</ref>

====North Africa and the Mediterranean====
[[File:Captured Ju 87B in North Africa 1941.jpg|thumb|left|A Ju 87 B of 5/StG 2 is examined by British troops after making an emergency landing in the North African desert, December 1941.]]

After the Italian defeats in the [[Italo-Greek War]] and [[Operation Compass]] in North Africa, the {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]}} ordered the deployment of German forces to these theatres. Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the command unit StG 3, which touched down in [[Sicily]] in December 1940. In the next few days, two groups—80 Stukas—were deployed under [[10th Air Corps (Germany)|X. Fliegerkorps]].

The first task of the ''Korps'' was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa, in particular the [[Malta Convoys|convoys aimed at re-supplying Malta]]. The Ju 87s first made their presence felt by subjecting the British aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}} to heavy attack. The crews were confident that they could sink it as the flight deck had an area of about {{convert|6500|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=7}}</ref> On 10 January 1941, the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. The Ju 87s delivered six and three damaging near-misses but the ship's engines were untouched and she reached the [[Siege of Malta (1940)|besieged harbour of Malta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=9}}</ref>

The ''Regia Aeronautica'' was equipped for a while with the Stukas.<ref name="Gunston 1984, p. 137">{{harvnb|Gunston|1984|p=137}}</ref> In 1939, the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s. Italian pilots were sent to [[Graz]] in Austria to be trained for dive-bombing aircraft. In the spring of 1940, between 72 and 108 Ju 87 B-1s, some of them ex-Luftwaffe aircraft, were delivered to 96° ''Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo''. The Italian Stuka, renamed ''Picchiatello'', was in turn assigned to ''Gruppi'' 97°, 101° and 102°. The ''Picchiatelli'' were used against [[Malta]], Allied convoys in Mediterranean and in North Africa (where they took part in conquering Tobruk). They were used by the Regia Aeronautica up to 1942.<ref name="Gunston 1984, p. 137"/>

Some of the ''Picchiatelli'' saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations. The Italian forces were quickly pushed back. By early 1941, the Greeks had pushed into Italian-occupied Albania. Once again, Hitler decided to send military aid to his ally.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=23}}</ref> Before the Luftwaffe could intervene, the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes. 97 ''Gruppo'' (group) and its 239 ''Squadriglia'' (squadron) sinking the [[Hellenic Navy]] freighter ''Susanah'' off [[Corfu]] on 4 April 1941 while the torpedo boat ''Proussa'' was sunk later in the day. On 21 April the Greek freighter ''Ioanna'' was sunk and they accounted for the British tanker ''Hekla'' off Tobruk on 25 May and then the [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyer [[HMAS Waterhen (D22)|''Waterhen'']] on 20 June. The British gunboat [[HMS Cricket (1915)|''Cricket'']] and supply submarine [[HMS Cachalot (N83)|''Cachalot'']] became victims. The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=218}}</ref>

In March, the [[Yugoslav coup d'état|pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled]]. A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. [[Operation Marita]] commenced on 7 April. The Luftwaffe committed StG 1, 2 and 77 to the campaign.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=120}}</ref> The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault, with a front line strength of 300 machines, against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air, allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region. Operating unmolested, they took a heavy toll of ground forces, suffering only light losses to ground fire. The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in ten days. The Stukas also took a peripheral part in [[Operation Retribution (1941)|Operation Punishment]], Hitler's retribution [[Operation Retribution (1941)|bombing of Belgrade]]. The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti-aircraft gun positions as the level bombers struck civilian targets. Belgrade was badly damaged, with 2,271 people killed and 12,000 injured.<ref>{{harvnb|Ciglic|Savic|2007|p=59}}</ref>

In Greece, despite British aid, [[Battle of Greece|little air opposition was encountered]]. As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed, the Allies began evacuating to [[Crete]]. The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping. On 22 April, the 1,389&nbsp;ton destroyers ''[[Greek destroyer Psara|Psara]]'' and ''[[Greek destroyer Hydra (D97)|Ydra]]'' were sunk. In the next two days, the Greek naval base at [[Piraeus]] lost 23 vessels to Stuka attack.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=32}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of Crete]], the Ju 87s also played a significant role. On 21–22 May 1941, the Germans attempted to send in reinforcements to Crete by sea but lost 10 vessels to "Force D" under the command of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Irvine Glennie]]. The force, consisting of the cruisers {{HMS|Dido|37|6}}, {{HMS|Orion|85|2}} and {{HMS|Ajax|22|2}}, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=121}}</ref> On 21 May, the destroyer {{HMS|Juno|F46|6}} was sunk and the next day the battleship {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}} was damaged and the cruiser {{HMS|Gloucester|62|6}} was sunk, with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings. The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser {{HMS|Fiji|58|6}} that morning, (she was later finished off by [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]] fighter bombers) while sinking the destroyer {{HMS|Greyhound|H05|6}} with one hit.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=38}}</ref> As the Battle of Crete drew to a close, the Allies began yet another withdrawal. On 23 May, the Royal Navy lost the destroyers {{HMS|Kashmir|F12|6}} and {{HMS|Kelly|F01|2}}, followed by {{HMS|Hereward|H93|6}} on 26 May; ''Orion'' and ''Dido'' were also severely damaged.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|pp=38–39}}</ref> ''Orion'' had been evacuating 1,100 soldiers to North Africa; 260 of them were killed and another 280 wounded.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2004|p=123}}</ref>

The dive bomber wing supported ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]] in its two-year campaign in North Africa; its other main task was attacking Allied shipping.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|pp=45–51}}</ref> In 1941, Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the [[Siege of Tobruk]], which lasted for over seven months.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=44}}</ref> It served during the [[Battle of Gazala]] and the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], as well as the decisive [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], which drove Rommel back to [[Tunisia]]. As the tide turned and Allied air power grew in the autumn of 1942, the Ju 87 became very vulnerable and losses were heavy. The entry of the Americans into North Africa with the [[Operation Torch]] invasion of French North Africa made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least fight enemy fighters on equal terms after dropping their [[shell (projectile)|ordnance]] but the Stuka could not. The Ju 87's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942, when 15 Ju 87Ds were shot down by [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) [[Curtiss P-40]]Fs in minutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=65}}</ref> According to Ring and Shores there were 15 Ju 87s on the mission, 2 Squadron SAAF shot down eight with four probable and three were shot down by 57th Fighter Group. Two South-African and one American lost shot down by German fighter escort. Three Stuka crews were captured, one was wounded.<ref>{{citation |first1=Hans |last1=Ring |first2= Christopher |last2=Shores |title= Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne |location=Stuttgart |date=1968 |trans-title=Fighters over the Desert }}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2022}}

By 1943, the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa. The Ju 87s ventured out in ''Rotte'' strength only, often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=67}}</ref> Adding to this trouble, the German fighters had only enough fuel to cover the Ju 87s on takeoff, their most vulnerable point. After that, the Stukas were on their own.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|p=68}}</ref>

The dive bombers continued operations in southern Europe; after the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Ju 87 participated in the last campaign-sized victory over the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]], the [[Dodecanese Campaign]]. The [[Dodecanese Islands]] had been occupied by the British; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in [[Megara]] (I./StG 3) and [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] (II.StG 3; from 17 October on [[Rhodes]]), to recover the islands. With the [[RAF]] bases {{convert|500|km|mi}} away, the Ju 87 helped the German landing forces rapidly conquer the islands.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|1998|pp=82–83}}</ref> On 5 October the minelayer ''Lagnano'' was sunk along with a patrol vessel, a steam ship and the auxiliary landing ship ''Porto Di Roma''. On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT-115 and cargo ship ''Taganrog'' at [[Samos]]. On 31 October the light cruiser [[HMS Aurora (12)|''Aurora'']] was put out of action for a year. The light cruisers [[HMS Penelope (97)|''Penelope'']] and [[HMS Carlisle (D67)|''Carlisle'']] were badly damaged by StG 3 and the destroyer [[HMS Panther (G41)|''Panther'']] was also sunk by Ju 87s before the capitulation of the Allied force. It proved to be the Stuka's final victory against the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=305–314}}</ref>

====Eastern front====

=====Barbarossa; 1941=====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-392-1334-04, Russland, Junkers Ju 87, Wartung.jpg|thumb|The Eastern Front brought new challenges. A Ju 87 B-2 is fitted with ski undercarriage to cope with the winter weather, 22 December 1941.]]

On 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings. ''VIII. Fliegerkorps'' was equipped with units ''Stab'', II. and III./StG 1. Also included were ''Stab'', I., II. and III. of ''Sturzkampfgeschwader 2'' Immelmann. Attached to ''[[2nd Air Corps (Germany)|II. Fliegerkorps]]'', under the command of ''General der Flieger'' [[Bruno Loerzer]], were ''Stab'', I., II. and III. of StG 77. ''[[Luftflotte 5]]'', under the command of ''Generaloberst'' [[Hans-Jürgen Stumpff]], operating from Norway's Arctic Circle, were allotted IV. ''Gruppe'' (St)/''[[Lehrgeschwader 1]]'' (''LG 1'').{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=131}}

The first Stuka loss on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet-German front]] occurred early at 03:40–03:47 in the morning of 22 June. While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack [[Brest Fortress]], ''Oberleutnant'' Karl Führing of StG 77 was shot down by an [[I-153]].{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=18}} The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. As a result of the Luftwaffe's attention, the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed. The official report claimed 1,489 Soviet aircraft destroyed. Even Göring was unable to believe such a high total and ordered this checked. After picking their way through the wreckage across the front, Luftwaffe officers found that the tally exceeded 2,000.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=20}} In the next two days, the Soviets reported the loss of another 1,922 aircraft.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=23}}

The Ju 87 took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces, helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armour, eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines. A demonstration of the Stuka{{'}}s effectiveness occurred on 5 July, when StG 77 knocked out 18 [[trains]] and 500 vehicles.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=89}} As the 1st and 2nd Panzer Groups forced bridgeheads across the [[Dnieper]] river and closed in on [[Kyiv]], the Ju 87s again rendered invaluable support. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping [[Red Army]] columns, for the loss of one Ju 87.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=69}} On 23 September, Rudel (who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht) of StG 2, helped sink the Soviet battleship [[Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1911)|''Marat'']], during an air attack on [[Kronstadt]] harbour near [[Leningrad]], which was struck by two {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs.{{sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=102}} During this action, ''Leutnant'' [[Egbert Jaeckel]] sank the destroyer [[Soviet destroyer Minsk|''Minsk'']], while the destroyer ''Steregushchiy'' and submarine ''M-74'' were also sunk. The Stukas also crippled the battleship [[Soviet battleship Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya|''Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya'']] and the destroyers ''Silnyy'' and ''Grozyashchiy'' in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=85}}

Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted [[Army Group Centre]] in its drive toward Moscow. From 13 to 22 December 420 vehicles and 23 tanks were destroyed by StG 77, greatly improving the morale of the German infantry, who were by now on the defensive.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|pp=112–113}} StG 77 finished the campaign as the most effective dive bomber wing. It had destroyed 2,401 vehicles, 234 tanks, 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=115}} At the end of Barbarossa, StG 1 had lost 60 Stukas in aerial combat and one on the ground. StG 2 lost 39 Ju 87s in the air and two on the ground, StG 77 lost 29 of their dive-bombers in the air and three on the ground (25 to enemy action). IV.(St)/LG1, operating from Norway, lost 24 Ju 87s, all in aerial combat.{{sfn|Bergström| 2007a|p=119}}

=====Fall Blau to Stalingrad; 1942=====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J20286, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Luftangriff.jpg|thumb|upright|Ju 87B over Stalingrad]]

In early 1942, the Ju 87s gave the Heer yet more valuable support. On 29 December 1941, the Soviet 44th Army landed on the [[Strait of Kerch|Kerch Peninsula]]. The Luftwaffe was only able to dispatch meager reinforcements of four bomber groups (''Kampfgruppen'') and two dive bomber groups belonging to StG 77. With air superiority, the Ju 87s operated with impunity. In the first 10 days of the [[Battle of the Kerch Peninsula]], half the landing force was destroyed, while sea lanes were blocked by the Stukas inflicting heavy losses on Soviet shipping. The Ju 87's effectiveness against Soviet armour was not yet potent. Later versions of the [[T-34]] tank could withstand Stuka attacks in general, unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed.{{sfn| Bergström | 2007c |p=30}} During the [[Battle of Sevastopol]], the Stukas repeatedly bombed the trapped Soviet forces. Some Ju 87 pilots flew up to 300 sorties against the Soviet defenders. StG 77 (Luftflotte 4) flew 7,708 combat sorties dropping 3,537 tonnes of bombs on the city. Their efforts help secure the capitulation of Soviet forces on 4 July.{{sfn| Bergström | 2007c |p=46}}

For the German summer offensive, ''[[Fall Blau]]'', the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1,800 aircraft into ''Luftflotte 4'' making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world.{{sfn| Bergström | 2007c |p=122}} The ''Stukawaffe'' strength stood at 151.{{sfn| Bergström | 2007c |p=49}} During the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city. StG 1, 2 and 77 flew 320 sorties on 14 October 1942. As the German Sixth Army pushed the Soviets into a 1,000-metre enclave on the west bank of the [[Volga River]], 1,208 Stuka sorties were flown against this small strip of land. The intense air attack, though causing horrific losses on Soviet units, failed to destroy them.{{sfn| Bergström | 2007c |p=84}} The Luftwaffe's Stuka force made a maximum effort during this phase of the war. They flew an average of 500 sorties per day and caused heavy losses among Soviet forces, losing an average of only one Stuka per day. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. As the strength of the Soviet Air Forces grew, they gradually wrested control of the skies from the Luftwaffe. From this point onward, Stuka losses increased.<ref>{{harvnb|Hayward|2001|p=211}}</ref>

=====Kursk and decline; 1943=====
[[File:Вынужденная посадка Ю-87 и труп члена его экипажа.jpg|thumb|upright|A wrecked Ju-87 and the corpse of its pilot near Leningrad, June 1943]]
The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel, the Kursk offensive. The Luftwaffe committed I, II, III./St.G 1 and III./StG 3 under the command of [[Luftflotte 6]]. I., II, III. of StGs 2 and 3 were committed under the command of ''Fliegerkorps'' VIII.{{sfn|Bergström | 2007b |pp= 123–124}} Rudel's cannon-equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at [[Oryol|Orel]] and [[Belgorod]]. The Ju 87s participated in a huge aerial counter-offensive lasting from 16 to 31 July against a Soviet offensive at Khotynets and saved two German armies from encirclement, reducing the attacking Soviet 11th Guards Army to 33 tanks by 20 July. The Soviet offensive had been completely halted from the air{{sfn|Bergström | 2007b |p= 109}} although losses were considerable. Fliegerkorps VIII lost eight Ju 87s on 8 July, six on 9 July, six on 10 July and another eight on 11 July. The Stuka arm also lost eight of their [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] holders. StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5–31 July (StG had lost 23 in July–December 1942), while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period. In September 1943, three of the Stuka units were re-equipped with the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190|Fw 190]]F and G (ground attack versions) and began to be renamed ''Schlachtgeschwader'' (attack wings).{{sfn|Bergström | 2007b |p= 118}} In the face of overwhelming air opposition, the dive-bomber required heavy protection from German fighters to counter Soviet fighters. Some units like SG 2 ''Immelmann'' continued to operate with great success throughout 1943–45, operating the Ju 87 G variants equipped with 37&nbsp;mm cannons, which became tank killers, although in increasingly small numbers.<ref>{{harvnb|Griehl|2001|p=279}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-646-5188-17, Flugzeuge Junkers Ju 87.jpg|thumb|left|Ju 87 Ds over the Eastern Front, 22 December 1943]]
In the wake of the defeat at Kursk, Ju 87s played a vital defensive role on the southern wing of the Eastern Front. To combat the Luftwaffe, the Soviets could deploy 3,000 fighter aircraft. As a result, the Stukas suffered heavily. SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2 ''Immelmann'', which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|pp=25–26}}</ref> Despite these losses, Ju 87s helped the [[XXIX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)|XXIX Army Corps]] break out of an encirclement near the [[Sea of Azov]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|p=27}}</ref> The [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|Battle of Kiev]] also included substantial use of the Ju 87 units, although again, unsuccessful in stemming the advances. Stuka units were with the loss of air superiority, becoming vulnerable on the ground as well. Some Stuka aces were lost this way.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|p=30}}</ref> In the aftermath of Kursk, Stuka strength fell to 184 aircraft in total. This was well below 50 per cent of the required strength.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|2008|p=74}}</ref> On 18 October 1943, StG 1, 2, 3, 5 and 77 were renamed ''Schlachtgeschwader'' (SG) wings, reflecting their ground-attack role, as these combat wings were now also using ground-attack aircraft, such as the Fw 190F-series aircraft. The Luftwaffe's dive-bomber units had ceased to exist.<ref>{{harvnb|Weal|2008|p=77}}</ref>

A few Ju 87s were also retained for anti-shipping operations in the [[Black Sea]], a role it had proved successful in when operating in the Mediterranean. In October 1943, this became evident again when StG 3 carried out several attacks against the Soviet [[Black Sea Fleet]]. On 6 October 1943 the most powerful flotilla in the fleet comprising the [[destroyer leader]] {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Kharkov||2}}, and the destroyers {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Besposhchadny|1936|2}} and {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Sposobny|1940|2}} were sunk. After the disaster, [[Josef Stalin]] decreed that no more ships were to pass within range of German aircraft without his personal permission.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=292}}</ref>

=====Operation Bagration to Berlin 1944–1945=====
Towards the end of the war, as the Allies gained air supremacy, the Stuka was being replaced by ground-attack versions of the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190|Fw 190]].<ref name="Griehl 2001, p. 179"/> By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. For the Soviet summer offensive, [[Operation Bagration]], 12 Ju 87 groups and five mixed groups (including Fw 190s) were on the Luftwaffe's order of battle on 26 June 1944.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|p=129}}</ref> [[Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey]], a mixed aircraft unit, which included large numbers of Stuka dive bombers, was rushed to the Finnish front in the summer of 1944 and was instrumental in halting the Soviet [[fourth strategic offensive]]. The unit claimed 200 Soviet tanks and 150 Soviet aircraft destroyed for 41 losses.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|p=59}}</ref> By 31 January 1945, only 104 Ju 87s remained operational with their units. The other mixed ''Schlacht'' units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them. Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|p=131}}</ref>

In the final months of the war the ground attack groups were still able to impose operational constraints upon the enemy. Most notably the aircraft participated in the defence of [[Berlin]]. On 12 January 1945 the [[1st Belorussian Front]] initiated the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]]. The offensive made rapid progress. The Soviets eventually outran their air support, which was unable to use forward, quagmire-filled, airfields. The Germans, who had fallen back on airbases with good facilities and concrete runways, were able to mount uninterrupted attacks against Soviet army columns. Reminiscent of the early years, the ''Luftwaffe'' was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed. Over 800 vehicles were destroyed within two weeks. In the first three days of February 1945, 2,000 vehicles and 51 tanks were claimed to be lost to German air attacks. The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers. It was the largest concentration of German air power since 1940 and even in February 1945 the Germans were able to achieve and challenge for air superiority on the Eastern Front. The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin, albeit only for three months. The effort exhausted German fuel reserves. The contribution of the Ju 87 was exemplified by Rudel, who claimed 13 enemy tanks on 8 February 1945.<ref>{{harvnb|Bergström|2008|pp=99–100}}</ref>

Post-war research revealed that generally, bombing pilots were far less effective than they claimed.  The German Luftwaffe, in particular, did not do a scientific analysis of the Ju 87 pilot claims in 1939–1945 but instead relied on pre-war tests and assumptions, contrary to the Allies who did such research during the war, which showed that pilots, for a number of reasons, misjudged most of their tank kills and revealed the ineffectiveness of dive-bombers as an anti-tank weapon,{{sfn|Gooderson|1998|p=103}} except for the suppression effect of the bombing.

==Operators==
;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 
* [[Bulgarian Air Force]] - Bulgaria received 12 Ju 87 R-2 and R-4s and 40 Ju 87 D-5s.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=135}}
;{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}} 
* [[Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia|Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske]]  Croatia received Ju 87s, delivered to the ''Lucko'' bomber unit in January 1944.
;{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]
* The [[Czechoslovak Air Force]] operated captured aircraft postwar, five Ju 87 D-5s registrations OK-XAA – OK-XAE - OK-KAC. These were operated by the Czechs under the “B-37" designation.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=156}} 
;{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 
* [[Luftwaffe]]
;{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}} 
* [[Royal Hungarian Air Force]] -  received 33/34 Ju 87 D-3/D-5s and 11/12 B-1 and B-2s.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|pp=151–152}}
;{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} 
* [[Regia Aeronautica]] - ''Regia Aeronautica'' received a delivery of 46 Ju 87 D-2 and D-3 dive bombers and some Ju 87 R-2s.{{sfn|Vanags-Baginskis|1982|p=52}}
;{{flag|Empire of Japan}} 
* [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] - Purchased two aircraft from Germany for evaluation. Japan received the Ju 87 A-1 (called a Ju 87 K-1)
;{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}
* [[Royal Romanian Air Force]] - 90 Ju 87 D-3 and D-5s.{{sfn|Griehl|2001|p=150}} 
;{{flag|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|1939|name=Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}
* [[Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)|Slovak Air Force]] - Operated 6 Ju 87 D-1s and 5 more Ju 87s of an unknown variant from 1943.
;{{flagicon|Spain|1938}} [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] 
* [[Spanish Air Force]]
;{{UK}} 
* [[Royal Air Force]] tested various captured variants during and after the war.<ref>"The Stuka Stealers". ''Aeroplane'', February 2009, pp. 14–18.</ref>
;{{flag|United States|1912}} 
* [[United States Army Air Forces]] tested various captured variants during and after the war.
;{{YUG}} 
* [[SFR Yugoslav Air Force]] operated captured aircraft.

==Surviving aircraft==
Two intact Ju 87s survive, with a third being restored:

;Ju 87 G-2, Werk Nr. ''494083''
[[File:Junkers Ju87G-2 494083 W8-A CHIV 22.08.70 edited-2.jpg|thumb|Ju 87G-2 ''494083'' displayed at [[RAF Chivenor]] in 1970 wearing inaccurate wing code W8-A, with "W8" belonging to a [[Messerschmitt Me 321]] cargo glider unit<ref name="luftarchiv1">{{cite web|url=http://www.luftarchiv.de/index.htm?/flugzeugbau/vbkza.htm| work=Das Archiv der Deutschen Luftwaffe |title=Kennzeichen ab 1939 - Verbandskennzeichen |first=Hartmann|last=Bert}}</ref>]] A later, ground-attack variant, this is displayed at the [[Royal Air Force Museum London|Royal Air Force Museum]] in London; it was captured by British forces at [[Eggebek]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in May 1945. It is thought to have been built in 1943–1944 as a D-5 before being rebuilt as a G-2 variant, possibly by fitting G-2 outer wings to a D-5 airframe. The wings have the hard-points for ''Bordkanone BK 3,7'' gun-pods, but these are not fitted. It was one of 12 captured German aircraft selected by the British for museum preservation and assigned to the [[Air Historical Branch]]. The aircraft was stored and displayed at various RAF sites until 1978, when it was moved to the RAF Museum. In 1967, permission was given to use the aircraft in the film [[Battle of Britain (film)|''Battle of Britain'']] and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers and, ultimately, models were used in the film to represent Stukas. In 1998, the film modifications were removed, and the aircraft returned to the original G-2 configuration.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=382–383}}</ref>

;Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Werk Nr. ''5954''
[[File:Stuka dive bomber, captured by Allies in North Africa, 1941 - Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) - DSC06304.JPG|thumb|Ju 87 R-2/Trop ''5954'' at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago (2014)]]This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]]. It was abandoned in North Africa and found by British forces in 1941. The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the US during the war. It was fully restored in 1974 by the [[Experimental Aircraft Association|EAA]] of Wisconsin.<ref>{{harvnb|Vanags-Baginskis|1982|p=51}}</ref>

One Ju 87 is under restoration:

;Ju 87 R-4, Werk Nr. ''6234'' (incorporating ''857509'')
One aircraft is being restored to airworthy condition from two wrecks, owned by [[Paul Allen]]'s [[Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum]].<ref name="flyingheritage.org">{{cite web|url=https://flyingheritage.org/ |title=FHCAM – Home |publisher=Flyingheritage.org |access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref> The project takes its identification from Ju 87 R-4 Werk Nr. ''6234'', which was built in 1941 and served with Stukageschwader 5. Shot down in April 1942 on a mission to bomb Murmansk,<ref>[https://flyingheritage.org/Explore/The-Collection/Germany/Junkers-Ju-87-R-4-Stuka.aspx  Flying Heritage Stuka Project]</ref> it was recovered in 1992. The wreck was purchased by New Zealand collector [[Tim Wallis]], who originally planned for a rebuild to airworthy status, and later went to the [[Deutsches Technikmuseum]] in Berlin. Parts from a second airframe, a Ju 87 R-2 ''Werknummer'' 857509 which served bearing the ''Stammkennzeichen'' of code LI+KU from 1./St.G.5, and was recovered to the United Kingdom in 1998,<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 387">{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=387}}</ref> have also been incorporated. The project was displayed in November 2018 and the restoration was stated to take between 18 months and two years to complete. Work will be conducted in a display hangar to allow the public to observe the work underway.

Other aircraft survive as wreckage at or recovered from crash sites:
* A ‘Stuka’ wreck was discovered in 2014 near the island of Žirje in Croatia. It belonged to Ju 87R-2 from 239 squadiglie of the Italian Royal Air Force. On April 12, 1941, during the Balkans Campaign in World War II, it was attacking the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's torpedo boats together with two more Stukas when it was shot down. Today the wreck is a visiting site for many scuba divers, lying at a depth of 28 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia: Stuka Bomber Wreck {{!}} X-Ray Mag |url=https://xray-mag.com/content/croatia-stuka-bomber-wreck |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=xray-mag.com |date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Deutsches Technikmuseum]] in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near [[Murmansk]] in 1990 and 1994. These wrecks were purchased from New Zealand collector [[Tim Wallis]] in 1996, who originally planned for the remains to be restored to airworthy.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|pp=385–387}}</ref>
* The [[Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum]] displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near [[Saint-Tropez]] in 1944 and was raised from the seabed in 1989.<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 387"/>
* In October 2006, a Ju 87 D-3/Trop. was recovered underwater, near [[Rhodes]]. The aircraft is now in the [[Hellenic Air Force Museum]]<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 387"/>
* Junkers Ju 87 B-2, Code 98+01, Werk Nr. 870406, is on display at the [[Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum]], [[Belgrade]].<ref name="Smith 2011, p. 387"/> The parts of three others have been found (S2+?? [StG 77]; H4+?? ''[Luftlandegeschwader 1]''; 5B+?? ''[Nachtschlachtgruppe 10]'')<ref name="luftarchiv1"/>
* Junkers Ju 87 B-3 Werk Nr. ''110757'' found in the village Krościenko Wyżne in [[Poland]] in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odnaleziono wrak bombowca sprzed 71 lat. W jego wnętrzu znajdowały się szczątki pilota|url=http://rzeszow.onet.pl/odnaleziono-wrak-bombowca-sprzed-71-lat-w-jego-wnetrzu-znajdowaly-sie-szczatki-pilota/k10d7b|access-date=29 November 2016|work=onet.rzeszow|publisher=Grupa Onet.pl S.A.|date=12 November 2015|language=pl|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620071036/http://rzeszow.onet.pl/odnaleziono-wrak-bombowca-sprzed-71-lat-w-jego-wnetrzu-znajdowaly-sie-szczatki-pilota/k10d7b|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Junkers JU 87 ‘Stuka’ airplane wreck from World War II.jpg|Ju 87 underwater wreck, Adriatic sea, Croatia (2021)
File:Junkers Ju 87 wreck Auto- und Technikmuseum Sinsheim.jpg|Ju 87 wreck, Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum (2008)
File:Ju 87 Berliner Technikmuseum.JPG|Deutsches Technikmuseum, with a veteran gunner speaking of his combat in North Africa
File:Luftwaffe Ju-87 "Stuka" Hellenic Air Museum, Tatoi-Dekelia.jpg|The Ju 87 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum, Greece
File:Junkers 87 D G-2, RAF Museum London.jpg|Junkers Ju 87 D G-2, [[Royal Air Force Museum London|RAF Museum London]]
</gallery>

=== Replicas ===
Replicas at 7/10 scale were built by [[Louis Langhurst]] and Richard H. Kurzenberger. Langhurst's aircraft ended up with the [[Commemorative Air Force]]. Kurzenburger's  was written off in a crash that killed the pilot in 2000.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==Specifications (Ju 87D-1)==
[[File:Junkers Ju 87B-2 Stuka.svg|thumb|Junkers Ju 87B-2]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Warplanes of the Third Reich'' <ref>{{harvnb|Green|1990|pp=442}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=
|length ft=37
|length in=8.75
|length sigfig=3
|span ft=45
|span in=3.5
|span sigfig=3
|height ft=12
|height in=9.25
|height sigfig=2
|wing area sqft=343.37
|wing area sigfig=3
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=Göttingen 256<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=8598
|empty weight note= (equipped)
|gross weight lb=
|max takeoff weight lb=14550
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Junkers Jumo 211|Junkers Jumo 211J]]
|eng1 type=V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine
|eng1 hp=1400
|eng1 note= for take-off
:::{{cvt|1410|hp|order=flip}} at {{cvt|14100|ft|order=flip}}

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=[[Junkers]] constant-speed propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed mph= 255
|max speed kmh=
|max speed note=at {{cvt|13500|ft|order=flip}}
|cruise speed mph=198
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note= at {{cvt|16700|ft|order=flip}}
|stall speed kmh=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|range miles=954
|range km=
|range note= at {{cvt|16730|ft|order=flip}} (maximum)
|combat range km=
|ferry range km=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=24000
|ceiling m=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|time to altitude={{cvt|16400|ft|order=flip}} in 20 minutes
|wing loading kg/m2=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns= 2 × {{cvt|7.92|mm|2}} [[MG 17 machine gun]]s forward firing, 1 × {{cvt|7.92|mm|2}} twin [[MG 81 machine gun]] to rear
|bombs=1 × {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bomb beneath the fuselage and 4× {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} under-wing.
}}

== In popular culture ==
According to [[Richard King (sound designer)|Richard King]], the sound of the "Lärmgerät" (often incorrectly referred to as "Jericho trumpets") "is often used in movies and TV shows as the classic dive bomber sound, plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on [[Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner|Wile E. Coyote]]’s head".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andersen |first=Asbjoern |date=2017-08-02 |title=Behind the spectacular sound of 'Dunkirk' - with Richard King |url=https://www.asoundeffect.com/dunkirk-sound/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=A Sound Effect |language=en-US |quote=There are historical recordings of Stukas that date before the war and that sound has been recycled over the generations for movies and TV shows. It’s often used as the classic dive bomber sound, or plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on Wile E. Coyote’s head.}}</ref>

==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
* [[Junkers Ju 187]]
* [[Heinkel He 118]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Aichi D3A]]
* [[Blackburn Skua]]
* [[Breda Ba.65]]
* [[Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]]
* [[Douglas SBD Dauntless]]
* [[Ilyushin Il-2]]
* [[Loire-Nieuport LN.401]]
* [[Mitsubishi Ki-51]]
* [[Nakajima B5N]]
* [[Saab 17]]
* [[Vultee A-31 Vengeance]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of bomber aircraft]]
|see also=

}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book|last=Bergström|first=Christer|title=Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=2008|isbn=978-1-903223-91-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergström|first=Christer|title=Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941|location=London|publisher=Chevron/Ian Allan|year=2007a|isbn=978-1-85780-270-2 }}
* {{cite book|last=Bergström|first=Christer|title=Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943|location=London|publisher=Chevron/Ian Allan|year=2007b|isbn=978-1-903223-88-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergström|first=Christer|title=Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942–February 1943|location=London|publisher=Chevron/Ian Allan|year=2007c|isbn=978-1-85780-276-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Boyne|first=W. J.|title=Clash of Wings|url=https://archive.org/details/clashofwingsairp00boyn|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1994|isbn=0-684-83915-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Bungay|first=Stephen|title=The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain|location=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2000|isbn=1-85410-721-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ciglic|first1=Boris|last2=Savic|first2=Dragan|title=Dornier Do 17 – The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1937–1947|location=Belgrade|publisher=Jeroplan|year=2007|isbn=978-86-909727-0-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dressel|first1=Joachim|last2=Griehl|first2=Manfred|title=Bombers of the Luftwaffe |location=London |publisher=DAG |year=1994 |isbn=1-85409-140-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Erfurth|first=Helmut|title=Junkers Ju 87 |series=Black Cross |volume=V|location=Bonn|publisher=Bernard & Graefe Verlag|year=2004|isbn=1-85780-186-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gesalí|first1=David|last2=Íñiguez|first2=David|title=La guerra aèria a Catalunya (1936–1939)|trans-title=The Air War over Catalonia|year=2012|publisher=Rafael Dalmau, Editor|location=Barcelona|language=ca|isbn=978-84-232-0775-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gooderson |first1=Ian |title=Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45 |date=1998 |publisher=F. Cass |isbn=978-0-7146-4211-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Eb_uqFyWBgC |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=William|title=Warplanes of the Third Reich|location=New York|publisher=Galahad Books|year=1990|orig-year=1970|edition=2nd |isbn=0-883-65666-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Griehl|first=Manfred|title=Junker Ju 87 Stuka|location=London/Stuttgart|publisher=Airlife/Motorbuch|year=2001|isbn=1-84037-198-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Griehl|first1=Manfred|last2=Dressel|first2=Joachim|title=Heinkel He 177 – 277–274 |location=Shrewsbury |publisher=Airlife |year=1998 |isbn=1-85310-364-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Gunston|first=Bill|series=Grande enciclopedia delle armi moderne|title=Gli aerei della 2a guerra mondiale |language=it|trans-title=The Aircraft of the Second World War |location=Milano|publisher=Alberto Peruzzo Editore|year=1984|oclc=797533857}}
* {{cite book|last=Hayward|first=J. S.|title=Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943 |location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2001|isbn=0-7006-1146-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|title=Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West |volume=II|location=London|publisher=Chevron/Ian Allan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85780-272-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Just|first=Gunther|title=Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel|location=Atglen, PA|publisher=Schiffer|year=1986|isbn=0-88740-252-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* {{cite book|last=Mahlke|first=Helmut|translator-last=Weal|translator-first=John|title=Memoirs of a Stuka Pilot|publisher=Frontline Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84832-664-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=McNab |first=Chris|title=Hitler's Eagles : The Luftwaffe, 1933–45|date=2012|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-78096-283-2 |location=Oxford|oclc=779264558}}
* {{cite book|last=Mondey|first=David|title=Axis Aircraft of World War II|location=London|publisher=Chancellor Press|year=1996|isbn=1-85152-966-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Murray|first=Williamson|title=Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1935–1945|location=Maxwell AFB, AL|publisher=Air Power Research Institute|year=1983|isbn=0-16-002160-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Parker|first=Danny|title=To Win the Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944–1945 |location=Pennsylvania |publisher=Combined |year=1998 |isbn=0-938289-35-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Rudel |first = Hans Ulrich |title = Stuka Pilot |location = London, UK |publisher = Blackhouse |year = 1952 |isbn = 9781908476876}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ring|first=Hans|title=Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne|publisher=Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart|year=1978|isbn=3-87943-151-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|year=2005|edition=3rd|isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.|title=Ju 87 Stuka: Luftwaffe Ju 87 Dive-Bomber Units 1939–1941 |volume=I|location=London|publisher=Classic |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-903223-69-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.|title=The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History|location=London|publisher=Crecy |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85979-156-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Steve J.|last2=Smith|first2=Peter C.|title=Air Combat Manoeuvres|location=Hersham |publisher=Ian Allan |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-903223-98-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Vanags-Baginskis|first=Alex|title=Ju 87 Stuka |location=London |publisher=Jane's |year=1982 |isbn=0-7106-0191-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ward |first=John |title=Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945|location=London|publisher=Eagles of War |year=2004 |isbn=1-86227-246-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Weal|first=John|title=Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 |series=Combat Aircraft 1 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=1997 |isbn=1-85532-636-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Weal|first=John|title=Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean |series=Combat Aircraft 6 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=1998 |isbn=1-85532-722-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Weal|first=John|title=Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of the Russian Front |series=Combat Aircraft 74 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-308-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Willigenburg|first1=Henk van|title=Graft Zeppelin Afloat |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=March–April 2001|issue=92|pages=59–65 |issn=0143-5450}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Derek|last2=Dempster|first2=Derek|title=The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power |location=London |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2003|isbn=0-85052-915-8}}

== Further reading ==
* de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. ''Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source'', Volume 1. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-279-5}}
* de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. ''Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source'', Volume 2. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-903223-87-1}}
* Eisenbach, Hans Peter. ''Fronteinsätze eines Stuka-Fliegers: Mittelmeer und Ostfront 1943/1944'' (in German). Berlin: Helios Verlag, 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-938208-96-0}}
* {{cite book |last = Zuerl |first = Walter |title = Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure |location = München, Germany |publisher = Curt Pechstein Verlag |year = 1941 }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{YouTube|id=cU6OK1zSxKg|title=Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" – wartime video}}

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[[Category:Inverted gull-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:1930s German bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:Junkers aircraft|Ju 087]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]