View source for Juneau, Alaska

{{Short description|Capital of Alaska, United States}}
{{Redirect|Juneau}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Juneau
| native_name        = {{native name|tli|Dzántik'i Héeni}}
| settlement_type    = [[Consolidated city-county|Consolidated city-borough]]
| named_for          = [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]]
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
| total_width            = 290
| border                 = infobox
| perrow                 = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align          = center
| image1                 = Queen Elizabeth (ship, 2010) in Juneau, Alaska 2024-08-15.jpg
| alt1                   = View of Juneau from the Goldbelt Tram
| caption1               = View of Juneau from the [[Goldbelt Tram]]. The [[Juneau–Douglas Bridge]] spans the [[Gastineau Channel]].
| image2                 = Alaska State Capitol Building.jpg
| alt2                   = Alaska State Capitol
| caption2               = [[Alaska State Capitol]]
| image3                 = Franklin_10.jpg
| alt3                   = Franklin Street, Juneau
| caption3               = South Franklin Street
| image4                 = Downtown Juneau with Mount Juneau rising in the background.jpg
| alt4                   = Downtown Juneau with Mount Juneau rising in the background
| caption4               = Downtown with [[Mount Juneau]] in the background
| image5                 = Shrine St Therese 28.jpg
| alt5                   = National Shrine of St. Thérèse| caption5               = [[National Shrine of St. Thérèse, Juneau|National Shrine of St. Thérèse]]
| image6                 = Ak Governors House 03.JPG
| alt6                   = Alaska Governor's Mansion
| caption6               = [[Alaska Governor's Mansion]]
| image7                 = Valentine_Building_BluWhte_46.jpg
| alt7                   = Valentine Building (Juneau, Alaska)
| caption7               = [[Valentine Building (Juneau, Alaska)|Valentine Building]]
}}
{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=280|frame-height=280|frame-coord=SWITCH:{{coord|qid=Q29445}}###{{coord|64|4|6.6|N|154|16|41.5|W}}###{{coord|54|49|41|N|115|0|0|W}}|zoom=SWITCH:7;3;2|type=SWITCH:shape-inverse;shape;point|marker=city|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#5f5f5f|id2=SWITCH:Q29445;Q797;Q30|type2=shape|fill2=#ffffff|fill-opacity2=SWITCH:0;0.1;0.1|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#5f5f5f|stroke-opacity2=SWITCH:0;1;1|switch=Juneau;Alaska;the United States}}
| image_seal         = Seal of Juneau, Alaska.svg
| image_flag         = Flag of Juneau, Alaska.svg
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name   = [[United States]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Alaska]]
| subdivision_name2  = 
| government_type    = 
| founder            = [[Richard Harris (prospector)|Richard Harris]] and [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Juneau, Alaska|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = Beth Weldon
| leader_title1      = [[Legislative branch|Governing body]]
| leader_name1       = [[Assembly of the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska|Assembly]]
| leader_title2      = [[Alaska Senate|State senator]]
| leader_name2       = [[Jesse Kiehl]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title3      = [[Alaska House of Representatives|State reps.]]
| leader_name3       = [[Sara Hannan]] (D)<br>[[Andi Story]] (D)
| established_title  = Named
| established_date   = 1881 (Juneau City)<br>1882 (Juneau)
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1  = 1900
| established_title2 = Home-rule city
| established_date2  = October 1960
| established_title3 = Borough
| established_date3  = September 30, 1963 (Greater Juneau Borough)<br>July 1, 1970 (City and Borough of Juneau)
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     =<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 3254.70
| area_total_km2     = 8429.64
| area_land_sq_mi    = 2704.03
| area_land_km2      = 7003.41
| area_water_sq_mi   = 550.67
| area_water_km2     = 1426.23
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 14.0
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| pop_est_as_of      = 2024
| population_est     = 31572 {{loss}}
| pop_est_footnotes  =<ref name="USCensusEst2024"/>
| population_footnotes =<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
| population_total   = 32255
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_urban   = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = auto
| population_demonym = Juneauite
<!-- GDP ----------->
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes =<ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf |title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022 |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |website=www.bea.gov}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]]
| demographics2_info1 = $2.4 billion (2022)
| elevation_m        = 10
| elevation_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic Names Information System |url=https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/1404263 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=edits.nationalmap.gov}}</ref>
| timezone           = [[Alaska Standard Time|AKST]]
| utc_offset         = −9
| timezone_DST       = [[Alaska Daylight Time|AKDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −8
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = 99801–99803, 99811–99812, 99821, 99824
| area_code          = [[Area code 907|907]]
| elevation_ft       = 33
| coordinates        = {{Coord|58|18|00|N|134|24|58|W|region:US-AK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 02-36400
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1404263 1404263]
| website            = {{URL|juneau.org}}
| footnotes          = 
| official_name      = City and Borough of Juneau
| image_blank_emblem = City and Borough of Juneau official logo.png
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
}}
'''Juneau''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|uː|n|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Juneau, Alaska.wav}} {{respell|JOO|noh}}; {{langx|tli|Dzántik'i Héeni}} {{IPA|tli|ˈtsʌ́ntʰɪ̀kʼɪ̀ ˈhíːnɪ̀|}} {{Translation|Base of the Flounder's River}}),<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Lingít Dictionary |editor-last=Twitchell |editor-first=X̱ʼunei Lance |date=November 14, 2024 |location=Juneau, Alaska (University of Alaska Southeast) |publisher=Goldbelt Heritage Foundation |page=47 |edition=2 |isbn=979-8328339070}}</ref> officially the '''City and Borough of Juneau''', is the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Alaska]], located along the [[Gastineau Channel]] and the [[Southeast Alaska|Alaskan panhandle]]. Juneau was named the capital of Alaska in 1906, when the government of what was then the [[District of Alaska]] was moved from [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] as dictated by the [[U.S. Congress]] in 1900.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/throughyukonand02rickgoog |title=Through the Yukon and Alaska |last=Rickard |first=Thomas Arthur |date=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/throughyukonand02rickgoog/page/n48 22] |publisher=Mining and Scientific Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251 |title=Federal Statutes Annotated: Containing All the Laws of the United States of a General, Permanent and Public Nature in Force on the First Day of January, 1916 |last=States |first=United |date=1916 |page=251 |publisher=Edward Thompson Company |language=en}}</ref> On July 1, 1970, the City of Juneau merged with the City of [[Douglas, Alaska|Douglas]] and the surrounding Greater Juneau [[Borough (United States)|Borough]] to form the current [[consolidated city-county|consolidated city-borough]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juneau.org/history-old/histoutl.php |title=An Outline History of Juneau Municipal Government |last=Miller |first=Marian |date=June 9, 1997 |publisher=City and Borough of Juneau |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715133256/http://www.juneau.org/history-old/histoutl.php |archive-date=July 15, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> which ranks as the second-[[List of United States cities by area|largest municipality in the United States by area]] and is larger than both [[Rhode Island]] and [[Delaware]].

Downtown Juneau is nestled at the base of [[Mount Juneau]] and it is across the channel from [[Douglas Island]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the City and Borough had a population of 32,255,<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Juneau_city_and_borough,_Alaska?g=1600000US0236400 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="2020 Census Data">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/juneaucityandboroughalaska/PST045221 |title=QuickFacts: Juneau city and borough, Alaska |accessdate=December 27, 2021 |website=census.gov}}</ref> making it the [[List of cities in Alaska|third-most populous city in Alaska]] after [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] and [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]], but the sixth-least populous U.S. state capital. Juneau experiences a daily influx of 16,000 people or more from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Clarise |date=May 31, 2024 |title=With cruise tourism booming, Juneau has negotiated a limit on how many passengers can come off ships |url=https://www.ktoo.org/2024/05/31/with-cruise-tourism-booming-juneau-has-negotiated-a-limit-on-how-many-passengers-can-come-off-ships/ |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=KTOO |language=en-US}}</ref>

The city is named after a gold prospector from [[Quebec]], [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]], although it was once called ''Rockwell'' and then ''Harrisburg'' (after Juneau's co-prospector, [[Richard Harris (prospector)|Richard Harris]]). The [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] name of the town is {{lang|tli|Dzántik'i Héeni}} ({{Translation|Base of the Flounder's River}}), and [[Auke Bay]] just north of Juneau proper is called {{lang|tli|Áak'w}} ({{Translation|Little Lake}}) in Tlingit. The [[Taku River]], just south of Juneau, was named after the cold {{lang|tli|t'aakh}} wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.

Juneau is unique among U.S. state capitals in that there are no roads connecting the city to the rest of the state or to the contiguous United States. [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], is the only other state capital which is not connected by road to the contiguous United States. The absence of a road network is due to the extremely rugged terrain surrounding the city. In turn, Juneau is a ''de facto'' island city in terms of transportation; all goods coming in and out must be transported by plane or boat despite the city's location on the Alaskan mainland.

Downtown Juneau sits at sea level with tides averaging {{convert|16|ft|m|0}}, below steep mountains about {{convert|3500|to|4000|ft|m|-2}} high. Atop the mountains is the [[Juneau Icefield]], a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of them, the [[Mendenhall Glacier]] and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system. The Mendenhall Glacier has been gradually retreating; its front face is declining in width and height.

The [[Alaska State Capitol]] in downtown Juneau was built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse, and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Juneau is the home of the [[Alaska Legislature|state legislature]], the [[List of Governors of Alaska|governor]], and [[List of Lieutenant Governors of Alaska|lieutenant governor]]. Some executive branch offices have moved certain functions to Anchorage and elsewhere in the state.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==History==
[[File:Juneau City in Alaska US by Partridge 1887.jpg|thumb|left|The city of Juneau in 1887]]
[[File:Chief Anotklosh of the Taku Tribe in Juneau.jpg|thumb|left|Chief Anotklosh of the Taku tribe, circa 1913]]

The [[Gastineau Channel]] was a fishing place for the [[Auke Indians|Auke]] (''A'akw Kwáan'') and [[Taku Indians|Taku]] tribes, who had inhabited the surrounding area for thousands of years. The ''A'akw Kwáan'' had a village and burying ground here. In the 21st century it is known as Indian Point. They annually harvested herring during the spawning season.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Since the late 20th century, the A'akw Kwáan, together with the [[Sealaska Heritage Institute]], have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, including proposals by the [[National Park Service]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA). They consider it to be sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and the importance of the point in their traditions of gathering sustenance from the sea. They continue to gather [[clam]]s, [[gumboot chiton]]s, grass, and [[sea urchin]]s, as well as tree bark for medicinal uses.<ref name="nrhp"/>

The city and state supported the [[Sealaska Corporation|Sealaska Heritage Institute]] in documenting the {{convert|78|acre}} site, and in August 2016, it was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. "It is the first traditional cultural property in [[Southeast Alaska]] to be placed on the register."<ref name="nrhp">{{cite web |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/18/indian-point-goes-national-register-historic-places-165498 |author=ICTMN Staff |title=Indian Point Goes on National Register of Historic Places |publisher=Indian Country Today |date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=August 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821000125/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/18/indian-point-goes-national-register-historic-places-165498 |archive-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="phu">{{cite web |url=http://juneauempire.com/local/2016-08-16/feds-designate-juneaus-indian-point-sacred-worthy-protection |author=Lisa Phu |title=Feds designate Juneau's Indian Point as sacred, worthy of protection |publisher=Juneau Empire |date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820155548/http://juneauempire.com/local/2016-08-16/feds-designate-juneaus-indian-point-sacred-worthy-protection |archive-date=August 20, 2016}}</ref> Descendants of the indigenous people include the [[Tlingit]]. Native cultures have rich artistic traditions expressed in carving, weaving, singing, dancing, and through oral lore. Juneau is a social center for the Tlingit, [[Haida people|Haida]], and [[Tsimshian]] of Southeast Alaska.

===European encounters===
[[File:Juneau Hotel.jpg|thumb|left|The Juneau Hotel near the [[Juneau–Douglas Bridge]] ]]
Although the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] had [[Russian colonization of North America|a colony in the Alaska territory]] from 1784 to 1867, they did not settle in Juneau. They conducted extensive fur trading with Alaskan Natives of the [[Aleutian Islands]] and [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]].

The first European to see the Juneau area was [[Joseph Whidbey]], master of the ''[[HMS Discovery (1789)|Discovery]]'' during [[George Vancouver]]'s [[Vancouver Expedition|1791–95 expedition]]. He and his party explored the region in July–August 1794. Early in August he viewed the length of Gastineau Channel from the south, noting a small island in mid-channel. He later recorded seeing the channel again, this time from the west. He said it was unnavigable, being filled with ice.<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite book |last1=Vancouver |first1=George |last2=Vancouver |first2=John |title=A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world |publisher=J. Stockdale |year=1801 |series=vols. I-VI |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/avoyagediscover00vancgoog}}</ref>

===Mining era and naming===
After the California gold rush, miners migrated up the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] and explored the West, seeking other gold deposits. In 1880, [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] mining engineer George Pilz offered a reward to any local native in Alaska who could lead him to gold-bearing ore. A local native arrived with some ore, and several prospectors were sent to investigate. On their first trip to Gold Creek, they found deposits of little interest. However, Pilz sent [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]] (the cousin of [[Milwaukee]] co-founder [[Solomon Juneau]]) and [[Richard Harris (prospector)|Richard Harris]] back to the Gastineau Channel, directing them to go to Snow Slide Gulch (the head of Gold Creek). According to the Rev. Samuel Young, in his book ''Alaska Days with John Muir'', Juneau and Harris decided to explore their party's campsite at the creek head in the summer of 1879. They found nuggets "as large as peas and beans" there, in Harris' words.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

On October 18, 1880, the two men marked a {{convert|160|acre|m2|adj=on}} town site and soon a mining camp sprang up. Many miners arrived within a year and the camp became a village, albeit made up mostly of tents and shacks rather than buildings. It was the first [[European American]] settlement founded in the territory after the United States [[Alaska Purchase|purchased Alaska]]. By the autumn of 1881, the village had a population of over 100 and was known as Rockwell, after Lt. Com. Charles Rockwell; later it was known as Harrisburg after prospector Richard Harris. On December 14, 1881, it was decided at a miners' meeting of 72 persons to name the settlement Juneau, after [[prospecting|prospector]] Joe Juneau.<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |author=Arthur C. Spencer |title=The Juneau Gold Belt, Alaska, USGS Bulletin No. 287 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |year=1906 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ |title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States |publisher=Govt. Print. Off. |author=Gannett, Henry |year=1905 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n170 171] |access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>

===Establishment of Russian Orthodox Church===
[[File:Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, Downtown Juneau, Alaska 3.jpg|thumb|[[St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (Juneau, Alaska)|St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church]], built in 1894 by Tlingit and [[Serbs|Serbians]] in Juneau]]
Likely due to the pressure of European encroachment, some Tlingit appealed to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. It held services in northern Tlingit settlements in local languages as early as 1800 and 1824. [[Innocent of Alaska|One of its priests]] translated scripture and liturgy into the [[Tlingit language]] during the 1830s and 1840s. The Tlingit arranged for an Orthodox priest to come to their Juneau settlement. In 1890, about 700 people converted after chief Yees Gaanaalx and his wife of [[Auke Bay, Juneau|Auke Bay]] joined the church. The Orthodox Church Missionary Society supported the Tlingit in furnishing and constructing a church for the large congregation.<ref name=nrhpdoc/>

The [[St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (Juneau, Alaska)|St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church]] was completed in 1894 and has maintained an important presence among the Tlingit, [[Serbs|Serbians]], and other Europeans who follow Orthodox traditions. The [[iconostasis]] has six large panels which were sent from [[Russia]].<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web |url={{NRHP url |id=73000377}} |title=St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church |author=Amos Wallace |date=April 10, 1973 |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NRHP url|id=73000377|title=accompanying photos from 1961 and 1972|photos=y}}</ref>

===Development of mining===
Prospector and [[placer mine]]r [[John Lemon (prospector)|John Lemon]] operated at the time in what is today the [[Lemon Creek, Alaska|Lemon Creek]] area. The neighborhood which developed there was given his name by early settlers, several other landmarks in Juneau have also been named for him. Major mining operations in the [[Juneau mining district]] prior to World War II included the [[Treadwell gold mine|Treadwell Mine]], the [[Alaska-Juneau Gold Mining Company|Alaska-Juneau Mine]], and the [[Alaska-Gastineau Mine]].

By 1906, after the decline of whaling and the fur trade, [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] which was the original capital of Alaska, had become less important and the territorial legislature moved the seat of government to Juneau in accordance with a 1900 federal law.<ref name=":0" /> Juneau was the most populous city in Alaska during the inter-war years, surpassing [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] population by the [[1920 United States census|1920 census]]. [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] became the largest city in terms of population in [[1950 United States census|1950]].

===Selection as capital===
In 1911, the United States Congress authorized funds for construction of a capitol building for the [[District of Alaska]]. [[World War I]] delayed construction and there were difficulties purchasing the necessary land. Citizens of Juneau donated some of the required funds, and construction began on September 8, 1929. Construction of the capitol took less than two years, and the building was dedicated as the Federal and Territorial Building on February 14, 1931. It was designed by Treasury Department architects in the [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco architectural style]]. The building was originally used by the federal government to house the federal courthouse and the post office for the territory. Alaska gained statehood in 1959 and under the [[Alaska Statehood Act]], the Federal and Territorial Building was transferred to the new state and became its [[Alaska State Capitol|capitol]].

The Alaska Governor's Mansion was commissioned under the Public Building Act in 1910. The mansion was designed by [[James Knox Taylor]] in the [[Colonial Revival style]]. Construction was completed in 1912. The territorial governor at the time was the first governor to live in the mansion, and he held the first open house for citizens on January 1, 1913. The mansion is {{convert|14400|sqft|m2}}. It has ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces. It is the governor's residence when in Juneau on official business. In June 1923, President [[Warren G. Harding]] became the first president to visit Alaska. He visited the Governor's Mansion while Territorial Governor [[Scott Bone]], who was appointed by Harding, was in office. Harding spoke about his policies from the porch of the mansion and met with attendees.

During [[World War II]], more than 50 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans residing in Juneau were [[internment of Japanese Americans|sent to the internment camps inland]] as a result of [[Executive Order 9066]], which authorized the forced removal of all ethnic Japanese away from their homes and businesses on the [[West Coast of the United States]]. The removal of Juneau's Japanese community during the war is memorialized by the ''[[Empty Chair Memorial]]'', which was dedicated in July 2014 in the city's Capital School Park neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Empty Chair Project recognizes Juneau's Japanese WWII internees |url=https://www.ktoo.org/2014/07/13/empty-chair-project-recognizes-juneaus-japanese-wwii-internees/ |author=Jeremy Hsieh |date=July 13, 2014 |publisher=[[KTOO (FM)|KTOO]] |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709022307/https://www.ktoo.org/2014/07/13/empty-chair-project-recognizes-juneaus-japanese-wwii-internees/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Robert Atwood]], who was then the publisher of the ''[[Anchorage Times]]'' and an Anchorage "booster", was an early leader in efforts to move the capital to Fairbanks, which many in both cities resisted. Some supporters of a move wanted a new capital to be at least {{convert|30|mi|km}} away from Anchorage and Fairbanks, to prevent either city from having undue influence. Juneau has continued as the capital. In the 1970s, voters passed a plan to move the capital to [[Willow, Alaska|Willow]], a town {{convert|70|mi|km}} north of Anchorage. But pro-Juneau people there and in Fairbanks persuaded voters also to approve a measure (the FRANK Initiative) requiring voter approval of all bondable construction costs before building could begin. Alaskans later voted against spending the estimated $900 million. A 1984 "ultimate" capital-move vote also failed, as did a 1996 vote.

After Alaska achieved [[U.S. state|statehood]] in 1959, Juneau's population increased as well as the growth of state government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ltgov/elections/capmove.htm |title=Sean Parnell, 10th Governor of Alaska |publisher=Alaska State Government |access-date=December 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225223217/http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ltgov/elections/capmove.htm |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> After construction of the [[Alaska Pipeline]] in 1977, the state budget was flush with oil revenues, and it expanded state spending programs. The population growth in Juneau slowed considerably after 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=CensusScope − Population Growth |url=http://www.censusscope.org/us/s2/c110/chart_popl.html |access-date=November 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126190929/http://www.censusscope.org/us/s2/c110/chart_popl.html |archive-date=November 26, 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Alaska-Harris-Juneau memorial.tif|Memorial to the founders of the city, [[Richard Harris (prospector)|Richard Harris]] and [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]]
File:Alaska - Juneau - NARA - 23939711.jpg|View of Juneau, 1940s
</gallery>

===21st century===
[[File:Downtown Juneau, Alaska at night.jpg|thumb|Downtown Juneau at night]]
In 2005, the state demographer projected slow growth in the borough for the next twenty years.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=JuneauAlaska.com |title=Juneau's future demographic: Growing older |url=http://juneaualaska.com/history/history_demograph.shtml |access-date=November 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124022628/http://juneaualaska.com/history/history_demograph.shtml |archive-date=November 24, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cruise ship tourism has expanded rapidly, from approximately 230,000 passengers in 1990 to nearly 1,700,000 in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Clarise |last2=KTOO |first2=Clarise Larson |date=2025-10-14 |title=Juneau’s 2025 cruise ship season comes to a close |url=https://www.ktoo.org/2025/10/14/juneaus-2025-cruise-ship-season-comes-to-a-close/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=KTOO |language=en-US}}</ref> as cruise lines have built more and larger ships. They sail to Juneau seven days a week over a longer season than before, but the cruising tourism is still primarily a summer industry. It provides few year-round jobs but stimulates summer employment in the city. In 2010, the city was recognized as part of the "Playful City USA" initiative by [[KaBOOM! (non-profit organization)|KaBOOM!]], created to honor cities that ensure their children have great places to play.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/090310/out_704260158.shtml |title=Juneau Named 'Playful' City, Only Honoree in Alaska |publisher=Juneau Empire |date=September 3, 2010 |access-date=November 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811202631/http://juneauempire.com/stories/090310/out_704260158.shtml |archive-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

Juneau is larger in area than the state of [[Delaware]] and was for several decades, the country's largest city by area. (Sitka surpassed it in 2000 when it incorporated.) Juneau is the only U.S. state capital on an international border; it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: [[Joe Juneau (prospector)|Joe Juneau]] died in 1899.

The city was temporarily renamed UNO, after [[Uno (card game)|the card game]], on April 1, 2016 (April Fool's Day).<ref name="Uno1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/no-joke-juneau-alaska-temporarily-renamed-for-card-game-uno/?/ftag=CNM-00-10aab1d&linkId=22978428 |title=No joke: Alaska city temporarily renamed for card game UNO |date=April 1, 2016 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |publisher=Associated Press/[[CBS News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414200001/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/no-joke-juneau-alaska-temporarily-renamed-for-card-game-uno/?%2Fftag=CNM-00-10aab1d&linkId=22978428 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Uno2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ktuu.com/news/news/greetings-from-uno-alaska-capital-city-teams-up-with-mattel-for-oneday-promotion/38802528 |title=Greetings from 'Uno, Alaska.' Capital city teams up with Mattel for April Fools' Day |date=April 1, 2016 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |publisher=[[KTUU-TV]]/[[Gray Television]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402182733/http://www.ktuu.com/news/news/greetings-from-uno-alaska-capital-city-teams-up-with-mattel-for-oneday-promotion/38802528 |archive-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> The event was a promotion with [[Mattel]] to draw "attention to new wild cards in [the] game".<ref name="Uno1"/> For Juneau's cooperation, Mattel donated $15,000 "to the Juneau Community Foundation in honor of the late Mayor [[Greg Fisk]]."<ref name="Uno1"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Douglas Island as seen from mainland Juneau, Alaska.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Douglas Island]] from mainland Juneau. The Juneau-Douglas Bridge connects the island to the mainland.]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has an area of {{convert|3255|sqmi|km2}}. In land area, Juneau (proper) is the largest [[List of capitals in the United States#State capitals|state capital]] and the second-largest city overall in the United States,<ref name="Census">{{cite web |url=https://citymonitor.ai/infrastructure/largest-cities-us |publisher=City Monitor |access-date=February 13, 2023 |title=Where are the largest cities in the US}}</ref> with {{convert|2716.7|sqmi|km2}} being made up of land and {{convert|538.3|sqmi|km2}} consisting of water (16.54%).

The central (downtown) area of Juneau is at {{Coord|58|18|00|N|134|24|58|W|type:city_region:US-AK|format=dms|display=inline}}.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |publisher=City Monitor |access-date=February 13, 2023 |title=Where are the largest cities in the US?}}</ref> The City and Borough of Juneau includes [[Douglas Island]], which is a [[tidal island]] to the west of mainland Juneau. Douglas can be reached via the [[Juneau-Douglas Bridge]]. An unpopulated section of the city is located on [[Admiralty Island]] near its northern end.

As in the rest of Southeast Alaska, the Juneau area is susceptible to damage caused by [[natural disaster]]s. The [[2014 Palma Bay earthquake]] caused widespread outages to telecommunications in the area due to damage to a [[fiber-optic cable]] serving the area. In April 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive [[Diesel generator|diesel]] system.

The community is impacted by annual [[Glacial lake outburst flood|glacial outburst flooding]] ([[Jökulhlaup|jökulhlau]]) from Suicide Basin/Kʼóox Ḵaadí Basin above the Mendenhall Glacier. The 2024 event was declared a disaster by the State of Alaska<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schroeder |first=Kollette |date=2024-08-08 |title=Governor Dunleavy Surveys Juneau Flood Damage |url=https://gov.alaska.gov/governor-dunleavy-surveys-juneau-flood-damage/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Mike Dunleavy |language=en-US}}</ref> and the Federal Government,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal declaration of emergency granted for August 2024 Mendenhall River flooding – City and Borough of Juneau |url=https://juneau.org/newsroom-item/federal-declaration-of-emergency-granted-for-august-2024-mendenhall-river-flooding |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=juneau.org}}</ref> and caused damages estimated between $2.8 and $5.6 million.<ref>[https://juneau.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/09.19.24-2024-August-Juneau-Glacier-Outburst-Flood.pdf estimated between $2.8 and $5.6 million]</ref> Prior to the 2025 event, the City in partnership with the Army Corps of Engineers and informed by research, models and forecasting from the Alaska Climate Adaptation Science Center, the University of Alaska Southeast and the USGS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juneau Glacial Flood Dashboard |url=https://www.juneauflood.com/#/home |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.juneauflood.com}}</ref> installed a temporary levee system along the Mendenhall River utilizing HESCO barriers to minimize the impact of future flood events. In August 2025, the City and Borough of Juneau (CBJ) and the Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska issued coordinated emergency disaster declarations in anticipation of a record-level flood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=City & Borough of Juneau and Tlingit & Haida Issue Coordinated Disaster Declarations Ahead of Glacial Lake Outburst |url=https://tlingitandhaida.gov/news/juneauflooddisasterdeclarations/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Tlingit & Haida |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite record-breaking flood levels in 2025, property and other damages were minimal due to the levee system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Corinne |date=2025-08-14 |title=Juneau flood barriers and early warning prevent major damage, amid record-breaking glacial outburst |url=https://alaskabeacon.com/2025/08/13/juneau-flood-barriers-and-early-warning-prevent-major-damage-amid-record-breaking-glacial-outburst/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Alaska Beacon |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Juneau by Sentinel-2, 2020-07-30 (small version).jpg|Satellite image shows all of Juneau
File:Core Area of Juneau by Sentinel-2, 2020-07-30.jpg|Core area of Juneau including Douglas Island from satellite image above
File:Operational Navigation Chart D-12, 6th edition.jpg|Map including Juneau
</gallery>

===Adjacent boroughs and census areas===
*[[Haines Borough, Alaska]] – northwest, west
*[[Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska]] – south, southwest
*[[Petersburg Borough, Alaska]] – quadripoint

===Border area===
Juneau shares its eastern border with the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. It is the only U.S. state capital which borders another country.
*[[Stikine Region, British Columbia]] – northeast, east

===National protected areas===
*[[Tongass National Forest]] (part)
**[[Admiralty Island National Monument]] (part)
***[[Kootznoowoo Wilderness]] (part)
**[[Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness]] (part)

===State parks===
[[Alaska State Parks]] maintains the Juneau Trail System, a series of wilderness trails which vary from easy to extremely difficult to hike.<ref>[https://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/aspunits/southeast/juneautrailsys.htm Jeneau Trails System] , [[Alaska Department of Natural Resources]]</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Juneau Area, AK(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Juneau]]
The Juneau area is in a transition zone between a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb''), a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc''), and an [[oceanic climate]] (Köppen ''Cfb/Cfc''), depending on the isotherm used. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the proximity of the [[Pacific Ocean]], specifically the warm [[Alaska Current]], and the [[Coast Mountains]] that form a natural [[Orographic lift|orographic barrier]] for incoming air. As a result, the weather is mild and moist, which, as in other parts of the [[Alaska Panhandle]], allows the growth of [[temperate rainforest]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=April 2007 |title=Climate change: predicted impacts on Juneau |url=https://juneau.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CBJ-_Climate_Report_Final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://juneau.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CBJ-_Climate_Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |website=City and Borough of Juneau}}</ref> Like other cities in southeast Alaska, Juneau does not have [[permafrost]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shulski |first1=Martha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUDWK8zDr50C |title=The Climate of Alaska |last2=Wendler |first2=Gerd |date=2007 |publisher=University of Alaska Press |isbn=978-1-60223-007-1 |pages=11, 37–39 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2023, Juneau falls within [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Hardiness zone|Hardiness Zones]] 6B and 7A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map {{!}} USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=planthardiness.ars.usda.gov}}</ref>

There are two prevalent types of wind in Juneau. Particularly in winter, the [[Aleutian Low]] draws warm and moist air from the south, bringing ample snow- or rainfall, and even in summer, winds will tend to blow onshore. The strength and frequency of the rainfall depends on several factors, including the presence of [[El Niño]] (more mild and rainy weather) or [[La Niña]] (colder and drier periods due to the presence of an [[anticyclone]] in the [[Gulf of Alaska]]). Conversely, offshore winds from the interior are normally dry but may have extreme variations in temperature.<ref name=":1" />

Temperatures vary relatively little over the year. Winters are mild by Alaskan standards, with the average temperature of January slightly below freezing and highs often above {{convert|32|°F|1}}; summers are rather cool but occasionally may get warm. Temperatures above {{convert|75|°F|1}} or below {{convert|10|°F|1}} are not unheard of but are rare. Precipitation falls on an average 230 days per year, averaging {{convert|62.27|in|sigfig=3}} at the airport (1981–2010 normals), but ranging from {{convert|55|to|92|in|sigfig=3|mm}}, depending on location.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tongass National Forest – Home |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/safety/tnf_weth.htm |work=fs.fed.us}}</ref> Most of it will occur in fall and winter, some falling as snow from November to March.

Records have been officially kept at downtown Juneau from January 1890 to June 1943, and at [[Juneau International Airport]] since July 1943. The coldest temperature ever officially recorded in Juneau was {{convert|-22|°F|1}} on February 2, 1968, and January 12, 1972, while the hottest was {{convert|90|°F|1}} on July 7, 1975.<ref name="NOWData NWS Juneau, AK (PAJK)" /> The normals and record temperatures for both downtown and the airport are given below.

{{Weather box
|location = Juneau, Alaska ([[Juneau International Airport|Juneau Int'l]], 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present)
|single line = Y
|width = 100%
|Jan record high F = 60
|Feb record high F = 57
|Mar record high F = 61
|Apr record high F = 74
|May record high F = 82
|Jun record high F = 86
|Jul record high F = 90
|Aug record high F = 84
|Sep record high F = 78
|Oct record high F = 63
|Nov record high F = 56
|Dec record high F = 54
|Jan avg record high F = 45.2
|Feb avg record high F = 45.7
|Mar avg record high F = 49.3
|Apr avg record high F = 61.5
|May avg record high F = 72.1
|Jun avg record high F = 78.0
|Jul avg record high F = 77.7
|Aug avg record high F = 76.5
|Sep avg record high F = 66.4
|Oct avg record high F = 55.8
|Nov avg record high F = 47.5
|Dec avg record high F = 45.2
|year avg record high F = 80.9
|Jan high F = 33.1
|Feb high F = 35.7
|Mar high F = 39.2
|Apr high F = 48.7
|May high F = 57.6
|Jun high F = 62.4
|Jul high F = 64.0
|Aug high F = 62.9
|Sep high F = 56.1
|Oct high F = 47.3
|Nov high F = 38.3
|Dec high F = 34.7
|year high F = 48.3
|Jan mean F = 28.5
|Feb mean F = 30.1
|Mar mean F = 32.9
|Apr mean F = 40.8
|May mean F = 49.0
|Jun mean F = 54.6
|Jul mean F = 57.0
|Aug mean F = 56.0
|Sep mean F = 50.1
|Oct mean F = 42.2
|Nov mean F = 33.8
|Dec mean F = 30.3
|year mean F = 42.1
|Jan low F = 23.8
|Feb low F = 24.6
|Mar low F = 26.6
|Apr low F = 32.9
|May low F = 40.3
|Jun low F = 46.8
|Jul low F = 50.1
|Aug low F = 49.1
|Sep low F = 44.1
|Oct low F = 37.1
|Nov low F = 29.2
|Dec low F = 25.9
|year low F = 35.9
|Jan avg record low F = 6.0
|Feb avg record low F = 9.7
|Mar avg record low F = 12.2
|Apr avg record low F = 22.8
|May avg record low F = 31.3
|Jun avg record low F = 38.7
|Jul avg record low F = 43.7
|Aug avg record low F = 41.4
|Sep avg record low F = 32.8
|Oct avg record low F = 24.9
|Nov avg record low F = 14.6
|Dec avg record low F = 8.9
|year avg record low F = -0.3
|Jan record low F = −22
|Feb record low F = −22
|Mar record low F = −15
|Apr record low F = 6
|May record low F = 25
|Jun record low F = 31
|Jul record low F = 36
|Aug record low F = 27
|Sep record low F = 23
|Oct record low F = 11
|Nov record low F = −5
|Dec record low F = −21
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 6.02
|Feb precipitation inch = 4.31
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.67
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.47
|May precipitation inch = 3.51
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.82
|Jul precipitation inch = 5.14
|Aug precipitation inch = 6.41
|Sep precipitation inch = 9.15
|Oct precipitation inch = 8.42
|Nov precipitation inch = 6.54
|Dec precipitation inch = 6.53
|year precipitation inch = 66.99
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.9
|Nov snow inch = 13.8
|Dec snow inch = 18.1
|Jan snow inch = 24.5
|Feb snow inch = 16.7
|Mar snow inch = 12.4
|Apr snow inch = 1.2
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|year snow inch = 87.6
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 20.4
|Feb precipitation days = 16.8
|Mar precipitation days = 17.8
|Apr precipitation days = 17.2
|May precipitation days = 16.1
|Jun precipitation days = 16.7
|Jul precipitation days = 18.5
|Aug precipitation days = 19.4
|Sep precipitation days = 22.3
|Oct precipitation days = 23.0
|Nov precipitation days = 20.9
|Dec precipitation days = 21.1
|year precipitation days = 230.2
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.7
|Nov snow days = 6.2
|Dec snow days = 10.1
|Jan snow days = 10.3
|Feb snow days = 8.2
|Mar snow days = 7.5
|Apr snow days = 1.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|year snow days = 44.2
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 79.9
|Feb humidity = 80.8
|Mar humidity = 79.4
|Apr humidity = 76.8
|May humidity = 76.3
|Jun humidity = 78.3
|Jul humidity = 81.3
|Aug humidity = 84.3
|Sep humidity = 87.9
|Oct humidity = 87.7
|Nov humidity = 85.1
|Dec humidity = 82.8
|year humidity = 81.7
|Jan dew point C = −7.8
|Feb dew point C = −5.1
|Mar dew point C = −3.2
|Apr dew point C = −0.1
|May dew point C = 3.8
|Jun dew point C = 7.5
|Jul dew point C = 9.7
|Aug dew point C = 9.7
|Sep dew point C = 7.4
|Oct dew point C = 3.6
|Nov dew point C = −2.1
|Dec dew point C = −5.4
|Jan sun = 80.9
|Feb sun = 89.2
|Mar sun = 137.3
|Apr sun = 182.3
|May sun = 231.7
|Jun sun = 189.3
|Jul sun = 182.9
|Aug sun = 161.6
|Sep sun = 109.6
|Oct sun = 66.2
|Nov sun = 58.5
|Dec sun = 41.2
|year sun = 1530.7
|Jan percentsun = 36
|Feb percentsun = 34
|Mar percentsun = 37
|Apr percentsun = 42
|May percentsun = 44
|Jun percentsun = 35
|Jul percentsun = 34
|Aug percentsun = 34
|Sep percentsun = 28
|Oct percentsun = 21
|Nov percentsun = 25
|Dec percentsun = 20
|year percentsun = 34
|source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)<ref name = "NOWData NWS Juneau, AK (PAJK)">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=ajk |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NOAA PJNU txt">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00025309.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714021741/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00025309.normals.txt |archive-date=2023-07-14 |url-status=dead |title=Station Name: AK JUNEAU INTL AP |access-date=September 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=9120normals>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00025309&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: JUNEAU INTL AP, AK (Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020) |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714021629/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00025309&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |archive-date=July 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70381.TXT |title=WMO Climate Normals for Juneau, AK 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714013128/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70381.TXT |archive-date=2023-07-14 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Juneau, Alaska (Downtown, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1890–present)
|width = 100%
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 60
|Feb record high F = 57
|Mar record high F = 61
|Apr record high F = 72
|May record high F = 80
|Jun record high F = 87
|Jul record high F = 89
|Aug record high F = 87
|Sep record high F = 85
|Oct record high F = 68
|Nov record high F = 64
|Dec record high F = 59
|Jan avg record high F = 46.6
|Feb avg record high F = 48.2
|Mar avg record high F = 49.2
|Apr avg record high F = 60.1
|May avg record high F = 72.4
|Jun avg record high F = 78.1
|Jul avg record high F = 77.6
|Aug avg record high F = 76.4
|Sep avg record high F = 67.0
|Oct avg record high F = 57.3
|Nov avg record high F = 49.6
|Dec avg record high F = 47.2
|year avg record high F = 81.1
|Jan high F = 34.1
|Feb high F = 36.7
|Mar high F = 39.4
|Apr high F = 48.6
|May high F = 57.3
|Jun high F = 62.2
|Jul high F = 62.9
|Aug high F = 62.4
|Sep high F = 55.9
|Oct high F = 47.9
|Nov high F = 39.9
|Dec high F = 36.3
|year high F = 48.6
|Jan mean F = 30.3
|Feb mean F = 32.2
|Mar mean F = 34.5
|Apr mean F = 42.2
|May mean F = 50.2
|Jun mean F = 55.6
|Jul mean F = 57.3
|Aug mean F = 56.7
|Sep mean F = 51.1
|Oct mean F = 43.7
|Nov mean F = 36.0
|Dec mean F = 32.5
|year mean F = 43.5
|Jan low F = 26.5
|Feb low F = 27.7
|Mar low F = 29.6
|Apr low F = 35.8
|May low F = 43.1
|Jun low F = 49.0
|Jul low F = 51.8
|Aug low F = 51.0
|Sep low F = 46.3
|Oct low F = 39.4
|Nov low F = 32.1
|Dec low F = 28.7
|year low F = 38.4
|Jan avg record low F = 10.3
|Feb avg record low F = 15.5
|Mar avg record low F = 17.4
|Apr avg record low F = 28.0
|May avg record low F = 35.3
|Jun avg record low F = 42.3
|Jul avg record low F = 47.0
|Aug avg record low F = 45.0
|Sep avg record low F = 39.0
|Oct avg record low F = 29.8
|Nov avg record low F = 21.2
|Dec avg record low F = 15.7
|year avg record low F = 7.2
|Jan record low F = −20
|Feb record low F = −15
|Mar record low F = −5
|Apr record low F = 12
|May record low F = 26
|Jun record low F = 32
|Jul record low F = 39
|Aug record low F = 32
|Sep record low F = 28
|Oct record low F = 13
|Nov record low F = −7
|Dec record low F = −10
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 5.88
|Feb precipitation inch = 5.16
|Mar precipitation inch = 6.17
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.76
|May precipitation inch = 5.09
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.90
|Jul precipitation inch = 6.21
|Aug precipitation inch = 7.76
|Sep precipitation inch = 12.71
|Oct precipitation inch = 12.27
|Nov precipitation inch = 8.75
|Dec precipitation inch = 9.93
|year precipitation inch = 89.59
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 16.9
|Feb precipitation days = 18.8
|Mar precipitation days = 19.6
|Apr precipitation days = 19.3
|May precipitation days = 17.8
|Jun precipitation days = 16.9
|Jul precipitation days = 17.0
|Aug precipitation days = 20.3
|Sep precipitation days = 24.0
|Oct precipitation days = 22.6
|Nov precipitation days = 22.5
|Dec precipitation days = 19.4
|year precipitation days =
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = "NOWData NWS Juneau, AK (PAJK)"/><ref name="NOAA downtown txt">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00504094.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714023737/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00504094.normals.txt |archive-date=2023-07-14 |url-status=dead |title=Station Name: AK JUNEAU DWTN |access-date=September 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00504094&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: JUNEAU DWTN, AK (Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020) |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714023643/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00504094&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |archive-date=July 14, 2023}}</ref>}}

{{Weather box
|location = Juneau, Alaska ([[Douglas, Juneau, Alaska|Douglas]], 1991–2020 normals)
|single line = Y
|width=100%
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 8.20
|Feb precipitation inch = 5.05
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.15
|Apr precipitation inch = 5.23
|May precipitation inch = 4.86
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.23
|Jul precipitation inch = 7.68
|Aug precipitation inch = 8.48
|Sep precipitation inch = 11.57
|Oct precipitation inch = 10.13
|Nov precipitation inch = 8.84
|Dec precipitation inch = 8.12
|year precipitation inch = 88.54
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 21.8
|Feb precipitation days = 17.8
|Mar precipitation days = 15.6
|Apr precipitation days = 20.1
|May precipitation days = 15.9
|Jun precipitation days = 20.1
|Jul precipitation days = 19.5
|Aug precipitation days = 20.7
|Sep precipitation days = 22.6
|Oct precipitation days = 22.8
|Nov precipitation days = 21.7
|Dec precipitation days = 24.2
|year precipitation days =
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = "NOWData NWS Juneau, AK (PAJK)"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00504112&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: JUNEAU-DOUGLAS WWTP, AK (Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020) |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714030159/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00504112&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |archive-date=July 14, 2023}}</ref>}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"
|-
!Colspan=14|Coastal temperature data for Juneau
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °F (°C)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-7.3}}"|40.6<br/>(4.78)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-7.7}}"|40.5<br/>(4.72)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-8.7}}"|39.9<br/>(4.39)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-7.0}}"|40.8<br/>(4.89)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-2.0}}"|43.5<br/>(6.39)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|4.7}}"|47.1<br/>(8.39)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|10.3}}"|50.4<br/>(10.22)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|12.9}}"|53.2<br/>(11.78)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|10.5}}"|50.5<br/>(10.28)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|3.7}}"|46.6<br/>(8.11)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|0.0}}"|44.6<br/>(7.00)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-3.0}}"|43.0<br/>(6.11)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|0.9}}"|45.1<br/>(7.25)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"|Source 1: Seatemperature.org<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/juneau.htm |title=Juneau Water Temperature |website=seatemperature.org |date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511105039/https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/juneau.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref>
|}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Juneau.tab
| title=Juneau monthly weather statistics
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1890= 1253
|1900= 1864
|1910= 1644
|1920= 3058
|1930= 4043
|1940= 5729
|1950= 5956
|1960= 6797
|1970= 13556
|1980= 19528
|1990= 26751
|2000= 30711
|2010= 31275
|2020= 32255
|estyear=2024
|estimate=31572
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html|title=County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 3, 2025}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020<ref name="2020 Census Data"/>
}}

Juneau first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census. It was formally incorporated in 1900, and on July 1, 1970, the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which accounts for the population jump between the 1970 and 1980 censuses.

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Juneau city and borough, Alaska – racial composition<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!{{partial|% 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |title=HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE (2020) |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=160XX00US0236400&d=DEC+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
!% 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE (2010) |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=160XX00US0236400&y=2010 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
!% 2000<ref>{{cite book |title=Alaska: 2000 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |pages=26–27 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2002/dec/phc-1-3.pdf}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}
!Pop 2010
!Pop 2000
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |61%
|67.4%
|73.3%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |19,673
|21,065
|22,498
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1%
|0.8%
|0.8%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |328
|259
|235
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |10.5%
|11.3%
|11.1%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,397
|3,534
|3,412
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.5%
|6%
|4.6%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,086
|1,879
|1,422
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.5%
|0.7%
|0.4%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |469
|213
|112
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.6%
|0.1%
|0.1%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |183
|40
|43
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial]] (NH)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |12.5%
|8.6%
|6.3%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,042
|2,697
|1,949
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] (any race)
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.4%
|5.1%
|3.4%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,077
|1,588
|1,040
|}

As of the [[census]] of 2020, there were 31,275 people, 12,922 households. The population density was {{convert|11.9|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|}}, making it the least densely populated state capital. There were 12,922 housing units at an average density of {{convert|4.0|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units&nbsp;|units|}}. The racial makeup of the city/borough was 64.7% [[White Americans|White]] (62.5% [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]), 1.0% [[African Americans|African American]], 10.1% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]], 6.7% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 1.3% [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]], and 14.3% from two or more races. 7.0% of the population were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> 2.6% reported speaking [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] at home, and 2.4% reported speaking Spanish.<ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Juneau city and borough, Alaska |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/juneaucityandboroughalaska/PST045222 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |website=www.census.gov |language=en}}</ref> The most reported ancestries in 2020 were:<ref>{{cite web |title=TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=-06:-1000E:-3000F:-4000G:-5000K:-7000E:-8000B&g=160XX00US0236400&d=DEC+Detailed+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+File+A |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
* [[Germans|German]] (18.5%)
* [[English people|English]] (17.8%)
* [[Irish people|Irish]] (17.1%)
* [[Tlingit]] (9.9%)
* [[Filipinos|Filipino]] (7.6%)
* [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (6.3%)
* [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] (4.9%)
* [[French people|French]] (3.7%)
* [[Mexicans|Mexican]] (3.6%)
* [[Italians|Italian]] (3.3%)

The median income for a household in the city/borough was $90,126. The [[per capita income]] for the city/borough was $45,607. 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line.<ref name="census.gov"/>

==Economy==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2010}}
[[File:Welcome to Juneau sign.png|thumb|The "Welcome to Juneau" sign at the cruise port]]
[[File:Looking north up S Franklin St., Juneau, AK.jpg|thumb|Tourists and tour buses on Franklin Street, looking north]]
[[File:Bill Overstreet Park.jpg|thumb|[[Mayor Bill Overstreet Park]]]]

The primary employer in Juneau is government including the state government, federal government (which has regional offices here, especially for resource agencies), municipal government (which includes the local airport, hospital, harbors, and school district), and the [[University of Alaska Southeast]]. State government offices and their indirect economic impact comprise approximately one-quarter of Juneau's economy.<ref>The Associated Press. [http://www.newsminer.com/news/2009/apr/19/alaska-capital-move-would-devastate-juneau-economy/ "Alaska capital move would devastate Juneau economy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423033515/http://newsminer.com/news/2009/apr/19/alaska-capital-move-would-devastate-juneau-economy/ |date=April 23, 2009 }}, ''Fairbanks Daily News-Miner,'' April 19, 2009; accessed August 2, 2009.</ref>

[[File:Juneau AK - street scenery.jpg|thumb|Fourth Street in downtown, looking east from the front of the [[Alaska State Capitol]]; the city's tallest building, Mendenhall Towers (12 stories tall),<ref>{{cite web |title=WEIDNER APARTMENT HOMES: Mendenhall Tower Apartment Homes |url=https://alaska.weidner.com/apartments/ak/juneau/mendenhall-tower-0/ |website=weidner.com |publisher=Weidner Apartment Homes |access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref> is partially visible in the background.]]

A large contributor to the local economy is the tourism industry, which generates most income in the summer months. In 2005, nearly an estimated one million [[cruise ship]] passengers visited the city between May and September.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cruise outlook for 2005 shows growth |url=http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/041005/loc_20050410003.shtml |access-date=November 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416002456/http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/041005/loc_20050410003.shtml |archive-date=April 16, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Now 1.65 million tourists per year travel to Juneau for the season ending in October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alaska Breaks Cruise Ship Passenger Record as Tourism Rebounds From the Covid Pandemic |url=https://alaskapublic.org/2023/11/03/alaska-breaks-cruise-ship-passenger-record-as-tourism-rebounds-from-the-covid-pandemic |website=AK Public |last=Brooks |first=James |date=November 3, 2023 |access-date=November 25, 2023}}</ref> Former politician [[Bill Ray (politician)|Bill Ray]], who lived in Juneau and represented Juneau in the [[Alaska Legislature]], said, "Juneau doesn't go forward. They've prostituted themselves to tourism. It looks like a poor man's [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]] (Lahaina, Hawaii)".<ref name="ray">{{cite web |url=http://www.alaska.edu/files/uajourney/Bill%20Ray%20memoir.pdf |title=Memoirs of a longtime lawmaker – Bill Ray comes to Juneau to sign his new book, 'Liquor, Legislation & Laughter' |date=April 25, 2003 |work=Juneau Empire |publisher=(as hosted by the [[University of Alaska System]]) |location=Fairbanks |access-date=October 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120248/http://www.alaska.edu/files/uajourney/Bill%20Ray%20memoir.pdf |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fishing industry is a major part of the Juneau economy, while not as strong as when a halibut schooner fleet generated considerable profits. The city was recently the 49th most lucrative U.S. fisheries port by volume and 45th by value. In 2004 it took in 15 million pounds of fish and shellfish, valued at 21.5 million dollars, according to the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]]. While the port of Juneau has comparatively little seafood processing compared to other towns of this size in Alaska, hundreds of commercial fishing boats sell their fish to plants in nearby Sitka, [[Hoonah, Alaska|Hoonah]], Petersburg and [[Ketchikan, Alaska|Ketchikan]]. The largest fleets operating from Juneau are the gillnet and troll salmon fleets.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Juneau has many of the commercial fishing associations in Alaska. These include the Alaska Trollers Association, United Fishermen of Alaska, United Southeast Alaska Gillnetters Association, and the Southeast Alaska Seiners Association.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Real estate agencies, federally funded highway construction, and mining are still viable non-government local industries. Alaska Seaplanes, an airline, has its headquarters in Juneau.<ref>"[https://www.flyalaskaseaplanes.com/contact-us/ Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060045/https://www.flyalaskaseaplanes.com/contact-us/ |date=August 13, 2017 }}." Alaska Seaplanes. Retrieved on August 12, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highlinerak.com |title=Home Page - Highliner Construction |publisher=Highlinerak.com |date= |accessdate=March 3, 2022}}</ref>
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,107 businesses with operations in Juneau borough; with a population of 31,275 there is a per capita of about 28 people per business.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Juneau's only power utility is [[Alaska Electric Light & Power]] (AEL&P). Most of the electricity in the borough is generated at the [[Snettisham Hydroelectric Project|Snettisham Hydroelectric facility]] in the southern end of the borough, accessible only by boat or plane. In April 2008, an avalanche destroyed three transmission towers, forcing AEL&P to supply almost all of the borough's electricity from diesel-powered generators for one month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juneauempire.com/local/2011-11-24/snettisham-hydroelectric-project-outage-causes-city-run-partly-diesel |title=Snettisham Hydroelectric Project outage causes city to run partly on diesel |access-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001504/http://juneauempire.com/local/2011-11-24/snettisham-hydroelectric-project-outage-causes-city-run-partly-diesel |archive-date=October 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Headquartered in Juneau is the [[Marine Exchange of Alaska]], a [[nonprofit organization]] which operates an extensive vessel tracking network and ensures safe maritime operations for the entire state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mxak.org/home/programs.html |title=Marine Exchange of Alaska – MXAK Overview and Programs |publisher=Mxak.org |access-date=October 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121113447/http://mxak.org/home/programs.html |archive-date=November 21, 2015}}</ref>

==Culture==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:JuneauPublicLibraryStainedGlass.JPG|thumb|upright|A salmon-themed stained-glass window in the Juneau Public Library expresses some of the city's heritage.]] -->

Juneau hosts the annual [[Alaska Folk Festival]], [[Juneau Jazz & Classics]] music festival, and [[Celebration (Alaska festival)|Celebration]], a biennial [[Alaska Native]] cultural festival. A city-owned ski resort, [[Eaglecrest Ski Area|Eaglecrest]] is on Douglas Island.[[File:Auk Village Totem 458.jpg|thumb|Auk Village Totem 458]]

The city-owned Treadwell [[Ice rink|ice-skating rink]] is located on the south end of Douglas Island. It is named after the [[Treadwell gold mine|Treadwell Gold Mine]], which is located next to the rink. The rink has figure skating, hockey, and free open skates. From April to September when there is no ice, it is used for rollerblading, roller hockey, tennis, basketball, and concerts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alaskajournal.com/community/2003-02-24/ice-arena-juneaus-first-public-access-sports-facility-30-years |title=Ice Arena Juneau's First Public Access Sports Facility in 30 Years |date=February 23, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014230616/https://www.alaskajournal.com/community/2003-02-24/ice-arena-juneaus-first-public-access-sports-facility-30-years |archive-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref>

The city has a vibrant performing arts scene; it is home to [[Perseverance Theatre]], Alaska's largest professional theater, the non-profit Theatre in the Rough, Theater Alaska, Theater at Latitude 58, and Juneau Ghost Light Theatre (formerly the Juneau Douglas Little Theatre). The Juneau Symphony regularly performs. The local opera companies are the Juneau Lyric Opera and Opera to Go. Twice a year the JUMP Society hosts screenings of locally made short films. Gold Town Nickelodeon is a local art house cinema which plays independent films, foreign films, classics, and has operated a drive-in.

Downtown Juneau has art galleries which participate in the monthly First Friday Art Walk and annual Gallery Walk held in the first week of December. The Juneau Arts & Humanities Council coordinates certain events and operates the Juneau Arts & Culture Center featuring a community center, gallery and lobby shop. The [[University of Alaska Southeast]] Campus offers lectures, concerts, and theater performances. Sealaska Heritage, the nonprofit affiliate of the [[Sealaska Corporation]], operates the Walter Soboleff Building which is decorated by carvings and hosts cultural exhibits.

==Efforts to move state capital==
There have been efforts and discussions about moving Alaska's capital away from Juneau.<ref name="JE1">{{cite web |title=The long-debated capital move has resurfaced |url=https://www.juneauempire.com/opinion/the-long-debated-capital-move-has-resurfaced/ |website=Juneau Empire |access-date=May 21, 2022 |date=May 3, 2018}}</ref> A primary motivating factor has been concerns about Juneau's remote location.<ref name="APMmove1"/> In 1960, 56% of voters voted against a [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1960|measure]] to move the capital to a location in the "[[Cook Inlet]]-Railbelt Area" (the specific location would have been selected by a committee appointed by the governor).<ref name="JE1" /> In 1962, 55% of voters voted against a [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1962|measure]] to move the capital to "Western Alaska... within 30 miles of [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]". "Senior" state senators would have been chosen to select three potential sites to be put to a vote by later vote by the state's electorate.<ref name="JE1" />

In 1974, at a time when Alaska was expected to be flush with new funds from the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline]], 56% of Alaskan voters approved an [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1974|initiative]] to move the capital.<ref name="JE1" /><ref name="APMmove1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Alaskans Vote to Move Capital Inland |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/29/archives/alaskans-vote-to-move-capital-inland.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 21, 2022 |date=August 29, 1974}}</ref> The initiative specified that the new location must be within 300 miles of both Anchorage and [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] and have at least 100 square miles of donated public land. The location was to be selected by a committee appointed by the governor. The committee proposed Larson Lake, Mount Yenlo, and [[Willow, Alaska|Willow]] as sites, and Willow received 53% of votes in a 1976 statewide [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1976|vote]]. However, in 1978, voters rejected a [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1978|measure]] to fund a move to Willow, with 55% of voters voting against spending $996 million to move the capital there.<ref name="JE1" /><ref name="APMmove1">{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Casey |title=Alaska's Capital City Changes With The Times |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2013/03/06/alaskas-capital-city-changes-with-the-times/ |website=Alaska Public Media |access-date=May 21, 2022 |date=March 7, 2013}}</ref> In 1978, voters also approved the Fiscally Responsible Alaskans Needing Knowledge (FRANK) Initiative, which required that all costs of moving the capital be disclosed and approved by Alaskans before the move commenced.<ref name="JE1" /> In 1982, 53% of voters [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1982|voted]] against spending roughly $2.9 billion to move the capital to Willow. This vote also had the effect of repealing the previous approval of moving the capital.<ref name="JE1" />

In 1994, a statewide [[List of Alaska ballot measures#1994|initiative]] to move Alaska's capital to [[Wasilla, Alaska|Wasilla]] was defeated by a vote of 116,277 (54.7%) to 96,398 (45.3%). At the same time, 77% of voters approved a renewed FRANK Initiative.<ref name="JE1" /><ref name="NYT_ElectionWest_19941110">{{cite news |access-date=September 9, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/10/us/the-1994-elections-state-by-state-west.html |title=The 1994 Elections: State by State; West |date=November 10, 1994 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Raymond |last1=Hernandez |first2=Robert D. Jr. |last2=Hershey |first3=Lynette |last3=Holloway |first4=Randy |last4=Kennedy |first5=Stephen |last5=Labaton |first6=Tamar |last6=Lewin |first7=Neil A. |last7=Lewis |first8=Norimitsu |last8=Onishi |first9=Eric |last9=Schmitt |first10=Keith |last10=Bradsher}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=September 9, 2008 |url=http://www.elections.alaska.gov/result94.htm#bal3 |title=Alaska's 1994 General Election Results Summary |publisher=Alaska Division of Elections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801054315/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/result94.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2002, Alaskan voters again voted against moving the state's capital.<ref name="APMmove1" /> Advocacy for a capital move has continued.<ref name="JE1" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manning |first1=Phillip |last2=Talkeetna |first2=KTNA- |title=State Reps. Kurka and Eastman sponsor bill to move the capital from Juneau to Willow |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2022/02/11/state-reps-kurka-and-eastman-sponsor-bill-to-move-the-capital-from-juneau-to-willow/ |website=Alaska Public Media |access-date=May 21, 2022 |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Carlos Boozer]] (born 1981), professional basketball player
*[[Gab Cody]], playwright, filmmaker
*[[Dale DeArmond]] (1914–2006), [[Printmaking|printmaker]]
*[[Neva Egan]] (1914–2011), educator and [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of Alaska|First Lady of Alaska]]
*[[Janet Gardner]] (born 1962), singer of the hard rock band [[Vixen (band)|Vixen]]
*[[Al Gross (politician)|Al Gross]] (born 1962), surgeon, fisherman, and politician
*[[Elaine Hopson]] (born 1939), Oregonian politician born in Juneau
*[[Tessa Hulls]] (born 1984), writer and illustrator, winner of a 2025 Pulitzer Prize for the graphic memoir ''Feeding Ghosts''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krumrey |first=Yvonne |date=2025-05-07 |title=Juneau-based artist and author wins Pulitzer Prize for graphic memoir |url=https://alaskapublic.org/news/2025-05-07/juneau-based-artist-and-author-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-graphic-memoir |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Alaska Public Media |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mary McGee]] (born 1936), motorcycle racer
*[[Charles Melton]] (born 1991), actor
*[[Joshua Morrow]] (born 1974), actor known for starring in daytime drama ''[[The Young and the Restless]]''
*[[Rie Muñoz]] (1921–2015), artist and [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] educator
*[[Elizabeth Peratrovich]] (1911–1958), civil rights activist, grand president of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, member of the Tlingit nation
*[[Macy Rodman]] (born 1989), musician and podcaster
*[[Linda Rosenthal (violinist)|Linda Rosenthal]], violinist
*[[Paul Rosenthal (violinist)|Paul Rosenthal]] (born 1942), violinist
*[[Lynn Schooler]], photographer, writer who authored ''The Blue Bear''
*[[James Schoppert]] (1947–1992), carver, painter
*[[Molly Smith]], theater director

==Government and politics==
{{Further|List of mayors of Juneau, Alaska}}
[[File:City Hall, Juneau, Alaska.jpg|thumb|Juneau City Hall]]
The City and Borough of Juneau operates under a [[Council–manager government|council–manager]] form of government. The mayor is the titular head of the city, the presiding officer (or chair) of the [[Assembly of the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska|Juneau Assembly]] (council), and is one of three members of the body which is elected [[at-large]], or areawide. The other six members are elected by [[single-member district]]s: as of the last redistricting by the Assembly in 2003 there are two districts:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juneau.org/clerk/elections/documents/Ord_2003-15_amended_assembly_districts_2012_000.pdf |title=CBJ Assembly Districts |date=June 30, 2012 |work=juneau.org |publisher=Office of the City and Borough of Juneau Clerk |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831055407/http://www.juneau.org/clerk/elections/documents/Ord_2003-15_amended_assembly_districts_2012_000.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| style="width:60%;"
|- valign=top
| style="width:30%;"|
* District 1 precincts
** [[Douglas, Alaska|Douglas]]
** Juneau No. 1
** Juneau No. 2
** Juneau No. 3
** [[Juneau International Airport|Juneau Airport]]
** [[Lemon Creek, Alaska|Lemon Creek]]
** [[Douglas Island|North Douglas]]
| style="width:30%;"|
* District 2 precincts
** [[Auke Bay, Alaska|Auke Bay]]
** [[Out the road|Lynn Canal]]
** [[Mendenhall Valley]] No. 1
** Mendenhall Valley No. 2
** Mendenhall Valley No. 3
** Mendenhall Valley No. 4
|} A city manager handles daily affairs and a city attorney is responsible for working with legal matters.

The districts are nearly aligned with the boundaries of the 31st and 32nd election districts which were established by the state. Mainly the difference is that the 32nd District includes communities outside the CBJ: [[Gustavus, Alaska|Gustavus]], [[Kupreanof, Alaska|Kupreanof]], [[Petersburg, Alaska|Petersburg]], [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]] and [[Tenakee Springs, Alaska|Tenakee Springs]]. The Juneau Airport precinct is in the 31st district, which is otherwise identical to the 2nd Assembly District.

Juneau was split into two state house districts by the state during [[redistricting]] in the early 1990. The districts comprising downtown Juneau, Douglas Island and surrounding areas have exclusively elected [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] to the [[Alaska House of Representatives]] and the districts comprising Mendenhall Valley and surrounding areas have mostly elected [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. The 31st District is represented in the House by [[Andi Story]], a Democrat who has been in office since 2018. The 32nd District is represented by Democrat [[Sara Hannan]]. The two election districts form [[Alaska Senate]] District Q and the seat is held by Democrat [[Jesse Kiehl]]. The last Republican to represent Juneau in the state Senate was [[Elton Engstrom Jr.]], the father of [[Cathy Muñoz]]. He left office at the end of his term in early 1971, after failing to be re-elected in 1970.

{{PresHead|place=Juneau, Alaska|source1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rrhelections.com/index.php/2018/02/02/alaska-results-by-county-equivalent-1960-2016/ |title=RRH Elections |first=RRH |last=Elections |website=rrhelections.com |date=February 2, 2018 |access-date=January 12, 2020}}</ref>}}
<!--{{PresRow|Year|Winner|GOP #|Dem #|3rd #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|1960|Republican|2,328|2,107|0|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|1,544|3,763|0|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|2,532|2,770|362|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|3,678|2,725|165|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1976|Republican|4,676|2,887|390|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|4,600|3,594|2,075|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|7,323|5,292|324|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|5,957|6,056|345|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|5,348|6,754|3,178|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|6,004|6,768|2,506|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|7,270|6,403|2,375|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|5,515|5,784|386|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|7,124|9,819|560|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|6,108|9,251|757|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|5,690|8,734|2,033|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|6,210|10,834|643|Alaska}}
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|5,942|10,305|730|Alaska}}
{{PresFoot}}

Juneau is one of the most Democratic boroughs in Alaska. The borough has voted Democratic in the U.S. presidential election in every election (except for one) since 1988.

While more state jobs are based in Anchorage than in Juneau, the state government still maintains a substantial presence in Juneau. A number of executive branch departments, as well as the legislature, are based in Juneau. In response to repeated pressure from [[Southcentral Alaska]] to move either the capital or the legislature, the legislature acquired and renovated several buildings in the vicinity of the [[Alaska State Capitol]], which hold committee meeting rooms and administrative offices for the [[Alaska Legislative Council|Legislative Affairs Agency]]. The buildings were named for former legislators [[Terry Miller (politician)|Terry Miller]] and Thomas B. Stewart. Stewart, a Juneau native and son of early Juneau mayor Benjamin D. Stewart, represented Juneau in the Senate during the [[1st Alaska State Legislature]]. He later served in Juneau's [[Alaska Superior Court]] judgeship and was noted as an authority on the territory and early statehood eras of [[History of Alaska|Alaska's history]].

A nine-story federal government building in Juneau near the mouth of [[Gold Creek (Juneau, Alaska)|Gold Creek]] and a short distance east of the [[Juneau-Douglas Bridge]], houses many federal agencies, the [[United States District Court for the District of Alaska]], and Juneau's main [[United States Postal Service|post office]]. It is in the area known as "The Flats". The building was designed by [[Linn A. Forrest]] and built in 1966.

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
Juneau is served by the [[Juneau School District]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st02_ak/schooldistrict_maps/c02110_juneau/DC20SD_C02110.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st02_ak/schooldistrict_maps/c02110_juneau/DC20SD_C02110.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=2020 census - school district reference map: Juneau City and Borough, AK |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=July 22, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st02_ak/schooldistrict_maps/c02110_juneau/DC20SD_C02110_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref> and includes the following schools:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsd.k12.ak.us/newdistrict/schools/ |title=Schools in the Juneau School District |access-date=December 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111190635/http://www.jsd.k12.ak.us/newdistrict/schools/ |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{columns-list | colwidth=20em |
* Sayéik: Gastineau Elementary School<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=Adelyn |title=Same building, new name: Sayéik Gastineau Community School |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2017/10/18/same-building-new-name-sayeik-gastineau-community-school/ |website=Alaska Public Media |publisher=KTOO FM |access-date=May 1, 2021 |date=October 18, 2017}}</ref>
* Harborview Elementary School
* Riverbend Elementary School
* Mendenhall River Elementary School
* Sítʼ Eetí Shaanáx̱ - Glacier Valley Elementary School
* Auke Bay Elementary School
* Juneau Community Charter School: an optional program (kindergarten through eighth grade)
* Montessori Borealis School: an alternative school with (Childrenʼs House: preschool and kindergarten; Elementary: first through sixth grade; Adolescent Montessori Program: seventh and eighth grades)<ref>{{cite news |title=New principal named at Juneau Community Charter School |url=https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/new-principal-named-at-juneau-community-charter-school/ |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=KINY |language=en}}</ref>
* Tlingit Culture Language & Literacy: an optional program (kindergarten through fifth grade)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hohenstatt |first1=Ben |title='These are the ones to cheer': Ceremony recognizes students as future of Tlingit language, culture |url=https://www.juneauempire.com/news/these-are-the-ones-to-cheer-ceremony-recognizes-students-as-future-of-tlingit-language-culture/ |website=Juneau Empire |date=May 22, 2019}}</ref>
* Dzantik'i Heeni Middle School
* [[Floyd Dryden Middle School]]
* [[Juneau-Douglas High School|Juneau-Douglas Yadaa.at Kalé High School]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Mollie |title=Juneau-Douglas changed its name. Here's what it is. |url=https://www.juneauempire.com/news/tlingit-name-gifted-to-juneau-douglas-high-school/ |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=Juneau Empire |date=January 9, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Thunder Mountain High School]]
* [[Yaaḵoosgé Daakahídi Alternative High School]]
* HomeBRIDGE: a [[homeschooling]] program
}}

The following private schools serve Juneau:
* (Glacier) Valley Baptist Academy
* Faith Community School
* Thunder Mountain Learning Center (formerly Thunder Mountain Academy)
* Juneau Seventh-day Adventist Christian School
* Juneau Montessori School

===Colleges and universities===
The [[University of Alaska Southeast]] is within the [[Auke Bay]] community along the shore of [[Auke Lake]]. Juneau-Douglas Community College, founded in 1956, and Southeastern Senior College which was established in 1972, were merged in 1980 forming the University of Alaska Juneau. The university was restructured as the University of Alaska Southeast to include Ketchikan and Sitka campuses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=William Russell |url=https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/4595 |title=Personal History of the University of Alaska, Southeast |publisher=ScholarWorks@UA, University of Alaska Southeast |year=2003 |location=Juneau}}</ref> The university offers undergraduate and graduate studies. The [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] has a satellite campus in Juneau for mainly graduate level students in marine studies.

==Transportation==
Juneau is not directly accessible by road, although there are road connections within the borough to rural areas. The Glacier Highway section of [[Alaska Route 7]] is within Juneau. Primary access to the city is by air and sea. Cars and trucks are transported to and from Juneau by barge or the [[Alaska Marine Highway|Alaska Marine Highway ferry system]].

<gallery>
File:Alaska Marine Highway Ferry.jpg|An Alaska Marine Highway ferry boat docked in Juneau
File:Cruise Ships in Juneau Alaska b.jpg|Cruise ships in Juneau
File:Juneau International Airport.jpg|Alaska Airlines jet shown moments after landing at [[Juneau International Airport]]
File:View of downtown Juneau, Alaska from the Juneau-Douglas Bridge.jpg|View of downtown Juneau from the [[Juneau-Douglas Bridge]], which connects mainland Juneau with [[Douglas Island]]
</gallery>

===Sea===
The state-owned ferry system is the [[Alaska Marine Highway]]. The ferries connect Juneau with 13 other cities in Southeast Alaska and other destinations north via [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]], as well as with the continental road system in [[Bellingham, Washington]] and [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]]. On the northern route the ferries dock in Haines and Skagway connecting to the [[Alaska Highway]] via [[Whitehorse, Yukon]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite report |author=Alaska Marine Highway System |url=http://www.dot.state.ak.us/amhs/doc/reports/atvr2008.pdf |title=Alaska Marine Highway System; Annual Traffic Volume Report |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013526/http://www.dot.state.ak.us/amhs/doc/reports/atvr2008.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities}}</ref> In addition to the traditional [[Alaska Marine Highway]] ferries, high-speed catamarans known as "fast cats" connect Juneau with Haines and Skagway ({{convert|91|mi|km}}) in two hours, about half the time of the traditional ferries travel time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vessel Information Table |url=https://www.dot.state.ak.us/amhs/doc/vess_info_table.pdf |website=State of Alaska DOT |access-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930015045/http://www.dot.state.ak.us/amhs/doc/vess_info_table.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
[[Juneau International Airport]] serves the city and borough of Juneau. [[Alaska Airlines]] services the airport year round, operating over 11 daily departures. Alaska Airlines serves Juneau and other Southeast Alaska villages via "Milk Run" flights which make multiple stops to and from [[Seattle]] or [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]. It also connects Juneau to other cities in the country through connections in Seattle or Anchorage.

In the summer, [[Delta Air Lines]] serves Juneau from its major West Coast hub in Seattle, providing global service to and from Southeast Alaska without having to switch air carriers.

[[MarkAir]] and [[Western Airlines]] serviced Juneau in the past.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juneauempire.com/local/2016-04-11/delta-end-year-round-service-juneau |title=Delta to end year-round service in Juneau |last=Phu |first=Lisa |publisher=Juneau Empire |date=April 11, 2016 |website=JuneauEmpire.com |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823210101/http://juneauempire.com/local/2016-04-11/delta-end-year-round-service-juneau |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alaska Seaplanes and Ward Air offer charter seaplane service from the seaplane floatpond "runway" that runs parallel to the traditional tarmac. They offer service to the smaller villages in the surrounding area as well as flightseeing.

Alaska Seaplanes, Harris Air, and Island Air Express provide FAA Part 135 scheduled commuter service to communities throughout Southeast Alaska. These trips are the only connections to the outside world for many of these villages. Alaska Seaplanes has restored scheduled international service to Juneau with 3 weekly trips to Whitehorse, Canada, while Ward Air provides unscheduled charter flights to Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wardair.com |title=Ward Air |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901062705/https://www.wardair.com/ |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Roads===
[[Avalanche]] hazards, steep slopes, cold weather and environmental protection concerns are factors that make road construction and maintenance both difficult and costly.

The [[Juneau-Douglas Bridge]] connects the Juneau mainland with [[Douglas Island]].

No roads connect Juneau to the rest of North America; ferries allow access to the road network. There is a lack of places to build a road. A route to the east would fail due to an icefield the size of [[Rhode Island]] separating Juneau from [[Atlin, British Columbia]]. Similarly, the route up the [[Taku River]] is blocked by ever-shifting glaciers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferry |first=Emily |date=December 20, 2016 |title=Road to No Road |url=https://www.seacc.org/road-to-no-road/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Southeast Alaska Conservation Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Juneau is one of only four state capitals not served by an [[interstate highway]] (the others being [[Dover, Delaware]]; [[Jefferson City, Missouri]]; and [[Pierre, South Dakota]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/data/page07.cfm |title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways - Part VII - Miscellaneous Interstate Facts |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025219/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/data/page07.cfm |archive-date=July 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Juneau Access Project====
{{See also|Lynn Canal Highway}}
Juneau's roads remain separate from other roads in Alaska and in the [[Lower 48]]. In the past there have been plans to connect Juneau to [[Haines, Alaska|Haines]] and [[Skagway]] by road since before 1972, with funding for the first feasibility study acquired in 1987.{{r|Kleeschulte}} The State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities announced in 2005 that the connection was to be provided partly by road, and partly by fast ferry. A {{convert|51|mi|km|adj=on}} road would be built on the east side of [[Lynn Canal]] to a new ferry terminal at the Katzehin River estuary.<ref name="tab">{{cite news |title=Tab for Alaska road: $445 million |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=July 10, 2009 |first=Joel |last=Connelly |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/archives/173475.asp |access-date=July 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715110507/http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/archives/173475.asp |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A ferry would be able to transport cars from the terminal to Haines and Skagway and the North American road system.<ref name="tab" /> In 2006, the project was estimated to cost $258 million, and in 2007, the estimate was increased to $350 million.<ref name="tab" /> Annual costs have been estimated from $2.1 million to $12 million, depending on the length of the road.{{r|Kleeschulte}} The Western Federal Lands Center estimated the project would cost $491 million.<ref name="tab" />

Local opinions on constructing a road link to the outside world were mixed. Some residents saw such a road as a much-needed link between Juneau and the rest of the world which will also provide great economic benefits to the city, while many other residents were concerned about the project's financial costs along with environmental and social impacts it could have on Lynn Canal.<ref name="SierraClub">[http://alaska.sierraclub.org/issues/clean-energy/juneau-road.html Juneau's Road to Ruin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105203/http://alaska.sierraclub.org/issues/clean-energy/juneau-road.html |date=July 23, 2011}}, [[Sierra Club]] Alaska Chapter.</ref>

Citing the state's multibillion-dollar financial crisis, Governor [[Bill Walker (American politician)|Bill Walker]] announced on December 15, 2016, that the state is no longer backing construction of the Juneau Access Improvements Project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Walker abandons Juneau access road 15 December 2016 |url=http://www.alaskapublic.org/2016/12/15/walker-abandons-juneau-access-road/ |website=Alaska public media |date=December 16, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203161039/http://www.alaskapublic.org/2016/12/15/walker-abandons-juneau-access-road/ |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually the project lost its steam and was ended in July 2018 with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) releasing their Record of Decision, selecting the no-build alternative for the Juneau Access Project, halting construction on the road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roads To Nowhere |url=https://www.seacc.org/tongass/roads-to-nowhere/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=Southeast Alaska Conservation Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEIS - Juneau Access Improvements Project {{!}} Permitting Dashboard |url=https://www.permits.performance.gov/permitting-projects/seis-juneau-access-improvements-project |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=www.permits.performance.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juneau Access, Southcoast Region, Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, State of Alaska |url=https://dot.alaska.gov/sereg/projects/juneau_access/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=dot.alaska.gov}}</ref>

===Public transportation===
Local government operates a bus service under the name [[Capital Transit System|Capital Transit]].

===Walking, hiking, and biking===
Residents walk, hike, or ride bicycles for recreational purposes and for transportation. The downtown area of Juneau has sidewalks, outdoors flights of stairs, and the neighborhoods on the hill above downtown are accessible by foot. Some roads in the city also have bike lanes, and there is a bike path parallel to the main highway.

==Infrastructure==
===Healthcare===
The city and borough is primarily served by [[Bartlett Regional Hospital]] in Juneau's Twin Lakes area. The hospital also serves the nearby remote communities of [[Hoonah, Alaska|Hoonah]], [[Haines, Alaska|Haines]], and [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]]. Individuals from those communities are airlifted in emergencies to the hospital via helicopter or air ambulance (a 20-minute to a 45-minute flight).

==Utilities==
Juneau is served by the following utilities:

*Electric: [[Alaska Electric Light and Power Company]]
*Water and sewer: City and Borough of Juneau

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Juneau, Alaska}}

===Print===
The ''[[Juneau Empire]]'' is published Wednesdays and Saturdays. The ''[[Capital City Weekly]]'' was published weekly ,and the ''Empire'' runs a few stories in a CCW section. The ''Juneau Independent''<ref>[https://www.juneauindependent.com ''Juneau Independent'']</ref> is a nonprofit online newspaper. The [[University of Alaska Southeast]] has ''The Whalesong'', a college newspaper.

===Radio===
*AM: [[KJNO]] 630, [[KINY]] 800, [[KXXJ]] 1330
*FM: [[KTKU]] 105.1, [[KSUP]] 106.3, and LPFM station [[KBJZ-LP]] 94.1.
*Public Radio: [[KTOO (FM)|KTOO]] 104.3, [[KXLL]] "Excellent Radio" 100.7 and [[KRNN]] "Rain Country Radio" 102.7 (all three operated by KTOO).

The studios of [[CoastAlaska]] (a regional public radio station consortium), are in Juneau. AP (the Associated Press), Anchorage news outlets, and other Alaska media entities, send reporters to Juneau during the annual Legislative session.

===Television===
Juneau's major television affiliates are: [[KTOO-TV|KTOO]] ([[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]), KTOO 360TV (formerly "360North) "Alaska's public affairs channel" (operated by KTOO), [[KATH-LD]] ([[NBC]]), [[KAUU|KYEX-LD]] ([[CBS]]/[[MyNetworkTV]] on DT2), and [[KJUD]] ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])/[[The CW]] on DT2/[[KTBY|Fox]] on DT3).

==Sister cities==
Juneau has three active [[town twinning|sister city]] relationships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities Committee – City and Borough of Juneau |url=https://juneau.org/clerk/boards-committees/sister-cities-committee |website=juneau.org}}</ref> 
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Whitehorse]], Yukon, Canada
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Vladivostok]], Primorsky Krai, Russia
*{{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Kalibo]], Aklan, Philippines<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beta.juneau.org/clerk/boards-committees/boards-master-list-2-2/sister-cities-committee |title=Sister Cities Committee |publisher=City and Borough of Juneau |date= |access-date=March 3, 2022}}</ref>
It also has two relationships which are in emeritus status, meaning they are not currently active. 
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Mishan City]], China
*{{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chiayi City]], Taiwan Province, Republic of China<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title=Sister Partnerships by US State |publisher=Asia Matters for America |date= |accessdate=March 3, 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Alaska}}
*[[Juneau gold belt]]
*[[Adair-Kennedy Memorial Park]]
*[[Capital City Fire/Rescue]]
*[[Evergreen Cemetery (Juneau, Alaska)|Evergreen Cemetery]]
*[[Hurff Ackerman Saunders Federal Building and Robert Boochever U.S. Courthouse]]
*[[Juneau Mountain Rescue]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Juneau, Alaska]]
*[[Alaska Route 7]]
*[[Out the road]], a region of Juneau
*[[USS Juneau|USS ''Juneau'']], 3 ships

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name=Kleeschulte>{{cite news |last=Kleeschulte |first=Chuck |title=Haines-to-Juneau road to be studied |newspaper=Juneau Empire |location=Juneau, United States |date=June 8, 1987}}</ref>}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Clarence Leroy |year=1944 |title=The Story of Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofalaska0000clar |url-access=registration |publisher=The Caxton Printers, Ltd. |location=Caldwell, Idaho |oclc=5024244}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Naske |first1=Claus-M |last2=Slotnick |first2=Herman E. |year=1987 |title=Alaska: A History of the 49th State |url=https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask |url-access=registration |location=Norman, Oklahoma |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-2099-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Juneau, Alaska}}
{{Wikivoyage|Juneau}}
{{EB1911 poster|Juneau}}
*{{Official website|http://www.juneau.org}}
*[http://www.traveljuneau.com Juneau Convention & Visitors Bureau]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre    = City and Borough of Juneau
|North     =
|Northeast = [[Stikine Region]], [[British Columbia]] (Canada)
|East      = [[Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine]], [[British Columbia]] (Canada)
|Southeast =
|South     = [[Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska|Hoonah–Angoon Census Area]] ([[Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Unorganized Borough]])
|Southwest =
|West      =
|Northwest = [[Haines Borough, Alaska|Haines Borough]]
}}
{{Alaska borough seats}}
{{Juneau Borough, Alaska}}
{{United States state capitals}}
{{Alaska}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Juneau, Alaska| ]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in Alaska]]
[[Category:Alaska boroughs]]
[[Category:Cities in Alaska]]
[[Category:Consolidated city-counties]]
[[Category:Micropolitan areas of Alaska]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Alaska on the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1881]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Alaska]]
[[Category:Road-inaccessible communities of Alaska]]
[[Category:State capitals in the United States]]

[[pnb:جونیا]]