View source for Jund Filastin

{{Short description|District of the province of Bilad al-Sham}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name            = Jund Filastin 
|common_name            = Filastin
|subdivision            = Province
|nation                 = the [[Umayyad]], [[Abbasid]] and [[Fatimid]] [[Caliphate]]s
|year_start             = 630s
|year_end               = late 11th century
|event_end              = [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] attacks, [[First Crusade]]
|p1                     = Palaestina Prima
|flag_p1                = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg
|border_p1              = no
|s1                     = Kingdom of Jerusalem
|flag_s1                = Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
|image_map              = Syria in the 9th century.svg
|image_map_caption      = Early Islamic Syria (''[[Bilad al-Sham]]'') and its provinces under the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the 9th century
|capital                = {{plainlist|
* {{circa|630s}}–{{circa|715}}: [[Jerusalem]] and [[Lod|Ludd]] (likely dual capitals)
* {{circa|715}}–1099: [[Ramla]]
}}
|today                  = {{plainlist|
* [[Israel]]
* [[West Bank]]
* [[Gaza Strip]]
* [[Jordan]]
}}
}}
{{History of Israel}}
{{History of Palestine}}
'''Jund Filasṭīn''' ({{langx|ar|جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن}}, "the [[jund|military district]] of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]") was one of the military districts of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] province of [[Bilad al-Sham]] (Levant), organized soon after the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] in the 630s. Jund Filastin, which encompassed most of [[Palaestina Prima]] and [[Palaestina Salutaris|Palaestina Tertia]], included the newly established city of [[Ramla]] as its capital and eleven administrative districts (''kura''), each ruled from a central town.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Avni|first1=Gideon|title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199684335|chapter=Shifting Paradigms for the Byzantine–Islamic Transition}}</ref>

==History==
===Muslim conquest===
The Muslim conquest of Palestine is difficult to reconstruct, according to the historian [[Dominique Sourdel]].{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=910}} It is generally agreed that the [[Quraysh]]ite commander [[Amr ibn al-As]] was sent to conquer the area by Caliph [[Abu Bakr]],{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=115}}{{sfn|Wensinck|1960|p=451}} likely in 633.{{sfn|Wensinck|1960|p=451}} Amr traversed the [[Red Sea]] coast of the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), reached the port town of [[Ayla (city)|Ayla]] at the head of the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], then crossed into the [[Negev Desert]] or further west into the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. He then arrived to the villages of Dathin and Badan near [[Gaza City|Gaza]], where he entered negotiations with the Byzantine garrison commander. The talks collapsed and the Muslims bested the Byzantines in the subsequent [[Battle of Dathin|clash at Dathin]] in February or March 634.{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=910}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=115}} At this stage of the conquest Amr's troops encamped at Ghamr al-Arabat in the middle of the [[Arabah|Araba Valley]] between the [[Dead Sea]] and the Gulf of Aqaba.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=115}} The town of Gaza was left alone, with Amr's primary objective at the time being the subjugation of the Arab tribes in the vicinity.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=116}}

After the Muslim armies led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] captured [[Bosra]] in the [[Hauran]] in May 634 they crossed the [[Jordan River]] to reinforce Amr as he faced a large Byzantine army. In the ensuing [[Battle of Ajnadayn]], fought at a site {{convert|25|km|mi|sp=us}} southwest of [[Jerusalem]] in July or August, the Muslims under Amr's overall command routed the Byzantines.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=129}} In the aftermath of Ajnadayn, Amr captured the towns of [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]], [[Nablus]], [[Lydda]], [[Yibna]], [[Emmaus-Nicopolis|Amwas]], [[Bayt Jibrin]] and [[Jaffa]].{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|pp=910–911}} Most of these towns fell after minor resistance, hence the scant information available about them in the sources.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=153}}

Following the decisive Muslim victory against the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] (636), fought along the [[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk]] tributary of the Jordan River east of Palestine, Amr besieged Jerusalem, which held out until the arrival of Caliph [[Umar]], to whom Jerusalem's leaders surrendered in 637.{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=911}} The coastal towns of Gaza, [[Ascalon]] and [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] had continued to hold out. The commander [[Alqama ibn Mujazziz]] may have been sent against Byzantine forces in Gaza several times during and after Ajnadayn.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=139, 152–153}} Amr launched his conquest of Egypt from Jerusalem {{circa|640}}.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=30, note 61}} Caesarea was besieged for a lengthy period and captured most likely by [[Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]] in 639, 640 or 641.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=153}} Not long after, Mu'awiya captured Ascalon, completing the conquest of Palestine,{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=911}} most of which had been undertaken by Amr.{{sfn|Wensinck|1960|p=451}}

===Early administration===
Filastin became one of the four original ''[[jund]]s'' (military districts) of [[Bilad al-Sham]] (Islamic Syria) established by Caliph Umar.{{sfn|Luz|1997|p=27}} In effect the Muslims maintained the preexisting administrative organization of the Byzantine district of [[Palaestina Prima]].{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=911}}

The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] period (661–750) was a relatively prosperous period for Filastin and the Umayyad caliphs invested considerably in the district's development.{{sfn|Luz|1997|p=28}} According to Sourdel, "Palestine was particularly honoured in the Umayyad period".{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=911}} The first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who held overall authority over Syria, including Palestine, from the reign of Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign|644|656}}), was initially recognized as caliph in a ceremony in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=911}}

On the other hand, a change in the Syrian policy during the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] period resulted in an overall decline in the region. The Levant was now further from the seat of authority as the capital relocated from Damascus to Baghdad. The new policy preferred Iraq over the Levant due to suspicion of the local Muslim population's loyalty , as they strongly identified with the Abbasid's rivals , the former  Umayyad dynasty. Moreover, the Abbasids promoted trade with eastern lands such as [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] and the [[Medieval India|Kingdoms of India]]. This led to neglect, political unrest, and occasionally local rebellions, one of which is the [[Al-Mubarqa]]. A process of urban decline is believed to had been accelerated by the [[749 Galilee earthquake|749 earthquake]], which increased the number of Jews, Christians, and Samaritans who migrated to diaspora settlements while also leaving behind others who stayed in the devastated towns and impoverished villages until they embraced Islam.<ref name=":12">{{cite book|last=Ehrlich|first=Michael|title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800|publisher=Arc Humanities Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-64189-222-3|location=Leeds, UK|pages=3–4, 19–20, 38|oclc=1302180905}}</ref>

==Geography==
At its greatest extent, Filastin extended from Rafah in the south to [[Lajjun]] in the north, and from the Mediterranean coast well to the east of the southern part of the [[Jordan River]]. The mountains of [[Edom]], and the town of [[Zoara|Zoar]] (Sughar) at the southeastern end of the [[Dead Sea]] were included in the district. However, the [[Galilee]] was excluded, being part of [[Jund al-Urdunn]] in the north.<ref name="LeStrange1890"/> Filastin roughly comprised the regions of [[Samaria]], [[Judea]], and the adjacent Mediterranean coastal plain from [[Mount Carmel]] in the north to Gaza in the south.{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|p=910}}

According to [[al-Baladhuri]], the main towns of Filastin, following its conquest by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], were, from south to north, [[Rafah]], Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, Yibna, Amwas, Lydda, Jaffa, Nablus, Sebastia, and Caesarea.<ref name="LeStrange1890">{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|author=[[Estakhri]] quoted by [[Guy Le Strange|Le Strange, G.]]|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |location=[[London]]|year=1890|pages=[https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft/page/25 25]–30|oclc=1004386}}</ref> Under Byzantine rule the port city of Caesarea was the territory's capital, a natural choice as it eased communications with the capital [[Constantinople]]. After the Muslim conquest, the administrative focus shifted to the interior. Amwas was referred to as a ''qasaba'' in the early Islamic sources; the term could refer to a central town, but most likely meant a fortified camp in the case of Amwas. It served as the principal military camp of the Muslim troops, where spoils were divided and stipends paid, until it was abandoned by the troops in 639 due to the [[plague of Amwas]].{{sfn|Luz|1997|p=30}} From about 640 Ludd and/or [[Jerusalem]] have been determined as the capital or political-religious center of Filastin, according to modern historians.{{sfn|Luz|1997|p=30}}{{efn|The historians Guy le Strange, [[Moshe Gil]], Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, and N. Hamash considered Ludd the capital before the founding of [[Ramla]], while Goitein and Amikam Elad considered Jerusalem as the district's political-religious center before Ramla's founding.{{sfn|Luz|1997|p=30}}}}

After the caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] founded the city of [[Ramla]] next to Ludd, he designated it the capital, and most of Ludd's inhabitants were forced to settle there. In the 9th century, during [[Abbasid]] rule, Jund Filastin was the most fertile of Syria's districts, and contained at least twenty [[mosque]]s, despite its small size.<ref name="LeStrange1890"/>

After the [[Fatimid]]s conquered the district from the Abbasids, [[Jerusalem]] eventually became the capital, and the principal towns were Ascalon, Ramla, Gaza, [[Arsuf]], Caesarea, Jaffa, [[Jericho]], Nablus, Bayt Jibrin, and [[Amman]].<ref name="LeStrange1890"/> The district persisted in some form until the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] invasions and the [[Crusades]] of the late 11th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

==Population==
{{More information|Demographic history of Palestine (region)|Arab migrations to the Levant}}
At the time of the Muslim conquest, Filastin had been inhabited mainly by [[Aramaic-speaking]] [[Miaphysite]] Christian peasants.<ref name="LeStrange1890" /> [[Samaria]], in the northern part of the district, had a large [[Samaritan]] population.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=שור|first=נתן|title=ספר השומרונים|publisher=יד יצחק בן-צבי; רשות העתיקות|year=2006|isbn=965-217-202-2|editor-last=שטרן|editor-first=אפרים |edition=2|location=ירושלים|pages=587–590|lang=he|trans-title=Book of the Samaritans|chapter=רדיפות השומרונים בידי העבאסים והיעלמות היישוב השומרוני החקלאי|editor-last2=אשל|editor-first2=חנן}}</ref> Two separate gradual demographic processes—cultural [[Arabization]] and religious [[Islamization]]—were initiated  after the Islamic conquest.<ref name="Rubin98">{{Cite book|last=Rubin|first=Milka|title=Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Land: First-Fifteenth Centuries CE|publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi|year=1998|editor-last=Kofsky|editor-first=Arieh|location=Jerusalem|pages=161|chapter=Arabization versus Islamization|quote=Yet, in spite of the strong Arabization, they seem to have been a close-knit group with a strong religious and cultural identity, which they preserved through the centuries following the Arab conquest, and even through the crucial process of Arabization. In the case of the Arabicized Melkite community, Arabization should not be confused with Islamization. [...] the existing evidence concerning the Palestinian Melkite community throughout the early Muslim period indicates that it battled successfully in its confrontation with Islam, preserving its social structure and maintaining its group identity and communal cohesion by accepting the Arabic culture, yet adhering strongly to its Christian identity.|editor-last2=G. Stroumsa|editor-first2=Guy}}</ref> It is believed that the settlements of Arabians , both before and after the Muslim conquest contributed at least partially to the pace of Arabization and Islamization.<ref name=":Ellenblum2010">{{cite book|last=Ellenblum|first=Ronnie|title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-58534-0|oclc=958547332|quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized}}</ref><ref>Chris Wickham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 ''Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900,''] Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. "In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces."</ref><ref name=":3">Gideon Avni, ''The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,'' Oxford University Press 2014 pp. 312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Van Bladel|first=Kevin|title=Arabicization , Islamization , and the Colonies of the Conquerors , in "Late Antique Responses to the Arab Conquests".|year=2021|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004500648}}</ref> The principal [[Tribes of Arabia|Arabian tribes]] which inhabited Filastin and formed its army were the [[Lakhm]], [[Judham]], [[Kinana]], [[Khath'am]], [[Banu Khuza'a|Khuza'a]], and [[Azd Sarat]].{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=225, note 210}} However, the [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|inhabitants of Palestine]] did not become predominantly Muslim and Arab in identity until several centuries after the conquest<ref name="LeStrange1890" /> with full Arabization achieved by the 9th century, and mass-Islamization not until the Mamluk period.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal|last=Levy-Rubin|first=Milka|year=2000|title=New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=43|issue=3|pages=257–276|doi=10.1163/156852000511303|issn=0022-4995|jstor=3632444}}</ref>   

[[Samaria]] was one of the first regions in Palestine to undergo a process of mass-conversions prior to the [[First Crusade]]. It was predominantly [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] and Christian during the Byzantine period, but during the early Islamic period, particularly under Abbasid and Tulunid rule, Samaria was gradually Islamized through the conversions of an indefinite yet large number of Samaritans as a result of religious persecution , high taxation, droughts , and warring , as well as migration by [[Tribes of Arabia|Arabian tribes]].<ref name=":22" />By the end of the 10th century, the rural Samaritan population had "disappeared," and the remaining Samaritans had concentrated in urban areas, with Nablus serving as a major center, but there was also a Samaritan diaspora , establishing communities in Caesarea and Askhelon, and even beyond Palestine in Levantine cities such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Sarepta.{{sfn|Ehrlich|2022|p=33}}<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=לוי-רובין|first=מילכה|title=ספר השומרונים |publisher=יד יצחק בן צבי, רשות העתיקות, המנהל האזרחי ליהודה ושומרון: קצין מטה לארכיאולוגיה|year=2006|isbn=965-217-202-2|editor-last=שטרן|editor-first=אפרים|edition=2|location=ירושלים|pages=562–586|lang=he|trans-title=Book of the Samaritans; The Continuation of the Samaritan Chronicle of Abu l-Fath|editor-last2=אשל|editor-first2=חנן}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="autogenerated257">M. Levy-Rubin, "New evidence relating to the process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period - The Case of Samaria", in: ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', 43 (3), pp. 257–276, 2000, [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]</ref>  The Christian [[Melkite]] community, on the other hand, underwent a process of adoption of Arabic and [[Arabization]], but was able to avoid Islamization and preserve its religious and cultural identity for a longer period of time<ref name="Rubin98" /> until mass conversions to Islam in the Mamluk,<ref name=":22" /> as well as the Ottoman periods.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tramontana|first=Felicita|year=2013|title=The Poll Tax and the Decline of the Christian Presence in the Palestinian Countryside in the 17th Century|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=56|issue=4–5|pages=631–652 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341337 |jstor=40131314}}</ref>

==Governors==
The governors of Jund Filastin:

===Rashidun period===
*[[Amr ibn al-As]] and [[Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Kinani]] (634–639; they were assigned as the commanders in charge of Filastin by Caliph Abu Bakr){{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=87}}
*Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Kinani (639–641 or 644; when Amr left Filastin to conquer Egypt, Alqama was left as governor.{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=87}} One version in the Islamic tradition placed his death in 641,{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=87, note 489}} while another held that he was governor at the death of Caliph Umar in 644{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=73}} According to one version Umar made Alqama governor of half of Filastin from his seat in Jerusalem, while Alqama ibn Hakim al-Kinani was appointed over the other half of Palestine from Ramla—Lydda is most likely meant here. This division may have been done following the plague of Amwas in 639.{{sfn|Luz|1997|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Friedmann|1992|pp=192–193}})
*Abd al-Rahman ibn Alqama al-Kinani ({{circa|644}}–645 or 646; governed for undetermined period during the reign of Umar's successor Caliph [[Uthman]] in 644–656){{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=74}}
*[[Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]] (645 or 646–661; appointed by Caliph Uthman after the death of Abd al-Rahman ibn Alqama; he was already governor of the junds of Dimashq and al-Urdunn under Umar was given authority over [[Jund Hims]] by Uthman){{sfn|Humphreys|1990|pp=72–74}}

===Umayyad period===
*[[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Azdi]] (673/74–676/77; governed during the reign of Caliph [[Mu'awiya I]]){{sfn|Crone|1980|p=227, note 235}}
*[[Ibn Bahdal|Hassan ibn Malik ibn Bahdal al-Kalbi]] (677?–684, governed during the reign of Caliph Mu'awiya I, the latter's son and Hassan's cousin [[Yazid I]],{{sfn|Gundelfinger|Verkinderen|2020|p=264}} and Yazid's son [[Mu'awiya II]])
**[[Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami]] (680–684, appointed by Hassan ibn Malik as his governor on his behalf{{sfn|Gundelfinger|Verkinderen|2020|p=264}})
*[[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] (685–685; governed for his father Caliph [[Marwan I]], succeeded the latter as caliph later in 685;{{sfn|Mayer|1952|p=185}} his caliphal accession was in Jerusalem){{sfn|Elad|1999|p=24}}
**Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami (685–685; served as deputy governor for Abd al-Malik){{sfn|Crone|1980|p=100}}
*[[Yahya ibn al-Hakam]] (governed for undetermined period in 685–694 for his nephew Caliph Abd al-Malik;{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=125}} inscription on a milestone dated to 692 was found at [[Samakh, Tiberias|Samakh]] crediting him for a roadwork at [[Fiq, Syria|Fiq]], both places in neighboring Jund al-Urdunn;{{sfn|Sharon|1966|pp=370–371}} his tombstone was found near [[Katzrin]], in Jund al-Urdunn){{sfn|Sharon|2004|pp=230–232}}
*[[Aban ibn Marwan]] (governed for undetermined period during the rule of his brother Caliph Abd al-Malik){{sfn|Crone|1980|p=124}}
*[[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] (pre-705–715; governed for part of his father Caliph Abd al-Malik's reign and the full reign of his brother [[al-Walid I]]:{{sfn|Crone|1980|pp=125–126}} continued to rule from Palestine, either from Ramla or Jerusalem,{{sfn|Eisener|1997|p=892}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=105–106}} until later moving to [[Jund Qinnasrin]])
*[[Nadr ibn Yarim|Nadr ibn Yarim ibn Ma'dikarib ibn Abraha ibn al-Sabbah]] (717–720; governed during the reign of Caliph [[Umar II]]; a chief of the [[Himyar]] nobility of [[Jund Hims]]){{sfn|Crone|1980|p=127}}
*[[Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik]] (February 743–April 744; governed during the reign of his nephew Caliph [[al-Walid II]]){{sfn|Gil|1997|p=84}}{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=129}}
*Yazid ibn Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (744–744; rebel governor installed by the troops of Palestine led by Rawh ibn Zinba's son Sa'id, who expelled Yazid's uncle Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik){{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|p=190}}
*Dab'an ibn Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami (744–745; appointed by Caliph [[Yazid III]] after the surrender of the rebel troops of Palestine){{sfn|Hillenbrand|1989|p=193}}
*Thabit ibn Nu'aym al-Judhami (745–745; was chosen by the troops of Palestine as their governor and swore allegiance to Caliph [[Marwan II]] before rebelling against him shortly after){{sfn|Williams|1985|p=3}}
*[[Al-Rumahis ibn Abd al-Aziz|Al-Rumahis ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Kinani]] (745–750; appointed governor by Marwan II during Thabit's revolt and continued in office until the [[Abbasid Revolution]]){{sfn|Williams|1985|pp=6, 170}}{{efn|In another version, a man of the [[Judham]], Dab'an ibn Rawh ibn Zinba's son al-Hakam, seized power in Palestine in 750 during the Abbasid Revolution, after which Caliph Marwan II, who had entered the district during his flight to Egypt, appointed another al-Hakam's uncle, Abd Allah ibn Yazid ibn Rawh, but he was unable to wrest power from al-Hakam.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=171}}}}

===Abbasid period===
*[[Salih ibn Ali]] (751–753; governed during the reign of his nephew Caliph [[al-Saffah]]){{sfn|Williams|1985|pp=198, 204, 208}}
*Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim (–775){{sfn|Gil|1997|p=842}}
*Nasr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i (777–777; governed during the reign of Caliph [[al-Mahdi]] but reassigned to [[Arab Sind|Sind]] in the same year){{sfn|Crone|1980|p=185}}
*[[Ibrahim ibn Salih]] (–780){{sfn|Gil|1997|p=842}}
*[[Al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi]] (–787){{sfn|Gil|1997|p=842}} 
*[[Ibrahim ibn Salih]] (787–){{sfn|Gil|1997|p=842}}
*[[Harthama ibn A'yan]] (–796;{{sfn|Gil|1997|pp=284, 842}} a ''[[mawla]]'' of the Banu Dabba tribe;{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=177}} reassigned to Egypt).{{sfn|Gil|1997|pp=284, 842}}
*[[Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far]] (809–811; appointed by his great nephew Caliph [[al-Amin]], his governorship included Damascus and Homs)
*[[Bugha al-Saghir]] (863–; appointed by Caliph [[al-Musta'in]]){{sfn|Saliba|1985|p=13}}

===Fatimid period===
Information about the Fatimid provincial administration in Filastin, as with the other provinces in Bilad al-Sham, is scant, and largely limited to the period of 1023–1025, which was covered by the surviving fragment of the chronicle of [[al-Musabbihi]] (d. 1029). It is not clear to what degree the governor (''wali'') of Filastin's capital of Ramla was responsible for the rest of the province. The governor of Ramla was in charge of the local police force, but the [[qadi]] (head judge) in the city was appointed directly by the caliph's court as was the auditor (''zimmam'') of the fiscal administrator (''amil'') of Filastin. At least one military governor (''mutawali harb'') of Filastin, [[Anushtakin al-Dizbari]], is named.{{sfn|Lev|2003|pp=46–47}} Other cities in Filastin, including Jerusalem, Caesarea,{{sfn|Lev|2003|pp=45, 50}} and [[Asqalan]], also had their own governors, with the governors of Asqalan at one point holding the highest rank of any provincial governor in the Fatimid Caliphate.{{sfn|Sharon|1997|p=134}}
*[[Anushtakin al-Dizbari]] (1023–1026; governed during the reign of Caliph [[Ali az-Zahir|al-Zahir]]{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=289}})

==See also==
*[[Syria (region)]]
*[[Syria Palaestina]]
*[['Ubadah ibn al-Samit]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=11}}
*{{Slaves on Horses}}
*{{EI2|article=Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik|last=Eisener|first=R.|volume=9|pages=821–822}}
*{{cite book|last=Donner|first=Fred M.|author-link=Fred M. Donner|title=The Early Islamic Conquests|year=1981|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-05327-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5__AwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|year=1999|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-10010-5|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=12}}
*{{A History of Palestine, 634–1099}}
*{{cite book|last1=Gundelfinger|first1=Simon|last2=Verkinderen|first2=Peter|editor1-last=Hagemann|editor1-first=Hannah-Lena|editor2-last=Heidemann|editor2-first=Stefan|title=Elites — Connecting the Early Islamic Empire|year=2020|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-066648-9|pages=255–330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqLiDwAAQBAJ|chapter=The Governors of al-Sham and Fars in the Early Islamic Empire - A Comparative Regional Perspective}}
*{{The First Dynasty of Islam}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=26}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=15}}
*{{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lecker|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Lecker|title=The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|year=1989|volume=52|issue=1|pages=24–37|jstor=617911|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00023041|s2cid=163092638}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lev|first1=Yaacov|editor1-last=Hidemitsu|editor1-first=Kuroki|title=The Influence of Human Mobility in Muslim Societies|date=2003|publisher=Kegan Paul|isbn=0710308027|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fW_-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|chapter=Turks in the Political and Military Life of Eleventh-Century Egypt and Syria}}
*{{cite journal|last=Luz|first=Nimrod|title=The Construction of an Islamic City in Palestine. The Case of Umayyad al-Ramla|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|date=April 1997|volume=7|issue=1|pages=27–54|jstor=25183294|doi=10.1017/S1356186300008300|s2cid=163178178}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=L. A.|authorlink=Leo Aryeh Mayer|title=As-Sinnabra|journal=Israel Exploration Society|year=1952|volume=2|issue=3|pages=183–187|jstor=27924483}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=35}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Sharon|first1=Moshe|title=An Arabic Inscription from the Time of the Caliph 'Abd al-Malik|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=June 1966|volume=29|issue=2|pages=367–372 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00058900|s2cid=162899475}}
*{{cite book|last=Sharon|first=Moshe |authorlink=Moshe Sharon|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP): A. Volume One|year=1997|publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston|isbn=90-04-10833-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=PA134}}
*{{cite book|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP): D-F. Volume Three|year=2004|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden and Boston|isbn=90-04-13197-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01ogNhTNz54C}}
*{{EI2|article=Filasṭīn — I. Palestine under Islamic Rule|last=Sourdel|first=D.|authorlink=Dominique Sourdel|volume=2|pages=910–913}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=27}}
*{{EI2|article=ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī|last=Wensinck|first=A. J.|volume=1|page=451}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mideastweb.org/palcaliph1.htm Mideastweb Map of "Palestine Under the Caliphs", showing Jund boundaries]

{{Districts of Islamic Syria}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Palestine]]
[[Category:Military history of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 11th century]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Palestine under the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Palestine under the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphate]]