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{{Short description|Fort in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India}}
{{distinguish|text = the [[Uparkot Fort]] in Junagadh, Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name          = Junagarh Fort
| partof        = 
| location      = [[Bikaner]], India
| image         = [[File:Bikaner fort view 08.jpg|320px]]
| caption       = Front view of Junagarh Fort architecture
| map_type      = India Rajasthan#India
| map_size      = 300
| map_caption   = 
| type          = [[Forts in India|Fort]]
| coordinates   = {{coord|28.02|73.32|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| code          = 
| built         = 1589–1594
| builder       = Karan Chand under [[Rai Singh of Bikaner]]
| materials     = Red [[sandstone]]s (Dulmera) and <br>[[marble]]s (including [[Carrara]])
| height        = 
| used          = 
| demolished    = 
| condition     = 
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby  = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| garrison      = 
| current_commander = 
| commanders    = 
| occupants     = 
| battles       = 
| events        = 
| image2        = [[File:Junagarh Fort Anup Mahal.jpg|300px]]
| caption2      = View of the Private Audience Hall in Anup Mahal
}}
'''Junagarh Fort''' is a fort in the city of [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The fort was originally called '''Chintamani''' and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to [[Lalgarh Palace]] outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.<ref name=Michell>Michell p. 222</ref><ref name=Ring>Ring pp. 129–33</ref><ref name=history>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |title=History |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics centre, Bikaner district |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212013613/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |archive-date=2009-12-12 }}</ref>

The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city (the first fort built by Rao Bikaji), about {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.<ref name=Michell/><ref name=history_1>{{Cite web|url= http://junagarh.org/history.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=History|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Junagarh.org|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Ring p.129">Ring p.129</ref>

Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by [[Kamran Mirza]]. Kamran was the second son of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010113/windows/heritage.htm|title= A fort that was ruled by Yaduvanshis|access-date=2009-12-09|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2001-01-13}}</ref>

The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions.<ref name=Ring/> These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.<ref name=architecture/>

==Geography==
Junagarh fort is located in the [[arid]] region of the [[Thar desert]] of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the [[Aravalli range]], a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jodhpur]]. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as [[History of Bikaner|Jungladesh]].<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/geography-history/geography.html|title=Geography of Rajasthan|access-date=2009-12-09}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|History of Bikaner}}
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by [[Rao Bika]] who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of [[Maharaja]] [[Rao Jodha]] of the Rathod clan, the founder of [[Jodhpur]] city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. As the second son of Jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father's territory of Jodhpur or to the title of Maharaja. He, therefore, reconciled and decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the [[Thar Desert]], was considered an [[oasis]] on the trade route between [[Central Asia]] and the [[Gujarat]] coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika's name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner ("the settlement of Bika") that he established. The [[history of Bikaner]] and the fort within it thus start with Bika.<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=Ward>Ward pp.116–9</ref> It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner's fortunes flourished under Raja Rai Singhji, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the [[Mughal Empire]]’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor [[Akbar]] and his son Emperor [[Jahangir]]. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]] won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the [[jagir]]s (lands) of Gujarat and [[Burhanpur]]. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of {{convert|760|ft|m}}. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594.<ref name=history/> Raja Rai Singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=Juna>{{Cite web|url=http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|title=Junagarh Fort, Bikaner|access-date=2009-12-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416053153/http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|archive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the [[Thar desert]].<ref name=history/>

Karan Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]], who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the [[Zenana]] quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. [[Gaj Singh]] who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. [[Dungar Singh]] who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). [[Ganga Singh of Bikaner|Ganga Singh]] who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance [[patio]]. This palace was designed by [[Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob]].<ref name="Ring p.132">Ring p.132</ref> Ganga Singh's son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949. He died in 1950.<ref name=Ward/>

Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the [[British Raj]] under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, whereafter the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.133">Ring p.133</ref> However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]], which was put down by the British troops.<ref name=history/> It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.<ref name=Unique>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniqueidea.net/Junagarh_Fort.html |title=Junagarh Fort (1.5 km from the center of the city) |access-date=2010-02-08 |publisher=UniqueIdea.net |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827225846/http://www.uniqueidea.net/Junagarh_Fort.html |archive-date=2010-08-27 }}</ref>

Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]. He served as a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]], represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the [[British Empire]] at the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the [[World War II]] but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace – north of Junagarh fort – designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it [[Lalgarh Palace]] in the name of his father and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. The royal family still lives in a special suite in the Lalgarh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.<ref name="Ring p.133"/>
[[File:Junagarth Fort, Bikaner.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Entrance eastern façade of the Junagarh Fort.}}]]

==Structures==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 =  Inside Junagarthfort.jpg 
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Pond in the palace.jpg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Left: Views of palaces from the main courtyard built in [[Italy|Italian]] [[Carrara marble]], Right: Karan Mahal and pond in the main courtyard, in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style of architecture
}}
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red [[sandstone]] (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows.<ref name=history/><ref name=architecture>{{Cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/architecture.html|title=Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=Architecture|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Junagarh.org|year=2008}}</ref> The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan.<ref name=Choy>{{Cite book|last=Choy|first=Monique|author2=Sarina Singhh|title= Rajasthan|page=57|access-date=2010-02-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mgWtb27t3AC&q=Structure+of+fort+Junagarh&pg=PA57|publisher=Lonely Planet|year= 2002|isbn= 1-74059-363-4}}</ref> The fort is called "a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration".<ref name= Bradnock>{{Cite book|last= Bradnock|first= Robert |author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|page=233|access-date=2010-02-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IG4PaFx_YsC&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner&pg=PA238|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}</ref>
[[File:Jhoola inside the Phool Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner.jpg|thumb|Jhoola inside the Phool Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner.]]

===Overview===
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of {{convert|1078|yard|m}}. The fort walls are {{convert|14.5|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|40|ft|m}} in height. It encompasses an area of {{convert|63119|sqyd|ha|2}}. It was surrounded by a [[moat]] which was {{convert|20|-|25|ft|m}} deep with a base width of {{convert|15|ft|m}} and top width of {{convert|30|ft|m}}.<ref name="architecture"/><ref name= Mathur>{{Cite book|last= Mathur |first= Laxman Prasad |title= Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner|publisher= Inter-India Publications|year=1989|isbn= 81-210-0229-X|quote=The circumference of the rectangular fort of Bikaner, which is also known as Junagarh Fort is {{convert|1078|yard|m}}."}}</ref> However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a "new stronghold" outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls ({{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from the city centre);<ref name=Unique/> the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.<ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=architecture/><ref name= Bradnock/>

The fort with seven gates<ref name=architecture/> contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] religions – the earliest dated to the 16th century.<ref name=Abram/> A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional [[Rajput painting|Rajasthani style]]. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered "at par with those of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis]]’s France or of Imperial [[Russian Empire|Russia]]".<ref name=Ward/> Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.<ref name=architecture/><ref name=Unique/>

;Gates
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt ''prol'', built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun's rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by [[War elephant|elephants]] during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with [[mahout]]s stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and  Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall,<ref name=Ward/> in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.<ref name=architecture/><ref name=Ward/><ref name="Ring p.132"/><ref name=Abram>Abram pp. 216–8</ref>

Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in [[Carrara]] Italian [[marble]]. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.<ref name="Ring p.132"/>

===Palaces===
[[File:Marmol de Carrara, City Palace.jpg|Marble tiled floor in the Junagarh palace|thumb]]
[[File:Gardens Junagarh Fort 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Gardens within the fort's precincts]]
'''Karan Mahal''' (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. It is considered one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has [[stained glass]] windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh, and Surat Singh, also added a lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.<ref name=Ward/><ref name=Abram/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/karanpalace.html|title=Karan Mahal (Public Audience Hall)|year=2008|work=Official site of Junagarh Fort|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust, Bikaner |access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref>

'''Phool Mahal''' ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king [[Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner]], who ruled between 1571 and 1668.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/phoolmahal.htm|title=Phool Mahal|year=2008|work=Official site of Junagarh Fort|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust, Bikaner |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>

'''Anup Mahal''' is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine [[Latticework|lattice]] windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered one of the "grandest construction".<ref name=history/><ref name=Abram/>

'''Chandra Mahal''' has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones.<ref name=Abram/> In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the [[Maharaja]] could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.<ref name=Stott>Stott p. 253</ref>

'''Ganga Mahal''' was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a [[World War I]] aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name=Abram_1>{{Cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title= Rough guide to India|work=Junagarh Fort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA216|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}</ref>

'''Badal Mahal''' (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of [[Shekhawati]] Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of [[turbans]]. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance.<ref name=Ward/> The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.

'''Bikaneri Havelies''' located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city's by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. [[Aldous Huxley]] who visited these havelis reportedly said "They are the pride of Bikaner."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_havelin.htm |title=Bikaner Havelies |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Bikaner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210141623/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_havelin.htm |archive-date=2009-12-10 }}</ref>

===Temples===
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel – private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the [[Hindu festival]] of [[Vijayadashami|Dussera]] and [[Gangaur]] here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities [[Lakshmi Narayan]], a combined representation of God [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]].<ref name=Ward/><ref name=Stott/>

The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architectural style using white marble. The Hindu God [[Krishna]] is deified in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_ratann.htm |title=Ratan Behari temple |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Bikaner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103000058/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_ratann.htm |archive-date=2010-01-03 }}</ref>

==Fort museum==
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum is established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust". The museum exhibits [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name=trust>{{Cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/trust.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=Official site of Junagarh fort|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://junagarh.org/armory.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors:Armoury|work=Official site of Junagarh fort|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust|year=2008}}</ref>

==Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust==
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.<ref name=trust/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title= Rough guide to India|work=Junagarh Fort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA216|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}
*{{cite book| last=Beny|first=Roland|author2=Matheson, Sylvia A.| title=Rajasthan - Land of Kings|publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| year= 1984|isbn = 0-584-95061-6}}
*{{Cite book| last= Bradnock |first= Robert |author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IG4PaFx_YsC&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner&pg=PA238|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Choy|first=Monique|author2=Sarina Singhh|title= Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mgWtb27t3AC&q=Structure+of+fort+Junagarh&pg=PA57|publisher= Lonely Planet|year= 2002|isbn= 1-74059-363-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Crump|first= Vivien|author2=Toh, Irene|title= Rajasthan|location=London|publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996|type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3}}
* {{Cite book|last= Mathur |first= Laxman Prasad |title= Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner|publisher= Inter-India Publications|year=1989|isbn= 81-210-0229-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Michell|first=George|author2=Martinelli, Antonio|title=The Palaces of Rajasthan|work=Junagarh| publisher=Frances Lincoln|location=London|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|work=Bikaner|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA132|publisher= Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stott|first=David|title= Footprint Rajasthan|work=Junagarh|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA259|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=978-1-906098-07-0}}
*{{cite book| last = Tillotson|first = G.H.R| title = The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style|year= 1987| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven and London| isbn = 0-300-03738-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Junagarh Fort|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA116|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year= 1989|isbn=0-88289-753-5}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Junagarh Fort}}
* [http://junagarhfort.com/ About Junagarh Fort]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Bikaner}}

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:1594 establishments in India]]