View source for Jugemu

{{short description|Japanese folktale and rakugo story}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{nihongo||寿限無/じゅげむ|'''Jugemu'''}} is a famous {{transliteration|ja|[[rakugo]]}} story,<ref name="TJF2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/japaneseculture/29nihongo.htm |title=The Japanese Language Boom |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=Takarabako |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922041758/https://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/japaneseculture/29nihongo.htm |archive-date=2021-09-22 |url-status=live |publisher=The Japan Forum |year=2005}}</ref> a form of Japanese spoken entertainment. It has a simple story, with the most humorous part being the repetition of a ridiculously long name. It is often used in training for {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} entertainers.

==Plot==
[[File:Jugemu performed by Tachibanaya Kakitsu II.oga|thumb|Rakugo "''Jugemu''" performed by {{Interlanguage link|Tachibanaya Kakitsu II|ja|立花家花橘 (2代目)}}]]
A couple could not think of a suitable name for their newborn son. The father went to the local [[Buddhist temples in Japan|temple]] and asked the chief priest to think of an auspicious name. The priest suggested "Jugemu" ({{Lang|ja|寿限無}}), and several other names. The father could not decide which name he preferred, and therefore, gave the baby all of the names.

Jugemu's full name is:

<poem>
{{nihongo|Jugemu Jugemu|寿限無 寿限無}}
{{nihongo|Gokō-no Surikire|五劫の擦り切れ}}
{{nihongo|Kaijarisuigyo-no|海砂利水魚の}}
{{nihongo|Suigyōmatsu Unraimatsu Fūraimatsu|水行末 雲来末 風来末}}
{{nihongo|Kuunerutokoro-ni Sumutokoro|食う寝る処に住む処}}
{{nihongo|Yaburakōji-no Burakōji|やぶら柑子のぶら柑子}}
{{nihongo|Paipopaipo Paipo-no Shūringan|パイポパイポ パイポのシューリンガン}}
{{nihongo|Shūringan-no Gūrindai|シューリンガンのグーリンダイ}}
{{nihongo|Gūrindai-no Ponpokopī-no Ponpokonā-no|グーリンダイのポンポコピーのポンポコナーの}}
{{nihongo|Chōkyūmei-no Chōsuke|長久命の長助}}</poem>
(the NHK {{transliteration|ja|Nihongo de asobō}} version,<ref name="NHK_Nihongo">{{cite web |url=https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/outline.cgi?das_id=D0005150386_00000 |title=Chochoi no choi anki "Jugemu" |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Nihongo de Asobō (Let's play with Japanese) |script-website=ja:にほんごであそぼ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020859/https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/outline.cgi?das_id=D0005150386_00000 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |url-status=live |publisher=[[NHK]] |language=ja |script-title=ja:ちょちょいのちょい暗記「寿限無（じゅげむ）」}}(Video in the archive does not work.)</ref> partially replaced with kanji)

In one version of the tale, Jugemu got into a fight with a friend one day, and the friend suffered a large bump on his head. In protest, he went crying to Jugemu's parents. However, due to the amount of time it took to recite his name, by the time he finished, the bump on his head had already healed.<ref name="Fukuenyu1912_Jugemu">{{cite book |author=San'yūtei Fukuenyū (三遊亭福円遊) |date=1912-06-07 |chapter-url={{NDLDC|891285|/1/37|format=url}} |chapter=Jugemu |script-chapter=ja:寿限無 |title=Kokkei Hyakumensō |script-title=ja:滑稽百面相 |language=ja |location=Tokyo, Japan |publisher=Miyoshiya (三芳屋) |pages=57–65 |doi=10.11501/891285}}
*{{Wikisource-inline|:ja:寿限無}}
</ref>

Another version states that Jugemu fell into a well and drowned; everyone who had to pass along the news spent a lot of time reciting his entire name.<ref>{{cite book |last=San'yūtei |first=Kinba III |publication-date=September 1993 |date=1959 |language=ja |title=''Ukiyo Dango'' |script-title=ja:浮世だんご |location=Japan |publisher=Tsuribitosha |edition=paperback |page=64 |isbn=978-4-88536-221-7}}</ref> In yet another variant, Jugemu fell into a lake, and his parents barely arrived in time to save him.

==Interpretation of Jugemu's name==
Each part of Jugemu's name that the priest had suggested has an auspicious meaning:

; Jugemu
: "limitless life".<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" />
; Gokō-no Surikire
: "five {{transliteration|ja|[[Kalpa (aeon)|kō]]}} of rubbing off (the rock)". In Japanese Buddhist lore, a [[tennin|heavenly maiden]] would visit the human world once in every three thousand years, leaving friction marks on a huge rock with her dress. Eventually, the rock would wear down to nothing<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" /> in the span of one {{transliteration|ja|kō}}, or 4 billion ({{val|4|e=9}}) years. The priest thus blesses the child to live at least 20 billion ({{val|2|e=10}}) years, essentially for eternity.
; Kaijarisuigyo
: "gravel in the sea and fish in water". The amount of gravel and number of fish in the world is meant to represent the degree of the child's luck and fortune.
; Suigyōmatsu
: "where water eventually goes". Because water is free to go anywhere, the child is blessed with boundless well-being wherever he goes.
; Unraimatsu
: "where clouds originally come". Because clouds come from anywhere, this is similar to the above.
; Fūraimatsu
: "where wind originally comes". Similar to the above.
; Kuunerutokoro
: "places to eat and sleep".<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" /> It is fortunate to have both food and shelter at any time.
; Sumutokoro
: "places to live".<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" /> Same as above.
; Yaburakōji-no burakōji
: "''[[Ardisia japonica]]'' (marlberry) bushes in Yabura Trail". The plant's modern Japanese name is [[:ja:ヤブコウジ|{{transliteration|ja|yabukōji}}]], and it is considered to be imbued with energy year-round.<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" /> {{transliteration|ja|Yabura}} has no inherent meaning, but is inferred to be {{transliteration|ja|yabukōji}} with the pluralizing {{transliteration|ja|–ra}} suffix.
; Paipo, Shūringan, Gūrindai, Ponpokopī, Ponpokonā
: These are invented names of a kingdom and royal family in [[Ancient China]]. Paipo was a rich and peaceful kingdom, where King Shūringan and Queen Gūrindai reigned. They gave birth to Princess Ponpokopī and Princess Ponpokonā, and all of them enjoyed longevity.<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" />
; Chōkyūmei
: "long and lasting life".<ref name="NHK_Nihongo" />
; Chōsuke
: "blessed for a long time".

==History==
{{See also|Tikki Tikki Tembo#The Child with a Long Name}}

[[Japanese folklore]] studies classify "Jugemu" as a variant of [[Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index#Definition of tale type|tale type]] ''The Child with a Long Name''.<ref name="NMTs_R2_1998">{{Cite book|title=Nihon mukashibanashi tsūkan Kenkyū hen 2 Nihon mukashibanashi to koten|trans-title=General survey and analysis of Japanese folktales Research volumes 2 Japanese folktales and classic literature|script-title=ja:日本昔話通観 研究編2 日本昔話と古典|trans-chapter=857 Child with a long name|script-chapter=ja:857 長い名の子|publisher=同朋舎|date=1998-03-31|pages=604–605|editor-last=Inada<!--稲田-->|editor-first=Koji<!--浩二-->|isbn=4-8104-2490-1|oclc=39688437}}</ref> In the English speaking world, [[children's literature]] of this type is known by the titles "[[Tikki Tikki Tembo]]" and "Nicki Nicki Tembo".

An early version of this type is "{{transliteration|ja|Yoku kara shizumu fuchi}}" ('Sunk down the waters for greed'), in a book of jokes published in 1703, created by {{transliteration|ja|[[rakugo]]}} comedian Yonezawa Hikohachi.<ref name="YokukaraShizumu1966" /> In it, a stepmother renames her sons. The stepson whom she hates is given a short name {{transliteration|ja|Nyozegamo}}, and her precious own son given a long {{transliteration|ja|Anokutarasambyakusambodai}}. One day, {{transliteration|ja|Nyozegamo}} falls into a river, but people swiftly rescue him. Another day, the mother's own son is swept by the river. She cries "Somebody, please! {{transliteration|ja|Anokutarasambyakusambodai}} is drowning!", but the boy is lost to the river as no-one comes to save him due to the time it takes her to say his name.<ref name="YokukaraShizumu1966">Transcribed text: {{cite book |script-title=ja:江戸笑話集 |publisher=Iwanami Shoten Publishers |orig-date=1703 |date=1966-07-05 |page=313 |author=Yonezawa Hikohachi (米沢彦八) |editor-last=Odaka<!-- 小高 おだか--> |editor-first=Toshio<!--敏郎 としお--> |series=日本古典文学大系 |language=ja |chapter=Karukuchi gozen otoko (軽口御前男) volume 2 欲からしづむ淵 |volume=100 |location=Tokyo, Japan |oclc=915506077}}</ref><ref name="hanashitext_YokukaraShizumu">Text data: {{cite web |url=http://base1.nijl.ac.jp/hanashitext/TextAction.do?bouki=0&saku_no=041&kango=006&sys_han=001&groupId=G0000011&page=239 |script-title=ja:6巻 軽口御前男 |at=欲からしづむ淵 |access-date=2021-12-12 |publisher=[[National Institute of Japanese Literature]] |website='Hanashibon taikei' anthology full text database (噺本大系本文データベース) |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212160727/http://base1.nijl.ac.jp/hanashitext/TextAction.do?bouki=0&saku_no=041&kango=006&sys_han=001&groupId=G0000011&page=239 |archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both names are garbled forms of phrases taken from [[Kanji#On'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading)|Sino-Japanese readings]] of [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese Buddhist sutras]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=にょぜがもん 如是我聞 |date=2006 |encyclopedia=[[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via [[Kotobank]] |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A6%82%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E8%81%9E-110678|access-date=2022-01-11 |trans-quote='Nyozegamon', [[Thus have I heard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=あのくたらさんみゃくさんぼだい 阿耨多羅三藐三菩提 |date=2006 |encyclopedia=[[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via [[Kotobank]] |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%A8%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%89%E8%97%90%E4%B8%89%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90-26482 |access-date=2022-01-11 |trans-quote='Anokutarasanmyakusambodai', [[Anuttara-samyak sambodhi]]}}</ref> The punchline is a Japanese pun involving the word {{transliteration|ja|sambyaku}}.<ref name="YokukaraShizumu1966" />

A book of horror stories published in 1805 contains "{{transliteration|ja|Isshini imyōo tsukete kōkai seshi hanashi}}" ('A tale of a man who named his son with a strange name, and regretted it'). In it, a man wishes to name his first son with a unique and long name. He consults a [[Confucian]] scholar, who recommends the name {{transliteration|ja|Daigaku shuki shouku shi teishino iwaku daigakuwa kōshino ishonishite shogaku tokuirunomon hyōe}}. A tutor of [[Waka (poetry)|Japanese poetry]] sneers at this, opposing such use of foreign language to name a Japanese's son. The tutor proposes {{transliteration|ja|Nagakiyono tōnonefurino minamezame naminaminori funeno otono yoshibē}}, a traditional poem of good fortune. The scholar and the tutor starts quarrelling, so the father decides to make the name by himself. He solemnly declares it will be
{{transliteration|ja|Tekitekini tekisuru onbō Sōrinbō sōtaka nyūdō Harimano bettō chawan chausuno hikigino Hyokosuke}}.

One day, the boy falls into a well. People panic to rescue the boy, but for every message they recite the long name. The boy dies, "blue and swollen".<ref name="Kikigakiamayonotomo1805">{{cite book |title=Kikigakiamayonotomo |script-title=ja:聞書雨夜友 |publisher=瑶池堂 |location=Edo, Japan |year=1805 |pages=frame 72–78 of total 96 frames |author=松壽館老人 |editor=青雲軒主人 |access-date=2021-12-30 |language=ja |chapter=Isshini imyōo tsukete kōkai seshi hanashi |script-chapter=ja:一子に異名を付けて後悔せし話 |volume=4 |doi=10.20730/100052278 |chapter-url=https://kotenseki.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100052278/viewer/76}} ([[Bunka]] 2 = approximately 1805 CE)</ref>{{efn|
*frame 73:「{{ruby-ja|大学朱熹章句子程子曰大学孔子之遺書而初学入徳之門兵衛|だいがくしゅきしょうくしていしのいわくだいがくはこうしのいしょにしてしょがくとくいるのもんひょうえ}}」様
*frame 75:「ながきよのとをのねふりのみなめざめなみなみのりふねのをとのよしべい」
*frame 76 (in original spelling):
{{Verse translation|lang=ja
|<!--original text-->
敵々仁
敵須畄
御坊
蒼臨坊
惣高入道
播广之別當
茶碗茶臼之
挽木之
飛与小助
|<!--translation-->
てきてきに
てきする
おんぼう
そうりんほう
そうたかにうとう
はりまのべつとう
ちやわんちやうすの
ひききの
ひよこすけ}}}}<ref name="Kikigakiamayonotomo2000">Transcription and commentary:{{cite book |title=Shoki Edo yomihon kaidanshū |script-title=ja:初期江戸読本怪談集 |trans-title=Anthology of horror stories in early-stage '[[yomihon]]' of Edo period |publisher=Kokusho Kankokai (国書刊行会) |date=2000-10-30 |orig-date=1805 |pages=654–657 |author=二流間主東随舎 |editor-last=Kondo<!--近藤--> |editor-first=Mizuki<!--瑞木--> |language=ja |script-chapter=ja:聞書雨夜友（ききがきあまよのとも） - 一子に異名を付けて後悔せし話 |series=江戸怪異綺想文芸大系 |isbn=978-4-336-04271-2}}</ref>

The name by the Confucian is taken from a translated Chinese Confucian textbook about ''[[Great Learning]]''.<ref name="SishuJizhu1766">Example: {{cite book |author-link=Zhu Xi |author=Zhu Xi |year=1766 |orig-date=1189 |chapter-url={{NDLDC|2583035|/1/6|format=url}} |script-chapter=zh:大學 |trans-chapter=Great Learning |title=Shisho Shicchu (Sìshū Jízhù) |script-title=zh:四書集註 |language=zh |volume=1 |location=Kyoto, Japan |publisher=勝村治右衞門 |at=frame 6 |doi=10.11501/2583035}} A [[Meiwa]] 3 (=1766 CE) reprint of a classic Chinese textbook.</ref> The poem that the tutor referred to, in its original form {{transliteration|ja|nakakiyono tōnonefurino minamesame naminori funeno otono yokikana}}, is a [[palindrome]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=宝船 |date=2006 |encyclopedia=[[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via [[Kotobank]] |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A6%82%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E8%81%9E-110678 |access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref> of [[On (Japanese prosody)|Japanese morae]] (similar to syllables). The story gives no explanation of the origin or meanings of "Tekitekini{{Interp|...}}". The book was written by a storywriter and storyteller with [[pen name]] Tozuisha.<ref name="Kikigakiamayonotomo2000" />

The name "Jugemu" appears in a 1884 magazine article,<ref name="TokyoKeizaiZasshi18840726">Facsimile: {{cite magazine |magazine=Tōkyō keizai zasshi |script-magazine=ja:東京経済雑誌 17 明治17年7-9月 221-233号 |publisher=Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (日本経済評論社) |date=1884 |language=ja |volume=17 |issue=224 |page=109 |location=Tokyo, Japan |id={{NCID|AN00329943}} |script-title=ja:経済学釈義 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2785659?urlappend=%3Bseq=137 |hdl=2027/uc1.c2785659}}</ref>{{efn|reference=
* Bibliographic information of the original magazine article: {{cite journal |journal=Tōkyō keizai zasshi |author=経済記者 |trans-title=Lecture on economics |script-title=ja:経済学釈義 |page=109 |date=1884-07-26 |volume=10 |issue=224 |publisher=Keizai Zasshisha |language=ja |id={{NCID|AN00159377}}}} ([[Meiji (era)]] 17 = 1884 CE)
* p109 quote:
{{Poemquote|text=ヂゲム ヂゲム
ゴコーノスーリキリ
カイヂャリスイギョ
スギヨバチャ
カイポ カイポ
カイポノシリヲ
グリンダ グリンダ
グリンダノチョースケガ
アノヤマコエテ
コノヤマコエテ
コエテ コエテノ
ヲポポイノポイマ}}
* Note (not in text): The article is a lecture on [[economics]]. The author cites "that story of naming a child 'Jigemujigemu...'" as a metaphor to ridicule his opponent's theory. No source is mentioned.}} and the full story in a 1912 book.<ref name="Fukuenyu1912_Jugemu" /> Another 1912 document suggests that the {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} story of "Jugemu" may have existed by the mid-19th century.<ref name="KaidannoShodo1912">Biography of a rakugo performer Hayashiya Shōzō the Fifth ([[:ja:林家正蔵#5代目]]). Published as a [[serial (literature)]] on a Japanese newspaper.
* {{cite news |trans-title=Shōdō, virtuoso of horror rakugo (1) |script-title=ja:怪談の正童（1）|newspaper=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] |location=Japan |date=1912-04-08 |author=Fuku (ふく生) |page=3 |language=ja}}
** excerpts: Hayashiya Shōdō is now 89 years old. He recently changed his stage-name from Shōzō to Shōdō.
** excerpts: When he was 18 years old (in [[East Asian age reckoning#Japan]]), he entered apprenticeship to rakugo master Hayashiya Shōzō the Second ([[:ja:林家正蔵#2代目]]).
* {{cite news |trans-title=Shōdō, virtuoso of horror rakugo (2) |script-title=ja:怪談の正童（2）|newspaper=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] |location=Japan |date=1912-04-09 |author=Fuku (ふく生) |page=3 |language=ja}}
** excerpts: He received a stage-name Shōkyō. His "Jigemu Jigemu" performance was good. Master Hayashiya Shōzō (the Second) was impressed, so adopted Shōkyō as a son.
** excerpts: But Shōkyō became arrogant. When he was 22 years old (in East Asian age reckoning), during around the [[Ansei]] era, he ran away from Master.
* {{cite news |trans-title=Shōdō, virtuoso of horror rakugo (4) |script-title=ja:怪談の正童（4）|newspaper=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] |location=Japan |date=1912-04-11 |author=Fuku (ふく生) |page=3 |language=ja}}
** excerpts: Years later, when Shōkyō came back, he found that Master Hayashiya Shōzō had already died in Ansei 5.
* Notes (not in the text):
** The article describes that Shōkyō runaway was in [[Ansei]] era, approximately 1855–1860 CE. However, this does not match with his age "22", which is calculated to be roughly around 1845 (1912 CE - 89 years old + 22 years old =1845 CE). But in either case, the article is suggesting that "Jigemu Jigemu" existed before 1860.
** No information about the storyline of the said "Jigemu Jigemu".
</ref>

According to a memoire published in 1927, there was another {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} performed around the 1880s.<ref name="Noguchi1927">{{cite journal |journal=日印協会会報 (Bulletin of Japan-India Association) |publisher=[[Japan-India Association]] |last=Noguchi<!--野口--> |first=Fukudo<!--復堂--> |trans-title=My journey to India 40 years ago |script-title=ja:四十年前の印度旅行 |date=1927-11-18 |issue=42 |pages=95–96 |language=ja |location=Tokyo, Japan |id=NDLBibID 000008858223}}</ref>{{efn|
*pp71-102: Full text of Noguchi's travelogue.
**p72: Noguchi leaves [[Kobe]], Japan, on September 9, 1888, heading India.
**pp95-96: Episode of the long-name tale.
**p95: At [[Madras]], Noguchi attends an international conference. For his turn of [[after-dinner speech]], he chooses a tale he heard before at a {{transliteration|ja|[[yose]]}} (rakugo theater) in [[Kyoto]].
**p96: The original punchline is: "The father calls out his son's name. A voice is heard down from the well, bubbling 'a-dabu-dabu-dabu'." But this punchline requires knowledge of how Buddhist chants are used in Japan. So, to suit the international audience, Noguchi changed the finale to "But it was too late!"
* Note (not in the article): This article indicates the original rakugo performance in Kyoto existed before 1888.}} In it, the first child is named by a [[Shinto priest]], but dies in infancy; the parents ask a [[Buddhist priest]] to name their second child. The name is {{transliteration|ja|Animanimanimamane shiresharite shyamiyashyai taisentemokutemokute aishabisoishabi shaeashae shamiyaarokyabashabishyani abendaranebite atandahareshite ukuremukure arareharare shugyashiasanmasanbi budabikkiridjitchi darumaharishude sogyanekushane bashabashashudaimandarā}},<ref name="Noguchi1930">A 1930 reprint of Noguchi1927 with corrections: {{cite book |author=Fukudō Noguchi Zenshirō (復堂 野口善四郎) |date=1930-01-04 |chapter-url={{NDLDC|1151509|/1/228|format=url}} |script-chapter=ja:四十二年前の印度旅行 |trans-chapter=My journey to India 42 years ago |script-title=ja:大鼎呂 |language=ja |location=東京 |publisher=二酉社 二酉名著刊行会 |pages=68–70 |doi=10.11501/1151509}}</ref>{{efn|
*This book has no book-wide pagination. The travelogue's local pagination range is pp1–88.
**p4: Noguchi leaves Kobe, Japan, on September 9, 1888, heading India.
**pp68–70: Episode of the long-name tale.
**p69 (corrected version of the child's name): {{lang|ja|アニマニマニママネ、シレシヤリテ、シヤミヤシヤイ、タイセンテモクテモクテ、アイシヤビソイシヤビ、シヤエアシヤエ、シヤミヤアロキヤバシヤビシヤニ、アベンダラネビテ、アタンダハレシテ、ウクレムクレ、アラレハラレ、シユギヤシアサンマサンビ、ブダビツキリヂツチ、ダルマハリシユデ、ソギヤネクシヤネ、バシヤバシヤシユダイマンダラー}}}} taken from a [[dharani]] ([[Buddhist chant]]) in chapter 26 of the [[Lotus Sutra]]. One day the child falls into a well and drowns; the [[punchline]] is [[dark humor]] relating Buddhist chants to [[Japanese funeral]]s.<ref name="Noguchi1930" /><ref name="NewYorkTimes2008">In modern Japan, Buddhism rites are mostly associated with funerals: {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/world/asia/14japan.html |title=In Japan, Buddhism May Be Dying Out |date=2008-07-14 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=New York Times |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124012355/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/world/asia/14japan.html/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>"dabudabu" can mean the watery noise of drowning, or the sound of a Buddhist chant: {{cite encyclopedia |title=dabudabu |script-title=ja:だぶだぶ |date=2006 |encyclopedia=[[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]] Concise edition (精選版 日本国語大辞典) via [[Kotobank]] |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%B6%E3%81%A0%E3%81%B6-562334 |access-date=2022-07-03 |trans-quote=(1-1) Depiction of [[sloshing]]; (1-5) Chanting a Buddhist chant. From "dabutsu" (from [[Amitābha]])}}</ref> This version is titled "{{Nihongo||長名|Nagana}}".<ref name="KatsuraBeicho_Notes2_2020" /> By the mid-20th century, it was no longer performed.<ref name="KatsuraBeicho_Notes2_2020">{{cite book |trans-title=Kamigata rakugo, my research book 2 |script-title=ja:上方落語ノート第二集 |script-chapter=ja:長名について |publisher=Iwanami Shoten |date=2020-04-16 |pages=186–187 |author=Katsura Beicho III (桂米朝) |language=ja |isbn=978-4-00-602320-1 |orig-date=1985}}</ref>

"Jugemu" is performed not only in {{transliteration|ja|[[yose]]}} ({{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} theaters), but also to other audiences and on mass media, especially for children.

"Jugemu" was on a 1926 newspaper's radio broadcast program, with the full name printed.<ref name="YomiuriShimbun19260108">{{cite news |title=Yomiuri radio section |script-title=ja:よみうりラヂオ版 |newspaper=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] |location=Japan |date=1926-01-08 |pages=9–10 |language=ja}}</ref> There was another broadcast in 1932, this time for children, and the name printed on newspaper again.<ref name="AsahiShimbun19330726">{{cite news |trans-title="Jugemu"'s Chosuke – a baby's long long name (Rakugo. 7:50 PM) by Yanagiya Gontaro |script-title=ja:『壽限無』の長助 - 長い長い赤ちゃんの名前（後7時50分落語）柳家権太楼 |newspaper=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |location=Japan |date=1932-07-26 |page=9 |language=ja}}</ref> The story is told in children's magazines from as early as 1926.<ref name="ShonenKurabu1926-06">{{cite journal |journal=[[Shōnen Club]] |author=Nonkiya Kiraku (呑気屋気楽) |title=rakugo Jugemu |script-title=ja:落語 寿限無 |volume=13 |date=1926-06-01 |publisher=Dainihon Yūbenkai ([[Kodansha]]) |language=ja |location=Tokyo, Japan |oclc=6083714 |id={{NCID|AA11256668}}}}</ref> Even a prominent Japanese dictionary {{transliteration|ja|[[Kōjien]]}} describes the full name, since its 1991 edition.<ref name="Kojien1991">{{cite encyclopedia |script-title=ja:じゅげむ【寿限無】|page=1230 |encyclopedia=[[Kōjien]] |edition=Edition 4, print 2 |publisher=[[Iwanami Shoten]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |orig-date=Edition 1:1955; Edition 4 print 1:1991-11-15 |date=1992-11-17 |editor=Shinmura Izuru |language=ja |isbn=4-00-080103-1}}</ref> Television stations broadcast it also in children's programs.<ref name="NHK_eTV19890508">Example: {{cite web |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/chronicle/detail/?crnid=A198905081030001300200 |script-title=ja:番組名 にんぎょうげき「じゅげむ じゅげむ」|access-date=2022-07-05 |website=NHK Chronicle |script-quote=ja:放送日時 アナログ教育 1989年05月08日（月）午前10:30 - 午前10:45 |language=ja |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220705171853/https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/chronicle/detail/?crnid=A198905081030001300200 |archive-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> In 2003, [[NHK]] children's TV program {{transliteration|ja|Nihongo de Asobō}} ("Let's play with [[Japanese language]]") featured a game of reciting the name from memory. The program proved popular.<ref name="Sakagami2011">{{cite journal |journal=チャイルド・サイエンス |trans-title=Some thoughts on media for children, discourse, and culture – observations from attending the 37th ''Japan Prize'' competition convention |script-title=ja:子どもメディア・言葉と文化をめぐる考察 - 第37 回「日本賞」教育コンテンツ国際コンクールから |volume=7 (2010年度) |page=29 |last=Sakaue<!--坂上--><!--[https://kodomogakkai.jp/pdf/vol_10_sakaue.pdf p33「さかうえひろこ」]--> |first=Hiroko<!--浩子--> |date=2011-03-01 |url=https://kodomogakkai.jp/m/pdf/vol_7_sakagami.pdf |publisher=Japanese Society of Child Science (日本こども学会) |location=Tokyo, Japan |language=ja |access-date=2021-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210115701/https://kodomogakkai.jp/m/pdf/vol_7_sakagami.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-10 |url-status=live}} (TOC: [https://kodomogakkai.jp/03/07.html 学会誌『チャイルド・サイエンスVOL.7』2011年03月発刊]) (日本賞=[[Japan Prize (NHK)]])</ref> There were schools that make all pupils memorize and recite it.<ref name="MainichiShimbun20031127">{{cite web |url=http://www.mainichi.co.jp/edu/edunews/0311/27-1.html |trans-title="Jugemu" now on CD and entering classrooms. Everybody recites in Oyabe elementary school, [[Yokosuka]]. |script-title=ja:「寿限無」CD化、授業にも 横須賀の大矢部小では全員で暗唱 |access-date=2022-02-03 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |date=2003-11-27 |website=Mainich Interactive (毎日インタラクティブ) |trans-quote=from [[Mainichi Shimbun]] 27 November 2003 [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]] local edition |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203235208/http://www.mainichi.co.jp/edu/edunews/0311/27-1.html |archive-date=2003-12-03}}</ref>

Since 2005, several elementary school textbooks include "Jugemu".<ref name="Nakashima2005">{{cite thesis |journal=MANABIYA Journal of Teaching Course, Aichi Shukutoku University |title=Adoption of Japanese Classics in the 2005 edition of Japanese Language Textbooks for Elementary Schools |page=71 |last=Nakashima<!--中嶋--> |first=Mayumi<!--真弓--> |date=2008-03-31 |issue=3 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10638/987 |publisher=[[Aichi Shukutoku University]] |location=Japan |hdl=10638/987 |language=ja |issn=1881-0306}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
{{In popular culture|section|date=September 2018}}

[[Lakitu]], the cloud-riding turtle-dropping enemy character of the ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' video game series is called 'Jugemu' in Japanese versions of the game. In a similar reference, the eggs Lakitu drop, which turn into Spinies, are referred to as 'Paipo' in Japan, despite only being referred to as "Spiny's Eggs" or "Spiny Eggs" in English.<ref>[http://legendsoflocalization.com/super-mario-bros/names/ Legends Of Localization: Super Mario Bros.]</ref> The spiked balls thrown by Spikes and blown in the air by Ptooies are called {{transliteration|ja|shūringan}} in another reference. Additionally, two Lakitus by the name of Lakilester and Lakilulu are named 'Pokopī' and 'Pokona' in the Japanese version of ''[[Paper Mario]]''.

Jugemu's full name is quoted in the song {{nihongo||盛者必衰の理、お断り|"Jousha Hissui No Kotowari, Okotowari"}} by Japanese rock band [[KANA-BOON]]. 	

Jugemu (#40) is a colossal underground monster appearing to be only a tiny twig with a single leaf on the surface in the video game ''[[Star Ocean: Blue Sphere]]''.

"Jugemu-jugemu gokōnosurikire [[Sammy Davis Jr.|sammy-davis]] [[broiler chicken|broilerchicken]]" is the chant Sasami uses to turn into Pretty Sammy in the Japanese [[anime]] ''[[Magical Girl Pretty Sammy]]''.

In a short included as a DVD extra for the ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood]]'' [[anime]] series, the character known only by the [[mononym]] "[[Scar (Fullmetal Alchemist)|Scar]]" reveals he shares his name with Jugemu; the character [[King Bradley]] (who is known to have adopted the name Bradley, originally bearing only the moniker "Wrath") then reveals that it happens to be his real name as well (though Bradley's voice actor repeatedly misses the third "Paipo"). They continue saying it while preparing for battle, until Scar, in reciting the name, accidentally bites his tongue.

''[[Gin Tama|Gintama]]'' has a monkey whose full name also starts with "Jugemu Jugemu", known for his [[vulgarity|vulgar]] habits. Trying to find a middle ground, the main characters have adopted a very long name which included insults regarding [[feces]], certain species of [[fish]] and [[squid]], as well as references to ''[[Final Fantasy IV]]'' and the Japanese rock duo [[B'z]].

Jugemu's full name is recited in the lyrics of {{transliteration|ja|"[[Nippon Egao Hyakkei]]"}}, the ending theme to {{transliteration|ja|[[Joshiraku]]}}, a manga and anime about a troupe of female {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} performers.

Lucy from ''[[Servant × Service]]'' also shares the similar fate as Jugemu (having a long name with a similar origin) and when she first reveals her name her co-workers remark that she is a "modern day Jugemu Jugemu".

In [[Capcom]]'s ''[[Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Spirit of Justice]]'' (2016), case 4, "Turnabout Storyteller", contains multiple references to different {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}}, including Jugemu. At the beginning of the trial, the prosecutor Nahyuta Sahdmadhi is questioned about his knowledge on {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}}, and in response offers to read Jugemu, and begins the story, before being cut off by Athena Cykes in order to return focus to the trial at hand. In the original Japanese version, he instead recites the full name of Jugemu. A character appearing in the case, Geiru Toneido, also has a dog called Jugemu, named after the story. Later in the game, it is revealed that one of the game's antagonists, Inga Karkhuul Khura'in, in reality has a Jugemu-esque name: Inga Karkhuul Haw'kohd Dis'nahm Bi'ahni Lawga Ormo Pohmpus Da'nit Ar'edi Iz Khura'in III; his middle names are pronounced as "How could this name be any longer or more pompous than it already is?"

Jugemu's name is featured prominently in an episode of {{transliteration|ja|[[Shōwa Genroku Rakugo Shinjū]]}}. Two of the main characters perform it for a kindergarten their son attends.

In ''[[Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade]]'', ''[[Miku Flick/02]]'', and ''[[Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Future Tone]]'', a Vocaloid producer named "Vocaliod-P" made a song named "Jugemu Sequencer" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/nm12290697|title = 【VocaliodP】Jugemu Sequencer【ProjectDIVA_AC応募曲】|date = October 2010}}</ref> which was inspired by Jugemu. This song has reached the Hall of Fame.

In episode 21 of ''[[Kamen Rider Fourze]]'', the {{transliteration|ja|rakugo}} club can be heard practicing Jugemu when JK and Ryusei come to speak to one of the members.

In episode 33 of ''[[Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure]]'', the five main characters come up with new attack names. Instead of choosing one, they combine them all into a really long attack name with several words from Jugemu's full name being a part of it.

In ''[[Overlord (novel series)|Overlord]]'', many members of the Goblin Troop are named after Jugemu Jugemu, such as "Gokou", "Unlai", and "Yaburo".

In the manga series [[Akane-banashi]], the protagonist Akane, a trainee Rakugo performer, is challenged to win a Rakugo competition by performing the Jugemu story.

Two minor characters from [[One Piece]] are named Jugemu Jugemuko and Chokyumei-no Chosuke.

==See also==
*[[Japanese folktale]]
* Non-fictional persons with long Jugemu-esque names:
** [[Mary Kawena Pukui|Mary Abigail Kawenaʻulaokalaniahiʻiakaikapoliopele Naleilehuaapele Wiggin Pukui]], a Hawaiian scholar, author, composer, hula expert and educator
** [[Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff Sr.|Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus {{shy|Wolfeschlegel|steinhausen|bergerdorff|welche|vor|altern|waren|gewissenhaft|schafers|wessen|schafe|waren|wohl|gepflege|und|sorgfaltigkeit|beschutzen|vor|angreifen|durch|ihr|raubgierig|feinde|welche|vor|altern|zwolfhundert|tausend|jahres|voran|die|erscheinen|von|der|erste|erdemensch|der|raumschiff|genacht|mit|tungstein|und|sieben|iridium|elektrisch|motors|gebrauch|licht|als|sein|ursprung|von|kraft|gestart|sein|lange|fahrt|hinzwischen|sternartig|raum|auf|der|suchen|nachbarschaft|der|stern|welche|gehabt|bewohnbar|planeten|kreise|drehen|sich|und|wohin|der|neue|rasse|von|verstandig|menschlichkeit|konnte|fortpflanzen|und|sich|erfreuen|an|lebenslanglich|freude|und|ruhe|mit|nicht|ein|furcht|vor|angreifen|vor|anderer|intelligent|geschopfs|von|hinzwischen|sternartig|raum}} Sr.]], American typesetter who held the record for the longest personal name ever used.
** [[Leone Sextus Tollemache|Leone Sextus Denys Oswolf Fraudatifilius Tollemache-Tollemache de Orellana Plantagenet Tollemache-Tollemache]], British Army captain in World War I.
** [[Alfonso de Borbón y Borbón|Alfonso María Isabel Francisco Eugenio Gabriel Pedro Sebastián Pelayo Fernando Francisco de Paula Pío Miguel Rafael Juan José Joaquín Ana Zacarias Elisabeth Simeón Tereso Pedro Pablo Tadeo Santiago Simón Lucas Juan Mateo Andrés Bartolomé Ambrosio Geronimo Agustín Bernardo Candido Gerardo Luis-Gonzaga Filomeno Camilo Cayetano Andrés-Avelino Bruno Joaquín-Picolimini Felipe Luis-Rey-de-Francia Ricardo Esteban-Protomártir Genaro Nicolás Estanislao-de-Koska Lorenzo Vicente Crisostomo Cristano Darío Ignacio Francisco-Javier Francisco-de-Borja Higona Clemente Esteban-de-Hungría Ladislado Enrique Ildefonso Hermenegildo Carlos-Borromeo Eduardo Francisco-Régis Vicente-Ferrer Pascual Miguel-de-los-Santos Adriano Venancio Valentín Benito José-Oriol Domingo Florencio Alfacio Benére Domingo-de-Silos Ramón Isidro Manuel Antonio Todos-los-Santos de Borbón y Borbón]], Spanish nobleman with 88 forenames
* [[Cneoridium dumosum (Nuttall) Hooker F. Collected March 26, 1960, at an Elevation of about 1450 Meters on Cerro Quemazón, 15 Miles South of Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California, México, Apparently for a Southeastward Range Extension of Some 140 Miles]], record holder for the longest article title on Wikipedia

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=寿限無 |url=http://d.hatena.ne.jp/R-HAJIME/20080103 |website=古典落語109 |date=2 January 2008 |access-date=17 January 2012}}
*{{cite serial
 | first1=Shinoharu
 | last1=Tatekawa
 | author-link1=Shinoharu Tatekawa
 | date=20 June 2016
 | title=Rakugo "'Jugem'"
 | series=Rakugo - Japanese traditional style comedy (FM radio broadcast)
 | number=6
 | language=en
 | url=https://podcasts.tfm.co.jp/podcasts/tokyo/rakugo/rakugo_en_20160620.mp3
 | access-date=9 November 2019
 | format=mp3
 | network=Tokyo FM
 | publication-place=Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rakugo]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese literature]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]