View source for Josip Broz Tito

{{Short description|Leader of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980}}
{{Redirect2|Tito|Josip Broz|other people with the same name|Tito (disambiguation)|his grandson|Joška Broz}}
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{{Use British English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{very long|date=April 2025|words=15,200}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Josip Broz Tito
| native_name         = {{nobold|Јосип Броз Тито}}
| image               = Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg
| image_size          = 
| caption             = Official portrait, 1962
| office              = [[President of Yugoslavia]]
| vicepresident       = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= {{nowrap|[[Aleksandar Ranković]] (1963–1966)}} <br> [[Koča Popović]] (1966–1967) }}
| primeminister       = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=''Himself'' (1944–1963) <br> [[Petar Stambolić]] (1963–1967) <br> [[Mika Špiljak]] (1967–1969) <br> [[Mitja Ribičič]] (1969–1971) <br> [[Džemal Bijedić]] (1971–1977) <br> [[Veselin Đuranović]] (1977–1980)}}
| term_start          = 14 January 1953
| term_end            = 4 May 1980
| predecessor         = [[Ivan Ribar]]{{ref label|a|a}}
| successor           = [[Lazar Koliševski]]{{ref label|b|b}}
| office1             = [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]]
| president1          = Ivan Ribar <br> ''Himself'' (from 1953)
| term_start1         = 2 November 1944
| term_end1           = 29 June 1963
| predecessor1        = [[Ivan Šubašić]]
| successor1          = [[Petar Stambolić]]
| office2             = [[President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|President]] of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
| term_start2         = 5 January 1939
| term_end2           = 4 May 1980
| predecessor2        = [[Milan Gorkić]]{{ref label|c|c}}
| successor2          = [[Stevan Doronjski]]{{ref label|d|d}}
| office3             = 1st [[Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start3         = 1 September 1961
| term_end3           = 5 October 1964
| predecessor3        = ''Office established''
| successor3          = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| birth_name          = Josip Broz
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1892|5|7|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Kumrovec]], Austria-Hungary
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1980|5|4|1892|5|7|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Ljubljana]], Yugoslavia
| restingplace        = [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], [[Belgrade]], Serbia
| restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|44|47|12|N|20|27|06|E}}
| spouse              = {{ubl|{{marriage|{{ill|Pelageya Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}|1920|1936|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|{{ill|Anna Koenig|sh|Lucija Bauer}}|1936|1937|end=[[Great Purge|died]]}}|{{marriage|[[Herta Haas]]|1940|1943|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Jovanka Budisavljević]]|1952}}
}}
| partner             = [[Davorjanka Paunović]] (1943⁠–⁠1946)
| children            = 5, including {{ill|Žarko Broz|lt=Žarko|sh|Žarko Broz}}, [[Mišo Broz|Mišo]]
| party               = [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (1920–1980)<br />[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia]] (1910–1916){{sfn|Dedijer|1952|p=25}}
| allegiance          = {{tree list}}
* [[Austria-Hungary]]
* [[Russian SFSR]]
* [[Yugoslavia]]
{{tree list/end}}
| branch              = [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]<br />[[Red Army]]<br />[[Yugoslav People's Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1913–1915<br />1918–1920<br />1941–1980
| rank                = [[Marshal of Yugoslavia|Marshal]]
| commands            = [[Yugoslav Partisans|National Liberation Army]]<br />Yugoslav People's Army<br />(supreme commander)
| battles             = [[World War I]]<br />[[Russian Civil War]]<br />[[World War II]]
| awards              = [[Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito|Full list]]
| signature           = Tito signature.svg
| footnotes           = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background: lavender;
| title = Central institution membership
| bullets = on
| 1934–1980: Member, [[Politburo of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Politburo of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Executive Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Executive Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Presidency of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]], [[Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|9th]], [[Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th]], [[Presidency of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|11th]] Presidency
| 1936–1966: Member, [[Secretariat of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Secretariat of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Secretariat of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Secretariat of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]] Secretariat
| 1934–1980: Member, [[Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]], [[Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th]], [[Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|11th]] Central Committee
}}
----
{{Plainlist |indent=0.6 | {{Ordered list |list_style_type=lower-alpha |item_style=text-align: left;
| {{note|a}} As [[President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly]].
| {{note|b}} As [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia|President of the Presidency]].
| {{note|c}} As General Secretary of the [[Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Central Committee]]
| {{note|d}} As President of the [[Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Presidency of the LCY]]
}} }}
| relations           = [[Joška Broz]] (grandson)<br>[[Svetlana Broz]] (granddaughter)<br>[[Saša Broz]] (granddaughter)
}}
'''Josip Broz'''{{efn|{{lang-sh-Cyrl|Јосип Броз}}, {{IPA|sh|jǒsip brôːz|pron|audio=Sr-JosipBrozTito.ogg}}}} (7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as '''Tito''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|t|oʊ}} {{Respell|TEE|toh}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Tito|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tito|access-date=10 March 2023|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|{{lang-sh-Cyrl|links=no|Тито}}, {{IPA|sh|tîto|pron}}}} was a [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] communist revolutionary and politician.<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito |title=Josip Broz Tito |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=27 April 2010|quote=Tito was faced with a choice: either continue the Westward course and give up one-party dictatorship (an idea promoted by Milovan Djilas but rejected by Tito in January 1954) ...}}</ref> During [[World War II]], he led the [[Yugoslav Partisans]], often regarded as the most effective [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movement]] in [[German-occupied Europe]].<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress">{{cite book|author-first=Rhodri |author-last=Jeffreys-Jones |title=In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&pg=PA87 |year= 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-958097-2 |page=87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Batinić |first=Jelena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVwCQAAQBAJ |title=Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1107091078 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> Tito led Yugoslavia as [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|prime minister]] from 1944 to 1963, and as [[President of Yugoslavia|president]] from 1953 until his death in 1980. The political ideology and policies promulgated by Tito are known as [[Titoism]].

Tito was born to a [[Croat]] father and a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] mother in [[Kumrovec]] in present-day [[Croatia]], then part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest [[sergeant major]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during [[World War I]], he was sent to a work camp in the [[Ural Mountains]]. Tito participated in some events of the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917 and the subsequent [[Russian Civil War]]. Upon his return to the [[Balkans]] in 1920, he entered the newly established [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], where he joined the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]]. Having assumed de facto control over the party by 1937, Tito was formally elected its general secretary in 1939 and later its president, the title he held until his death. During [[World War II]], after the [[World War II in Yugoslavia|Nazi invasion of the area]], he led the Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]] (1941–1945).<ref>{{cite book |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall|last=Bremmer|first=Ian|year=2007|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7472-2|page=175}}</ref> By the end of the war, the Partisans, with [[Yugoslavia and the Allies|the Allies' backing]] since late 1943, took power in Yugoslavia.

After the war, Tito served as the [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|prime minister]] (1944–1963), [[President of Yugoslavia|president]] (1953–1980; from 1974 [[president for life]]), and [[marshal of Yugoslavia]], the highest rank of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA). In 1945, under his leadership, Yugoslavia became a [[communist state]], which was eventually renamed the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Despite being one of the founders of the [[Cominform]], his party became the first member of the organisation—and he the only leader during [[Joseph Stalin]]’s lifetime—to defy [[Soviet hegemony]] in the [[Eastern Bloc]], resulting in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the organisation in 1948 in what became known as the [[Tito–Stalin split]]. In the following years, alongside other political leaders and Marxist theorists such as [[Edvard Kardelj]] and [[Milovan Đilas]], he initiated the idiosyncratic model of [[socialist self-management]] in which firms were managed by [[workers' council]]s and all workers were entitled to [[workplace democracy]] and equal [[share of profits]]. Tito wavered between supporting a centralised or more decentralised federation and ended up favouring the latter to keep [[ethnic tension]]s under control; thus, the constitution was gradually developed to delegate as much power as possible to each republic in keeping with the Marxist theory of [[withering away of the state]]. He envisaged the SFR of Yugoslavia as a "federal republic of equal nations and nationalities, freely united on the principle of [[brotherhood and unity]] in achieving specific and common interest." A very powerful [[cult of personality]] arose around him, which the League of Communists of Yugoslavia maintained even after his death. After Tito's death, Yugoslavia's leadership was transformed into an annually rotating presidency to give representation to all of its nationalities and prevent the emergence of an authoritarian leader. Twelve years later, as [[Revolutions of 1989|communism collapsed in Eastern Europe]] and ethnic tensions escalated, Yugoslavia [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|dissolved]] and descended into [[Yugoslav Wars|a series of interethnic wars]].

Historians critical of Tito view his presidency as [[authoritarian]]<ref name="Andjelic">{{cite book|author-last=Andjelic |author-first=Neven |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy |publisher=Frank Cass |year=2003 |page=36 |isbn=978-0-7146-5485-0}}</ref>{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} and see him as a dictator,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Walter R. |title=Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies 1941–1945 |date=1973 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |page=309 |quote=Churchill, who said that Tito was a dictator ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pavlowitch |first1=Stevan K. |title=Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment |date=1992 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, OH}}</ref> while others characterise him as a [[benevolent dictator]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Shapiro |author-first1=Susan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqWFQ1WKlkC&pg=PA180 |title=The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe |author-last2=Shapiro |author-first2=Ronald |publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1672-1 |pages=180 |quote=...All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism. |ref=Shapiro_2004}}</ref> He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=26 May 1977 |title=At 85, Tito Looks Healthy and Wealthy, Is Called Wise |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bokovoy |first1=Melissa Katherine |last2=Irvine |first2=Jill A. |last3=Lilly |first3=Carol S. |title=State-society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 |page=36 |isbn=0-312-12690-5 |quote=...Of course, Tito was a popular figure, both in Yugoslavia and outside it, and he was respected internationally, including by the leadership of both superpowers.}}</ref> and remains such in the former countries of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pantovic |first=Milivoje |date=16 November 2016 |title=Vucic Rivals Tito as Serbia's Best Leader, Poll Shows |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/11/16/vucic-still-less-popular-than-tito-11-16-2016/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=BalkanInsight}}</ref> Tito was viewed as a unifying symbol,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cottam |first1=Martha L. |last2=Dietz-Uhler |first2=Beth |last3=Mastors |first3=Elena |last4=Preston |first4=Thomas |title=Introduction to political psychology |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2009 |page=243 |isbn=978-1-84872-881-3 |quote=...Tito himself became a unifying symbol. He was charismatic and very popular among the citizens of Yugoslavia.}}</ref> with his internal policies maintaining the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as a co-founder of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], alongside [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of India, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of Egypt, [[Kwame Nkrumah]] of Ghana, and [[Sukarno]] of Indonesia.<ref name="nonaligned-chief">{{cite book |last=Willetts |first=Peter |title=The Non-aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance |year=1978 |page=xiv}}</ref> With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both [[Cold War]] blocs, he received a total of [[List of awards and honours received by Josip Broz Tito|98 foreign decorations]], including the [[Legion of Honour]] and the [[Order of the Bath]].

==Early life==
===Pre-World War I===
{{stack|float=left|[[File:Tito hiša1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Tito's birthplace in the village of [[Kumrovec]], Croatia]]}}
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892{{refn|group=lower-alpha|After Tito became president of Yugoslavia, he celebrated his birthday on 25 May to mark [[Operation Rösselsprung (1944)|the unsuccessful 1944 Nazi attempt on his life]]. The Germans found forged documents that stated 25 May was Tito's birthday and attacked him on that day.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=43}}}} in [[Kumrovec]], a village in the northern Croatian region of [[Zagorje]]. At the time it was part of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Despite there being "not the slightest doubt" about the name, date and location of Tito's birth, many people in all parts of the former Yugoslavia give credence to various rumours about his origins.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=42}} (see the section {{section link||Language and identity dispute}})}} He was the seventh or eighth child of Franjo Broz and Marija née Javeršek. His parents had already had a number of children die in early infancy.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=44}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=44}} Broz was christened and raised as a [[Roman Catholic]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=45}} His father, Franjo, was a [[Croat]] whose family had lived in the village for three centuries, while his mother, Marija, was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] from the village of [[Podsreda]]. Franjo Broz had inherited a {{convert|10|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} estate and a good house, but he was unable to make a success of farming. Josip spent a significant proportion of his pre-school years living with his maternal grandparents at Podsreda, where he became a favourite of his grandfather Martin Javeršek. By the time he returned to Kumrovec to begin school, he spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]] better than [[Croatian language|Croatian]],{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} and had learned to play the piano.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=46}} Despite his mixed parentage, Broz identified as a Croat like his father and neighbours.{{sfn|Minahan|1998|p=50}}{{sfn|Lee|1993|p=9}}{{sfn|Laqueur|1976|p=218}}

In July 1900,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=46}} at age eight, Broz entered primary school at Kumrovec. He completed four years of school,{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} failing 2nd grade and graduating in 1905.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}} As a result of his limited schooling, throughout his life, Tito was poor at spelling. After leaving school, he initially worked for a maternal uncle and then on his parents' family farm.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} In 1907, his father wanted him to emigrate to the [[United States]] but could not raise the money for the voyage.{{sfn|West|1995|p=32}}

Instead, aged 15 years, Broz left Kumrovec and travelled about {{convert|60|mi|km|order=flip}} south to [[Sisak]], where his cousin Jurica Broz was doing army service. Jurica helped him get a job in a restaurant, but Broz soon got tired of that work. He approached a [[Czechs|Czech]] [[locksmith]], Nikola Karas, for a three-year apprenticeship, which included training, food, and [[room and board]]. As his father could not afford to pay for his work clothing, Broz paid for it himself. Soon after, his younger brother Stjepan also became apprenticed to Karas.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=5–6}}

During his apprenticeship, Broz was encouraged to mark [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] in 1909, and he read and sold ''Slobodna Reč'' ({{lit|Free Word}}), a socialist newspaper. After completing his apprenticeship in September 1910, Broz used his contacts to gain employment in [[Zagreb]]. At age 18, he joined the Metal Workers' Union and participated in his first labour protest.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=6}} He also joined the [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia]].{{sfn|Dedijer|1952|p=25}}

He returned home in December 1910.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=54}} In early 1911, he began a series of moves in search of work, first in [[Ljubljana]], then [[Trieste]], Kumrovec and Zagreb, where he worked repairing bicycles. He joined his first strike action on May Day 1911.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=6}} After a brief period of work in Ljubljana,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=54}} between May 1911 and May 1912, he worked in a factory in [[Kamnik]] in the [[Kamnik–Savinja Alps]]. After it closed, he was offered redeployment to [[Čenkov]] in [[History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)|Bohemia]]. On arriving at his new workplace, he discovered that the employer was trying to bring in cheaper labour to replace the local Czech workers, and he and others joined successful strike action to force the employer to back down.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ridley notes that since his death, there have been stories written about this period in his life, some of which state that he married a Czech girl in 1912, with whom he had a son. According to Ridley, these stories are "almost impossible to verify".{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=55}}}}

Driven by curiosity, Broz moved to [[Plzeň]], where he was briefly employed at the [[Škoda Works]]. He next travelled to [[Munich]] in [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. He also worked at the [[Mercedes-Benz|Benz]] car factory in [[Mannheim]] and visited the [[Ruhr]] industrial region. By October 1912, he had reached Vienna. He stayed with his older brother Martin and his family and worked at the Griedl Works before getting a job at [[Wiener Neustadt]]. There he worked for [[Austro-Daimler]] and was often asked to drive and test the cars.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=55–56}} During this time, he spent considerable time [[fencing]] and dancing,{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=55}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=6–7}} and during his training and early work life, he also learned German and passable [[Czech language|Czech]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ridley notes that some popular biographers falsely claim that he married for a second time in Vienna and had a son.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=57}}}}

===World War I===
In May 1913,{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}} Broz was [[conscript]]ed into the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=58}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|When he was conscripted into the army, his date of birth was recorded as 5 March 1892.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=43}}}} for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested to serve with the [[Royal Croatian Home Guard|25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment]] garrisoned in Zagreb. After learning to ski during the winter of 1913 and 1914, Broz was sent to a school for [[non-commissioned officer]]s (NCO) in [[Budapest]],{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} after which he was promoted to [[sergeant major]]. At age 22, he was the youngest of that rank in his regiment.{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Vinterhalter states that he was promoted to sergeant after completing non-commissioned officer (NCO) training.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=64}}}} At least one source states that he was the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=59}} After winning the regimental fencing competition,{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} Broz came in second in the army fencing championships in Budapest in May 1914.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=59}}

Soon after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment marched toward the [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] border. Broz was arrested for [[sedition]] and imprisoned in the [[Petrovaradin fortress]] in present-day [[Novi Sad]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=62}} He later gave conflicting accounts of this arrest, telling one biographer that he had threatened to desert to the Russian side but also claiming that the whole matter arose from a clerical error.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} A third version was that he had been overheard saying that he hoped the Austro-Hungarian Empire would be defeated.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=40}} After his acquittal and release,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=62–63}} his regiment served briefly on the [[Serbian Campaign of World War I|Serbian Front]] before being deployed to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in early 1915 to fight against [[Russian Empire|Russia]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} In his account of his military service, Broz did not mention that he participated in the failed Austrian invasion of Serbia, instead giving the misleading impression that he fought only in Galicia, as it would have offended Serbian opinion to know that he fought in 1914 for the Habsburgs against them.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=40}} On one occasion, the [[Reconnaissance|scout]] [[platoon]] he commanded went behind the enemy lines and captured 80 Russian soldiers, bringing them back to their own lines alive. In 1980 it was discovered that Broz had been recommended for an award for gallantry and initiative in reconnaissance and capturing prisoners.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=41–42}} Tito's biographer Richard West wrote that Tito actually downplayed his military record as the Austrian Army records showed that he was a brave soldier, which contradicted his later claim to have opposed the Habsburg monarchy and his self-portrait of himself as an unwilling conscript fighting in a war he opposed.{{sfn|West|1995|p=41}} Broz's fellow soldiers regarded him as ''kaisertreu'' ("true to the Emperor").{{sfn|West|1995|p=43}}

On 25 March 1915,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|West gives the date as 21 March,{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}} and Ridley says 4 April.}} Broz was wounded in the back by a [[Circassia]]n cavalryman's [[lance]]{{sfn|Gilbert|2004|p=138}} and captured during a Russian attack near [[Bukovina]].{{sfn|Frankel|1992|p=331}} In his account of his capture, Broz wrote: "suddenly the right flank yielded and through the gap poured cavalry of the Circassians, from Asiatic Russia. Before we knew it they were thundering through our positions, leaping from their horses and throwing themselves into our trenches with lances lowered. One of them rammed his two-yard, iron-tipped, double-pronged lance into my back just below the left arm. I fainted. Then, as I learned, the Circassians began to butcher the wounded, even slashing them with their knives. Fortunately, Russian infantry reached the positions and put an end to the orgy".{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}} Now a [[prisoner of war]] (POW), Broz was transported east to a hospital established in an old monastery in the town of [[Sviyazhsk]] on the [[Volga]] river near [[Kazan]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} During his 13 months in hospital, he had bouts of [[pneumonia]] and [[typhus]], and learned Russian with the help of two schoolgirls who brought him Russian classics by such authors as [[Tolstoy]] and [[Turgenev]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}}{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=64}}
{{stack|float=right|[[File:Комплекс зданий земской больницы.JPG|thumb|The Uspensko-Bogorodichny monastery, where Tito recuperated from his wounds|alt=a colour photograph of a brown multi-storey building]]}}
After recuperating, in mid-1916, Broz was transferred to the Ardatov POW camp in the [[Samara Governorate]], where he used his skills to maintain the nearby village grain mill. At the end of the year, he was transferred to the [[Kungur]] POW camp near [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] where the POWs were used as labour to maintain the newly completed [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} Broz was appointed to be in charge of all the POWs in the camp.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=65}} During this time, he became aware that camp staff were stealing the [[Red Cross parcel]]s sent to the POWs. When he complained, he was beaten and imprisoned.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} During the [[February Revolution]], a crowd broke into the prison and returned Broz to the POW camp. A [[Bolshevik]] he had met while working on the railway told Broz that his son was working in engineering works in [[Petrograd]], so, in June 1917, Broz walked out of the unguarded POW camp and hid aboard a goods train bound for that city, where he stayed with his friend's son.{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=66–67}} The journalist [[Richard West (journalist)|Richard West]] has suggested that because Broz chose to remain in an unguarded POW camp rather than volunteer to serve with the Yugoslav legions of the [[Royal Serbian Army|Serbian Army]], he was still loyal to the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], undermining his later claim that he and other Croat POWs were excited by the prospect of revolution and looked forward to the overthrow of the empire that ruled them.{{sfn|West|1995|p=43}}

Less than a month after Broz arrived in Petrograd, the [[July Days]] demonstrations broke out, and Broz joined in, coming under fire from government troops.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=67}} In the aftermath, he tried to flee to [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] in order to make his way to the United States but was stopped at the border.{{sfn|West|1995|p=44}} He was arrested along with other suspected Bolsheviks during the subsequent crackdown by the [[Russian Provisional Government]] led by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. He was imprisoned in the [[Peter and Paul Fortress]] for three weeks, during which he claimed to be an innocent citizen of Perm. When he finally admitted to being an escaped POW, he was to be returned by train to Kungur, but escaped at [[Yekaterinburg]], then caught another train that reached [[Omsk]] in [[Siberia]] on 8 November after a {{convert|2000|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} journey.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=67–68}} At one point, police searched the train looking for an escaped POW, but were deceived by Broz's fluent Russian.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=67}}

In Omsk, local Bolsheviks stopped the train and told Broz that [[Vladimir Lenin]] had seized control of Petrograd. They recruited him into an [[Red Guards (Russia)|International Red Guard]] that guarded the Trans-Siberian Railway during the winter of 1917 and 1918. In May 1918, the anti-Bolshevik [[Czechoslovak Legion]] wrested control of parts of Siberia from Bolshevik forces, the [[Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)|Provisional Siberian Government]] established itself in Omsk, and Broz and his comrades went into hiding. At this time, Broz met a 14-year-old local girl, {{ill|Pelagija Belousova{{!}}Pelagija "Polka" Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}, who hid him and then helped him escape to a [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]] village {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip}} from Omsk.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=71}} Broz again worked maintaining the local mill until November 1919, when the [[Red Army]] recaptured Omsk from [[White forces]] loyal to the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]] of [[Alexander Kolchak]]. He moved back to Omsk and married Belousova in January 1920.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|West states that the marriage occurred in mid-1919.{{sfn|West|1995|p=45}}}} At the time of their marriage, Broz was 27 years old and Pelagia Belousova was 14. They divorced in the 1930s in Moscow.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=76}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Marko Stričević je u Sibiru našao obitelj prve supruge o kojoj Tito nikad nije govorio. 'Oteo ju je po stepskoj tradiciji, bilo joj je 14 godina' |url=https://www.telegram.hr/kultura/marko-stricevic-je-u-sibiru-nasao-obitelj-prve-supruge-o-kojoj-tito-nikad-nije-govorio-oteo-ju-je-po-stepskoj-tradiciji-bilo-joj-je-14-godina/ |website=Telegram.hr |last1=Hr |first1=Telegram }}</ref> Broz later wrote that during his time in Russia, he heard much talk of Lenin, a little of Trotsky, and "as for Stalin, during the time I stayed in Russia, I never once heard his name".{{sfn|West|1995|p=45}} Tito joined the Communist Party in 1920 in Omsk.<ref name=":0" /> In the autumn of 1920, he and his pregnant wife returned to his homeland, by train to [[Narva]], by ship to [[Stettin]], then by train to Vienna, where they arrived on 20 September. In early October, Broz returned to Kumrovec in what was then the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] to find that his mother had died and his father had moved to [[Jastrebarsko]], near Zagreb.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}} Sources differ over whether Broz joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] while in Russia, but he said that the first time he joined the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (CPY) was in Zagreb after he returned to his homeland.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=77}}

==Interwar communist activity==
===Communist agitator===
{{stack|float=right|[[File:Milorad Drašković wiki photo.jpg|thumb|The assassination of the Minister of the Interior, [[Milorad Drašković]], led to the outlawing of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Communist Party]].|alt=black and white photograph of a male in formal attire]]}}
Upon his return home, Broz was unable to gain employment as a metalworker in Kumrovec, so he and his wife moved briefly to Zagreb, where he worked as a waiter and took part in a waiters' strike. He also joined the CPY.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=77–78}} The CPY's influence on the political life of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections, it won 59 seats and became the third-strongest party.{{sfn|Vucinich|1969|p=7}} In light of difficult economic and social circumstances, the regime viewed the CPY as the main threat to the system of government.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=82}} On 30 December, the government issued a Proclamation ({{lang|sh|[[Obznana]]}}) outlawing communist activities, which included bans on propaganda, assembly halls, stripping of civil service for servants and scholarships for students found to be communist.{{sfn|Mahmutović|2013|pp=268–269}} Its author, [[Milorad Drašković]], the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, was assassinated by a young communist, [[Alija Alijagić]], on 2 August 1921. The CPY was then declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921,{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=134}} and the regime proceeded to prosecute party members and sympathisers as [[political prisoners in Yugoslavia|political prisoners]].{{sfn|Mahmutović|2013|pp=268–269}}

Due to his overt communist links, Broz was fired from his employment.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=9}} He and his wife then moved to the village of [[Veliko Trojstvo]] where he worked as a mill mechanic.{{sfn|West|1995|p=51}}{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=84}} After the arrest of the CPY leadership in January 1922, Stevo Sabić took over control of its operations. Sabić contacted Broz, who agreed to work illegally for the party, distributing leaflets and agitating among factory workers. In the contest of ideas between those that wanted to pursue moderate policies and those that advocated violent revolution, Broz sided with the latter. In 1924, Broz was elected to the CPY district committee, but after he gave a speech at a comrade's [[Catholic]] funeral, he was arrested when the priest complained. Paraded through the streets in chains, he was held for eight days and was eventually charged with creating a public disturbance. With the help of a [[Serbian Orthodox]] prosecutor who hated Catholics, Broz and his co-accused were acquitted.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=80–82}} His brush with the law had marked him as a communist agitator, and his home was searched on an almost weekly basis. Since their arrival in Yugoslavia, Pelagija had lost three babies soon after their births and one daughter, Zlatica, at the age of two. Broz felt the loss of Zlatica deeply. In 1924, Pelagija gave birth to a boy, Žarko, who survived. In mid-1925, Broz's employer died, and the new mill owner gave him an ultimatum: give up his communist activities or lose his job. So, at age 33, Broz became a professional revolutionary.{{sfn|West|1995|p=54}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=83–85}}

===Professional revolutionary===
The CPY concentrated its revolutionary efforts on factory workers in the more industrialised areas of Croatia and Slovenia, encouraging strikes and similar action.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=87}} In 1925, the now unemployed Broz moved to [[Kraljevica]] on the [[Adriatic]] coast, where he started working at a shipyard to further the aims of the CPY.{{sfn|Auty|1970|p=53}} During his time in Kraljevica, he acquired a love of the warm, sunny Adriatic coastline that lasted for the rest of his life, and throughout his later time as leader, he spent as much time as possible living on [[Yugoslav training ship Galeb|his yacht]] while cruising the Adriatic.{{sfn|West|1995|p=55}}

While at [[Kraljevica]], he worked on Yugoslav [[torpedo boat]]s and a pleasure yacht for the [[People's Radical Party]] politician, [[Milan Stojadinović]]. Broz built up the trade union organisation in the shipyards and was elected as a [[union representative]]. A year later, he led a shipyard strike and soon after was fired. In October 1926, he obtained work in a railway works in [[Smederevska Palanka]] near [[Belgrade]]. In March 1927, he wrote an article complaining about the [[exploitation of workers]] in the factory, and after speaking up for a worker, he was promptly sacked. Identified by the CPY as worthy of promotion, he was appointed secretary of the Zagreb branch of the Metal Workers' Union and, soon thereafter, the union's whole Croatian branch. In July 1927, Broz was arrested along with six other workers, and imprisoned at nearby [[Ogulin]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=56}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=88–89}} After being held without trial for some time, he went on a hunger strike until a date was set. The trial was held in secret, and he was found guilty of being a member of the CPY. Sentenced to four months' imprisonment, he was released from prison pending an appeal. On the CPY's orders, Broz did not report to court for the hearing of the appeal, instead going into hiding in Zagreb. Wearing dark spectacles and carrying forged papers, Broz posed as a middle-class technician in the engineering industry, working undercover to contact other CPY members and coordinate their infiltration of trade unions.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=90–91}}

[[File:Josip Broz Tito in prison 1928.jpg|thumb|left|Tito's [[mug shot]] after arrest for communist activities in 1928|alt=a series of three black and white head and shoulders photographs]]

In February 1928, Broz was one of 32 delegates to the conference of the Croatian branch of the CPY. During the conference, he condemned factions within the party, including those that advocated a [[Greater Serbia]] agenda within Yugoslavia, like the long-term CPY leader [[Sima Marković]]. Broz proposed that the executive committee of the [[Communist International]] purge the branch of factionalism and was supported by a delegate sent from Moscow. After it was proposed that the Croatian branch's entire central committee be dismissed, a new central committee was elected, with Broz as its secretary.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=95–96}} Marković was subsequently expelled from the CPY at the Fourth Congress of the [[Comintern]], and the CPY adopted a policy of working for the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=96}} Broz arranged to disrupt a meeting of the [[Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party|Social-Democratic Party]] on May Day that year; in a melee outside the venue, police arrested him. They failed to identify him, charging him under his false name for a breach of the peace. He was imprisoned for 14 days and then released, returning to his previous activities.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=96–97}} The police eventually tracked him down with the help of a police informer. He was ill-treated and held for three months before being tried in court in November 1928 for his illegal communist activities,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=98–99}} which included allegations that police had planted the bombs found at his address.{{sfn|West|1995|p=57}} He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=101}}

===Prison===
[[File:Tito i Moša Pijade u zatvoru.jpg|thumb|Tito (left) and his ideological mentor [[Moša Pijade]] while they were imprisoned in the Lepoglava jail|alt=a black and white photograph of two men]]

After Broz's sentencing, his wife and son returned to Kumrovec, where sympathetic locals looked after them, but then one day, they suddenly left without explanation and returned to the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=102–103}} She fell in love with another man, and Žarko grew up in institutions.{{sfn|West|1995|p=59}} After arriving at [[Lepoglava prison]], Broz was employed in maintaining the electrical system and chose as his assistant a middle-class Belgrade Jew, [[Moša Pijade]], who had been given a 20-year sentence for his communist activities. Their work allowed Broz and Pijade to move around the prison, contacting and organising other communist prisoners.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=103–104}} During their time together in Lepoglava, Pijade became Broz's ideological mentor.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=36–39}} After two and a half years at Lepoglava, Broz was accused of attempting to escape and was transferred to [[Maribor]] prison, where he was held in solitary confinement for several months.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=106}} After completing the full term of his sentence, he was released, only to be arrested outside the prison gates and taken to Ogulin to serve the four-month sentence he had avoided in 1927. He was finally released from prison on 16 March 1934, but even then, he was subject to orders that required him to live in Kumrovec and report to the police daily.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=107–108 & 112}} During his imprisonment, the political situation in Europe had changed significantly, with the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany and the emergence of right-wing parties in France and neighbouring Austria. He returned to a warm welcome in Kumrovec but did not stay long. In early May, he received word from the CPY to return to his revolutionary activities and left his hometown for Zagreb, where he rejoined the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=109–113}}

The Croatian branch of the CPY was in disarray, a situation exacerbated by the escape of the executive committee of the CPY to Vienna in Austria, from which they were directing activities. Over the next six months, Broz travelled several times between Zagreb, Ljubljana and Vienna, using false passports. In July 1934, he was blackmailed by a smuggler but pressed on across the border and was detained by the local ''[[Heimwehr]]'', a paramilitary Home Guard. He used the Austrian accent he had developed during his war service to convince them that he was a wayward Austrian mountaineer, and they allowed him to proceed to Vienna.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=113}}{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=147}} Once there, he contacted the General Secretary of the CPY, [[Milan Gorkić]], who sent him to Ljubljana to arrange a secret conference of the CPY in Slovenia. The conference was held at the summer palace of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana|Roman Catholic bishop of Ljubljana]], whose brother was a communist sympathiser. It was at this conference that Broz first met [[Edvard Kardelj]], a young Slovene communist who had recently been released from prison. Broz and Kardelj subsequently became good friends, with Tito later regarding him as his most reliable deputy. As he was wanted by the police for failing to report to them in Kumrovec, Broz adopted various pseudonyms, including "Rudi" and "Tito". He used the latter as a pen name when he wrote articles for party journals in 1934, and it stuck. He gave no reason for choosing the name "Tito" except that it was a common nickname for men from the district where he grew up. Within the Comintern network, his nickname was "Walter".{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=114–115}}{{sfn|West|1995|p=62}}{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=151}}

===Flight from Yugoslavia===
[[File:Edvard Kardelj zatvorenik.jpg|thumb|left|[[Edvard Kardelj]] met Tito in 1934 and they became close friends|alt=two black and white mugshots]]

During this time, Tito wrote articles on the duties of imprisoned communists and on trade unions. He was in Ljubljana when [[Vlado Chernozemski]], an assassin for the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) and instructor for the Croatian ultranationalist organisation [[Ustaše]], assassinated [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] in Marseilles on 9 October 1934. In the crackdown on dissidents that followed his death, it was decided that Tito should leave Yugoslavia. He travelled to Vienna on a forged Czechoslovak passport, where he joined Gorkić and the rest of the [[Politburo]] of the CPY. It was decided that the Austrian government was too hostile to communism, so the Politburo travelled to [[Brno]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], and Tito accompanied them.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=116–117}} On Christmas Day 1934, a secret meeting of the Central Committee of the CPY was held in Ljubljana, and Tito was elected as a member of the Politburo for the first time. The Politburo decided to send him to Moscow to report on the situation in Yugoslavia, and in early February 1935, he arrived there as a full-time official of the Comintern.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=117–118}} He lodged at the main Comintern residence, the [[Hotel Lux]] on [[Tverskaya Street]] and was quickly in contact with [[Vladimir Ćopić]], one of the leading Yugoslavs with the Comintern. He was soon introduced to the main personalities in the organisation. Tito was appointed to the secretariat of the Balkan section, responsible for Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=120}} Kardelj was also in Moscow, as was the Bulgarian communist leader [[Georgi Dimitrov]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=62}} Tito lectured on trade unions to foreign communists and attended a course on military tactics run by the Red Army, and occasionally attended the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. He attended as one of 510 delegates to the [[Seventh World Congress of the Comintern]] in July and August 1935, where he briefly saw [[Joseph Stalin]] for the first time. After the congress, he toured the [[Soviet Union]] and then returned to [[Moscow]] to continue his work. He contacted Polka and Žarko, but soon fell in love with an Austrian woman who worked at the Hotel Lux, Johanna Koenig, known within communist ranks as Lucia Bauer. When she became aware of this liaison, Polka divorced Tito in April 1936. Tito married Bauer on 13 October of that year.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=121–122}}

After the World Congress, Tito worked to promote the new Comintern line on Yugoslavia, which was that it would no longer work to break up the country and would instead defend the integrity of Yugoslavia against Nazism and Fascism. From a distance, Tito also worked to organise strikes at the shipyards at Kraljevica and the coal mines at [[Trbovlje]] near Ljubljana. He tried to convince the Comintern that it would be better if the party leadership were located inside Yugoslavia. A compromise was arrived at, where Tito and others would work inside the country, and Gorkić and the Politburo would continue to work from abroad. Gorkić and the Politburo relocated to Paris, while Tito began to travel between Moscow, Paris and Zagreb in 1936 and 1937, using false passports.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=122–123}} In 1936, his father died.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}

[[File:Španski borci.jpg|thumb|[[Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War|Yugoslav volunteers]] fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]]|alt=black and white photograph of men firing weapons]]

Tito returned to Moscow in August 1936, soon after the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=124}} At the time, the [[Great Purge]] was underway, and foreign communists like Tito and his Yugoslav compatriots were particularly vulnerable. Despite a laudatory report written by Tito about the veteran Yugoslav communist [[Filip Filipović (politician)|Filip Filipović]], Filipović was arrested and shot by the Soviet secret police, the [[NKVD]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=126–127}} However, before the Purge really began to erode the ranks of the Yugoslav communists in Moscow, Tito was sent back to Yugoslavia with a new mission, to recruit [[Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War|volunteers]] for the [[International Brigades]] being raised to fight on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Travelling via Vienna, he reached the coastal port city of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in December 1936.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=129}} According to the Croatian historian [[Ivo Banac]], the reason the Comintern sent Tito back to Yugoslavia was to purge the CPY.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=64}} An initial attempt to send 500 volunteers to Spain by ship failed, with nearly all the volunteers arrested and imprisoned.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=129}} Tito then travelled to Paris, where he arranged the volunteers' travel to France under the cover of attending the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne|Paris Exhibition]]. Once in France, the volunteers crossed the [[Pyrenees]] to Spain. In all, he sent 1,192 men to fight in the war, but only 330 came from Yugoslavia; the rest were expatriates in France, Belgium, the U.S. and Canada. Fewer than half were communists, and the rest were social-democrats and anti-fascists of various hues. Of the total, 671 were killed in the fighting, and 300 were wounded. Tito himself never went to Spain, despite speculation that he had.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pavlaković |first=Vjeran |editor-last=Stojaković |editor-first=Krunoslav |others=Hodges, Andrew (proofreader) |url=https://europeanmemories.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Vjeran_pavlakovic_spain_.pdf |title=Yugoslav Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War |page=65 |journal=Research Paper Series of Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Southeast Europe |number=4 |publisher=[[Rosa Luxemburg Foundation]] |access-date=1 August 2023 |via=Eurom – The European Observatory on Memories}}</ref> Between May and August 1937, he travelled several times between Paris and Zagreb, organising the movement of volunteers and creating a separate [[Communist Party of Croatia]]. The new party was inaugurated at a conference at [[Samobor]] on the outskirts of Zagreb on 1–2 August 1937.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=131–133}} Tito played a crucial role in organizing the return of the Yugoslav volunteers from German concentration camps to Yugoslavia when the decision was made to mount an armed resistance in Yugoslavia, the 1941 [[Uprising in Serbia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavlaković |first1=Vjeran |title=The Spanish Civil War and the Yugoslav Successor States |journal=Contemporary European History |date=2020 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1017/s0960777320000272 |s2cid=225510860 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/spanish-civil-war-and-the-yugoslav-successor-states/A727D0D13ED59ED96550D823C701EECD |access-date=31 July 2023 |quote=Although there is no evidence that Tito actually crossed into Spain during the war, we know that he was crucial in coordinating the Yugoslav volunteers from Paris and subsequently organising their return from German labour camps once the decision to mount an armed resistance in Yugoslavia was made in 1941.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===General Secretary of the CPY===
In June 1937, Gorkić was summoned to Moscow, where he was arrested, and after months of NKVD interrogation, he was shot.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=134}} According to Banac, Gorkić was killed on Stalin's orders.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=64}} West concludes that despite being in competition with men like Gorkić for the leadership of the CPY, it was not in Tito's character to have innocent people sent to their deaths.{{sfn|West|1995|p=63}} Tito then received a message from the Politburo of the CPY to join them in Paris. In August 1937, he became acting [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|General Secretary of the CPY]]. He later explained that he survived the Purge by staying out of Spain, where the NKVD was active, and also by avoiding visiting the Soviet Union as much as possible. When first appointed as general secretary, he avoided travelling to Moscow by insisting that he needed to deal with some disciplinary issues in the CPY in Paris. He also promoted the idea that the upper echelons of the CPY should be sharing the dangers of underground resistance within the country.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=134–135}} He developed a new, younger leadership team that was loyal to him, including the Slovene Edvard Kardelj, the Serb, [[Aleksandar Ranković]], and the Montenegrin, [[Milovan Đilas]].{{sfn|West|1995|pp=63–64}} In December 1937, Tito arranged for a demonstration to greet the French foreign minister when he visited Belgrade, expressing solidarity with the French against Nazi Germany. The protest march numbered 30,000 and turned into a protest against the neutrality policy of the Stojadinović government. It was eventually broken up by the police. In March 1938, Tito returned to Yugoslavia from Paris. Hearing a rumour that his opponents within the CPY had tipped off the police, he travelled to Belgrade rather than Zagreb and used a different passport. While in Belgrade, he stayed with a young intellectual, [[Vladimir Dedijer]], who was a friend of Đilas. Arriving in Yugoslavia a few days ahead of the ''[[Anschluss]]'' between Nazi Germany and Austria, he made an appeal condemning it, in which the CPY was joined by the Social Democrats and trade unions. In June, Tito wrote to the Comintern, suggesting that he should visit Moscow. He waited in Paris for two months for his Soviet visa before travelling to Moscow via Copenhagen. He arrived in Moscow on 24 August.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=136–137}}

[[File:Josip Broz Tito's fake Canadian ID, 1939.jpg|thumb|Fake Canadian ID, "Spiridon Mekas", used for returning to Yugoslavia from [[Moscow]], 1939]]

On his arrival in Moscow, Tito found that all Yugoslav communists were under suspicion. The NKVD arrested and executed nearly all of the CPY's most prominent leaders, including over 20 members of the Central Committee. Both Tito's ex-wife Polka and his wife Koenig/Bauer were arrested as "imperialist spies". Both were eventually released, Polka after 27 months in prison. Tito therefore needed to make arrangements for the care of Žarko, who was 14. He placed him in a boarding school outside [[Kharkov]], then at a school at [[Penza]], but he ran away twice and was eventually taken in by a friend's mother. In 1941, Žarko joined the Red Army to fight the invading Germans.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=137}} Some of Tito's critics argue that his survival indicates he must have denounced his comrades as [[Trotskyists]]. He was asked for information on a number of his fellow Yugoslav communists, but according to his own statements and published documents, he never denounced anyone, usually saying he did not know them. In one case, he was asked about the Croatian communist leader Kamilo Horvatin, but wrote ambiguously, saying that he did not know whether he was a Trotskyist. Nevertheless, Horvatin was not heard of again. While in Moscow, he was given the task of assisting Ćopić to translate the ''[[History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)]]'' into [[Serbo-Croatian]], but they had only got to the second chapter when Ćopić too was arrested and executed. He worked on with a fellow surviving Yugoslav communist, but a Yugoslav communist of German ethnicity reported an inaccurate translation of a passage and claimed it showed Tito was a Trotskyist. Other influential communists vouched for him, and he was exonerated. A second Yugoslav communist denounced him, but the action backfired, and his accuser was arrested. Several factors were at play in his survival: his working-class origins, lack of interest in intellectual arguments about socialism, attractive personality, and capacity to make influential friends.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=138–140}}

While Tito was avoiding arrest in Moscow, Germany was placing pressure on Czechoslovakia to cede the [[Sudetenland]]. In response to this threat, Tito organised a call for Yugoslav volunteers to fight for Czechoslovakia, and thousands of volunteers came to the Czechoslovak embassy in Belgrade to offer their services. Despite the eventual [[Munich Agreement]] and Czechoslovak acceptance of the annexation and the fact that the volunteers were turned away, Tito claimed credit for the Yugoslav response, which worked in his favour. By this stage, Tito was well aware of the realities in the Soviet Union, later saying he "witnessed a great many injustices" but was too heavily invested in communism and too loyal to the Soviet Union to step back.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=140–141}} After restoring the image of a decisive, coherent and non-fractional CPY to the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International|Comintern executives]], Tito was by October 1938 reassured that the party would not be disestablished; he was then tasked to compile two resolutions on plans of future CPY activities. Hoping to return to Yugoslavia before the [[1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election]] in December, Tito requested permission to do so from Comintern's [[Georgi Dimitrov]] several times, saying that his stay in Moscow was greatly prolonged, but to no avail.{{sfn|Filipič|1979|pp=18}} The Comintern formally ratified his resolutions on 5 January 1939, and he was appointed General Secretary of the CPY.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=135}} After his appointment to the party's highest position of leadership, the newly formed [[Politburo]] of the Central Committee retained the old leadership team of Tito, Kardelj, Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković, and [[Ivo Lola Ribar]] (the representative of [[SKOJ]]) and expanded it with [[Franc Leskošek]], [[Miha Marinko]] and [[Josip Kraš]], and by the end of 1939 and start of 1940, [[Rade Končar]] and [[Ivan Milutinović]].{{sfn|Filipič|1979|pp=21}}

==World War II==
{{See also|World War II in Yugoslavia}}

===Resistance in Yugoslavia===
[[File:Tito predaje zastavu Prvoj proleterskoj brigadi.jpg|thumb|250px|Tito inspects the [[1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans)|1st Proletarian Brigade]]. Next to him are: [[Ivan Ribar]], [[Koča Popović]], [[Filip Kljajić (Yugoslav Partisan)|Filip Kljajić]] and [[Ivo Lola Ribar]]]]

On 6 April 1941, [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces [[invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]]. On 10 April 1941, [[Slavko Kvaternik]] proclaimed the [[Independent State of Croatia]], and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY).{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=52}} Attacked from all sides, the [[Royal Yugoslav Army|armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] and other members of the government [[Yugoslav government-in-exile|fled the country]], the remaining representatives of the government and military met with German officials in [[Belgrade]]. They quickly agreed to end military resistance. Prominent communist leaders, including Tito, held the [[May consultations]] to discuss the course of action to take in the face of the invasion. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation.{{sfn|Kocon|Jeličić|Škunca|1988|p=84}} On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee appointed Tito [[commander-in-chief]] of all national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action.{{sfn|Roberts|1987|p=24}}

[[File:Tito and Ivan Ribar in 1943.jpg|thumb|left|Tito and [[Ivan Ribar]] at [[Sutjeska National Park|Sutjeska]] in 1943]]
Tito stayed in Belgrade until 16 September 1941, when he, together with all members of the CPY, left Belgrade to travel to rebel-controlled territory. To leave Belgrade Tito used documents given to him by Dragoljub Milutinović, who was a ''[[voivode]]'' with the [[collaborationism|collaborationist]] [[Pećanac Chetniks]].{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=29}} Since Pećanac was already fully co-operating with Germans by that time, this fact caused some to speculate{{who|date=October 2019}} that Tito left Belgrade with the blessing of the Germans because his task was to divide rebel forces, similar to Lenin's arrival in Russia.{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=30}} Tito travelled by train through [[Stalać]] and [[Čačak]] and arrived to the village of [[Robaje]] on 18 September 1941.{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=29}}

Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic [[Chetnik movement]], Tito's [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]] succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "[[Republic of Užice]]". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader [[Draža Mihailović]] on 19 September and 27 October 1941.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shadows on the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance, and the Rivalries That Doomed WWII Yugoslavia|last=Kurapovna|first=Marcia|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-08456-4|page=87}}</ref> It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/231.html|title=1941: Mass Murder|publisher=The Holocaust Chronicle|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref>

On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by [[Koča Popović]]) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=152–153}} In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as a civilian government. The [[Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ) convened in [[Bihać Republic|Bihać]] on 26–27 November 1942 and in [[Jajce]] on 29 November 1943.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book |first=Richard C. |last=Hall |title=War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |pages=36, 350 |isbn=978-1610690317}}</ref> In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for the post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In [[Jajce]], a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member [[National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia|National Committee of Liberation]] (NKOJ; five communist members) as a de facto [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|provisional government]].{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=157}} Tito was named President of NKOJ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791223,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791223,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Rebirth in Bosnia|work=Time Magazine|date=19 December 1943|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Marshal Tito during the Second World War in Yugoslavia, May 1944.jpg|thumb|Tito and the [[Supreme Headquarters (Yugoslav Partisans)|Partisan Supreme Command]], 14 May 1944]]

With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the [[Balkans]], the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=104}} This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the [[Raid on Drvar]] (''Operation Rösselsprung''), an [[airborne assault]] outside his [[Drvar]] headquarters in [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=104}}

After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of [[Chetnik]] collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from [[Draža Mihailović]] to Tito. [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]], American President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] joined Soviet Premier [[Joseph Stalin]] in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the [[Tehran Conference]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|Vucinich|1969|p=121}} This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the [[Dalmatia]]n island of [[Vis (island)|Vis]], the [[Treaty of Vis]] ({{lang|sh|Viški sporazum}}) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the [[AVNOJ]]) with the government in exile of King Peter II.{{sfn|Banac|1988|pp=44}} The [[Balkan Air Force]] was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces.{{sfn|Roberts|1987|pp=229}}

[[File:Tito-Churchill.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Tito and British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] in 1944 in [[Naples]], Italy]]

On 12 August 1944, Winston Churchill met Tito in [[Naples]] for a deal.{{sfn|Petrović|2014|pp=579}} On 12 September 1944, [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors",{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=158}} by which time Tito was recognised by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]], in addition to the commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the [[Soviet Union]] allowing "temporary entry" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory, which allowed the [[Red Army]] to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|Vucinich|1969|p=157}} With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive that succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In the autumn of 1944, the communist leadership adopted a political decision on the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)#Yugoslavia|expulsion of ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia]]. On 21 November, a special decree was issued on the confiscation and nationalisation of ethnic German property. To implement the decision, 70 camps were established in Yugoslav territory.{{sfn|Mikola|2008|p=147}} In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities during [[Bleiburg repatriations]], and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, according to some scholars, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Dizdar |first=Zdravko |author-link=Zdravko Dizdar |title=An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross |type=original scientific article |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/27516 |pages=117–193}}</ref> On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters of the [[Slovene Partisans|Slovene Partisan Army]] prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramet |first1=Sabrina P. |author-link1=Sabrina P. Ramet |last2=Matić |first2=Davorka |title=Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2007 |page=274 |isbn=978-1-58544-587-5}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito.jpg|thumb|Celebration of liberation in [[Zagreb]] in 1945 dedicated to Tito, in presence of Orthodox dignitaries, the Catholic cardinal [[Aloysius Stepinac]], and the Soviet military ''attaché'']]

On 7 March 1945, the [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|provisional government]] of the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] (DFY) was assembled in [[Belgrade]] by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others [[Ivan Šubašić]]. In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican [[People's Front of Yugoslavia|People's Front]], led by the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]], won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by [[monarchist]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=1998 Information Please Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/1998informationpbru00brun|url-access=registration|last=Brunner|first=Borgna|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-88276-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/1998informationpbru00brun/page/342 342]}}</ref> During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|last=Nolan |first=Cathal|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1668}}</ref> The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favour of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]] was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted [[1946 Yugoslav Constitution|a new republican constitution]] soon afterwards.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Yugoslavia organised the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] ({{lang|sh|Jugoslavenska narodna armija}}, JNA) from the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan movement]] and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time, according to various estimates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leffler|first=Melvyn P.|title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83719-4|page=201}}</ref> The [[State Security Administration]] ({{lang|sh|Uprava državne bezbednosti}}, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a [[security agency]], the [[OZNA|Department of People's Security]] ({{lang|sh|Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije)}}, OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread [[involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime]]. [[Draža Mihailović]] was found guilty of [[Collaborationism|collaboration]], [[high treason]] and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the [[Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia]], [[Aloysius Stepinac]] on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September 1945. The next year, Stepinac was arrested and put on [[Aloysius Stepinac#Trial|trial]], which some saw as a show trial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sindbaek |first=Tia |date=2012 |title=Usable History: Representations of Difficult Pasts in Yugoslavia – 1945 and 2002 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |page=55 |isbn=978-8779345683}}<br />"The trial was also covered in numerous newspapers outside Yugoslavia, largely perceived as a classic communist show trial, and Stepinac as a martyred religious leader."</ref> In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican [[excommunicated]] Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting [[Ustaše]] terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855498,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160540/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855498,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Excommunicate's Interview|work=Time Magazine |date=21 October 1946|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939610,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939610,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2009|title=The Silent Voice|work=Time Magazine|date=22 February 1966|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "[[Informbiro period]]", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the [[Eastern Bloc]] states.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In the first post-war years, Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow; indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majstorović |first1=Vojin |title=The Rise and Fall of the Yugoslav-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1948 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pi/index.php/pi/article/view/9274/7384 |journal=Past Imperfect |language=en |doi=10.21971/P7160P |date=8 October 2010|volume=16 |s2cid=153861530 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

From 1946 to 1948, Tito actively engaged in building an alliance with neighbouring communist [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], with the intent of incorporating Albania into Yugoslavia.<ref name="Dranqoli2011">{{cite journal |last1=Dranqoli |first1=Albina |title=History Studies Volume 3/2 2011 Tito's attempt to integrate Albania into Yugoslavia, 1945–1948 |journal=History Studies |date=2011 |volume=3 |url=https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423902522.pdf |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> According to [[Enver Hoxha]], the then communist ruler of Albania, in the summer of 1946 Tito promised Hoxha that the Yugoslav province of [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]] would be ceded to Albania.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=214}} Despite the decision of unification being agreed upon by Yugoslav communists during the [[Bujan Conference]], the plan never materialised.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Judah |first1=Tim |title=The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |date=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=UK |isbn=978-0-300-15826-7 |page=132}}</ref> In the first post-war years in Kosovo, Tito enacted the policy of banning the return of [[Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo|Serb colonists]] to Kosovo, in addition to enacting the first large-scale primary education program of the [[Albanian language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sell |first1=Louise |title=Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |date=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=North Carolina |isbn=978-0822332237 |page=75}}</ref>

During the immediate post-war period, Tito's Yugoslavia had a strong commitment to [[orthodox Marxist]] ideas. Harsh repressive measures against dissidents and "[[enemies of the state]]" were common from government agents,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Christian Axboe|date=2021|title=Imprisoning "Enemies of the State" in a Communist Dictatorship: The Record of Tito's Yugoslavia, 1945–1953|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01041|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|volume=23|issue=4|pages=124–152|doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01041|s2cid=241566445|issn=1520-3972|url-access=subscription}}</ref> although not known to be under Tito's orders, including "arrests, show trials, forced collectivisation, suppression of churches and religion".{{sfn|Forsythe|2009|p=47}} As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito displayed a fondness for luxury, taking over the royal palaces that had belonged to the [[House of Karađorđević]] together with the former palaces used by the [[House of Habsburg]] in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=196–197}} His tours across Yugoslavia in his luxury [[Tito's Blue Train|Blue Train]] closely resembled the royal tours of the Karađorđević kings and Habsburg emperors and in Serbia. He also adopted the traditional royal custom of being a godfather to every 9th son, although he modified it to include daughters as well after criticism was made that the practice was sexist.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}} Just like a Serbian king, Tito would appear wherever a 9th child was born to a family to congratulate the parents and give them cash.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}} Tito always spoke very harshly of the Karađorđević kings in both public and private (through in private, he sometimes had a kind word for the Habsburgs), but in many ways, he appeared to his people as sort of a king.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}}

==Presidency==
===Tito–Stalin split===
{{Main|Tito–Stalin split|Informbiro period}}[[File:Resolucija VII. kongresa o prihodnjih nalogah ZKJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edvard Kardelj]], [[Aleksandar Ranković]] and Tito in 1958]]

Unlike other states in east-central Europe liberated by allied forces, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the [[Red Army]]. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons to recognise Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J34leeCdXFQC&q=soviet+spy+ring+yugoslav+party+1945&pg=PT120|title=Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia|last=West|first=Richard|year=2012|publisher=Faber|isbn=978-0571281107|language=en|chapter=12 The Quarrel with Stalin}}</ref>[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Ho Chi Minh, Josip Broz Tito and Edvard Kardelj, Beograd, avgust 1957.jpg|thumb|Tito with North Vietnamese leader [[Ho Chi Minh]] in [[Belgrade]], 1957|left]]

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, several armed incidents occurred between Yugoslavia and the [[Western Bloc|Western Allies]]. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of [[Istria]] as well as the cities of [[Zadar]] and [[Rijeka]]. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate [[Trieste]] into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on U.S. transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the West. In 1946 alone, the [[Yugoslav Air Force]] shot down two U.S. transport aircraft. The passengers and crew of the first plane were secretly interned by the Yugoslav government. The second plane and its crew were a total loss. The U.S. was outraged and sent an ultimatum to the Yugoslav government, demanding the release of the Americans in custody, U.S. access to the downed planes, and full investigation of the incidents.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Wooldridge |first=Dorothy Elizabeth |title=Yugoslav–United States Relations, 1946–1947 Stemming From the Shooting of U.S. Planes Over Yugoslavia, August 9 and 19, 1946 |date=May 1971 |access-date=19 March 2022 |type=MA |publisher=Rice University |url=https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0b75a0b1-3956-4938-bf2b-9d21dcdf3d6d/content |location=Houston, Texas}}</ref> Stalin was opposed to what he felt were such provocations, as he believed the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when U.S. had operational nuclear weapons whereas the USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the [[Greek Civil War]], while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modelled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito wrote that "We study and take as an example the Soviet system, but we are developing socialism in our country in somewhat different forms".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA326|title=History of the Balkans: Volume 2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27459-3|language=en|page=326}}</ref>
[[File:Josip Broz Tito and Iosif Grigulevich.jpg|thumb|[[Iosif Grigulevich]] (right) was one of several Soviet agents sent by Joseph Stalin to assassinate Tito.]]
The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the [[Cominform]], fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800593,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902231053/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800593,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2007|title=No Words Left?|work=Time Magazine|date=22 August 1949|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> An invasion of Yugoslavia was planned to be carried out in 1949 via the combined forces of neighbouring Soviet satellite states of Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania, followed by the subsequent removal of Tito's government. On 28 June, the other member countries of the Cominform expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The Hungarian and Romanian armies were expanded in size and, together with Soviet ones, massed on the Yugoslav border. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; "I will shake my little finger, and there will be no more Tito," Stalin remarked.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laar |first=M. |year=2009 |title=The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945 |publisher=Centre for European Studies |page=44 |url=http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito's life, none of which succeeded. In one correspondence between them, Tito openly wrote:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Medvedev |first1=Zhores A. |last2=Medvedev |first2=Roy A. |last3=Jeličić |first3=Matej |last4=Škunca |first4=Ivan |year=2003 |title=The Unknown Stalin |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-58567-502-9 |pages=70}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Stalin. Stop sending assassins to murder me. We have already caught five, one with a bomb, another with a rifle. [...] If this doesn't stop, I will send one man to Moscow and there will be no need to send another.}}
[[File:Goli otok zatvor.jpg|thumb|The [[Goli Otok]] prison]]
One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union was Tito's decision to begin large-scale repression against enemies of the government. This repression was not limited to known and alleged [[Stalinists]] but also included members of the Communist Party or anyone exhibiting sympathy towards the Soviet Union. Prominent partisans, such as [[Vlado Dapčević]] and [[Dragoljub Mićunović]], were victims of this period of strong repression, which lasted until 1956 and was marked by significant violations of human rights.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAyizpsg-Z8C&q=Accommodating+National+Identity:+New+Approaches+in+International+and+Domestic+Law |title=Accommodating National Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law|last=Tierney|first=Stephen |year=2000|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1400-6|page=17}}<br />"''Human rights were routinely suppressed...''"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Matas|1994|p=37}} "Human rights violations were observed in silence... It was not only that the wide list of verbal crimes flouted international human rights law and international obligations Yugoslavia had undertaken. Yugoslavia, a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, paid scant regard to some of its provisions."</ref> Tens of thousands of political opponents served in forced labour camps, such as [[Goli Otok]] (meaning Barren Island), and hundreds died. An often disputed but relatively feasible number that was put forth by the Yugoslav government itself in 1964 places the number of Goli Otok inmates incarcerated between 1948 and 1956 to be 16,554, with less than 600 having died during detention. The facilities at Goli Otok were abandoned in 1956, and jurisdiction of the now-defunct political prison was handed over to the government of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]].

[[File:Tito i Hrushchov.jpg|thumb|left|Tito and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in [[Skopje]] after the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|1963 earthquake]]]]

Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain U.S. aid via the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] (ECA), the same U.S. aid institution that administered the [[Marshall Plan]]. Still, Tito did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed, and Tito began to receive aid from the [[Comecon]] as well. In this way, Tito played East–West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], which would function as a "third way" for countries interested in staying outside of the East–West divide.<ref name="nonaligned-chief" />

The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the Cominform. This rift with the [[Soviet Union]] brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the [[Informbiro period]]. Tito's form of communism was labelled "[[Titoism]]" by Moscow, which encouraged purges and repression against suspected and accused "Titoites'" throughout the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1958071600 |last=Piotrow |first=Phyllis Tilson |author-link=Phyllis Tilson Piotrow |journal=Editorial Research Reports 1958 |title=Tito and the Soviets |date=1958 |volume=2 |publisher=CQ Researcher |doi=10.4135/cqresrre1958071600 |s2cid=264566567 |access-date=14 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some Trotskyists considered Tito to be an 'unconscious Trotskyist' because of the split. However, this was rejected by [[Ted Grant]] in 1949 who asserted there were no fundamental principled differences between Stalin and Tito. He said they were both 'proletarian [[Bonapartists]]' ruling [[deformed workers' state]]s – Tito modelling his regime on that of Stalin's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ted Grant – Reply to David James |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/grant/1949/james.htm |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>
[[File:Fabrike_Radnicima_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|"{{lang|sh|Fabrike radnicima}}" ("Factories to the workers") as declared by Tito was the slogan of the Yugoslav [[socialist self-management]] system]]
On 26 June 1950, the [[Parliament of Yugoslavia|National Assembly]] supported a crucial bill written by [[Milovan Đilas]] and Tito regarding "[[socialist self-management]]", a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced [[profit sharing]] and [[workplace democracy]] in previously state-run enterprises, which then came under direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded [[Ivan Ribar]] as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953, becoming the official [[head of state]].<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |editor1-last=Banks |editor1-first=Arthur S. |editor2-last=Muller |editor2-first=Thomas C. |title=Political Handbook of the World: 1998 |date=1998 |publisher=CPS Publications |location=Binghamton, New York |isbn=978-1-349-14951-3 |page=1029 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6mFCwAAQBAJ&q=tito+%22inaugurated%22+president+of+yugoslavia+January+1953&pg=PA1029 |access-date=13 January 2021 |language=English}}</ref> After Stalin's death, Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss the normalisation of relations between the two nations. [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]] visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologised for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration, signing the [[Belgrade declaration]]. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signalled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,862216-1,00.html |title=Discrimination in a Tomb|magazine=Time |date=18 June 1956|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> [[Rapprochement]] between the two countries would not last long, as Yugoslav leadership took an increasingly explicit posture of non-alignment in the aftermath of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. Relations further deteriorated in the late 1960s because of Yugoslav economic reforms which consciously linked Yugoslavia to the international system, as well as Tito's support for the [[Prague Spring]], which itself found much of its inspiration in Yugoslav market socialism, and opposition to the subsequent [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terry |first1=Sarah Meiklejohn |title=Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe |date=1984 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-03131-7 |pages=131–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpdiBRch02sC&q=Yugoslavia+Soviet+Union+1960s&pg=PA132}}</ref>

The Tito–Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the [[Slánský trial]] in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism", which Tito espoused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nt.gmnews.com/news/2005-03-08/Front_Page/082.html|title=Film, discussion to focus on 1952 Slansky trials|access-date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615165940/http://nt.gmnews.com/news/2005-03-08/Front_Page/082.html|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

===Non-Alignment===
{{Main|Non-Aligned Movement|Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement}}
[[File:Yugoslav passport Josip Broz Tito 1973.jpg|thumb|Tito's diplomatic passport, 1973]]Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], India's [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Indonesia's [[Sukarno]] and Ghana's [[Kwame Nkrumah]], in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with [[third world]] countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. Tito saw the Non-Aligned Movement as a way of presenting himself as a world leader of an important bloc of nations that would improve his bargaining power with both the eastern and western blocs.{{sfn|West|1995|p=281}} On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first [[Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]].

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru’s tour of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1961 (01).jpg|thumb|Tito receiving Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in [[Belgrade]], 1961|left]]

Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with [[Emperor Haile Selassie]] of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honour. In 1953, Tito visited Ethiopia, and in 1954, the Emperor visited Yugoslavia.{{sfn|West|1995|p=282}} Tito's motives in befriending Ethiopia were somewhat self-interested as he wanted to send recent graduates of Yugoslav universities (whose standards were not up to those of Western universities, thus making them unemployable in the West) to work in Ethiopia, which was one of the few countries that was willing to accept them.{{sfn|West|1995|p=281}} As Ethiopia did not have much of a health care system or a university system, Haile Selassie, from 1953 onward, encouraged the graduates of Yugoslav universities, especially with medical degrees, to come work in his empire.{{sfn|West|1995|p=282}} Reflecting his tendency to pursue closer ties with Third World nations, from 1950 onward, Tito permitted Mexican films to be shown in Yugoslavia, where they became very popular, especially the 1950 film ''Un día de vida'', which become a huge hit when it premiered in Yugoslavia in 1952.{{sfn|McKee Irwin|2010|p=160}} The success of Mexican films led to the "[[Yu-Mex]]" craze of the 1950s–1960s as Mexican music became popular, and it was fashionable for many Yugoslav musicians to don [[sombrero]]s and sing Mexican songs in Serbo-Croatian.{{sfn|McKee Irwin|2010|pp=161–162}}

Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the [[Cold War]] and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in [[self-determination]] caused the 1948 rift with Stalin and, consequently, the [[Eastern Bloc]]. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and co-operation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and Josip Broz Tito 1953.jpg|thumb|Josip Broz Tito greeting former U.S. first lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] during her July 1953 visit to Yugoslavia]] [[File:Predsednik Tito in Sukarno ter predsednik Ljudske skupščine LRS Miha Marinko s soprogami v Postojnski jami 1960.jpg|thumb|Tito and [[Sukarno]] at the [[Postojna Cave]], 1960]]

In the early 1950s, Yugoslav-Hungarian relations were strained as Tito made little secret of his distaste for the Stalinist [[Mátyás Rákosi]] and his preference for the "national communist" [[Imre Nagy]] instead.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=495}} Tito's decision to create a "[[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan Pact]]" by signing a treaty of alliance with NATO members Turkey and Greece in 1954 was regarded as tantamount to joining NATO in Soviet eyes, and his vague talk of a neutralist Communist federation of Eastern European states was seen as a major threat in Moscow.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=495–496}} The [[Embassy of Serbia, Budapest|Yugoslav embassy in Budapest]] was seen by the Soviets as a centre of subversion in Hungary as they accused Yugoslav diplomats and journalists, sometimes with justification, of supporting Nagy.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=496–497}} However, when the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|revolt broke out in Hungary in October 1956]], Tito accused Nagy of losing control of the situation, as he wanted a Communist Hungary independent of the Soviet Union, not the overthrow of Hungarian communism.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=497–498}} On 31 October 1956, Tito ordered the Yugoslav media to stop praising Nagy and he quietly supported the Soviet intervention on 4 November to end the revolt in Hungary, as he believed that a Hungary ruled by anti-communists would pursue irredentist claims against Yugoslavia, as had just been the case during the interwar period.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=497–498}} To escape from the Soviets, Nagy fled to the Yugoslav embassy, where Tito granted him asylum.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=501}} On 5 November 1956, Soviet tanks shelled the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest, killing the Yugoslav cultural attache and several other diplomats.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Tito's refusal to turn over Nagy, despite increasingly shrill Soviet demands that he do so, served his purposes well with relations with the Western states, as he was presented in the Western media as the "good communist" who stood up to Moscow by sheltering Nagy and the other Hungarian leaders.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=503–504}} On 22 November, Nagy and his cabinet left the embassy on a bus that took them into exile in Yugoslavia after the new Hungarian leader, [[János Kádár]] had promised Tito in writing that they would not be harmed.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Much to Tito's fury, when the bus left the Yugoslav embassy, it was promptly boarded by KGB agents who arrested the Hungarian leaders and roughly handled the Yugoslav diplomats who tried to protect them.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Nagy's kidnapping, followed by his execution, almost led Yugoslavia to break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, and in 1957 Tito boycotted the ceremonies in Moscow for the 40th [[October Revolution Day|anniversary of the October Revolution]], the only communist leader who did not attend.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=505–506}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F032669-0029, Bonn, Brandt mit Staatspräsident Tito.jpg|thumb|left|Tito and German chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] in [[Bonn]], 11 October 1970]]

Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide,<ref name="Socialism of Sorts"/> whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number{{quantify|date=October 2015}} of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]; [[Egypt]]'s [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Indian politicians [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]; British Prime Ministers [[Winston Churchill]], [[James Callaghan]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]]; U.S. Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]] and [[Jimmy Carter]]; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included [[Che Guevara]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Willy Brandt]], [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Georges Pompidou]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Hua Guofeng]], [[Kim Il Sung]], [[Sukarno]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Suharto]], [[Idi Amin]], [[Emperor Haile Selassie I]], [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Gaddafi]], [[Erich Honecker]], [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], [[János Kádár]], [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Urho Kekkonen]]. He also met numerous celebrities.

[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Elizabeth II i Josip Broz Tito,1972, u Beogradu.jpg|thumb|Tito with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in [[Belgrade]], 1972]]

Yugoslavia provided major assistance to anti-colonialist movements in the Third World. The Yugoslav delegation was the first to bring the demands of the [[Algerian National Liberation Front]] (FLN) to the United Nations. In January 1958, the [[French Navy]] boarded the ''Slovenija'' cargo ship off [[Oran]], whose holds were filled with weapons for the insurgents. Diplomat Danilo Milić explained that "Tito and the leading nucleus of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] really saw in the Third World's liberation struggles a replica of their own struggle against the fascist occupants. They vibrated to the rhythm of the advances or setbacks of the FLN or [[Viet Cong]]."<ref name=mo>{{cite news |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/08/DERENS/58989 |newspaper=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |author-link=:fr:Jean-Arnault Dérens |date=August 2018 |page=16 |title=Au temps de la Yougoslavie anticoloniale |trans-title=In the time of anti-colonial Yugoslavia |language=fr |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Tito-Kekkonen-1964.jpg|thumb|Tito and Finnish president [[Urho Kekkonen]] in [[Helsinki]], 1964|left]]

Thousands of Yugoslav [[military advisor]]s travelled to [[Guinea]] after its decolonisation and as the French government tried to destabilise the country. Tito also covertly helped left-wing liberation movements to destabilise the [[Portuguese colonial empire]]. He saw the murder of [[Patrice Lumumba]] in 1961 as the "greatest crime in contemporary history". The country's military academies hosted left-wing activists from [[SWAPO]] (Namibia) and the [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]] (South Africa) as part of Tito's efforts to undermine [[apartheid in South Africa]]. In 1980, the [[intelligence service]]s of South Africa and Argentina plotted to return the 'favour' by covertly bringing 1,500 anti-urban communist guerrillas to Yugoslavia. The operation was aimed at overthrowing Tito and was planned during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow so that the Soviets would be too busy to react. The operation was finally abandoned due to Tito's death.<ref name="mo" />

In 1953, Tito travelled to Britain for a state visit and met with [[Winston Churchill]]. He also toured [[Cambridge]] and visited the University Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/NgGe1fPW |title=Pathe News films of state visit |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629203150/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/NgGe1fPW |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tito visited India from 22 December 1954 to 8 January 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.titoville.com/partthree.html |title=Josip Broz Tito Chronology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001109100200/http://www.titoville.com/partthree.html |archive-date=9 November 2000}}</ref> After his return, he removed many restrictions on Yugoslavia's churches and spiritual institutions.

[[File:TitoCarter19783.jpg|thumb|Tito and [[Jimmy Carter]] hold a meeting between U.S. and Yugoslav officials in 1978]]

Tito also developed warm relations with [[Burma]] under [[U Nu]], travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he did not receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, [[Ne Win]]. Tito had an especially close friendship with Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of [[Cambodia]], who preached an eccentric mixture of monarchism, [[Buddhism]] and socialism, and, like Tito, wanted his country to be neutral in the Cold War.{{sfn|West|1995|p=283}} Tito saw Sihanouk as something of a kindred soul who, like him, had to struggle to maintain his backward country's neutrality in the face of rival power blocs.{{sfn|West|1995|p=283}} By contrast, Tito strongly disliked President [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], whom he saw as thuggish and possibly insane.{{sfn|West|1995|p=284}}

Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia was often rare among Communist countries in having diplomatic relations with right-wing, [[anti-communist]] governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country that had diplomatic relations with [[Alfredo Stroessner]]'s [[Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0106)|title=Paraguay: A Country Study: Foreign Relations|quote=Foreign policy under Stroessner was based on two major principles: nonintervention in the affairs of other countries and no relations with countries under [[Marxist]] governments. The only exception to the second principle was Yugoslavia.|access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> Yugoslavia went on to sell arms to the staunchly anti-communist regime of [[Guatemala]] under [[Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García]] during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/reorg.html#Ref193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018224238/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/reorg.html#Ref193 |archive-date=18 October 2002 |title=Reorganizacion de los actores del enfrentamiento (1971–1978) |trans-title=Reorganization of the actors of the confrontation (1971–1978) |publisher=Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |date=17 June 2013 |access-date=26 August 2017 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rostica |first=Julieta Carla |title=Dictaduras y lógica de dominación en Guatemala (1954–1985) |trans-title=Dictatorships and logic of domination in Guatemala (1954–1985) |url=http://jornadasjovenesiigg.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/107/2015/04/Rostica-Julieta-Poder.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707010011/http://jornadasjovenesiigg.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/107/2015/04/Rostica-Julieta-Poder.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2024 |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=es}}</ref> Notable exceptions to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries include [[Spain under Franco]], [[Greek junta|Greece under Greek junta]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348956847 |last=Ristović |first=Milan |journal=Balcanica |issue=LI |title=Yugoslav-Greek Relations from the End of the Second World War to 1990 |publisher=[[Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade]] |doi-access=free |doi=10.2298/BALC2051257R |year=2020 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> and [[Chile under Pinochet]]; Yugoslavia was one of many countries that severed diplomatic relations with Chile after [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|Salvador Allende was overthrown]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryruleinch00john|url-access=registration|last1=Valenzuela|first1=Julio Samuel|last2=Valenzuela|first2=Arturo|year=1986|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryruleinch00john/page/316 316]}}</ref>

===Reforms===
[[File:Rogova mesnica v Mariboru 1957.jpg|thumb|A butcher shop in [[Maribor]] adorned with a portrait of Tito, 1957]]
Starting in the 1950s, Tito's government permitted Yugoslav workers to go to western Europe, especially West Germany, as ''[[Gastarbeiter]]'' ("guest workers").{{sfn|West|1995|p=286}} The exposure of many Yugoslavs to the West and its culture led many Yugoslavians to view themselves as culturally closer to Western Europe than Eastern Europe.{{sfn|West|1995|p=271}} In the autumn of 1960, Tito met President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] meeting. They discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutrality was "neutral on his side", Tito replied that neutrality did not imply passivity but meant "not taking sides".<ref name="Lees">{{cite book |last=Lees |first=Lorraine M. |title=Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War, 1945–1960 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2010 |pages=233, 234 |isbn=978-0271040639}}</ref> On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name from "Federal People's Republic" to "Socialist Federal Republic" of Yugoslavia. [[Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Economic]] reforms encouraged [[Small business|smallscale]] [[private enterprise]] (up to five full-time workers; most of these were [[family business]]es and largest in [[agriculture]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Raymond H. |date=29 October 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/capitalism-is-alive-but-not-so-well-in-yugoslavia-future-of-private.html |title=Capitalism Is Alive but Not So Well in Yugoslavia |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> and greatly relaxed restrictions on religious expression.<ref name="Socialism of Sorts">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942012,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122220854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942012,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2007 |title=Socialism of Sorts |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 June 1966 |access-date=27 April 2010 |quote=Today, as the rest of Eastern Europe begins to catch on, Yugoslavia remains the most autonomous, open, idiosyncratic and unCommunist Communist country anywhere on earth. ...Families are being encouraged by the Communist government to indulge in such capitalist practices as investing in restaurants, inns, shoe-repair shops and motels. ...Alone among Red peoples, Yugoslavs may freely travel to the West. ...Belgrade and the Vatican announced that this month they will sign an agreement according new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to teach the catechism and open seminaries.}}</ref> Tito subsequently toured the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests Mark Tito's Chile |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19630923&id=S7FOAAAAIBAJ&pg=7241,3185693 |location=Toledo, Ohio, USA |date=23 September 1963 |agency=Toledo Blade }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=48568 |title=Komunistički progoni Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini 1945–1990|journal=National Security and the Future|volume=9|issue=3|pages=41–72|last=Lučić|first=Ivica|year=2008|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

[[File:TitoCallingCard.jpg|thumb|left|Tito's calling card from 1967]]

In 1966, an agreement with the [[Holy See]], fostered in part by the death in 1960 of the anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb [[Aloysius Stepinac]] and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the [[Second Vatican Council]], accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechise and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Holy See and Yugoslavia reconciled [[Holy See–Yugoslavia relations|their relations]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vukićević |first=Boris |title=Foreign Policy Doctrine of the Holy See in the Cold War Europe: Ostpolitik of the Holy See |journal=The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations |volume=49 |year=2018 |issn=0544-1943 |location=Ankara, Turkey |publisher=[[Ankara University]] |pages=117–138 |doi=10.1501/Intrel_0000000319|doi-access=free }}</ref> and worked together on achieving peace in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/detalji-neocekivane-suradnje-dviju-suprotstavljenih-strana-kako-su-tito-i-sveta-stolica-dosli-na-ideju-da-zajedno-pokusaju-zaustaviti-rat-u-vijetnamu-6920370 |title=Kako su Tito i Sveta Stolica došli na ideju da zajedno pokušaju zaustaviti rat u Vijetnamu |date=11 January 2018 |publisher=[[Jutarnji list]] |first=Hrvoje |last=Klasić |author-link=Hrvoje Klasić |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=sh}}</ref> Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in a conspiracy headed by [[Aleksandar Ranković]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836660,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902232353/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836660,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2007|title=Unmeritorious Pardon|work=Time Magazine |date=16 December 1966|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> Allegedly, the charge on which he was removed from power and expelled from the LCY was that he [[Covert listening device|bugged]] Tito's working and sleeping quarters as well as those of many other high government officials. For almost 20 years, Ranković was at the head of the [[State Security Administration]] (UDBA), as well as Federal Secretary of Internal Affairs. His position as a party whip and Tito's way of controlling and monitoring the government and, to a certain extent, the people bothered many, especially the younger generation of government officials who were working toward a more liberal Yugoslav society. In the same year, Tito declared that communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of [[liberal socialism]]).<ref name="Payne">{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley |title=Spain: A Unique History |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=2011 |page=227 |isbn=978-0299249335}}</ref> <!-- UDBA saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5,000 after the removal of Ranković. Some historians{{Who|date=March 2023}} argue that this shift from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and strong centralised government control to liberal socialism and a more open, decentralised society played a role in the eventual break-up of the country.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} -->

On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia became the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843306,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155734/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843306,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Beyond Dictatorship |magazine=Time |date=20 January 1967|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. His plan called for Arabs to recognise the state of Israel in exchange for [[Israeli-occupied territories|territories Israel newly occupied]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841036,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155726/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841036,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Still a Fever|magazine=Time |date=25 August 1967|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

In 1968, Tito offered to fly to [[Prague]] on three hours' notice if Czechoslovak leader [[Alexander Dubček]] needed help in facing down the Soviets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Back to the Business of Reform|work=Time Magazine|date=16 August 1968|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> In April 1969, Tito removed generals [[Ivan Gošnjak]] and [[Rade Hamović]] in the aftermath of the [[invasion of Czechoslovakia]] due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tito Orders Quiet Purge of Generals|first=David|last=Binder |newspaper=Dayton Beach Morning Journal|date=16 April 1969}}</ref>

[[File:Arrival ceremony for President Tito of Yugoslavia, on the South grounds of the White House - NARA - 194385.tif|thumb|right|Tito with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] at the [[White House]], 28 October 1971]]

In 1971, the Federal Assembly reelected Tito as president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time. In his speech before the Federal Assembly, he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments to provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22-member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency, and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly failed to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for a stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislation independently from the Communist Party. [[Džemal Bijedić]] was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralise the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defence, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903055-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903055-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Tito's Daring Experiment|magazine=Time |date=9 August 1971|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists,<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Laurence |title=Serbia |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2010 |page=23 |isbn=978-1841623269}}</ref> had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for [[brotherhood and unity]], and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia.<ref name="Rogel">{{cite book |last=Rogel |first=Carole |title=The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186 |url-access=registration |quote=Tito's successors were less committed than he was to preserving Yugoslav unity; some even plotted the state's dismemberment. Tito in a way was the country's last unifying force; for many he was the glue that had held Yugoslavia together until 1980. |access-date=5 July 2013 |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313299186 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/16 16]}}</ref> This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the [[Croatian Spring]] (also referred as the {{lang|sh|Masovni pokret}} or Maspok for short, meaning "Mass Movement") when the government suppressed both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of Maspok's demands, including for decentralisation, were later realised with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the [[League of Communists of Serbia|Serbian branch of the party]], who favoured centralisation.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} On 16 May 1974, the new [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution]] was passed, and the 82-year-old Tito was named [[president for life]]. But the 1974 constitution caused issues for the Yugoslavian economy and distorted its market mechanism, leading to escalation of ethnic tensions.<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=1942875 | last1=Estrin | first1=Saul | title=Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism | journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives | year=1991 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=187–194 | doi=10.1257/jep.5.4.187 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Tito's visits to the U.S. avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about socialism in Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tito Greeted By Kennedy as Pickets March Outside |page=1 |date=17 October 1963 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who frequently burned the [[Flag of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav flag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AMichener greets Tito on arrival in Canada |page=46 |date=3 November 1971 |work=The Leader Post |agency=Canadian Press}}</ref> During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s, emigrants shouted "Tito murderer" outside his New York hotel, which he protested to United States authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Tito Protest Planned |page=A8 |date=5 March 1978 |work=Herald-Journal |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Final years and death==
{{See also|Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|Breakup of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Wars}}

After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state, transferring much of it to the prime minister who was the head of government, but retained the final word on all major policy decisions as president and head of state and as the head of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The 40th anniversary of his [[Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|communist party leadership]] was observed on the Youth Day of 1977 throughout Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Dobbs (journalist) |date=26 May 1977 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |title=At 85, Tito Looks Healthy and Wealthy, Is Called Wise |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> He continued to [[List of international trips made by Josip Broz Tito|travel abroad]] and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with the [[China|Chinese leadership]] that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman [[Hua Guofeng]] visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito travelled to the U.S. During the visit, strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C., owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carter Gives Tito Festive Welcome|agency=Associated Press|date=7 March 1978}}</ref>

[[File:Grob Josipa Broza Tita.jpg|thumb|right|Tito's tomb at the [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], a mausoleum within the [[Museum of Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade, Serbia]]

Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979. During this time, ''Vila Srna'' was built for his use near [[Morović]] in the event of his recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/187450/Raj-u-koji-Broz-nije-stigao |title=Raj u koji Broz nije stigao |publisher=[[Blic]] |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> On 7 January and again on 12 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the [[Ljubljana University Medical Centre|Medical Centre in Ljubljana]], the capital city of the [[SR Slovenia]], with [[peripheral vascular disease|circulation problems in his legs]]. Tito's stubbornness and refusal to allow doctors to follow through with the necessary amputation of his left leg played a part in his eventual death of [[gangrene]]-induced infection. His adjutant later testified that Tito threatened to take his own life if his leg was ever amputated and that he had to hide Tito's pistol in fear that he would follow through on his threat. After a private conversation with his sons Žarko and [[Mišo Broz]], he finally agreed, and his left leg was amputated due to arterial blockages. The amputation proved to be too late, and Tito died at the Medical Centre of Ljubljana on 4 May 1980, three days short of his 88th birthday.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The [[Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|state funeral of Josip Broz Tito]] drew many world statesmen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33364|title=Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia|author=Jimmy Carter|date=4 May 1980|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823020139/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33364|url-status=dead}}</ref> It attracted government leaders from 129 states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glenny |first=Misha |date=2012 |title=The Balkans|publisher=Penguin Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/balkansnationali00mish/page/622 622] |isbn=978-0-670-85338-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/balkansnationali00mish/page/622 }}</ref> Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, at the time it was the [[List of largest funerals|largest state funeral]] in history; this concentration of dignitaries would be unmatched until the [[List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II|funeral of Pope John Paul II]] in 2005 and the [[List of dignitaries at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela|memorial service of Nelson Mandela]] in 2013.<ref name="vidmar166">{{cite book|title=Josip Broz Tito – Ilustrirani življenjepis|last=Vidmar|first=Josip|author2=Rajko Bobot|author3=Miodrag Vartabedijan|author4=Branibor Debeljaković|author5=Živojin Janković|author6=Ksenija Dolinar|year=1981|publisher=Jugoslovenska revija|page=166}}</ref> Those who attended included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers, and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 countries out of 154 UN members at the time.<ref name=Ridley>{{cite book |title=Tito: A Biography |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |author-link=Jasper Ridley (historian) |year=1996 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-0-09-475610-6 |page=19}}</ref>

Reporting on his death, ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote:

{{blockquote|Tito sought to improve life. Unlike others who rose to power on the communist wave after WWII, Tito did not long demand that his people suffer for a distant vision of a better life. After an initial Soviet-influenced bleak period, Tito moved toward radical improvement of life in the country. Yugoslavia gradually became a bright spot amid the general grayness of Eastern Europe.|''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 May 1980.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson|first=Raymond H.|title=Giant Among Communists Governed Like a Monarch|url=https://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/tito-obit.pdf |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 May 1980}}</ref>}}

Tito was interred in the [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], a mausoleum in Belgrade which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the [[Museum of Yugoslav History]] (formerly called "Museum 25 May" and "Museum of the Revolution"). The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency. The collection includes original prints of ''[[Los Caprichos]]'' by [[Francisco Goya]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/hallan-goya-tito-milosevic-belgrado-2920598.htm|title=Hallan un grabado de Goya en la casa de Tito y Milosevic en Belgrado|publisher=Terra|date=28 November 2008|access-date=28 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113221723/http://actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/hallan-goya-tito-milosevic-belgrado-2920598.htm|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>

==Evaluation==
[[File:President Tito van Joegoslavië, Bestanddeelnr 923-9241 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Tito in 1970]]

Dominic McGoldrick writes that as the head of a "highly [[centralised]] and [[oppressive]]" [[regime]], Tito wielded tremendous power in Yugoslavia, with his [[authoritarian]] rule administered through an elaborate [[bureaucracy]] that routinely suppressed [[human rights]].{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} The main victims of this repression during the first years were known and alleged [[Stalinists]], such as [[Dragoslav Mihailović]] and [[Dragoljub Mićunović]], but in later years, even some of the most prominent of Tito's collaborators were arrested. On 19 November 1956, [[Milovan Đilas]], perhaps the closest of Tito's collaborators, widely regarded as his possible successor, was arrested because of his criticism of Tito's regime. [[Victor Sebestyen]] writes that Tito "was as brutal as" [[Stalin]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sebestyen |first=Victor |date=2014 |title=1946: The Making of the Modern World |publisher=Macmillan |page=148 |isbn=978-0230758001 |quote=Tito was as brutal as his one-time mentor Stalin, with whom he was later to fall out but with whom he shared a taste for bloody revenge against enemies, real or imagined. Churchill called Tito 'the great Balkan tentacle', but that did not prevent him from making a similar deal like the one he had made with the Soviets.}}</ref> The repression did not exclude intellectuals and writers, such as [[Venko Markovski]], who was arrested and sent to jail in January 1956 for writing poems considered anti-Titoist.

Even if, after the [[reform]]s of 1961, Tito's presidency had become comparatively more liberal than other communist regimes, the Communist Party continued to alternate between [[liberalism]] and repression.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=34}} Yugoslavia managed to remain independent from the Soviet Union, and its brand of [[socialism]] was in many ways the envy of [[Eastern Europe]], but Tito's Yugoslavia remained a tightly controlled [[police state]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY_xAgAAQBAJ&q=Tito's+Yugoslavia+was+a+tightly+controlled+police+state&pg=PT73|title=Tell it to the world, Eliott Behar|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4597-2380-1}}</ref> According to [[David Matas]], outside the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia had more [[political prisoners]] than all of the rest of Eastern Europe combined.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=36}} Tito's secret police were modelled on the Soviet [[KGB]]. Its members were ever-present and often [[Extrajudicial punishment|acted extrajudicially]],{{sfn|Corbel|1951|pp=173–174}} with victims including middle-class intellectuals, liberals and democrats.{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=1391}} Yugoslavia was a signatory to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], but scant regard was paid to its provisions.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=37}} <!--During his rule, Tito created a cult of personality around himself, which described him as a communist war hero and liberator.<ref>Apor, Behrends, Jones, Rees (2004). The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc. Palgrave Macmillan</ref> During the immediate post-war period, Tito's Yugoslavia had a strong commitment to orthodox Marxist ideas. Harsh repressive measures against [[dissidents]] were common, including "arrests, show trials, forced [[collectivisation]], suppression of churches and religion".{{sfn|Forsythe|2009|p=47}}-->

[[File:Arrival ceremony for state visit of Josip Tito, President of Yugoslavia - NARA - 178242-restored.jpg|thumb|left|Tito with U.S. president [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], 7 March 1978]]

Tito's Yugoslavia was based on respect for nationality, though Tito ruthlessly purged any flowerings of nationalism that threatened the Yugoslav federation.{{sfn|Finlan|2004}} But the contrast between the deference given to some ethnic groups and the severe repression of others was sharp. Yugoslav law guaranteed nationalities the right to use their language, but for ethnic Albanians, the assertion of ethnic identity was severely limited. Almost half of [[political prisoners in Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia's political prisoners]] were ethnic Albanians imprisoned for asserting their ethnic identity.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=39}}

Yugoslavia's post-war development was impressive, but the country ran into economic snags around 1970 and experienced significant unemployment and inflation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqvpudh8dasC&q=Unemployment+in+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia&pg=PA3694|title=The 20th Century O–Z: Dictionary of World Biography| page= 3694|author=Frank N. Magill|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-1136593697}}</ref>

Declassified documents from the CIA state in 1967, it was already clear that although Tito's economic model had achieved growth of the [[gross national product]] around 7%, it also created frequently unwise industrial investment and a chronic deficit in the nation's [[balance of payment]]. In the 1970s, uncontrolled growth often created chronic inflation, which Tito and the Party could not fully stabilise or moderate. Yugoslavia also paid high interest on loans compared to the [[LIBOR]] rate, but Tito's presence eased investors' fears since he had proven willing and able to implement unpopular reforms. By 1979 with Tito's passing on the horizon, a global downturn in the economy, consistently increasing unemployment and growth slowing to 5.9% throughout the 1970s, it had become likely that "the rapid economic growth to which the Yugoslavs [had] become accustomed" would aggressively decline.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYzo_TJ1BM4C&q=tito+economy&pg=PA25|title=Yugoslavia: From "national Communism" to National Collapse: US Intelligence, page 312|publisher=National Intelligence Council|year=2006|isbn=978-0160873607}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mises.ca/the-economy-of-titos-yugoslavia-delaying-the-inevitable-collapse|title=The Economy of Tito's Yugoslavia: Delaying the Inevitable Collapse|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute Canada|year=2014|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024012054/https://www.mises.ca/the-economy-of-titos-yugoslavia-delaying-the-inevitable-collapse/|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the passing of the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution]], Tito initiated what, according to A. Ross Johnson of the [[United States Department of State]], "constituted the first effort in postwar Yugoslavia (and the first attempt in any Communist system) to establish [[Formality|depersonalised]] and [[institutionalised]] 'rules of the game' in Party decision-making bodies intended to apply to the [[Succession planning|period of succession]]."{{sfn|Johnson|1983|p=30}} This system created a [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia|state]] and [[President of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|party presidency]] that was [[Collective leadership|governed collectively]], each limited to one year [[term of office]].{{sfn|Johnson|1983|p=31}} But this system might have contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia, according to professor Robert M. Hayden: "While perhaps no federal structure could have contained the political pressures of Yugoslavia in 1989/91, the flaws of the 1974 constitution served to ensure that they became unmanageable, thus making civil war virtually inevitable. Responsibility for the war must thus be shared, between the Slovenes, whose actions destroyed the federal structure, [[Slobodan Milošević]], whose aggressive politics goaded the Slovenes into doing so, and the drafters of the constitution, who made the chimaera of a "confederation" seem a reasonable constitutional structure."{{sfn|Hayden|1992|p=29}}

==Legacy==
{{See also|List of places named after Josip Broz Tito|Yugo-nostalgia}}
[[File:Titov spomenik.jpg|thumb|Statue of Tito in the village of his birth, [[Kumrovec]], 2007]]
[[File:Jugoslovenska narodna armija na ulica Marsal Tito.jpg|thumb|Marshal Tito Street in [[Skopje]] (Yugoslav People's Army provide support after [[1963 Skopje earthquake|26 July 1963 earthquake]])]]
[[File:Sarajevo 03 09 09 (29) (3908687427).jpg|thumb|Tito memorabilia in a market in [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2009]]
[[File:Graffiti in Mostar 002.jpg|thumb|"Long live Tito", graffiti in [[Mostar]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2009]]
[[File:Who the fuck is Tito? (7908307544).jpg|thumb|Graffiti in [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia, 2012]]

Tito is credited with transforming Yugoslavia from a poor nation to a middle-income one that saw vast improvements in women's rights, health, education, urbanisation, industrialisation, and many other areas of human and economic development.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Perović|first1=Latinka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ovgswEACAAJ|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|last2=Roksandić|first2=Drago|last3=Velikonja|first3=Mitja|last4=Höpken|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Bieber|first5=Florian|date=2017|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia|isbn=978-86-7208-208-1}}</ref> A 2010 poll found that as many as 81% of Serbians believe that life was better under Tito.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2010|title=Serbia Poll: Life Was Better Under Tito|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/24/for-simon-poll-serbians-unsure-who-runs-their-country/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Balkan Insight}}</ref> Tito also ranked first in the "[[Greatest Croatian]]" poll which was conducted in 2003 by the Croatian weekly news magazine ''[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]''.<ref name="rezultati">{{cite magazine|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost|title=Tito je jedini hrvatski državnik koga je svijet prihvaćao kao svjetsku ličnost|trans-title=Tito is the only Croatian statesman accepted by the world as a global personality|language=Croatian|magazine=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]|date=6 January 2004|issue=425|author=Robert Bajruši|accessdate=24 November 2020|archivedate=25 February 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225055827/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost}}</ref>

During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were [[List of places named after Tito|named after Tito]]; several of these have since returned to their original names.

For example, [[Podgorica]], formerly Titograd (though [[Podgorica's international airport]] is still identified by the code TGD), and [[Užice]], formerly known as Titovo Užice, which reverted to its original name in 1992. Streets in Belgrade, the capital, have all reverted to their original pre-World War II and pre-communist names as well. In 2004, [[Antun Augustinčić]]'s statue of Broz in his birthplace of [[Kumrovec]] was decapitated in an explosion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DE1639F93BA15751C1A9629C8B63 |title=Bomb Topples Tito Statue |work=The New York Times |date=28 December 2004|access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> It was subsequently repaired. Twice in 2008, protests took place in what was then Zagreb's Marshal Tito Square (since 2017 the [[Republic of Croatia Square]]), organised by a group called Circle for the Square ({{lang|sh|Krug za Trg}}), with an aim to force the city government to rename it to its previous name, while a counter-protest by Citizens' Initiative Against [[Neo-Nazism in Croatia|Ustašism]] ({{lang|sh|Građanska inicijativa protiv ustaštva}}) accused the "Circle for the Square" of [[historical revisionism]] and [[neo-fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dalje.com/hr-zagreb/spremni-smo-braniti-antifasisticke-vrijednosti-rh/214432 |title=Spremni smo braniti antifašističke vrijednosti RH |publisher=Dalje |date=13 December 2008 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507203035/http://dalje.com/hr-zagreb/spremni-smo-braniti-antifasisticke-vrijednosti-rh/214432 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Croatian president [[Stjepan Mesić]] criticised the demonstration to change the name.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Thousands of Croats demand Tito Square be renamed |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/02/11/nb-10 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615175324/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/02/11/nb-10 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=28 April 2010 |publisher=SETimes}}</ref>

In the Croatian coastal city of [[Opatija]] the main street (also its longest street) still bears the name of Marshal Tito. [[Rijeka]], third largest city in [[Croatia]], also refuses to change the name of one of the squares in the city centre named after Tito. There are streets named after Tito in numerous towns in Serbia, mostly in the country's north ([[Vojvodina]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} One of the main streets in downtown [[Sarajevo]] is called [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Marshal Tito Street]], and Tito's statue in a park in front of the [[University of Sarajevo|university]] campus (ex. [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]] barrack "Maršal Tito") in [[Marijin Dvor]] is a place where Bosnians and Sarajevans still today commemorate and pay tribute to Tito. The largest Tito monument in the world, about {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} high, is in Tito Square ({{langx|sl|Titov trg}}), the central square in [[Velenje]], Slovenia.<ref name="DEDIST">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/325-spomenik-josipu-brozu-titu-v-velenju |title=Spomenik Josipu Brozu Titu v Velenju |trans-title=The Monument to Josip Broz Tito in Velenje |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Alenka |last1=Bartulovič |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |access-date=12 March 2012 |language=sl |date= |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028032717/http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/325-spomenik-josipu-brozu-titu-v-velenju |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.velenje-tourism.si/en/307 |title=Monument of Josip Broz |publisher=Tourist Information and Promotion Center Velenje |access-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208211813/http://www.velenje-tourism.si/en/307 |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> One of the main bridges in Slovenia's second largest city of [[Maribor]] is Tito Bridge ({{langx|sl|Titov most}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maribor-pohorje.si/tito-s-bridge.aspx |title=Slovenia-Maribor: Tito's Bridge (Titov most) |publisher=Maribor |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414084430/http://maribor-pohorje.si/tito-s-bridge.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The central square in [[Koper]], the largest Slovenian port city, is named Tito Square.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=Saša S: Tito square smile in Koper |url=http://www.pano.si/2011/04/tito-square-smile-in-koper.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525184723/http://www.pano.si/2011/04/tito-square-smile-in-koper.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=Pano}}</ref> The main-belt asteroid [[1550 Tito]], discovered by Serbian astronomer [[Milorad B. Protić]] at [[Belgrade Observatory]] in 1937, was named in his honour.<ref name="springer" />

The Croat historian Marijana Belaj wrote that for some people in Croatia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia, Tito is remembered as a sort of secular saint, mentioning how some Croats keep portraits of Catholic saints together with a portrait of Tito on their walls as a way to bring hope.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=78}} The practice of writing letters to Tito has continued well after his death with several websites in former Yugoslavia devoted entirely as forums for people to send him posthumous letters, in which they often write about personal problems.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=78}} Every year on 25 May, several thousand people from the former Yugoslavia gather in Tito's hometown of Kumrovec<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/63024-several-thousand-admirers-of-tito-aelebrate-day-of-youth-in-kumrovec |title=Several Thousand Admirers of Tito Celebrate Day of Youth in Kumrovec |publisher=Total Croatia News |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022150805/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/63024-several-thousand-admirers-of-tito-aelebrate-day-of-youth-in-kumrovec |url-status=dead }}</ref> and his resting place, House of Flowers,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/zimski-vrt-s-prostorima-za-rad-i-odmor-josipa-broza-tita-posjecuju-brojni-gosti-evo-sto-se-nalazi-u-kuci-cvijeca-i-kada-je-sagraden-mauzolej-1240740 |title=Zimski vrt s prostorima za rad i odmor Josipa Broza Tita posjećuju brojni gosti, evo što se nalazi u 'Kući cvijeća' i kada je sagrađen mauzolej |trans-title=Many guests visit Josip Broz Tito's winter garden with work and rest areas, here is what is in the 'House of Flowers' and when the mausoleum was built |language=sh |newspaper=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref> to pay tribute to his memory{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=71}} and celebrate the former country's [[Youth Day#Yugoslavia|Youth Day]], which in the Yugoslav era was one of the biggest annual celebrations and was marked by the [[Relay of Youth]] with a birthday pledge to Tito. Belaj wrote that much of the Tito cult's posthumous appeal centres around Tito's everyman persona and his image as a "friend" to ordinary people, in contrast to the way in which [[Stalin]] was depicted in [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality|his cult of personality]] as a cold, aloof, godlike figure whose extraordinary qualities set him apart from ordinary people.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=77}} Most of those who come to Kumrovec on 25 May to kiss Tito's statue are women.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|pp=84–85}} Belaji wrote that the Tito cult's appeal today owes less to communism, observing that most people who come to Kumrovec do not believe in communism, than to nostalgia for Tito's Yugoslavia and affection for an "ordinary man" who became great.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=87}} Tito was not a Croat nationalist, but the fact that Tito became the world's most famous Croat, serving as the leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and being seen as an important world leader, inspires pride in certain quarters of Croatia.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|pp=81, 87}}

Every year a "Brotherhood and Unity" relay race is organised in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia that ends on 25 May at the "House of Flowers", Tito's final resting place. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec. The relay is a leftover from the [[Relay of Youth]] from Yugoslav times, when young people made a similar yearly trek on foot through Yugoslavia that ended in Belgrade with a massive celebration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/relay-for-tito-leaves-montenegro-en-route-to-belgrade |title=Relay for Tito leaves Montenegro en route to Belgrade |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=Balkan Insights |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

''[[Tito and Me]]'' ({{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|Тито и ја|Tito i ja}}), a Yugoslav comedy film by Serbian director [[Goran Marković]], was released in 1992.

In the years following Yugoslavia's dissolution, historians started highlighting that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito,{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}}<ref name=Cohen>{{cite book| title=Group Psychotherapy and Political Reality: A Two-Way Mirror|last1=Cohen|first1=Bertram D.|last2=Ettin|first2=Mark F.|last3=Fidler|first3=Jay W.|year=2002|publisher=International Universities Press|isbn=978-0-8236-2228-3|page=193}}</ref> particularly in the first decade before the Tito–Stalin split. On 4 October 2011, the [[Slovenian Constitutional Court]] found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional.<ref name="Slovenia Times">{{cite news |title=Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional |newspaper=Slovenia Times |date=5 October 2011 |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230506/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional |url-status=dead }}</ref> While several public areas in [[Slovenia]] (named during the Yugoslav period) already bear Tito's name, on the issue of renaming an additional street [[Tito street decision in Slovenia|the court ruled]] that:
{{blockquote|The name "Tito" does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in World War II, as claimed by the other party in the case but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odlocitve.us-rs.si/usrs/us-odl.nsf/o/AB6C747BE8DF7AF3C125791F00404CF9 |title=Text of the decision U-I-109/10 of the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, issued on 3 October 2011, in Slovene |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026195013/http://odlocitve.us-rs.si/usrs/us-odl.nsf/o/AB6C747BE8DF7AF3C125791F00404CF9 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

But the court made clear that the purpose of the review was "not a verdict on Tito as a figure or on his concrete actions, as well as not a historical weighing of facts and circumstances".<ref name="Slovenia Times"/> Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito, notably ''Tito Square'' in [[Velenje]], incorporating a 10-meter statue.

Some scholars have named Tito as responsible for the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)#Yugoslavia|systematic eradication]] of the ethnic German ([[Danube Swabian]]) population in [[Vojvodina]] by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities.<ref>John R. Schindler: "Yugoslavia’s First Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of the Danubian Germans, 1944–1946", pp. 221–229, Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. ''Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe'' {{ISBN|0-88033-995-0}}.</ref>

==Family and personal life==
[[File:Predsednik Tito in Sukarno s soprogama pred Postojnsko jamo 1960.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jovanka Broz]] and Tito in [[Postojna]], 6 April 1960]]

Tito was married several times and had numerous affairs. In 1918 he was brought to [[Omsk]], Russia, as a prisoner of war. There he met {{ill|Pelagija Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}, who was then 14; he married her a year later, and she moved with him to Yugoslavia. They had five children, but only their son {{ill|Žarko Leon Broz|ru|Броз, Жарко|sh|Žarko Broz}}<ref name="Stana">{{cite book |title=Tito u Bjelovaru |last=Koprivica-Oštrić |first=Stanislava |year=1978 |publisher=Koordinacioni odbor za njegovanje revolucionarnih tradicija |page=76}}</ref> (born 4 February<ref name="Stana"/> 1924) survived.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=39}} When Tito was jailed in 1928, Belousova returned to Russia. After the divorce in 1936, she remarried.

In 1936, when Tito stayed at the [[Hotel Lux]] in Moscow, he met the Austrian {{ill|Lucia Bauer|sh|Lucija Bauer}}. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later deliberately erased.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=44}}

His next relationship was with Anna Koenig, whom he married in 1936 and who died in 1937.

In 1940, he married [[Herta Haas]].<ref name=mandc>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1539668.php/Tito-s-ex-wife-Hertha-Hass-dies |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128231725/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1539668.php/Tito-s-ex-wife-Hertha-Hass-dies |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2013 |title=Tito's ex wife Hertha Hass dies |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> Tito left for Belgrade after the [[April War]], leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, [[Mišo Broz|Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz]]. Throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with [[Davorjanka Paunović]], who, under the codename "Zdenka Horvat", served as a courier in the resistance and became his personal secretary. Haas and Tito suddenly parted company in 1943 in [[Jajce]] during the second meeting of [[AVNOJ]] after she reportedly walked in on him and Davorjanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/drustvo.php?id=72155 |title=Titova udovica daleko od očiju javnosti |publisher=Blic |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214122230/http://www.blic.rs/drustvo.php?id=72155 |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}</ref> The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/u-96-godini-umrla-bivsa-titova-supruga-herta-haas-clanak-108015 |title=U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas |publisher=Večernji list |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> Davorjanka died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1946, and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the [[Beli Dvor]], his Belgrade residence.{{sfn|Borneman|2004|pp=160}}

[[File:Beograd Beli dvor na Dedinju.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beli dvor|Beli Dvor]] in [[Belgrade]], one of Tito's residences]]

His best-known wife was [[Jovanka Broz]]. Tito was just shy of his 60th birthday and she was 27 when they married in April 1952, with state security chief [[Aleksandar Ranković]] as the best man. Their marriage came about somewhat unexpectedly since Tito actually rejected her some years earlier when his confidante {{ill|Ivan Stevo Krajačić|sr}} originally presented her to him. At that time, she was in her early 20s, and Tito objected to her upbeat personality. Not one to be easily discouraged, Jovanka continued working at [[Beli Dvor]], where she managed the staff and eventually got another chance. But their relationship was not happy. It had gone through many, often public, ups and downs, with episodes of infidelity and even allegations of preparation for a ''coup d'état'' by the latter pair. Certain unofficial reports suggest Tito and Jovanka formally divorced in the late 1970s, shortly before his death, but during Tito's funeral, she was present in an official capacity as his wife and later claimed inheritance rights. The couple had no children.

Tito's grandchildren include [[Saša Broz]], a theatre director in Croatia; [[Svetlana Broz]], a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia and Herzegovina; [[Joška Broz|Josip Broz]] (better-known as [[Joška Broz]]), a politician in Serbia; Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

[[File:Brijuni 20170417 panorama.jpg|thumb|left|330px|[[Brijuni Islands]], location of the summer residence]]

As president, Tito had access to extensive (state-owned) property associated with the office and maintained a lavish lifestyle. In Belgrade, he resided in the official residence, the Beli Dvor, and maintained a separate private home at 10 Užička Street. The [[Brijuni Islands]] were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. The pavilion was designed by [[Jože Plečnik]] and included a zoo. Close to 100 foreign heads of state visited Tito at the island residence, along with film stars such as [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Richard Burton]], [[Sophia Loren]], [[Carlo Ponti]], and [[Gina Lollobrigida]]. On the island of Brijuni, a museum displays photos of the many visitors that Tito received over more than three decades.<ref name="BW-Briuni">{{cite journal |last1=Gutbrod |first1=Hans |title=BRIJUNI OR BRIONI: REVIEWING TITO'S LUXURY ISLAND |journal=Baltic Worlds |date=15 October 2022 |url=https://balticworlds.com/brijuni-or-brioni-reviewing-titos-luxury-island/ |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Otvaranje barske pruge 28 maj 1976.jpg|thumb|[[Tito's Blue Train]] in 1976]]
[[File:Plavi voz - dnevna soba.jpg|thumb|Lounge in the Blue Train]]

Another residence was maintained at [[Lake Bled]], while the grounds at [[Karađorđevo (Bačka Palanka)|Karađorđevo]] were the site of "diplomatic hunts". By 1974 Tito had at his disposal 32 official residences, large and small,{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=138}} the yacht ''[[Yugoslav yacht Galeb|Galeb]]'' ("seagull"), a [[Boeing 727]] as the presidential aeroplane, and the [[Tito's Blue Train|Blue Train]].<ref name="Draskovic">{{cite book |last=Draskovic |first=Milorad |title=East Central Europe |year=1982 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=978-0313299186 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/371 371] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/371 }}</ref> After his death, the presidential Boeing 727 was sold to [[Aviogenex]], the ''Galeb'' remained docked in Montenegro, and the Blue Train was stored in a Serbian train shed for over two decades.<ref>{{cite web| title = Titov avion leti za Indonežane | website = Blic | date = 16 March 2004 | url = http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/svet/59349/Titov-avion-leti-za-Indonezane | access-date = 15 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Blue Train | last = Andric | first = Gordana | website = Balkan Insight | date = 4 December 2010 | url = http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-blue-train | access-date = 15 July 2013 }}</ref> While Tito was the person who held the office of president for by far the longest period, the associated property was not private, and much of it continues to be used by national governments, as public property or for use by high-ranking officials.

Tito claimed to speak [[Serbo-Croatian]], German, Russian, and some English.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Socialist Thought and Practice]]|title=Socialist Thought, and Practice|volume=11–12|page=91|quote=As regards the knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Yugoslav, German, Russian and partly English. It is obvious that he had a good knowledge of foreign languages. Comrade Tito had mastered the first rudiments of the German language already as an apprentice, and he perfected his knowledge later when working abroad; he had learnt Russian as a prisoner-of-war and in the course of his stay in Russia during the October Revolution}}</ref> His official biographer and then fellow Central Committee-member [[Vladimir Dedijer]] said in 1953 that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]."{{sfn|Dedijer|1953|pp=413}} At the 38th [[World Esperanto Congress]] held in Zagreb in 1953, Tito revealed his knowledge of [[Esperanto]], which he had learned during his time in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/07/29/archives/tito-surprises-esperanto-group-leaders-by-knowledge-of-language.html |title=Tito Surprises Esperanto Group Leaders By Knowledge of Language Acquired in Jail |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=6 |date=29 July 1953 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

In his youth, Tito attended Catholic Sunday school and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty helping the priest remove his vestments, Tito did not cross another church's threshold. As an adult, he identified as an atheist.{{sfn|Sherwood|2013|pp=129}}

Every federal unit had a town or city with historical significance to [[World War II]] renamed to include Tito's name. The largest of these was [[Titograd]], now [[Podgorica]], the capital city of [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]. With the exception of Titograd, the cities were renamed simply by the addition of the adjective ''Titov'' 'Tito's'. The names reverted to their original names after the [[Fall of Communism]]. The cities were:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Republic''' !! '''City''' !! '''Original name'''
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Titov Drvar]] (1981–1991)
| [[Drvar]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Croatia.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]]
| [[Titova Korenica]] (1945–1991)
| [[Korenica]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of North Macedonia (1946–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]
| [[Titov Veles]] (1946–1996)
| [[Veles (city)|Veles]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Montenegro.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
| [[Titograd]] (1948–1992){{refn|group=note|name=a|the capital of Montenegro.}}
| [[Podgorica]]{{refn|group=note|name=a}}
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Serbia.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Serbia]]
:: [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]]
:: [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]]
| [[Užice|Titovo Užice]] (1947–1992)
: [[Titova Mitrovica]] (1981–1991)
: [[Titov Vrbas]] (1983–1992)
| [[Užice]]
: [[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]
: [[Vrbas (town)|Vrbas]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| [[Titovo Velenje]] (1981–1990)
| [[Velenje]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"| {{reflist|group=note}}
|}

===Language and identity dispute===
In the years after Tito's death and up to the present, many [[conspiracy theories]] have been put forward suggesting the existence of several people who were actually Tito, none with any serious evidence to support them.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|page=18|loc="Origin"}} Serbian journalist [[Vladan Dinić]] argued in ''Tito Is Not Tito'' that three separate people had identified as Tito.<ref>{{cite web|title=BILA SU TRI TITA|author=Vladan Dinić|publisher=Svedok|url=http://www.svedok.rs/index.asp?show=79124|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007173705/http://www.svedok.rs/index.asp?show=79124|archive-date=7 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tito's personal physician, Aleksandar Matunović, wrote a book<ref>{{cite book|author=Aleksandar Matunović|title= Enigma Broz – ko ste vi druže predsedniče?|year=1997|location=Belgrade}}</ref> about Tito in which he questioned his true origins, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could mean only that he was from an aristocratic family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Titov život ostaje enigma|author=Vladimir Jokanović|date=3 May 2010|publisher=NSPM|url=http://www.nspm.rs/prenosimo/titov-zivot-ostaje-enigma.html?alphabet=l}}</ref>

In 2013, media coverage was given to a declassified [[NSA]] study in ''Cryptologic Spectrum'' that concluded Tito had not spoken Serbo-Croatian like a native speaker. The report noted that his speech had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was included with a note that this had happened during or before the Second World War.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Is Yugoslav President Tito Really a Yugoslav?|journal=Cryptologic Spectrum|url=http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_spectrum/is_yugoslav.pdf|id=(b) (3)-P.L. 86-36|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511130906/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_spectrum/is_yugoslav.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref> The report notes [[Draža Mihailović]]'s impressions of Tito's Russian origins after he had personally spoken with Tito.

However, the NSA's report was disputed by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognise that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local [[Kajkavian]] dialect of Zagorje. His strong accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito was able to pronounce perfectly, is the strongest evidence for his Zagorje origins.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/tajna-sluzba-nije-znala-samo-jednu-sitnicu---da-postoje-kajkavci/1121913/ | title=Tajna služba nije znala samo jednu sitnicu – da postoje kajkavci | last=Jozić | first=Željko | work=[[Jutarnji list]] | date=24 August 2013 | language=hr | access-date=24 August 2013 | archive-date=29 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429233038/http://www.jutarnji.hr/tajna-sluzba-nije-znala-samo-jednu-sitnicu---da-postoje-kajkavci/1121913/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Origin of the name "Tito"===
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920, Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party, including "Rudi", "Walter", and "Tito".<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, ''Tito Speaks'', 1953, p. 80.</ref> Broz himself explains:

{{blockquote|It was a rule in the Party in those times not to use one's real name, in order to reduce the chances of exposure. For instance, if someone working with me was arrested, and flogged into revealing my real name, the police would easily trace me. But the police never knew the real person hiding behind an assumed name, such as I had in the Party. Naturally, even the assumed names often had to be changed. Even before going to prison, I had taken the name of Gligorijević, and of Zagorac, meaning the 'man from Zagorje'. I even signed a few newspaper articles with the second.

Now I had to take a new name. I adopted first the name of Rudi, but another comrade had the same name and so I was obliged to change it, adopting the name Tito. I hardly ever used Tito at first; I assumed it exclusively in 1938, when I began to sign articles with it. Why did I take this name 'Tito' and has it special significance? I took it as I would have any other, because it occurred to me at the moment. Apart from that, this name is quite frequent in my native district. The best-known Zagorje writer of the late eighteenth century was called [[Tituš Brezovački|Tito Brezovački]]; his witty comedies are still given in the Croatian theatre after more than a hundred years. The father of [[Ksaver Šandor Gjalski]], one of the greatest Croatian writers, was also called Tito.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, ''Tito Speaks'', 1953, p. 81</ref>}}

==Awards and decorations==
{{main|Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito}}
Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the [[Order of the National Hero]] on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions ([[Order of the White Lion]], [[Polonia Restituta]], and [[Order of Karl Marx|Karl Marx]]). The most notable awards included the French [[Legion of Honour]] and [[National Order of Merit (France)|National Order of Merit]], the British [[Order of the Bath]], the Soviet [[Order of Victory]], the Japanese [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], the West German [[Federal Cross of Merit]], and the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]].

The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the [[Tito–Stalin split]] of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980.<ref name="Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom">{{cite book|last1=Badurina|first1=Berislav|last2=Saračević|first2=Sead|last3=Grobenski|first3=Valent|last4=Eterović|first4=Ivo|last5=Tudor|first5=Mladen|title=Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom|publisher=Vjesnik|year=1980|page=102}}</ref> Tito's reputation as one of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders of [[World War II]], along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], was primarily the cause of the favourable international recognition.<ref name="Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom"/>

===Domestic awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |1st row
| colspan="6" | {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="6" |[[Order of the People's Hero]] {{ref|a|[a]}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2nd row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Orden slobode.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Hero of socialist labour Rib.png|width=104}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the National liberation Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Battle flag Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Orden jugoslovenske zastave1(traka).png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of the Yugoslav Great Star]]
|[[Order of Freedom (Yugoslavia)|Order of Freedom]]
|[[Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour]]
|[[Order of National Liberation]]
|[[Order of the War Banner]]
|Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the partisan star with golden wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order Republic Golden wreath RIB.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of merits for the people with golden star Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the brotherhood and unity with golden wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the National army with laurer wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of military merits with the great star Rib.png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)|Order of the Partisan Star with Golden Wreath]]
|Order of the Republic with Golden Wreath
|Order of Merits for the People with Golden Star
|Order of Brotherhood and Unity with Golden Wreath
|Order of the People's Army with Laurel Wreath
|[[Order of Military Merit (Yugoslavia)|Order of Military Merits with Great Star]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |4th row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order for courageousness Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=Commemorative Medal of the Partisans - 1941 RIB.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=10 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=20 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=30 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=30 Years of the Victory over Fascism Medal RIB.png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of Bravery (Yugoslavia)|Order of Bravery]]
|[[Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941]]
|10 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|20 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|30 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|30 Years of the Victory over Fascism Medal
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | <small>'''Note 1:''' {{note|a}} Awarded 3 times. <br /> '''Note 2:''' {{note|b}} All state decorations of the former Yugoslavia are now defunct.</small>
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em|refs=

<ref name="springer">{{cite book|last= Schmadel | first = Lutz D.|title= Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher= Springer Berlin Heidelberg|page= 123|date= 2007|isbn= 978-3-540-00238-3|doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1551 |chapter= (1550) Tito }}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

==Bibliography==

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* {{cite book |last=Pavlowitch |first=Stevan K. |author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch |title=Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/titoyugoslaviasg00pavl}} {{limited access}} {{link note|note=online free to borrow}}
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* {{cite book| last = Tomasevich| first = Jozo| author-link = Jozo Tomasevich| year = 1975| title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks| publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford, California| isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ| ref = refTomasevich1975}}
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* {{cite book| last = Vucinich| first = Wayne S.| year = 1969| title = Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment| chapter = Interwar Yugoslavia| publisher = University of California Press| location = [[Berkeley, California]]| oclc = 652337606| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a--6hauBIb4C}}
* {{cite book| last = West| first = Richard| title = Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia| url = https://archive.org/details/titorisefallofyu00rich| url-access = registration| year = 1995| publisher = Carroll & Graf| location = New York| isbn =978-0-7867-0191-9}}
{{refend}}

&nbsp;'''Journals and papers'''
----
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|author-link=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Tito and Krushchev 1953–1956: Coming together, reconciliation, disappointment|journal=Journal of Central and East European Studies|year=2003|volume=5|issue=2|pages=423–456}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|author-link=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives)|journal=Токови историје|year=2016|issue=3|pages=9–42|url=http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf}}
* {{cite journal | last = Filipič | first = France | author-link = :sl:France Filipič | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/219145 | title = Prije četrdeset godina | trans-title = Forty Years Ago | journal = Časopis za suvremenu povijest | volume = 11 | number = 2–3 | year = 1979 | issn = 1848-9079 | publisher = Croatian Institute of History | location = Zagreb, Croatia | language = sh}}
* {{cite journal| last= Granville| first= Johanna| title= Hungary, 1956: The Yugoslav Connection| journal= Europe-Asia Studies| volume= 50|issue= 3| date= May 1998| pages= 493–505| doi= 10.1080/09668139808412549}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mahmutović |first=Vahidin |journal=Annals of the Faculty of Law of the University of Zenica |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=130843 |title=Politički osuđenici u KZ Zenica u periodu 1918–1941. godine |trans-title=Political prisoners in [[Zenica prison|KZ Zenica]] during the period of 1918–1941 |pages= 267–277|publisher=[[University of Zenica]] |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=12 |language=sh |issn=1986-5791}}
* {{cite journal| last= McKee Irwin| first= Robert| title= Mexican Golden Age Cinema in Tito's Yugoslavia| journal= The Global South| volume=4| issue= 1| date=Spring 2010| pages= 151–166| doi= 10.2979/gso.2010.4.1.151| jstor= 10.2979/gso.2010.4.1.151| s2cid= 145443397}}
* {{cite journal | last = Hayden | first = Robert M. | author-link = | year = 1992 | title = The Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia: The Slovenian Amendment Crisis of 1989 | journal = The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies | doi = 10.5195/cbp.1992.108 | number = 1001 | pages = 1–37 | url = https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/108/109 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230602075551/https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/108/109 | archive-date = 2 June 2023 | doi-access = free | url-status = live }}
* {{cite report | last = Johnson | first = A. Ross | author-link = | year = 1983 | title = Political Leadership in Yugoslavia: Evolution of the League of Communists | publisher = [[United States Department of State]] | location = | url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA412414.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230602075449/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA412414.pdf | archive-date = 2 June 2023 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | last = Perović | first = Jeronim | author-link = | year = 1983 | title = The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence | journal = [[Journal of Cold War Studies]] | volume = 9 | number = 2 | pages = 32–63 | url = https://edoc.unibas.ch/8702/1/project_muse_214754.pdf| publisher = [[MIT Press]] | doi = 10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32 | jstor = 26926016 | s2cid = 154278864 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Batty |first=Peter |title=Hoodwinking Churchill: Tito's Great Confidence Trick |year=2011 |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=978-0-85683-282-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Đilas |first=Milovan |title=Tito: The Story from Inside |year=2001 |publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=978-1-84212-047-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Huot |first=Major Louis |title=Guns for Tito |year=1945 |publisher=L. B. Fischer }}
* {{cite book |last=Maclean|first=Fitzroy|title=Disputed Barricade|date=1957|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}, also Published as {{cite book |title=The Heretic |url=https://archive.org/details/FitzroyMacleanTheHereticTheLifeAndTimesbOk.xyz|year=1957}}
* {{cite book |last=Maclean|first=Fitzroy|title=Eastern Approaches|date=1949|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|title-link=Eastern Approaches}}
* {{cite book|last=Maclean |first=Fitzroy |title= Tito: A Pictorial Biography |year=1980 |publisher = McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-044671-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pirjevec |first1=Jože |author-link1=Jože Pirjevec |title=Tito and His Comrades |date=2018 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres |isbn=978-0-299-31770-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Vukcevich |first=Boško S. |title=Tito: Architect of Yugoslav Disintegration |year=1994 |publisher=Rivercross Publishing |isbn=978-0-944957-46-2}}

===Historiography and memory===
* {{cite book |last=Beloff |first=Nora |title=Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West Since 1939 |year=1986 |publisher=Westview Pr |isbn=978-0-8133-0322-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=QszKDwAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PT15 online]
* {{cite book |last=Carter |first=April |title=Marshal Tito: A Bibliography |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-28087-0}}
* Cicic, Ana. "Yugoslavia Revisited: Contested Histories through Public Memories of President Tito." (2020). [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1423089/FULLTEXT01.pdf online]
* Cosovschi, Agustin. "Seeing and Imagining the Land of Tito: Oscar Waiss and the Geography of Socialist Yugoslavia." ''Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires'' 17.1 (2022). [https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/4033 online]
* Foster, Samuel. ''Yugoslavia in the British imagination: Peace, war and peasants before Tito'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d40vEAAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PR1 online]. See also [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2022.2055599?journalCode=rege20 online book review]
* Trošt, Tamara P. "The image of Josip Broz Tito in post-Yugoslavia: Between national and local memory." in ''Ruler Personality Cults from Empires to Nation-States and Beyond'' (Routledge, 2020) pp.&nbsp;143–162. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darin-Stephanov/publication/364647540_Ruler_Personality_Cults_from_Empires_to_Nation-States_and_Beyond_Symbolic_Patterns_and_Interactional_Dynamics/links/63550a0c12cbac6a3ee961ae/Ruler-Personality-Cults-from-Empires-to-Nation-States-and-Beyond-Symbolic-Patterns-and-Interactional-Dynamics.pdf#page=158 online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/index.htm Josip Broz Tito Archive] at [[marxists.org]]
* Josip Broz Tito, [https://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A4803 ''The Yugoslav peoples fight to live''], 1944.
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=1944-06-22_Aviation_In_The_News|description=Aviation in the News, 1944/06/22}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/017524}}

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