View source for Josef Albers

{{Short description|German-American artist (1888–1976)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour         = 
| name             = Josef Albers
| image            = Josef Albers.jpg
| image_upright    = 1
| caption          = Albers in front of one of his ''Homage to the Square'' paintings
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{birth date |1888|3|19}}
| birth_place      = [[Bottrop]], [[Province of Westphalia|Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age |1976|3|25|1888|3|19}}
| death_place      = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.
| field            = [[Abstract art|Abstract painting]], [[color|study of color]]
| training         = [[Königliche Kunstschule zu Berlin]], [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunst]], [[Bauhaus]]
| alma_mater       = 
| movement         = [[Geometric abstraction]]
| works            = {{Unbulleted list
| Homage to the Square (series), Structural Constellations, Glass Paintings}}
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Anni Albers]]|1925}}
| patrons          = 
| influenced by    = 
| influenced       = 
| awards           = 
| website          = {{website|https://albersfoundation.org/}}
}}

'''Josef Albers''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|ər|z}} {{respell|AL|bərz}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|ɑː|l|-}} {{respell|AHL|-}}, {{IPA|de|ˈjoːzɛf ˈʔalbɐs|lang}}; March 19, 1888{{spaced ndash}}March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and [[Visual arts education|educator]] who is considered one of the most influential 20th-century art teachers in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 1976 |title=Josef Albers, Artist and Teacher, Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/26/archives/josef-albers-artist-and-teacher-dies.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=As a teacher and theoretician as well as a painter, Mr. Albers had a wide influence on several generations of artists [in the United States] and abroad.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Upshaw |first=Reagan |date=November 29, 2018 |title=A portrait of Josef Albers, in all his originality |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/a-portrait-of-josef-albers-in-all-his-originality/2018/11/29/e7da366a-e2c5-11e8-ab2c-b31dcd53ca6b_story.html |access-date=November 25, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |quote=[Albers] would become arguably the most influential art teacher in 20th-century America.}}</ref> Born in 1888 in [[Bottrop]], Westphalia, Germany, into a Roman Catholic family with a background in [[craftsmanship]], Albers received practical training in diverse skills like [[engraving]] glass, [[plumbing]], and wiring during his childhood. He later worked as a schoolteacher from 1908 to 1913 and received his first public commission in 1918 and moved to [[Munich]] in 1919. 

In 1920, Albers joined the [[Weimar]] [[Bauhaus]] as a student and became a faculty member in 1922, teaching the principles of handicrafts. With the Bauhaus's move to [[Dessau]] in 1925, he was promoted to professor and married [[Anni Albers]], a student at the institution and a [[Textile arts|textile artist]]. Albers' work in Dessau included designing [[furniture]] and working with [[Glass making|glass]], collaborating with established artists like [[Paul Klee]]. Following the Bauhaus's closure under [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] orders in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States, and he taught at the experimental liberal arts institution [[Black Mountain College]] in North Carolina until 1949. 

At Black Mountain, Albers taught students who would later go on to become prominent artists such as [[Ruth Asawa]] and [[Robert Rauschenberg]], and invited contemporary American artists to teach in the summer seminar, including the choreographer [[Merce Cunningham]] and [[Harlem Renaissance]] painter [[Jacob Lawrence]]. In 1950, he left for [[Yale University]] to head the design department, contributing significantly to its [[graphic design]] program. Albers' teaching methodology, prioritizing practical experience and vision in design, had a profound impact on the development of postwar Western visual art, while his book ''Interaction of Color'', published in 1963, is considered a seminal work on [[color theory]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heller |first=Steven |date=January 22, 2015 |title=When Bauhaus Met Lounge Music |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/01/when-bauhaus-met-lounge-music/384711/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=[Albers] had a profound influence on the theory and practice of art and design—through his influential book 'Interaction of Color', but also in his classes at Black Mountain College, where he was the head of the art department, and Yale University, where he oversaw the department of design through an overhaul in curriculum in favor of rigorous exercises and an emphasis on detail.}}</ref>  

In addition to being a teacher, Albers was an active [[Abstract art|abstract painter]] and theorist, best known for his series ''[[Homage to the Square]]'', in which he explored chromatic interactions with nested squares, meticulously recording the colors used. He also created murals, such as those for the Corning Glass Building and the [[Time & Life Building]] in New York City. In 1970, he and his wife lived in [[Orange, Connecticut]], where they continued to work in their private studio. In 1971, Albers was first living artist to be given a solo show at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crichton-Miller |first=Emma |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Celebrating Bauhaus artists Josef and Anni Albers |url=https://www.ft.com/content/65940f98-a503-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Albers died in his sleep on March 25, 1976, at the [[Yale New Haven Hospital]] after being admitted for a possible [[Cardiovascular disease|heart ailment]].

==Biography==
[[File:1918_Josef_Ablers_Rosa_mystica_ora_pro_nobis_Reconstruction_Authorized_by_the_Josef_and_Anni_Albers_Foundation.jpg|thumb|right|Josef Albers, ''Rosa mystica ora pro nobis'', 1918 (reconstruction, original destroyed {{circa|1944}})<ref>{{cite web |last1=Albers |first1=Josef |title=Rosa Mystica Ora Pro Nobis (reconstruction 2011)|url=https://www.facebook.com/AlbersFoundation/photos/a.236675103136333/825429664260871/?type=3&theater  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/164276740376170/825429664260871 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |url-access=limited|publisher=Albers Foundation Facebook Page |location=St. Michael's Church, Bottrop, Germany |date=1917–1918}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]]

=== German years ===
==== Formative years in Westphalia ====
Albers was born into a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] family of [[Artisan|craftsmen]] in [[Bottrop]], [[Province of Westphalia|Westphalia]], [[German Empire|Germany]], in 1888. His father, Lorenzo Albers, was variously a housepainter, carpenter, and handyman. His mother came from a family of blacksmiths. His childhood included practical training in engraving glass, plumbing, and wiring, giving Josef versatility and lifelong confidence in the handling and manipulation of diverse materials.<ref name="Making of a Bauhaus Master">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Roderick Conway |title=Making of a Bauhaus Master |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/arts/22iht-Conway22.html |work=The New York Times |date=October 21, 2011}} Retrieved March 29, 2020</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Josef Albers, Artist and Teacher, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/26/archives/josef-albers-artist-and-teacher-dies.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 26, 1976}} Retrieved March 29, 2020</ref> He worked from 1908 to 1913 as a schoolteacher in his home town; he also trained as an art teacher at Königliche Kunstschule in Berlin, Germany, from 1913 to 1915. From 1916 to 1919 he began his work as a printmaker at the Kunstgewerbschule in Essen, where he learnt stained-glass making with Dutch artist [[Johan Thorn Prikker]].<ref>de Melo, M. (2019) ''Mosaic as an Experimental System in Contemporary Fine Art Practice and Criticism''. PhD Thesis: University for the Creative Arts; University of Brighton, p.111</ref> In 1918 he received his first public commission, ''Rosa mystica ora pro nobis'', a [[stained-glass window]] for a church in Bottrop.<ref name="Making of a Bauhaus Master"/> In 1919 he moved to [[Munich]], Germany, to study at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunst]], where he was a pupil of [[Max Doerner (artist)|Max Doerner]] and [[Franz Stuck]].<ref>[http://collection.crystalbridges.org:8080/emuseum/view/people/asitem/Objects$0040678/0?t:state:flow=a310d5c7-d3ad-4fe4-96ca-0c28777176ba Josef Albers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104164821/http://collection.crystalbridges.org:8080/emuseum/view/people/asitem/Objects$0040678/0?t:state:flow=a310d5c7-d3ad-4fe4-96ca-0c28777176ba |date=November 4, 2013}} [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]], Bentonville.</ref>

==== Entry into the Bauhaus====
[[File:Armchair - Josef Albers (39733421922).jpg|thumb|Armchair (late 1920s)]]
Albers enrolled as a student in the preliminary course (''vorkurs'') of [[Johannes Itten]] at the [[Weimar]] [[Bauhaus]] in 1920. Although Albers had studied painting, it was as a maker of stained glass that he joined the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1922, approaching his chosen medium as a component of architecture and as a stand-alone art form.<ref name="nytimes.com">[[Holland Cotter]] (July 26, 2012), [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/arts/design/josef-albers-in-america-painting-on-paper-at-the-morgan.html Harmony, Harder Than It Looks – ‘Josef Albers in America: Painting on Paper,’ at the Morgan] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The director and founder of the Bauhaus, [[Walter Gropius]], asked him in 1923 to teach in the preliminary course 'Werklehre' of the department of design to introduce newcomers to the principles of [[handicrafts]], because Albers came from that background and had appropriate practice and knowledge.

In 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to [[Dessau]], Albers was promoted to professor. At this time, he married [[Anni Albers]] (''[[née]]'' Fleischmann) who was a student at the institution. His work in [[Dessau#The Bauhaus|Dessau]] included designing furniture and working with glass. As a younger instructor, he was teaching at the Bauhaus among established artists who included [[Oskar Schlemmer]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Paul Klee]]. The so-called "form master" Klee taught the formal aspects in the glass workshops where Albers was the "crafts master"; they cooperated for several years.

===Emigration to the United States===
====Black Mountain College====
With the closure of the Bauhaus under [[Nazism|Nazi]] pressure in 1933 the artists dispersed, most leaving the country. Albers emigrated to the United States. The architect [[Philip Johnson]], then a curator at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City, arranged for Albers to be offered a job as head of a new art school, [[Black Mountain College]], in [[North Carolina]].<ref>Pepe Carmel (June 25, 1995), [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/25/arts/art-view-a-modern-master-of-bottles-scraps-and-squares.html A Modern Master of Bottles, Scraps and Squares] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> In November 1933, he joined the faculty of the college where he was the head of the painting program until 1949.

At Black Mountain, his students included [[Ruth Asawa]], [[Ray Johnson]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Cy Twombly]], and [[Susan Weil]]. He also invited important American artists such as [[Willem de Kooning]], to teach in the summer seminar. Weil remarked that, as a teacher, Albers was "his own academy". She said that Albers claimed that "when you're in school, you're not an artist, you're a student", although he was very supportive of self-expression when one became an artist and began on her or his journey.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Susan Weil |author=Robert Ayers |journal=Art+Auction |date=March 29, 2006 |url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/16817/susan-weil/ |access-date=April 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024926/http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/16817/susan-weil/ |archive-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref> Albers produced many [[woodcut]]s and leaf studies at this time.

====Yale University====
[[File:'Proto-Form (B)', oil on fiberboard work by Joseph Albers, 1938, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.jpg|thumb|right|Josef Albers, ''Proto-Form (B)'', oil on [[fiberboard]], 1938, [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]]]]

In 1950, Albers left Black Mountain to head the department of design at [[Yale University]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. While at Yale, Albers worked to expand the nascent [[graphic design]] program (then called "[[graphic arts]]"), hiring designers [[Alvin Eisenman]], [[Herbert Matter]], and [[Alvin Lustig]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Origins: Yale years |author=Rob Roy Kelly |date=June 23, 1989 |url=https://www.rit.edu/library/archives/rkelly/html/01_ori/ori_yal2.html |access-date=February 9, 2010 |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119000831/https://www.rit.edu/library/archives/rkelly/html/01_ori/ori_yal2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albers worked at Yale until he retired from teaching in 1958. At Yale, [[Richard Anuszkiewicz]], [[Eva Hesse]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Josef Albers, Eva Hesse, and the Imperative of Teaching {{!}} Tate|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/research/tate-papers/07/josef-albers-eva-hesse-and-the-imperative-of-teaching |website=[[Tate]] |author=Jeffrey Saletnik |date=2007 |access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> [[Neil Welliver]], and [[Jane Davis Doggett]]<ref name="Art Daily">{{cite web |title=Josef Albers and Heirs exhibit on view at The Elliott Museum in Florida |url=http://artdaily.com/news/67080/Josef-Albers-and-Heirs-exhibit-on-view-at-The-Elliot-Museum-in-Florida |access-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Martincountytimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://martincountytimes.com/elliott-museum-presents-albers-heirs-josef-albers-neil-welliver-and-jane-davis-doggett |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120108/http://martincountytimes.com/elliott-museum-presents-albers-heirs-josef-albers-neil-welliver-and-jane-davis-doggett |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |title=Elliott Museum presents 'Albers & Heirs: Josef Albers, Neil Welliver, and Jane Davis Doggett' |work=Martin County Times |publisher=Martincountytimes.com |date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2014 }}</ref> were notable students.

In 1962, as a [[Fellow#Academia|fellow]] at Yale, he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for the Advanced Studies of Fine Arts for an exhibit and lecture on his work. Albers also collaborated with Yale professor and architect [[King-lui Wu]] in creating decorative designs for some of Wu's projects. Among these were distinctive geometric [[fireplaces]] for the Rouse (1954) and DuPont (1959) houses, the façade of [[Manuscript Society]], one of Yale's secret senior groups (1962), and a design for the Mt. Bethel Baptist Church (1973). Also, at this time he worked on his structural constellation pieces.

Also during this time, he created the abstract [[album covers]] of band leader [[Enoch Light]]'s [[Command LP]] records. His album cover for Terry Snyder and the All Stars 1959 album, ''[[Persuasive Percussion]]'', shows a tightly packed grid or lattice of small black disks from which a few wander up and out as if stray molecules of some light gas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Masheck |first=Joseph |title=ALBERS' RECORD JACKETS: Doing an Artful Job |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |date=December 2009 – January 2010 |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2009/12/artseen/albers-record-jackets-doing-an-artful-job}}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1973.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=April 6, 2011}}</ref> In 1970, Albers and his wife moved to [[Orange, Connecticut]], where they continued to work in their private studio. Albers died in his sleep on March 25, 1976, at the [[Yale New Haven Hospital]] after being admitted for a possible [[Cardiovascular disease|heart ailment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 1976 |title=Josef Albers, Artist and Teacher, Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/26/archives/josef-albers-artist-and-teacher-dies.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Command Records====
Josef Albers produced album covers for over three years between 1959 and 1961, Albers' seven album sleeves for Command Records incorporated elements such as circles and grids of dots, highly uncommon in his practice. "The series of records made by Command Records over half a century ago still resonate with audiophiles today, and are much sought-after by connoisseurs of mid-century modern design for their striking covers. This was all due to the collaboration between two individuals, Josef Albers and Enoch Light. Both men — one an influential teacher and artist, the other a stereo-recording pioneer — driven by strong convictions and passion for their respective crafts."{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==Works==
[[File:Josef Albers' Studies for Homage to the Square.jpg|thumb|left|Four ''Homage to the Square'' paintings on display at the [[Tate Modern]]]]
===''Homage to the Square''===
Accomplished as a designer, photographer, [[typographer]], [[printmaker]], and poet, Albers is best remembered for his work as an [[abstract art|abstract]] painter and [[theorist]]. He favored a very disciplined approach to [[composition (visual arts)|composition]], especially in the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series ''[[Homage to the Square]]''. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored [[Chromaticity|chromatic interactions]] with nested squares. Usually painting on [[Masonite]], he used a [[palette knife]] with oil colors and often recorded the colors he used on the back of his works. Each painting consists of either three or four squares of solid planes of color nested within one another, in one of four different arrangements and in square formats ranging from 406×406&nbsp;mm to 1.22×1.22 m.<ref name="Josef Albers">[http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=97 Josef Albers] [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[Manhattan]]</ref>

===Murals===
[[File:Albers "Wrestling" (1977).jpg|thumb|Albers ''Wrestling'' (1977) in Sydney]]

In 1959, a [[gold-leaf]] [[mural]] by Albers, ''Two Structural Constellations'' was engraved in the lobby of the [[Corning Glass|Corning Glass Building]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="chron">{{cite web |title=Josef Albers Chronology |url=https://albersfoundation.org/artists/chronology/ |publisher=The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814143840/https://albersfoundation.org/artists/chronology/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> For the entrance of the [[Time-Life Building|Time & Life Building]] lobby, he created ''Two Portals'' (1961), a 42-feet by 14-feet mural of alternating glass bands in white and brown that recede into two [[bronze]] centers to create an illusion of depth.<ref>David W. Dunlap (June 17, 2002), [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/17/nyregion/press-l-for-landmark-time-life-lobby-a-50-s-gem-awaits-recognition.html Press 'L' for Landmark; Time & Life Lobby, a 50's Gem, Awaits Recognition] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> In the 1960s, [[Walter Gropius]], who was designing the [[Pan Am Building]] with [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]] and [[Pietro Belluschi]], commissioned Albers to make a mural. The artist reworked ''City'', a [[sandblasted]] glass construction that he had designed in 1929 at the Bauhaus, and renamed it ''[[Manhattan (Josef Albers mural)|Manhattan]]''. The giant abstract mural of black, white, and red strips arranged in interwoven columns stood 28-feet high and 55-feet wide and was installed in the lobby of the building; it was removed during a lobby redesign around 2000. Before he died in 1976, Albers left exact specifications of the work so that it could easily be replicated; in 2019, it was replicated and reinstalled in its original place in the Pan Am building, now renamed MetLife.<ref>Carol Vogel (July 9, 2001), [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/09/arts/a-familiar-mural-finds-itself-without-a-wall.html A Familiar Mural Finds Itself Without a Wall] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/manhattan-returns-to-its-rightful-place-outside-grand-central-station|title = Josef Albers's Manhattan returns to its rightful place in the MetLife building|date = September 23, 2019}}</ref> In 1967, his painted mural ''Growth'' (1965) as well as ''Loggia Wall'' (1965), a brick [[relief]], were installed on the campus of the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]]. Other architectural works include ''Gemini''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geismar|first=Daphne|title=The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation|url=https://albersfoundation.org/art/josef-albers/architecture/#slide5|website=The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912073713/https://albersfoundation.org/art/josef-albers/architecture/#slide5|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1972), a [[stainless steel]] relief for the Grand Avenue National Bank lobby in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and ''Reclining Figure'' (1972), a [[mosaic]] mural for the [[Exxon Building (New York)|Celanese Building]] in Manhattan destroyed in 1980. At the invitation of a former student, the Australian architect [[Harry Seidler]], Albers designed the mural ''Wrestling'' (1976) for the Mutual Life Centre in Sydney.

==Color theory==
In 1963, Albers published ''Interaction of Color'', which is a record of an experiential way of studying and teaching color. He asserted that color "is almost never seen as it really is" and that "color deceives continually", and he suggested that color is best studied via experience, underpinned by experimentation and observation. The very rare first edition has a limited printing of only 2,000 copies and contained 150 [[silk screen]] plates. This work has since been republished, and is now available as an iPad App.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interaction of Color on the App Store |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/interaction-of-color/id771793818 |access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Albers color model.png|thumb|Color model representing Albers' color theory as described in ''Interaction of Color'' (1963)]]

Albers presented color systems at the end of his courses (and at the end of 'Interaction of Color') and these featured descriptions of primary, secondary and tertiary color, as well as a range of connotations that he assigned to specific colors on his triangular color model.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albers |first1=Josef |title=Interaction of Color |date=1963 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |place=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0300018462}}</ref>

In respect to his artworks, Albers was known to meticulously list the specific manufacturer's colours and [[varnishes]] he used on the back of his works, as if the colours were catalogued components of an optical experiment.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130205190440/http://www.waddingtoncustot.com/exhibition/albers2007/text/ Josef Albers: February 28 — March 27, 2007] Waddington Custot Galleries, London.</ref> His work represents a transition between traditional European art and the new American art.<ref name=p469>Piper, David. ''The Illustrated History of Art'', {{ISBN|0-7537-0179-0}}, p469.</ref> It incorporated European influences from the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivists]] and the [[Bauhaus]] movement, and its intensity and smallness of scale were typically European,<ref name=p469/> but his influence fell heavily on American artists of the late 1950s and the 1960s.<ref name=p469/> "[[Hard-edge painting|Hard-edge]]" abstract painters drew on his use of [[patterns]] and intense colors,<ref>Piper, David. ''The Illustrated History of Art'', {{ISBN|0-7537-0179-0}}, p470.</ref> while [[Op Art|Op]] artists and [[conceptual art]]ists further explored his interest in [[perception]].<ref name=p469/>

In an article about the artist, published in 1950, [[Elaine de Kooning]] concluded that however impersonal his paintings might at first appear, not one of them "could have been painted by any one but Josef Albers himself".<ref name="Making of a Bauhaus Master"/>

==Teaching and influence==
Although Albers prioritized teaching his students principles of color interaction, he was admired by many of his students for instilling a general approach to all materials and means of engaging it in design. Albers "put practice before theory and prioritised experience; 'what counts,' he claimed 'is not so-called knowledge of so-called facts, but vision – seeing.' His focus was process."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saletnik |first1=Jeffrey |title=Josef Albers, Eva Hesse, and the Imperative of Teaching |journal=Tate Papers |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/07/josef-albers-eva-hesse-and-the-imperative-of-teaching |publisher=The Tate Gallery |location=London |issn=1753-9854 |date=2007}}</ref> Although their relationship was often tense, and sometimes, even combative, [[Robert Rauschenberg]] later identified Albers as his most important teacher.<ref>Christopher Knight (May 14, 2008), [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-14-me-rauschenberg14-story.html Robert Rauschenberg, 1925 – 2008: He led the way to Pop Art] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> Albers is considered to be one of the most influential teachers of visual art in the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandler |first1=Irving |title=The School of Art at Yale; 1950-1970: The Collective Reminiscences of Twenty Distinguished Alumni |journal=Art Journal |date=Spring 1982 |volume=42, No. 1 |issue=The Education of Artists |pages=14–21 |doi=10.2307/776486|jstor=776486 }}</ref>

===Noted students of Albers===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Richard Anuszkiewicz]] (painter)
* [[Ruth Asawa]] (sculptor)
* [[Varujan Boghosian]] (collage artist and sculptor)
* [[Norman Carlberg]] (sculptor, educator)
* [[Jane Davis Doggett]] (graphic designer)
* [[Robert Engman]] (sculptor)
* [[Erwin Hauer]] (sculptor) 
* [[Eva Hesse]] (sculptor) 
* [[A. B. Jackson (painter)|A. B. Jackson]] (painter)
* [[Robert L. Levers, Jr.]] (1930–1992; painter, Professor of Fine Arts, University of Texas, Austin)
* [[Ronald Markman]] (painter and sculptor)
* [[Victor Moscoso]] (graphic artist)
* [[Charles O. Perry]] (sculptor)
* [[Irving Petlin]] (painter)
* [[Joseph Raffael]] (painter)
* [[Robert Rauschenberg]] (painter and sculptor)
* [[Robert Reed (artist)|Robert Reed]] (painter, educator)
* [[William Reimann]] (sculptor, educator)
* [[Irwin Rubin]] (construction and collage artist, educator)
* [[Stephanie Scuris]] (sculptor, educator)
* [[Arieh Sharon]] (architect)
* [[Harry Seidler]] (architect)
* [[Richard Serra]] (sculptor)
* [[Sewell Sillman]] (painter, educator)
* [[Robert Slutzky]] (1929–2005) painter, teacher of painting and architecture
* [[Julian Stanczak]] (painter)
* [[Theo Stavropoulos]] (painter, 1930–2007)
* [[Cora Kelley Ward]] (painter)
* [[Neil Welliver]] (painter)
{{div col end}}

==Quotes of the artist==
: – "Every perception of colour is an illusion..  ..we do not see colors as they really are. In our perception they alter one another."<ref name="en.wikiquote.org">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers|title=Josef Albers - Wikiquote}}</ref> [c. 1949, when Albers started his first ''[[Homage to the Square]]'' paintings]
: – "THE ORIGIN OF ART: The discrepancy between physical fact and psychic effect. THE CONTENT OF ART: Visual information of our reaction to life. THE MEASURE OF ART: The ratio of effort to effect. THE AIM OF ART: Revelation and evocation of vision."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers#'Homage_to_the_square'_(1964)|title=Josef Albers - Wikiquote}}</ref> [1964, from his text "Homage to the square"]
: – "For me, [[Abstract art|abstraction]] is real, probably more real than nature. I'll go further and say that abstraction is nearer my heart. I prefer to see with closed eyes."<ref name="en.wikiquote.org"/> [1966]
: – "Art is not to be looked at. Art is looking at us..  .To be able to perceive it we need to be receptive. Therefore art is there where art meets us now. The content of art is visual formulation of our relation to life. The measure of art, the ratio of effort to effect, the aim of art revelation and evocation of vision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_214202|title=Oral History Interview|website=aaa.si.edu|access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref> [1968, in oral history interview with Josef Albers]
: – "I made true the first English sentence [Albers came from Germany] that I uttered (better stuttered) on our arrival at [[Black Mountain College]] in November 1933. When a student asked me what I was going to teach I said: 'to open eyes'. And this has become the motto of all my teaching."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers#'A_conversation_with_Josef_Albers'_(1970)|title=Josef Albers - Wikiquote}}</ref> [1970, in 'A conversation with Josef Albers']

==Exhibitions (not a complete list)==
===Solo===
*In 1936, Albers was given his first [[Solo exhibition|solo show]] in Manhattan at J. B. Neumann's New Art Circle.<ref name="guggenheim.org">[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Josef%20Albers Josef Albers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212155236/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Josef%20Albers |date=February 12, 2012 }} [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York.</ref><ref>[http://www.moma.org/learn/resources/archives/EAD/Neumannb.html J.B. Neumann Papers]
in The Museum of Modern Art Archives</ref>
*''The Graphic Constructions of Josef Albers'' (December 8, 1969 – February 24, 1970) MOMA, New York<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Graphic Constructions of Josef Albers {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2699 |access-date=January 19, 2022 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref>
*''Josef Albers at The Metropolitan Museum of Art: An Exhibition of His Paintings and Prints'' (November 19, 1971 – January 11, 1972)  [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in Manhattan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1969 |title=Notes |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/481031 |journal=Homage to the Square: Soft Spoken |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |publication-place=New York}}</ref>

===Group===
*[[documenta|documenta I]] (1955) and [[documenta|documenta IV]] (1968) in [[Kassel]]. 
*''The Responsive Eye'' (1965) A major Albers exhibition, organized by the [[Museum of Modern Art]], traveled in South America, Mexico, and the United States from 1965 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Responsive Eye {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2914|access-date=January 19, 2022|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref>

===Posthumous===
*''Josef Albers, 1888–1976'' (Mar 26 – April 19, 1976) MoMa, New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josef Albers, 1888–1976 {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2468|access-date=January 19, 2022|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref>
*''The photographs of Josef Albers: a selection from the collection of the Josef Albers Foundation'' (Jan 27 – April 19, 1988) MoMa, New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Photographs of Josef Albers: A Selection from the Collection of The Josef Albers Foundation {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2158|access-date=January 19, 2022|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref>  
*''Painting on paper – Josef Albers in America'' (2010) Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich; [[Centre Pompidou]], Paris, and [[The Morgan Library & Museum]], Manhattan. 80 oil works on paper, many never previously exhibited.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012|title=Josef Albers in America: Painting on Paper: July 20 through October 14, 2012|url=https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/josef-albers-in-america|access-date=February 16, 2022|website=The Morgan Library & Museum|language=en}}</ref>
*''Josef Albers'' (2011) Palazzina dei Giardini, Modena, Italy<ref name="Making of a Bauhaus Master" />
*''Albers and Heirs: Josef Albers, [[Neil Welliver]], and [[Jane Davis Doggett]]'' (2014) [[Elliott Museum]], Florida<ref name="Martincountytimes.com" />
*''One and One Is Four: The Bauhaus Photocollages of Josef Albers'' (November 23, 2016 – April 2, 2017) MoMa, New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=One and One Is Four: The Bauhaus Photocollages of Josef Albers {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3600|access-date=January 19, 2022|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref>
*''Josef Albers in Mexico'' (November 3, 2017 – April 4, 2018) Guggenheim Museum, New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guggenheim Museum Presents Josef Albers in Mexico|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/press-release/guggenheim-museum-presents-josef-albers-in-mexico|access-date=February 16, 2022|website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Albers and Morandi: Never Finished: works by Josef Albers and Giorgio Morandi'' (2021) David Zwirner Gallery, New York<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Schjeldahl|first=P.|date=2021|title=Albers and Morandi|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=v. 97, n. 2|pages=5}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Josef Albers papers, documents from 1929 to 1970, were donated by the artist to the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[Archives of American Art]] in 1969 and 1970. In 1971 (nearly five years before his death), Albers founded the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation,<ref>[http://www.albersfoundation.org/Home.php The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708183217/http://www.albersfoundation.org/Home.php |date=July 8, 2008}}</ref> a nonprofit organization he hoped would further "the revelation and evocation of vision through art". Today, this organization serves as the office for the estates of both Josef Albers and his wife [[Anni Albers]], and supports exhibitions and [[publications]] focused on the works of both artists. The foundation building is located in [[Bethany, Connecticut]], and "includes a central research and archival storage center to accommodate the Foundation's art collections, library and archives, and offices, as well as residence studios for visiting artists."<ref>[http://www.albersfoundation.org/Foundation.php?inc=Mission The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation: Mission Statement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715232841/http://www.albersfoundation.org/Foundation.php?inc=Mission |date=July 15, 2008}}</ref> A second, and substantial, part of the Josef Albers estate is held by the Josef Albers Museum in Bottrop, Germany, where he was born.<ref>[http://www.fondationbeyeler.ch/en/collection/josef-albers Josef Albers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623135054/http://www.fondationbeyeler.ch/en/collection/josef-albers |date=June 23, 2012 }} [[Fondation Beyeler]], Riehen.</ref> Both institutions continue active outreach to secure the artist's reputation.

The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation offers three residency programs in three different parts of the world. They are located in Bethany, Connecticut; Carraig-na-gCat, Ireland; and Thread, Senegal. Residencies usually last between one and two months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residencies |url=https://www.albersfoundation.org/foundation/residencies |access-date=February 14, 2024 |website=www.albersfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, his "colossal" mural, [[Manhattan (Josef Albers mural)|''Manhattan'']], was reinstalled at the Walter Gropius-designed 200 Park Avenue (Metlife) Building, New York, following an almost two decade absence. "While we appreciate its importance in the art community, it just doesn't work for us anymore," a Metlife representative is quoted as saying, at the time of its removal (2000).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stoilas|first=Helen|date=September 23, 2019|title=Josef Albers's Manhattan returns to its rightful place in the MetLife building|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2019/09/23/josef-alberss-manhattan-returns-to-its-rightful-place-in-the-metlife-building|access-date=February 16, 2022|website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Two decades later, the piece is once again being hailed as the vibrant centerpiece of the building, with the Albers Foundation's director on hand for the rededication of the work: "This is what art was for him: something that could affect you, maybe gave a little bit of joy to the lives of those people rushing to their trains or rushing out of the station to their workday."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Coleman|first=Nancy|date=September 23, 2019|title=Once Removed and Destroyed, a Modernist Mural Makes Its Return|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/23/arts/design/josef-albers-modernist-mural-metlife.html|access-date=February 16, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Josef Albers' book ''Interaction of Color'' continues to be influential despite criticisms that arose following his death. In 1981, Alan Lee attempted to refute Albers' general claims about colour experience (that colour deceives continually) and to posit that Albers' system of perceptual education was fundamentally misleading.

Lee examined four topics in Albers' account of colour critically:  In additive and subtractive colour mixture; the tonal relations of colours; the [[Weber-Fechner Law]]; and simultaneous contrast. In each case Lee suggested that Albers made fundamental errors with serious consequences for his claims about colour and his pedagogical method. Lee suggested that Albers' belief in the importance of colour deception was related to a misconception about aesthetic appreciation (that it depends upon some kind of confusion about visual perception). Lee suggested that the scientific [[Color_constancy#Retinex_theory|colour hypothesis]] of [[Edwin H. Land]] should be considered in lieu of the concepts put forward by Albers. Finally, Lee called for a reassessment of Albers' art as necessary, following successful challenge to the foundational colour concepts that were the basis of his corpus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Alan |title=A Critical Account of Some of Josef Albers' Concepts of Color |journal=Leonardo |date=1981 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=99–105 |id={{Project MUSE|599821}} |doi=10.2307/1574400 |jstor=1574400 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jameson |first1=Dorothea |title=Some Misunderstandings about Color Perception, Color Mixture and Color Measurement |journal=Leonardo |date=1983 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=41–42 |doi=10.2307/1575043 |jstor=1575043 }}</ref>

Dorothea Jameson has challenged Lee's criticism of Albers, arguing that Albers' approach toward painting and pedagogy emphasized artists' experiences in the handling and mixing of pigments, which often have different results than predicted by color theory experiments with projected light or spinning color disks. Furthermore, Jameson explains that Lee's own understanding of additive and subtractive color mixtures is flawed.

==Value on the art market==
Several paintings in Albers's series ''Homage to the Square'' have outsold their estimates, including ''Homage to the Square: Joy'' (1964) which sold for $1.5 million (nearly double its estimate) at a 2007 sale at Sotheby's.<ref>J.S. Marcus (December 18, 2010), [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704694004576019500817814960 Re-Examining a Famed Teacher] ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.</ref> In 2015, ''Study for Homage to the Square, R-III E.B.'' (1970) sold for  £785,000 (well above the estimated £350,000–450,000), at "the high point of an active market."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crichton-Miller|first=Emma|date=November 11, 2016|title=Celebrating Bauhaus artists Josef and Anni Albers|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/65940f98-a503-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/65940f98-a503-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref>

Albers, a prolific artist, has numerous prints and drawings available outside of the museums where his work is represented.

The Albers Foundation, the main beneficiary of the estates of both Josef and Anni Albers, remains protective of the artist's work and reputation. In 1997, one year after the auction house, [[Sotheby's]], bought the [[André Emmerich|Andre Emmerich Gallery]], the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation did not renew its three-year contract with the gallery.<ref>Carol Vogel (October 3, 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/03/arts/inside-art-sotheby-s-loses-albers-estate.html Sotheby's Loses Albers Estate] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The Foundation has also been instrumental in exposing fakes.<ref name="Making of a Bauhaus Master" />

==See also==
* [[Bauhaus]]
*[[Architype Albers]] (large typeface based on Albers' 1927–1931 experimentation with geometrically constructed stencil types for posters and signs)
* [[:Category:Albums with cover art by Josef Albers]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
  | last = Albers
  | first = Josef
  | title = Interaction of Color
  | publisher = [[Yale University Press]]
  | location = New Haven, CT
  | year = 1975
  | isbn = 978-0-300-11595-6}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Albers
  | first = Josef
  | title = Search Versus Research 
  | publisher = Trinity College Press
  | location = Hartford, CT
  | year = 1969}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Bucher
  | first = François
  | title = Josef Albers: Despite Straight Lines: An Analysis of His Graphic Constructions
  | url = https://archive.org/details/josefalbersdespi0000buch
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher = [[MIT Press]]
  | location = Cambridge, MA
  | year = 1977}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Danilowitz | first = Brenda  
  |author2=Frederick A. Horowitz
  | title = Josef Albers: to Open Eyes : The Bauhaus, Black Mountain College, and Yale
  | publisher = [[Phaidon Press]]
  | year = 2006
  | isbn = 978-0-7148-4599-9}}
*{{cite book
| last = Darwent
| first = Charles
| title = Josef Albers: Life and Work
| publisher = Thames & Hudson
| location = London
| year = 2018
| isbn = 978-0-500-51910-3}}
*{{cite news
  | last = [[Eva Díaz (art historian)|Diaz]]
  | first = Eva
  | title = The Ethics of Perception: Josef Albers in the United States
  | publisher = The Art Bulletin vol. XC, no. 2 (June)
  | year = 2008}}
*{{cite book
| last = [[Eva Díaz (art historian)|Diaz]]
| first = Eva 
| title = The Experimenters: Chance and Design at Black Mountain College
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| location = Chicago
| year = 2015
| isbn =  978-0226067988}}
*{{cite book|title=Design of the 20th Century|first1=Charlotte|last1=Fiell|first2=Peter|last2=Fiell|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|page=29|isbn=9783822840788|oclc=809539744}}
*{{cite book
  | editor1= Tone Hansen
  | editor2=Milena Hoegsberg
  | title = Josef Albers: No Tricks, No Twinkling of the Eyes
  | url = https://www.artbook.com/9783863356149.html
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher = Walther König 
  | location = Köln, Germany
  | year = 2015
|isbn=9783863356149}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Harris
  | first = Mary Emma
  | title = The Arts at Black Mountain College
  | url = https://archive.org/details/artsatblackmount0000harr
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher = MIT Press
  | location = Cambridge, MA
  | year = 1987}} 
*{{cite book
  | last = Saletnik
  | first = Jeffrey
  | title = Josef Albers, Late Modernism, and Pedagogic Form
  | url = https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo153386905.html
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher = University of Chicago Press
  | location = Chicago 
  | year = 2022
|isbn=9780226699172}}
*{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Nicholas Fox |author-link1=Nicholas Fox Weber, et al|title=Josef Albers: A Retrospective (exh. cat.) |publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] Publications |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8109-1876-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/josefalbersretro00albe}}
*{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Nicholas Fox |last2=Licht |first2=Fred |last3=Danilowitz |first3=Brenda |title=Josef Albers: Glass, Color, and Light (exh. cat., Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice) |publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] Publications |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8109-6864-6}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Joseph Albers}}
* [http://www.albersfoundation.org/ The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation]
* [https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/josef-albers Josef Albers] at [[David Zwirner Gallery]]
* [http://www.artsignaturedictionary.com/artist/josef.albers Art Signature Dictionary], examples of genuine signatures by Josef Albers
* [http://brooklynrail.org/2009/12/artseen/albers-record-jackets-doing-an-artful-job Brooklyn Rail], record jacket
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070410055134/http://www.cooperhewitt.org/EXHIBITIONS/albers/index.asp Cooper Hewitt Museum Exhibition, 2004]
* {{IMJ-Collections|first= Josef|last=Albers|access-date=September 1, 2016}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080329221345/http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_1_0.html Josef Albers] [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]]
* {{MoMA artist|97}}
* [http://nga.gov.au/InternationalPrints/Tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=18574&List=True&CREIRN=18574&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=12&TNOTES=TRUE Josef Albers, National Gallery of Australia, Kenneth Tyler Collection]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060412053440/http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/albersmoholy/ Tate Modern exhibition, London 2006]
*[https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/02/25/bauhaus-in-mexico/ "Bauhaus in Mexico"], article about the Albers, their trips to Mexico, and the Guggenheim show in 2018. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', February 25, 2018
* [http://www.frick.org/sites/default/files/FindingAids/JosefAlbers.html "Josef Albers Papers, 1933–1961"], The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives.
*[[hdl:10079/fa/mssa.ms.0032|Josef Albers Papers (MS 32)]]. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

'''[[Archives of American Art]] collection:'''
* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-josef-albers-11847#transcript An Oral History interview with Josef Albers, 1968 June 22 – July 5]
* [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/josef-albers-letters-to-j-b-neumann-5952 Josef Albers letters to J. B. Neumann, 1934–1947]
*[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/josef-albers-papers-5803 A Finding Aid to the Josef Albers papers, 1929–1970 in the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution]

'''Works by Josef Albers'''
* [http://www.baeditions.com/josef-albers-artwork.htm Brooke Alexander Gallery]
* [http://www.google.nl/images?q=google+josef+albers+images&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&sa=X&ei=ZDlyTeO9J42DhQep_rU5&ved=0CCoQsAQ&biw=1600&bih=905 Google images; many pictures of the artworks made by Albers]
* [http://www.google.nl/images?q=google+josef+albers+images&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&sa=X&ei=ZDlyTeO9J42DhQep_rU5&ved=0CCoQsAQ&biw=1600&bih=905 Google images; many pictures of the artworks made by Albers]

{{Minimal art}}
{{Op art}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albers, Josef}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bottrop]]
[[Category:Willem de Kooning Academy alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century German painters]]
[[Category:20th-century German male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American painters]]
[[Category:20th-century American printmakers]]
[[Category:German male painters]]
[[Category:German contemporary artists]]
[[Category:American art educators]]
[[Category:American male painters]]
[[Category:American abstract painters]]
[[Category:German abstract painters]]
[[Category:AIGA medalists]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Bauhaus]]
[[Category:Bauhaus alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Serial art]]
[[Category:Black Mountain College faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:Linocut artists]]