View source for Joint lock

{{Short description|Grappling technique for submission}}
{{Infobox Grappling hold
|name           = Joint Lock
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|parent_style   =[[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[Judo]], [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], [[MMA]], [[Soo Bahk Do]]
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A '''joint lock''' is a [[grappling]] technique involving manipulation of an opponent's [[joint]]s in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion and [[Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Abnormal_motion|hyperextension]].

In [[judō]] these are referred to as {{Transliteration|ja|kansetsu-waza}} ({{Lang|ja|関節技}}, "joint locking technique"<ref>Ohlenkamp, Neil. [http://judoinfo.com/gokyo3.htm Classification of Techniques in Kodokan Judo]. ''judoinfo.com''. Accessed February 26, 2006.</ref>) and in [[Chinese martial arts]] as ''[[Chin Na|qin na]]'', which literally means "catching and locking". In Korea these are referred to as {{Transliteration|ko|gwan-jerl-gi}} ({{Lang|ko|관절기}}, joint skill) or {{Transliteration|ko|gwan-jerl-kerk-gi}} ({{Lang|ko|관절꺾기}}, joint breaking).

Joint locks typically involve isolating a particular joint, [[lever]]ing it in an attempt to force the joint to move past its normal range of motion. Joint locks generate varying degrees of pain in the joints and, if applied forcefully and/or suddenly, may cause [[injury]], such as [[muscle]], [[tendon]] and [[ligament]] damage and even [[dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] or [[bone fracture]]. 

In [[judo]], the combining of standing locks with throws is forbidden due to the risk of physical harm to the falling opponent, while [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], [[jujutsu]], [[taijutsu]], [[aikido]], [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]], and [[hapkido]] allow their use.

== Types ==
Joint locks can be divided into five general types according to which section of the body they affect:
* [[Armlock]]s
* [[Leglock]]s
* [[Small joint manipulation]]
* [[Spinal lock]]s
* [[Wristlock]]s
These general types can be further divided into subtypes according to which specific joint(s) they affect, or the type of motion they involve.

==Usage==
[[Image:Nikyo_omote.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|An [[aikidoka]] applying a [[wristlock]] and [[armlock]] combination as a [[grappling hold#Pain compliance hold|pain compliance hold]]]]
Joint locks are commonly featured in all forms of [[grappling]], whether it be in [[martial arts]], [[self-defense]], [[combat sport]] or [[hand to hand combat]] application. The variants involving lesser levering on a smaller [[joint]] (such as [[wristlocks]]) are often featured in [[law-enforcement]] or [[self-defense]] application, where they are used as [[grappling hold#Pain compliance hold|pain compliance holds]]. Joint locks that involve full body leverage can on the other hand be used in [[hand to hand combat]] to partially or fully disable an opponent, by tearing major joints such as [[knee]]s or [[Elbow-joint|elbow]]s.

Common [[martial arts]] featuring joint locks include [[Aikido]], [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[Catch Wrestling]], [[Eskrima]], [[Eagle Claw]], [[Fu Jow Pai]], [[Hapkido]], [[Hung Gar]], [[Jujutsu]], [[Judo]], [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], [[Ninjutsu]], [[Shoot wrestling]], and [[mixed martial arts]]. They are usually practiced in a maximally safe manner, with controlled movements, and releasing the joint lock once it is apparent that it has been effectively applied. In combat sports, joint locks are used as [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission holds]], and are intended to force the opponent to [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]]; the lock will be controlled and held until an opponent submits or a referee recognizes the threat of [[injury]] and intervenes. The types of joint locks allowed in competitions featuring them varies according to the perceived danger in their application. [[Armlock]]s are generally considered safer, while [[small joint manipulation]] and [[spinal locks]] are banned in nearly all combat sports.

==See also==
* [[Chokehold]]
* [[Compression lock]]
* [[Grappling hold]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Iverson, Steven. ''Unarmed Combat''. Online excerpt: [http://www.atlasbooks.com/marktplc/rr01097.htm Atlasbooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825141720/http://www.atlasbooks.com/marktplc/rr01097.htm |date=2009-08-25 }}. ''www.atlasbooks.com''. Accessed March 6, 2006.

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[[Category:Grappling positions]]
[[Category:Joint locks| ]]
[[Category:Martial arts techniques]]

[[ja:アームロック]]