View source for Joint Typhoon Warning Center

{{Short description|Joint United States Navy – United States Air Force command}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Joint Typhoon Warning Center
|formed ={{Start date and age|1959|05|01}}
|seal=Joint Typhoon Warning Center logo.svg
|preceding1=
|headquarters=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
|employees=61 (2020)<ref name="atcr2020">{{cite report|first1=Angela S.|last1=Francis|first2=Brian R.|last2=Strahl|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2020|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/2020atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=July 20, 2022|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>
|budget=
|parent_agency =[[United States Navy]]<br />[[United States Air Force]]
|website={{URL|https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html|metoc.navy.mil/jtwc}}
}}

The '''Joint Typhoon Warning Center''' ('''JTWC''') is a joint [[United States Navy]] &ndash; [[United States Air Force]] command in [[Pearl Harbor]], [[Hawaii]]. The JTWC is responsible for the issuing of [[tropical cyclone]] warnings in the North-West Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and [[Indian Ocean]] for all branches of the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] and other U.S. government agencies. Their warnings are intended primarily for the protection of U.S. military ships and aircraft, as well as military installations jointly operated with other countries around the world.<ref name="MISSION">{{Cite web|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement|url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=August 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812132014/http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its U.S. Navy components are aligned with the [[Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command]].

==History==
[[File:Typhoon Cobra, 18 December 1944 east of Luzon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Radar image of [[Typhoon Cobra]]]]
The origins of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center <small>(JTWC)</small> can be traced back to June 1945, when the Fleet Weather Center/Typhoon Tracking Center was established on the island of [[Guam]], after multiple typhoons, including [[Typhoon Cobra]] of December 1944 and [[Typhoon Connie (1945)|Typhoon Connie]] in June 1945, had caused a significant loss of men and ships.<ref name="JTWC 50th Prog">
{{cite book|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center 50th Anniversary May 1959 – May 2009|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/TCC/docs/JTWC_50th.ppt|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Ford Island Conference Center, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=April 29, 2009|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=July 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717070350/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/TCC/docs/JTWC_50th.ppt|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="JTWC Form">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Anstett|title=History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998|url=http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist02.htm|chapter=World War II Era|date=April 30, 1998|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=February 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224205356/http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist02.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At this time the center was one of three Navy and two Air Force units responsible for tropical cyclone reconnaissance and warnings in the Pacific.<ref name="JTWC 50th Prog"/> Over the next few years the coordination of tropical warnings between the centers was at times difficult or impossible due to various communication problems.<ref name="1959 ATCR">
{{cite report|first1=Charles E.|last1=Tilden|first2=Robert M.|last2=Hoffman|title=1959 Annual Typhoon Report|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1959atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=San Francisco, California|date=January 1, 1995|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>

During 1958, the [[United States Department of Defense]] weather services and the [[National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]] formed the Joint Meteorology Committee to the Pacific Command and proposed the formation of a joint Navy and Air Force center for typhoon analysis and forecasting.<ref name="JTWC 50th Prog"/><ref name="JTWC Form2">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Anstett|title=History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998|url=http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist04.htm|chapter=JTWC Formation, 1958-1959|date=April 30, 1998|access-date=November 14, 2014|archive-date=February 18, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218162410/http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist04.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> A committee was subsequently set up to study the issue which issued a report during January 1959, which gave recommendation that the center be set up.<ref name="JTWC Form2"/> Based on the report and the conclusions reached at the March 1959 Annual Tropical Cyclone Conference, the Joint Meteorology Committee formally urged, The Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command (CINCPAC) to establish a Joint Typhoon Warning Center.<ref name="JTWC Form2"/> The CINCPAC subsequently petitioned the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who gave permission for the center to be set up effective May 1, 1959, under the command of the Fleet Weather Center's commander.<ref name="1959 ATCR"/><ref name="JTWC Form2"/>

The JTWC initially consisted of ten people with two officers and three enlisted personnel provided by each service.<ref name="1959 ATCR"/> It was required to provide warnings on all tropical cyclones between the Malay Peninsula and the International Dateline for U.S. government agencies.<ref name="1959 ATCR"/> They also had to determine reconnaissance requirements, prepare annual typhoon summaries, and conduct research into tropical cyclone forecasting and detection.<ref name="JTWC 50th Prog"/> In November 1962, [[Typhoon Karen]] destroyed the building housing the Fleet Weather Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It relocated in a more typhoon-proof building in 1965.<ref name="JTWC Form2"/>

Between 1971 and 1976, CINCPAC gradually expanded out the JTWC's area of responsibility, to include the area between the International Dateline and the African coasts. In October 1978, the Fleet Weather Center/JTWC became the Navy Oceanographic Command Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center and responsible for the whole oceanic environment, from the bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere. The JTWC subsequently started issuing warnings for the Southern Hemisphere between the African coast and the International Dateline during October 1980.<ref name="reallignment">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Anslett|title=History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998|url=http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist08.htm|chapter=Realignment, Renaming And Relocating|date=April 30, 1998|access-date=November 14, 2014|archive-date=June 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180611/http://home1.gte.net/anstett/Jthist08.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was relocated to Pearl Harbor on January 1, 1999, due to the [[1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission]] round. During October 2011, the JTWC's name changed from the "Naval Maritime Forecast Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center" to just the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, as it became a stand-alone command for the first time in its 52-year history.<ref>
{{cite news|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center rededicates new operation floor and mission|url=http://www.hookelenews.com/joint-typhoon-warning-center-rededicates-new-operation-floor-and-mission/|publisher=Ho'okele – Pearl Harbor – Hickam News|date=October 29, 2023|access-date=December 29, 2023|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031205/http://www.hookelenews.com/joint-typhoon-warning-center-rededicates-new-operation-floor-and-mission/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Alternate Joint Typhoon Warning Center ===
In case of debilitation of the agency, the Alternative Joint Typhoon Warning Center (AJTWC) assumes JTWC's functions. The AJTWC was first designated as the Tokyo Weather Central by the Fleet Weather Facility in [[Yokosuka]], Japan,<ref name="1959 ATCR"/> before eventually being re-designated to Pearl Harbor in November 1977.<ref>{{cite report|first1=Dean R.|last1=Morford|first2=James K.|last2=Lavin|title=1977 Annual Typhoon Report|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1977atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Guam, Mariana Islands|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref> The first time the AJTWC had to activate was after [[Typhoon Omar]] passed above Guam in 1992, incapacitating the JTWC for 11 days.<ref>{{cite report|first1=Donald A.|last1=Mautner|first2=Charles P.|last2=Guard|title=1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1992atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Guam, Mariana Islands|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref> The AJTWC was then relocated back to Yokosuka as part of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.<ref name="atcr1997"/>

==Standards and practices==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ JTWC's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
|-
! Category
! Sustained winds
|- style="background-color:#{{Storm colour|STY}}"
! Super typhoon
| ≥130&nbsp;[[knot (unit)|knot]]s<br/>≥240&nbsp;km/h
|- style="background-color:#{{Storm colour|TY}}"
! Typhoon
| 64–129&nbsp;[[knot (unit)|knot]]s<br/>118–239&nbsp;km/h
|- style="background-color:#{{Storm colour|nwpstorm}}"
! Tropical Storm
| 34–63&nbsp;[[knot (unit)|knot]]s<br/>63–117&nbsp;km/h
|- style="background-color:#{{Storm colour|nwpdepression}}"
! Tropical Depression
| ≤33&nbsp;[[knot (unit)|knot]]s<br/>≤62&nbsp;km/h
|}
The center is staffed by about 61 [[U.S. Air Force]] and [[United States Navy|Navy]] personnel {{as of|2020|lc=on}}.<ref name="atcr2020"/> The JTWC uses several satellite systems and sensors, radar, surface and upper level synoptic data as well as atmospheric models to complete its mission.<ref name="MISSION"/> A more modernized method for forecasting tropical cyclones had become apparent by the 1980s. Prior to the development of [[Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System]] (ATCF), the tools used by the Department of Defense to forecast tropical cyclone track were acetate, grease pencils, and disparate computer programs.<ref name="ATCF1"/> The ATCF software was developed by the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] for the JTWC beginning in 1986,<ref name="ATCF2">{{cite journal|first1=Ronald J.|last1=Miller|first2=Charles R.|last2=Sampson|first3=Ann J.|last3=Schrader|title=The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (Version 3.2)|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|pages=1231–1240|volume=81|number=6|date=June 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1231:tatcfs>2.3.co;2|bibcode=2000BAMS...81.1231S|doi-access=free}}</ref> and used since 1988.  It was adapted for use at the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) in 1990.<ref name="ATCF1">{{cite journal|first1=Ronald J.|last1=Miller|first2=Ann J.|last2=Schrader|first3=Charles R.|last3=Sampson|first4=Ted L.|last4=Tsui|title=The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF)|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Weather and Forecasting|pages=653–660|date=December 1990|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0653:TATCFS>2.0.CO;2|volume=5|issue=4|bibcode=1990WtFor...5..653M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

JTWC adheres to the [[World Meteorological Organization]]'s (WMO) rules for storm names and adheres to acknowledged guidelines for intensity of [[tropical cyclone]]s and [[tropical storms]], with the exception of using the U.S. standard of measuring sustained winds for 1-min instead of the 10-min span recommended by the WMO (see [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]). The JTWC is not one of the WMO designated [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]]s, nor one of its [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre#Tropical cyclone warning centers|Tropical cyclone warning centers]],<ref name=FAQ>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?faq|publisher=United States Navy|department=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|access-date=December 29, 2023}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> as its main mission is to support the [[United States]] government agencies.<ref name="JTWC Product Notice">{{cite web|title=Products and Services Notice|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?notices|publisher=United States Navy|department=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|access-date=December 29, 2023}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> JTWC monitors, analyzes, and forecasts tropical cyclone formation, development, and movement year round. Its area of responsibility covers 89% of the world's tropical cyclone activity.<ref name=DoDnews>{{cite web|first=Bob|last=Freeman|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Marks 50 Years of Service|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/ID/56686/|publisher=United States Federal Government|agency=Department of Defense|date=November 13, 2009|access-date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=July 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713225507/http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=56686|url-status=live}}</ref> The way the JTWC labels tropical cyclones vary depending on the location and intensity of the cyclone. A [[tropical cyclone scales|scale]] is used for systems in the Western Pacific based on the wind speed. Elsewhere of the agency's responsibility area, all systems with a wind speed of at least 34&nbsp;knots (63&nbsp;km/h) are labeled as "Tropical Cyclone", regardless of the estimated intensity.<ref name=FAQ/>

When monitoring disturbances, the agency labels them as an [[invest (meteorology)|invest]] (short for investigation area), and numbers them from 90 to 99, followed by a "W" (West Pacific), "B" ([[Bay of Bengal]]), "A" ([[Arabian Sea]]), "S" (South Indian Ocean), or "P" (South Pacific), based on the location of the system.<ref name="jtwcbt">{{cite web|first1=J. H.|last1=Chu|first2=A.|last2=Levine|first3=S.|last3=Daida|first4=D.|last4=Schiber|first5=E.|last5=Fukada|first6=C. R.|last6=Sampson|title=Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?western-pacific|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=October 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002131144/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html?western-pacific|url-status=dead}}</ref> The numbers are rotated for each time a disturbance forms within a basin, meaning the next invest in the same basin after 99 would be numbered 90.<ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Franklin|title=Investing for Meteorology|url=https://noaanhc.wordpress.com/2014/07/31/investing-for-meteorologists/|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|agency=Blog of the National Hurricane Center|date=March 6, 2018|orig-date=July 31, 2014|access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>

==Products==
===Tropical Cyclone Warnings===
A tropical cyclone warning is a text message issued on a tropical cyclone by the JTWC. It contains the storm's position and direction, wind speed and the wind distribution, the forecasts of them, and the remarks of the information. Warnings are updated every six hours for the North Pacific and North Indian Ocean (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z), and are updated every twelve hours for the South Pacific and South Indian Ocean (00Z, 12Z). For a warning to be issued, a storm system must meet one or more of the following criteria:<ref name=FAQ/>
* It must have a closed circulation and maximum sustained winds of {{convert|25|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|round=5}} in the North Pacific or {{convert|35|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|round=5}} in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans.
* Its maximum sustained winds within the close circulation are expected to increase to {{convert|35|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|round=5}} or greater within 48 hours.
* It may endanger life and/or property within 72 hours.
* [[USINDOPACOM]] directs the JTWC to begin warnings
A graphic is produced in each warning in a low-bandwidth image tailored for mariners. Like the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC), the error cone accounts for basin-specific 5-year average uncertainty in the center location but is expanded to include the size of the storm (in the form of the maximum 34-knot wind radius at each time). For this reason, the JTWC error cone will always be larger than the NHC error cone, provided the tropical cyclone is producing at least 34-knot winds. On the graphic, the shaded zone represents the potential area of tropical storm force winds and is referred to as the avoidance area by Navy ship routing officers.<ref name="marinersguide"/> A different graphic may be issued on the "off-hour" tropical cyclone fix cycles (03Z, 09Z, 15Z, 21Z) if a tropical cyclone is within {{convert|180|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} of one of the six designated installations in the Western North Pacific, when one of these installations sets TCCOR 2 or higher on the [[Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness]] scale, or when the JTWC is directed by USINDOPACOM.<ref name=FAQ/>

A warning may be amended whenever a significant change is made to the forecast track, intensity, and/or tropical cyclone best track position before the next regular warning is issued, or it may be corrected due to administrative or typographical errors. Additionally, the JTWC may issue a relocated warning to indicate a significant re-assessment of the tropical cyclone's location and movement.<ref name=FAQ/>

===Prognostic Reasoning===
Prognostic Reasoning Messages are bulletins that accompany a tropical cyclone warning and discuss the tropical cyclone, and are intended to be for meteorologists. They are released at the synoptic time plus three hours (0300Z, 0900Z, 1500Z, or 2100Z), and contain two sections: the 6 hour summary and analysis, and forecast discussion. The former section includes details on the position and intensity of the system, the [[satellite imagery]], the [[Tropical cyclone#Movement|steering mechanism]] of the system, and the environment the cyclone is in (covering vertical [[wind shear]], [[sea surface temperature]], and [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]]) and forecaster assessment, as well as the confidence of the position, intensity, and wind radii. It also compares the [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak estimates]] of agencies. The latter section covers significant changes in forecast (if any) and discusses said forecast and forecast models, and covers the confidence in the forecast.<ref>{{cite report|title=Planned updates to JTWC prognostic reasoning messages|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/docs/Prog_Reasoning_Update_Q_A_and_Example.pdf|publisher=United States Navy|department=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref> Prior to June 21, 2021, only tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific had their own Prognostic Reasoning Message, and those in the Indian Ocean would have the discussion in the remarks section of warning text messages.<ref name=FAQ/>

===Significant Tropical Weather Advisory===
Released daily, a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory discusses any tropical disturbances within the JTWC's area of responsibility and their potential for further [[tropical cyclogenesis]]. Two separate bulletins are issued for the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean.<ref name="atcr1997"/> The bulletin indicates the chance of becoming a tropical cyclone for each tropical disturbance based on the environment that the disturbance is situated in. The disturbances are categorized as one of the following:<ref name="marinersguide"/>
* Low: Unlikely to develop into a significant tropical cyclone within the next 24 hours.
* Medium: Higher potential and may develop into a significant tropical cyclone beyond 24 hours.
* High: Likely to develop into a significant tropical cyclone within the next 24 hours; a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert is issued under this circumstance.

In October 2019, the JTWC modified the bulletin format to include subtropical systems and clarity, stating that the RSMC issues warnings on subtropical systems whereas the JTWC does not.<ref>{{cite report|first1=R. Corey|last1=Cherrett|first2=Robert J.|last2=Falvey|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2019|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/2019atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=September 16, 2021|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>

===Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert===
{{Main article|Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert}}
A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) is issued when an area of disturbed weather (designated an [[invest (meteorology)|invest]]) has a high chance to develop into a tropical cyclone within the following 24 hours.<ref name=FAQ/> It briefly describes the meteorological environment and how it could aid in development of the system. The alert is then accompanied by a graphic depicting the path of the disturbance and a forecast path. The forecast path is depicted as either a rectangle with a centerline—indicating that the invest would follow along the centerline—or a circle around the disturbance's current position—indicating uncertainty of its future direction.<ref name="marinersguide">{{cite report|first=Dylan J.|last=Finn|title=Mariner's Tropical Cyclone Guide|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/marinersguide.pdf|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center|date=May 2023|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref> The necessity of such issuance is based on data gathered on the [[synoptic scale]], and utilizes satellite or other pertinent data.<ref name="atcr1997">{{cite report|first1=C. P.|last1=Dillon|first2=Mark J.|last2=Andrews|title=1997 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1997atcr.pdf|publisher=United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|date=July 25, 2000|orig-date=July 2, 1999|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref> The JTWC follows a checklist to determine whether or not a TCFA should be issued on tropical disturbances. The checklist contains five sections and a miscellaneous section for special cases, covering conditions in the atmosphere starting from the surface to 200 millibar level ({{convert|35000|to|41000|ft|m}} above the surface) as well as [[sea surface temperature]]s, while also utilizing the [[Dvorak technique]]. If there are a total of at least 35 points, a TCFA shall be issued.<ref>{{cite report|first1=Richard A.|last1=Jeffries|first2=Ronald J.|last2=Miller|title=Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide 3. Tropical Cyclone Formation|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA265216.pdf|publisher=United States Naval Research Laboratory's Marine Meteorology Division|location=Monterey, California|date=April 1993|access-date=December 29, 2023|via=Defense Technical Information Center}}</ref>

===Annual Tropical Cyclone Report===
An Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (ATCR) is prepared by the staff of the JTWC, describing operationally or
meteorologically significant cyclones that occurred within the JTWC's responsibility area. Details highlight significant
challenges and/or shortfalls in the tropical cyclone warning system and serve as a focal point for future research
and development efforts. Also included are tropical cyclone reconnaissance statistics and a summary of
research and development efforts, operational tactics, techniques and procedure development,
and outreach that members of the JTWC conducted or contributed to throughout the year. The ATCR was discontinued in 2020 due to high levels of time consumption and a bigger focus on best track data. <ref name="atcr2020"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Invest (meteorology)]]
*[[{{#time:Y}} Pacific hurricane season]]
*[[{{#time:Y}} Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[{{#time:Y}} North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*[[{{#ifexpr:{{#time:n}}>6|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|+1 year}}|{{#time:Y|-1 year}}–{{#time:y}}}} South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*[[{{#ifexpr:{{#time:n}}>6|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|+1 year}}|{{#time:Y|-1 year}}–{{#time:y}}}} Australian region cyclone season]]
*[[{{#ifexpr:{{#time:n}}>6|{{#time:Y}}–{{#time:y|+1 year}}|{{#time:Y|-1 year}}–{{#time:y}}}} South Pacific cyclone season]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{US government sources}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{United States government agencies involved in environmental science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Meteorological organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Governmental meteorological agencies in North America]]