View source for Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security

{{Short description|Nonprofit public health think tank}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security
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| abbreviation        = CHS<ref name="open_phil" />
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| formation           = {{start date and age|1998}}<ref name="open_phil" />
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| type                = [[Think tank]]
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| location            = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], [[United States of America]]
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| leader_title        = [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Director
| leader_name         = [[Tom Inglesby]]
| leader_title2       = [[Chief Operating Officer|COO]] and Deputy Director
| leader_name2        = Anita Cicero
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| key_people          = {{unbulleted list|[[D. A. Henderson]]|[[Tara O'Toole]]}}
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| affiliations        = [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]]
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| staff               = 29<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/index.html |author=Teddy Karambelas |date=August 17, 2021 |title=Our Staff |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>
| staff_year          = 2021
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| mission             = "Protect people's health from the consequences of epidemics and disasters and ensure that communities are resilient to major challenges."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/ |author=Teddy Karambelas |date=February 7, 2017 |title=JHSPH Center for Health Security |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>
| website             = {{URL|http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/}}
| remarks             =
| formerly            = {{unbulleted list|Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies (1998–2003)|Center for Biosecurity of UPMC (2003–2013)|UPMC Center for Health Security (2013–2017)}}
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The '''Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security''' (abbreviated '''CHS''') is an independent, [[nonprofit organization]] of the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]]. The center works to protect people's health from epidemics and pandemics and ensures that communities are resilient to major challenges. The center is also concerned with biological weapons and the biosecurity implications of emerging biotechnology.

The Center for Health Security gives policy recommendations to the [[United States government]], the [[World Health Organization]] and the UN [[Biological Weapons Convention]].<ref name="open_phil" /><ref name="about">[http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/website/about_us/ Center for Health Security] Mission Statement   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622081819/http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/website/about_us/|date=June 22, 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The Center for Health Security began as the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies (CCBS) in 1998 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.<ref name="roos" /> [[D. A. Henderson]] served as the founding director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/henderson/index.html |author=UPMC Center for Health Security |date=January 18, 2017 |title=D. A. Henderson |access-date=February 10, 2017 |quote=He was Dean Emeritus and Professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and a Founding Director (1998) of the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies.}}</ref> At that time, the center was the first and only academic center focused on biosecurity policy and practice.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

At one point around 2003, CHS had become part of a new [[umbrella organization]] called the Institute for Global Health and Security at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.<ref name="roos" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2003/22sep03/22global.html |title=Public Health forms Global Health, Security Institute |publisher=Johns Hopkins Gazette |date=September 22, 2003 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |first=Tim |last=Parsons}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2003/global-health-security.html |author=JH Bloomberg School of Public Health |date=September 16, 2003 |title=Institute for Global Health and Security |publisher=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2003, some of the leaders left Johns Hopkins to join the [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] (UPMC), and launched their own Center for Biosecurity of UPMC. This move apparently split the organization in two, and it is unclear what happened to the old organization.<ref name="roos">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2003/09/johns-hopkins-biodefense-experts-head-new-direction |first=Robert |last=Roos|publisher=CIDRAP |title=Johns Hopkins biodefense experts head in new direction |access-date=February 8, 2017 |date=September 23, 2003 |quote=the four full-time faculty members and 16 administrative staff members of the CCBS are all leaving Hopkins to join the UPMC. 'No decision has been made exactly what to do with the Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, whether it'll have a new direction or mission incorporated into some other center,' [Tim Parsons] said. 'But its biodefense activities will be incorporated in some way into the new initiative of the Institute for Global Health Security.'}}</ref>

On April 30, 2013, the UPMC Center changed its name from "Center for Biosecurity of UPMC" to "UPMC Center for Health Security". This name change reflected a broadening of the scope of CHS's work.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

In January 2017, the JHU Center became part of the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]]. Its [[domain name]] changed from upmchealthsecurity.org to centerforhealthsecurity.org.<ref name="jh_rename">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/JHSPH%20Partnership/JHSPH%20Partnership |author=Price Tyson |date=January 16, 2017 |title=Center for Health Security Joins Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School |publisher=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security |access-date=February 8, 2017 |quote=the Center for Health Security, which had previously been affiliated with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), has joined the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.}}</ref>

==Funding==
In 2002, the center received a $1 million grant from the US federal government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2002/biodefense-grant.html |date=January 7, 2002 |title=Biodefense Center to Receive $1 Million |author=JH Bloomberg School of Public Health |publisher=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

Before 2017, CHS was heavily reliant on government funding.<ref name="open_phil" />

In January 2017, the [[Open Philanthropy Project]] awarded a $16 million grant over three years to the Center for Health Security.<ref name="open_phil">{{cite web |url=http://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/global-catastrophic-risks/biosecurity/center-health-security-biosecurity-global-health-security-and-global-catastrophic |title=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security — Biosecurity, Global Health Security, and Global Catastrophic Risks |date=January 13, 2017 |publisher= Open Philanthropy Project |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thedailyrecord.com/2017/02/08/maryland-health-security-grant-hopkins/ |title=Hopkins' Center for Health Security gets $16M grant |publisher=Maryland Daily Record |agency=Associated Press |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2017 |quote=The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's Center for Health Security has been awarded a three-year, $16 million grant to support work on strengthening health security and public health preparedness.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/feb/8/center-for-health-security-gets-16m-grant/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |title=Center for Health Security gets $16M grant |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> Another grant of $19.5 million was awarded in September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/global-catastrophic-risks/biosecurity/center-health-security-biosecurity-health-security-gcrs-2019 |author=Open Philanthropy Project |date=September 2021 |title=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security — Biosecurity, Global Health Security, and Global Catastrophic Risks (2019) |publisher=Open Philanthropy Project |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>

==Publications==
The Center for Health Security publishes three online newsletters:
* ''Clinicians' Biosecurity News'' (formerly the ''Clinicians' Biosecurity Network Report''), published twice each month<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upmc-cbn.org/about_cbn/about_network.html |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=January 16, 2017 |title=About Clinicians' Biosecurity News |publisher=UPMC Center for Health Security |access-date=February 9, 2017 |archive-date=February 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209001740/http://www.upmc-cbn.org/about_cbn/about_network.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* ''Health Security Headlines'', a news digest published 3 times a week<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/hsh/index.html |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=January 31, 2017 |title=Health Security Headlines |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> (previously called ''Biosecurity Briefing'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |title=Biosecurity Briefing |date=September 21, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021007/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> then ''Biosecurity News in Brief'' starting in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing/ |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |title=Biosecurity News in Brief -- Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501170510/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing/ |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref> then ''Biosecurity News Today'' starting in 2010 or 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=July 15, 2011 |title=Biosecurity News Today |access-date=February 10, 2017 |quote=Biosecurity News Today |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134042/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing |archive-date=July 17, 2011 }}</ref> and finally ''Health Security Headlines'' starting in 2013;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing/ |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Center for Biosecurity {{!}} UPMC {{!}} Biosecurity News Today |access-date=February 10, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206192754/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/biosecurity_briefing/ |archive-date=February 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/website/health-security-headlines/ |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Health Security Headlines {{!}} Published by UPMC Center for Health Security |access-date=February 10, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711042710/http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/website/health-security-headlines/ |archive-date=July 11, 2013 }}</ref> the digest used to also be weekly until in February 2009, HSH was published daily from 2009 until late 2021 when it was changed to 3 times per week to accommodate the ''COVID-19 Update'' briefings published twice a week since January 2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incaseofemergencyblog.com/2009/02/05/weekly-biosecurity-briefing-e-newsletter-is-becoming-a-daily/ |title=Weekly "Biosecurity Briefing" E-Newsletter Is Becoming A Daily |website=In Case Of Emergency, Read Blog |first=John |last=Solomon |date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |quote=I am happy to report that a helpful weekly email resource is going daily beginning this Monday. The ''Biosecurity Briefing'', published by the Baltimore-based Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, is being expanded.}}</ref>
* ''Preparedness Pulsepoints'', published weekly<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/pulsepoints/index.html |author=Center for Biosecurity of UPMC |date=January 31, 2017 |title=Preparedness Pulsepoints |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

It maintains and edits a peer-reviewed journal [https://www.liebertpub.com/loi/hs Health Security] which is part of the Mary Ann Liebert publishing group.

It also provides editorial oversight for the journal ''Health Security'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/index.html |author=Rob Adams |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Our Work |access-date=February 9, 2017 |quote=Journal: The Center provides editorial oversight for the peer-reviewed journal, Health Security, which is published 6 times per year.}}</ref> which was launched in 2003 and called ''Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science'' until 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.liebertpub.com/bsp |title=Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science {{!}} Issue List |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

CHS published the [[blog]] ''The Bifurcated Needle'' until 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bifurcatedneedle.com/about/ |publisher=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security |website=The Bifurcated Needle |title=About |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

The Open Philanthropy Project's grant writeup of CHS noted several publications:<ref name="open_phil" />
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aab0713|issn=0036-8075|volume=349|issue=6250|pages=792–793|last1=Boddie|first1=Crystal|author-link=Crystal Watson|last2=Watson|first2=Matthew|last3=Ackerman|first3=Gary|last4=Gronvall|first4=Gigi Kwik|title=Assessing the bioweapons threat: Is there a foundation of agreement among experts about risk?|journal=Science|date=August 21, 2015|url=http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2015/Science2015Boddie7923_1.pdf|pmid=26293941|s2cid=206637099|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918041821/http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2015/Science2015Boddie7923_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal| doi = 10.15252/embr.201541674| pmid = 26682799| issn = 1469-3178| volume = 17| issue = 2| pages = 127–130| last1 = Inglesby| first1 = Thomas V.| last2 = Relman| first2 = David A.| title = How likely is it that biological agents will be used deliberately to cause widespread harm?| journal = EMBO Reports| date = February 1, 2016| pmc = 5290809}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2016/Final_report_to_PASCC_071416.pdf |title=Improving Security through International Biosafety Norms |first1=Gigi Kwik |last1=Gronvall |first2=Matthew |last2=Shearer |first3=Hannah |last3=Collins |first4=Thomas |last4=Inglesby |date=July 14, 2016 |publisher=UPMC Center for Health Security |access-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090221/http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2016/Final_report_to_PASCC_071416.pdf |url-status=dead }}

The center has published in journals including ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]'' and ''[[The Lancet]]''. A full list of publications is available on the CHS website. {{as of|2017|02}}, the list shows more than 400 publications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/?resultCount=9999&view=list |title=All Publications |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

== Major conferences and tabletop exercises ==

===Operation Dark Winter===
{{Main article|Operation Dark Winter}}
From June 22–23, 2001, CHS co-hosted [[Operation Dark Winter]], a senior-level bioterrorism attack simulation involving a covert and widespread smallpox attack on the United States.

===Atlantic Storm===
On January 14, 2005, CHS helped to host [[Atlantic Storm]], a table-top [[smallpox]] [[bioterrorism]] simulation.<ref name="open_phil" />

===Clade X===
On May 15, 2018, the Center hosted Clade X,<ref>{{cite web | last=Cizek | first=Julia | title=Clade X, a tabletop exercise hosted by the Center for Health Security | website=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security | date=2019-01-07 | url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/index.html | access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref> a day-long pandemic tabletop exercise that simulated a series of National Security Council–convened meetings of 10 US government leaders, played by individuals prominent in the fields of national security or epidemic response.

Drawing from actual events, Clade X identified important policy issues and preparedness challenges that could be solved with sufficient political will and attention. These issues were designed in a narrative to engage and educate the participants and the audience.

Clade X was livestreamed on Facebook and extensive materials from the exercise are available online.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cizek | first=Julia | title=Livestream (Archived) from Clade X, a pandemic tabletop exercise | website=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security | date=2019-01-07 | url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/livestream | access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Center | first=Johns Hopkins | title=Resources from Clade X, a day-long pandemic tabletop exercise | website=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security | date=2019-01-07 | url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/clade-x-resources | access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref>

=== Event 201 ===
On October 18, 2019, the CHS partnered with the [[World Economic Forum]] and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] to host the tabletop exercise Event 201 in [[New York City]].<ref name="event 201">{{cite web | author=Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security | title=Event 201, a pandemic exercise to illustrate preparedness efforts | website=Event 201 | date=2020-01-24 | url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/ | access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref>Kirsten Salyer (15 October 2019), [https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/10/live-simulation-exercise-to-prepare-public-and-private-leaders-for-pandemic-response/ "Live Simulation Exercise to Prepare Public and Private Leaders for Pandemic Response"], press release from [[World Economic Forum]]: "Event 201 exercise will bring together public and private leaders to inform multistakeholder cooperation for pandemic preparedness and response"</ref> According to the CHS, "the exercise illustrated areas where public/private partnerships will be necessary during the response to a severe [[pandemic]] in order to diminish large-scale economic and societal consequences".<ref name="event 201" />

Event 201 simulated the effects of a fictional [[coronavirus]] passing to humans via infected [[pig]] farms in [[Brazil]] with "no possibility of a [[vaccine]] being available in the first year".<ref name="Full Fact Event 201">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=US rapper Pitbull wrong to claim Event 201 was 'rehearsal' for coronavirus pandemic|url=https://fullfact.org/online/event-201-pitbull-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Full Fact|language=en}}</ref> The simulation ended after 18 months and projected 65 million deaths from the coronavirus.<ref name="Full Fact Event 201" />

=== Southeast Asia Biosecurity Dialogue ===
A series of [[Track II diplomacy|Track II]] multilateral dialogues cohosted by the Center in the Southeast Asia region ultimately helped to establish the [[Asia Centre for Health Security]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Southeast Asia Dialogue Meeting Materials {{!}} Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security |url=https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/research-projects/multilateral-biosecurity-dialogue-with-singapore-malaysia-indonesia-and-the-united-states/2024-southeast-asia-dialogue-meeting-materials |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=centerforhealthsecurity.org |language=en}}</ref> 

===Other===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Improving Epidemic Response: Building Bridges Between the US and China. May 2012.
* Considerations for the Reauthorization of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA). March 2012.
* U.S. Preparedness for a Nuclear Detonation. October 2011.
* Charting the Future of Biosecurity: Ten Years After the Anthrax Attacks. October 2011.
* Advancing US Resilience to a Nuclear Catastrophe. May 2011.
* Preserving National Security: The Growing Role of the Life Sciences. March 2011.
* Improving Global Health, Strengthening Global Security. November 2010.
* The State of BIOPreparedness: Lessons from Leaders, Proposals for Progress. September 2010.
* Preparing to Save Lives and Recover After a Nuclear Detonation: Implications for US Policy. April 2010.
* The 2009 H1N1 Experience: Policy Implications for Future Infectious Disease Emergencies. March 2010.
* Resilient American Communities: Progress In Practice and Policy. December 10, 2009.
* Prevention of Biothreats: A Look Ahead. October 6, 2009.
* Disease, Disaster, and Democracy: The Public's Stake in Health Emergency Planning. May 2006.
* Bulls, Bears, and Birds: Preparing the Financial Industry for a Pandemic. September 2005.
* Conference on Biosafety and Biorisks. May 2005.
* The Public as an Asset, Not a Problem: A Summit on Leadership During Bioterrorism. February 2003.
* 2nd National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bioterrorism. November 2000.
* National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bioterrorism. February 1999.
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]]
* [[Anti-terrorism legislation]]
* [[Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989]]
* [[Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety]]
* [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]
* [[Convention on Biological Diversity]]
* [[Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism]]
* [[Crimson Contagion]]
* [[European BioSafety Association]]
* [[European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training]]
* ''[[Eurosurveillance]]''
* [[Global catastrophic risk]]
* [[Global Health Security Initiative]]
* [[Health Threat Unit]]
* [[International Health Regulations]]
* Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
* [[Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response]]
* [[Open Philanthropy Project#Biosecurity|Open Philanthropy Project § Biosecurity]]
* [[Operation Dark Winter]]
* [[Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013]]
* [[Public Health Emergency Preparedness]]
* [[PublicHealthEmergency.gov]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/08/health/coronavirus-pandemic-training-scenario/index.html "Experts predicted a coronavirus pandemic years ago. Now it's playing out before our eyes"] CNN
* [https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/Center-projects/completed-projects/spars-pandemic-scenario.html "SPARS Pandemic Scenario"]
* {{Official website|http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/}}
* [http://www.bifurcatedneedle.com/ ''The Bifurcated Needle''], the Center for Health Security's blog
* ''[https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/cbn/index.html Clinicians' Biosecurity News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230050434/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/cbn/index.html |date=December 30, 2021 }}'', a twice monthly newsletter published by the Center
* [https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/rrc/ Rad Resilient City]; [http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/interactives/rad-resilient-city/index Rad Resilient City Preparedness Checklist Actions]

{{JHU}}
{{Johns Hopkins Health System}}
{{University of Pittsburgh Medical Center}}
{{Bioterrorism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security}}
[[Category:Health think tanks]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]]
[[Category:Public health research institutes]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in the United States]]
[[Category:Nonpartisan organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 1998]]