View source for Johannes Brenz

{{Short description|German Lutheran theologian and Protestant Reformer}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL|suppressfields=children father mother}}

'''Johann (Johannes) Brenz''' (24 June 1499 – 11 September 1570) was a German [[Lutheran]] [[theologian]] and the [[Protestant Reformer]] of the [[Duchy of Württemberg]].

==Early advocacy of the Reformation==
{{lutheranism}}
[[File:Statue of Johann Brenz, Schlosskirche, Wittenberg.jpg|thumb|Statue of Johann Brenz, Schlosskirche, [[Wittenberg]]]]
[[File:Schwaebisch Hall St Michael.jpg|thumb|The Michaelskirche in Schwaebisch Hall, where Johannes Brenz served as pastor.]]
Brenz was born in the then [[Imperial City of Weil der Stadt]], 20 miles west of [[Stuttgart]]. He received his education at [[Heidelberg]], where, shortly after becoming [[Master's degree|magister]] and regent of the [[Realistenbursa]] in 1518, he delivered [[philological]] and [[philosophical]] lectures. He also lectured on the [[Gospel of Matthew]], only to be prohibited on account of his popularity and his novel [[exegesis]], especially as he had already been won over to the side of [[Martin Luther|Luther]], not only through his [[ninety-five theses]], but still more by personal acquaintance with him at the [[Heidelberg Disputation|disputation at Heidelberg]] in April 1518. In 1522 Brenz was threatened with a trial for heresy, but escaped through a call to the pastorate of [[Schwäbisch Hall]]. In the spring of 1524 he received a strong ally in his activity as a Reformer in [[Johann Isenmann]], who became pastor of the parish-church at Hall. [[Corpus Christi (feast)|The feast of corpus Christi]] was the first to be discarded, and in 1524 the monastery of the [[Discalced]] [[Friars]] was transformed into a school. In the [[German Peasants' War]], on the other hand, Brenz deprecated the abuse of evangelical liberty by the peasants, pleading for mercy to the conquered and warning the magistracy of their duties. At Christmas the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] was administered in both kinds, and at Easter of the following year the first regulations were framed for the church and the school. Brenz himself prepared in 1528 a larger and a smaller [[catechism]] for the young, both characterized by simplicity, warmth, and a childlike spirit.{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Activity on behalf of the New Movement==
He first attained wider recognition, however, when he published his ''Syngramma Suevicum'' on 21 October 1525, attacking [[Johannes Oecolampadius|Œcolampadius]], and finding the explanation of the creative power of the word of [[Christ]] in the theory that the body and blood of Christ are actually [[Real Presence|present]] in the [[Blessed Sacrament|Sacrament]]. Henceforth Brenz took part in all the important conferences on the religious situation. In October 1529 he attended the [[Colloquy of Marburg]], and in the following year, at the request of the Margrave [[George of Brandenburg]], he was present at the [[Diet of Augsburg|diet in Augsburg]], where he seconded [[Melanchthon]] in his efforts to reach an agreement with the adherents of the ancient faith, but refused all association with the followers of [[Zwingli]]. In 1532 he collaborated in the church-regulations of [[Brandenburg]] and [[Nuremberg]], and furthered the Reformation in the margravate of [[Principality of Ansbach|Brandenburg-Ansbach]], [[Dinkelsbühl]], and [[Heilbronn]], while three years later [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Ulrich of Württemberg]] called him as an adviser in the framing of regulations for the church, [[Canonical Visitation|visitations]], and marriage. In February 1537 he was at Schmalkald, and two months later undertook the difficult but successful task of the reformation of the [[University of Tübingen]]. He likewise attended the conference on the use of images held at [[Bad Urach|Urach]] in September 1537, where he urged their abolition. Brenz returned to Hall in April the following year; in June 1540 attended the conference at [[Hagenau]]; was at Worms in the latter part of the same year; and in January 1546 was at Regensburg, where he was obliged to deal with [[Johann Cochlaeus|Cochlæus]], although, as he
had foreseen, he was unsuccessful. He devoted himself with great zeal to his pastoral duties, and side by side with his sermons was evolved a valuable series of expositions of Biblical writings.{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Opposed by the Emperor==
After the last remnants of the ancient regulations of the church of Hall had been abolished, his new rules appeared in 1543. Calls to [[Leipzig]] in 1542, to [[Tübingen]] in 1543, and to [[Strasbourg]] in 1548 were declined in favor of his position at Hall. Brenz had long opposed the adherence of Hall and the margrave to the [[Schmalkaldic League]], since he regarded resistance to the temporal authorities as inadmissible. Gradually, however, his views changed, through the hostile attitude of the [[Kaiser|emperor]]. In 1538 Hall entered the league, and after its defeat [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] came to the city (on 16 December 1546) and obtained possession of papers, letters, and sermons of Brenz, who, despite the bitter cold, was obliged to flee, although he returned on 4 January 1547. The new [[Augsburg Interim]] of the emperor, which Brenz called ''interitus'' ("ruin"), recalled him to the scene of action, and he earnestly opposed its adoption. The imperial chancellor, [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle]], demanded his surrender, and Brenz, warned by a note reading: "Flee, Brenz, quickly, more quickly, most quickly!" escaped on the evening of his forty-ninth birthday, 24 June 1548. He hastened to [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Ulrich]], who concealed him in the castle of Hohenwittlingen near Urach, where, under the pseudonym of Joannes Witlingius, he prepared an exposition of Ps. xciii and cxxx. As the emperor was everywhere searching for him, Ulrich sent him by way of [[Strasbourg]] to [[Basel]], where he was kindly received and found time to write an exposition of the prophecy of Isaiah. Duke Christopher called him to [[Montbéliard]], where, in January 1549, Brenz was notified of the death of his wife. The condition of his children induced him to go to [[Swabia]], but owing to the pursuit of the emperor, he was often in great danger, and the duke sheltered him in the castle of Hornberg near [[Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)|Gutach]]. There he spent eighteen months under the name of Huldrich Engster (Encaustius), always active for the welfare of the Church, both by his advice to the duke and his theological labors. He declined calls to [[Magdeburg]], [[Königsberg]], and England. In August 1549 he ventured to go to Urach, where his friend Isenmann was now minister, in order to take counsel with the duke, his advisers, and [[Matthaeus Alber]], regarding the restoration of the evangelical divine service. In the autumn of 1550 he married his second wife Catherine, the oldest daughter of Isenmann.{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Activity, 1550–53==
After Ulrich's death Brenz was asked to prepare the ''[[Württemberg Confession|confessio Wirtembergica]]'' for the [[Council of Trent]], and with three other Wittenberg theologians and [[Johann Marbach]] of Strasbourg, he went to Trent in March 1552 to defend his creed (see [[Jakob Beurlin]]). Great was the surprise of the fathers of the council, but they refused to be instructed by those who were to obey them. The Interim was abolished. Brenz who had thus far lived at [[Stuttgart]], [[Tübingen]], [[Ehningen]], and [[Sindelfingen]] as counselor of the duke, was made [[Provost (religion)|provost]] of the [[Stuttgart Cathedral|Cathedral of Stuttgart]] on 24 September 1554 and appointed ducal counselor for life. He was now the right hand of duke [[Christoph, Duke of Württemberg|Christoph]] in the reorganization of ecclesiastical and educational affairs in Württemberg. The great church order of 1553–59, containing also the
''confessio Wirtembergica'', in spite of its dogmatism, is distinguished by clearness, mildness, and consideration. In like manner, his ''Catechismus pia et utile explicatione illustratus'' (Frankfort, 1551) became a rich source of instruction for many generations and countries. The proposition made by [[Kaspar Leyser]] and [[Jakob Andreä]], in 1554 to introduce a form of discipline after a [[Calvinist]]ic model was opposed by Brenz, since he held that the minister should have charge of the preaching, the exhortation to
repentance, and dissuasion from the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]], whereas [[excommunication]] belonged to the whole church. At the instance of the duke, Brenz moved in 1553 to Neuburg, to arrange the church affairs of the Palatinate.{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Controversies==
The [[Andreas Osiander|Osiandric]] controversy about the doctrine of [[justification (theology)|justification]], in 1551 and the following years, which caused a scandalous schism in [[East Prussia|Prussia]], was a cause of much annoyance and defamation to Brenz, who saw in this controversy nothing but a war of words. In 1554–1555 the question of the Religious [[Peace of Augsburg]] occupied his mind; in 1556 the conference with [[Johannes a Lasco]], in 1557 the Frankenthal conference with the [[Anabaptist]]s and the [[Colloquy of Worms (1557)|Worms Colloquy]]; in 1558 the edict against [[Schwenckfeld]] and the Anabaptists, and the [[Frankfort Recess]]; in 1559 the plan for a synod of those who were related to the [[Augsburg Confession]] and the Stuttgart Synod, to protect Brenz's doctrine of the Lord's Supper against [[Calvinist]]ic tendencies; in 1563 and 1569 the struggle against Calvinism in the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ([[Maulbronn Colloquy]]) and the [[crypto-Calvinist]]ic controversies. The attack of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[Peter a Soto]] upon the [[Württemberg Confession]] in his ''Assertio fidei'' (Cologne, 1562) led Brenz to reply with his ''Apologia confessionis'' (Frankfort, 1555). In 1558 he was engaged in a controversy with Bishop S. Hosius of [[Ermland]]. The development of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in the Palatinate led the aged man to a vehement renewal of his negotiation with [[Heinrich Bullinger|Bullinger]], with whom he had been forced into close relation through the Interim. The question concerned the doctrine of the Lord's Supper and also involved a peculiar development of [[Christology]], which was opposed by the Lutheran theologians outside of Württemberg, since Brenz carried to its logical conclusion the concept of "personal union," thus favoring an absolute omnipresence ([[ubiquitarians|ubiquity]]) of the body of Christ, which did not begin with the [[Ascension of Jesus Christ|ascension]] but with the [[incarnation]].{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Later years==
Brenz took a lively interest in the [[Waldensians]] and the French [[Protestant]]s. But all efforts in behalf of the latter, the journey of the Württemberg theologians to Paris to advise King [[Antoine of Navarre|Antony of Navarre]] in 1561 (see [[Jakob Beurlin]]), the meeting of the duke and Brenz with [[Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine|Cardinal Guise of Lorraine]] at [[Saverne]], the correspondence and the sending of writings, all ended in bitter disappointment. The Protestants of Bavaria, who had to suffer under Albert, also had his full sympathy. To the citizens of Strasbourg Brenz expressed his doubts as to the advisability of following the procession with the [[monstrance]] and advised them not to attend Roman Catholic mass. He was also deeply interested in the Protestants in [[Austria]], for whom the first Slavic books were then printed at Urach. His last Reformatory activity was the correspondence with [[Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Duke William of Jülich]] and [[Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (1568–69). In addition to this he continued his exposition of the [[Psalms]] and other Biblical books, which he had commenced at Stuttgart. In 1569 he was paralyzed, and his strength was broken. He died in [[Stuttgart]] and was buried beneath the pulpit of the cathedral; but the [[Jesuits]] demolished his grave.{{sfn|Bossert|1914}}

==Translated works==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070529190720/http://www.studiumexcitare.com/vol_4_no_1/where_faith_comes_from.html Where Faith Comes From], a sermon by Johannes Brenz. Tr. by Jacob C. Behnken.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=fjKJ2Ylzh8gC Godly magistrates and church order]
*''[https://redbrickparsonage.wordpress.com/2014/08/11/homily-on-john-15-26-27/ Homily on John 15:26-27]'', translated by Nathaniel J. Biebert ([http://redbrickparsonage.wordpress.com/ Red Brick Parsonage], 2014).

==Notes==
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2014 }}
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Schaff-Herzog|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc02.html?term=Brenz,%20Johann|title=Brenz, Johann|first=G. |last=Bossert}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Brenz, Johann|volume=4}}

==External links==
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Brenz, Johann |year=1905 |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brenz, Johannes}}
[[Category:1499 births]]
[[Category:1570 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Weil der Stadt]]
[[Category:German Lutheran theologians]]
[[Category:German Protestant Reformers]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Participants in the Council of Trent]]
[[Category:Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg]]
[[Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Stiftskirche, Stuttgart]]
[[Category:16th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Lutheran theologians]]