View source for Johan Furstner

{{Short description|Dutch politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Lieutenant Admiral]]
| name                = Johan Furstner
| native_name         = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.-->
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| image               = Johan Furstner (1941-45).jpg
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| caption             = Furstner sometime between 1941&nbsp;and&nbsp;1945
| order               = 
| office              = [[Minister of State (Netherlands)|Minister of State]]
| status              = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->
| term_start          = 25 August 1945
| term_end            = 1 January 1963
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| monarch             = [[King of the Netherlands|Queen]] [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]]
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| office2             = [[Minister of the Navy (Netherlands)|Minister of the Navy]]
| status2             = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->
| term_start2         = 27 July 1941
| term_end2           = 23 February 1945
| subterm2            = 
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| alongside2          = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district.  (e.g. United States senators.)-->
| monarch2            = [[King of the Netherlands|Queen]] [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]]
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| governor_general2   = 
| primeminister2      = [[Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy]]
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| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1887|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1970|9|15|1887|1|16|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
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| alma_mater          = [[Royal Naval Institute]], [[Willemsoord, Den Helder|Willemsoord]]
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| allegiance          = [[Netherlands]]
| branch              = [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]
| serviceyears        = 1906–1945
| rank                = [[Lieutenant admiral]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = *''[[Hogere Marine Krijgsschool]]'' (director)
*{{HNLMS|Hertog Hendrik}}
*Chief of the Naval Staff
*Commander of the Naval Forces
| battles             = 
{{tree list}}
* [[Sunda Islands]] Expedition (1905–1909)
* [[World War II]]
{{tree list/end}}
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}}

'''Johannes Theodorus Furstner'''<ref name=netherlandsnavynl>[https://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/Men_furstner.htm netherlandsnavy.nl Admiral J.Th. Furstner, RNN Accessed 30 September 2022]</ref> (18 January 1887 – 15 September 1970) was a Dutch naval officer and [[politician]]. Reaching the rank of [[lieutenant admiral]] ({{langx|nl|luitenant-admiraal}}), he served as [[Minister of the Navy (Netherlands)|Minister of the Navy]] during [[World War II]] in the [[Second Gerbrandy cabinet]].

Furstner was a naval theorist and a central figure in the Royal Netherlands Navy from the late 1930s through the end of World War II in 1945.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> He was educated at the ''[[Hogere Krijgsschool]]'' ({{langx|en|Higher Military School}}) and the French ''[[École supérieure de guerre]]'' ({{langx|en|Superior School of warfare}}). Although he was a co-founder of the [[Alliance for National Reconstruction]] ({{langx|nl|Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel}}), he had little interest in the pre-World War II Dutch [[political party]] system. When [[Nazi Germany]] overran the [[Netherlands]] in May 1940, moved to [[London]] to continue service in the [[Dutch government-in-exile]] there, although he was indignant about the Dutch [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]'s decision to flee the Netherlands. From 1941 to 1945, he served simultaneously as both Minister of the Navy and as commander-in-chief of the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] in the [[Dutch government-in-exile]] in London. After World War II he was a [[Minister of State (Netherlands)|member]] of the [[Council of State (Netherlands)|Council of State]] for more than 17 years.

==Youth and education==
Furstner was born on 18 January 1887  in [[Amsterdam]],<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> where he also attended ''[[Hogere Burgerschool]]'' (Higher Civic School). He also received secondary education at the Institute "Wullings" in [[Voorschoten]]. From 1902 to 1906 he attended [[Commissioned officer|officer]] training at the [[Royal Naval Institute]] at [[Willemsoord, Den Helder|Willemsoord]] in [[Den Helder]].

==Career==
===Pre-World War II===
Furstner was commissioned as a [[midshipman]] first class on 16 September 1906,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (naval)|lieutenant]] ({{langx|nl|luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse}}) on 16 September 1908.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> He served as a naval officer in the [[Netherlands East Indies]] at various times between 16 September 1908 and 1918, taking part in Dutch military expeditions in the [[Sunda Islands]] between 1905 and 1909.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

During the period between 1912 and 1914, the Dutch [[Minister of the Navy (Netherlands)|Minister of the Navy]], [[Jean Jacques Rambonnet]], advocated that the Royal Netherlands Navy address the growing threat the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] posed to the Netherlands East Indies by adopting a version of the "[[Tirpitz Plan|risk theory]]" developed by [[Admiral]] [[Alfred von Tirpitz]] for the [[Imperial German Navy]].<ref name=noppenp6>Noppen, p. 6.</ref> Rambonnet's version called for the maintenance of a Dutch fleet in the Netherlands East Indies large enough that it would outnumber the Japanese fleet when operating with the forces of a friendly power — which the Dutch hoped would be the [[United Kingdom]] or the [[United States]] — and be sufficient to deter or block any Japanese invasion.<ref name=noppenp6/> As a [[junior officer]], Furstner assisted in the preparation of plans for a fleet of [[superdreadnought]]s, [[cruiser]]s, and [[submarine]]s needed to pursue Rambonnet′s strategy.<ref name=noppenp32>Noppen, p. 32.</ref> [[Shipyard]]s in the Netherlands lacked the ability to construct ships larger than a cruiser, so the plan called for the construction of the superdreadnoughts in foreign yards.<ref name=noppenp6/> The outbreak of [[World War I]] in July 1914 made the procurement of superdreadnoughts impossible as [[belligerent]]s focused the work in their shipyards on their own wartime needs,<ref name=noppenp6/> but Rambonnet nonetheless pursued the construction of cruisers and submarines, with plans calling for an altered strategy in which the cruisers would draw enemy forces into an ambush by Dutch submarines.<ref>Noppen, pp. 6–7.</ref> The work of Rambonnet, Furstner, and others resulted in the construction of the {{sclass|Java|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]]s,<ref>Noppen, p. 8.</ref> six coastal submarines — three each of the {{sclass|O 9|submarine|5}} and {{sclass|O 12|submarine|5}} [[Ship class|classes]] — and 12 larger patrol submarines of the {{HNLMS|K II||2}}, {{sclass|K III|submarine|5}}, {{sclass|K V|submarine|5}}, {{sclass|K VIII|submarine|5}}, and {{sclass|K XI|submarine|5}} classes.<ref>Noppen, p. 26.</ref>

Furstner received a promotion to [[lieutenant commander]] ({{langx|nl|luitenant ter zee der 1ste klasse}}) on 1 September 1918.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> He then attended the ''[[Hogere Krijgsschool]]'' ({{langx|en|Higher Military School}}) in [[The Hague]] from 1918 to 1920, when it became the ''[[Hogere Marine Krijgsschool]]'' ({{langx|en|Naval War College}}).<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> He remained there to serve as an instructor from 1 November 1921 to 21 August 1924.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> During the 1920s, he played an influential role in the Royal Netherlands Navy's development of [[submarine warfare]] tactics.<ref name=noppenp33>Noppen, p. 33.</ref>

From 1925 to 1927, Furstner served as [[gunnery officer]] on the [[light cruiser]] {{HNLMS|Java|1921|6}} in the Netherlands East Indies.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> From 1927 to 1928 he pursued advanced naval theoretical studies at the ''[[École supérieure de guerre]]'' ({{langx|en|Superior School of Warfare}}) in [[Paris]], from which he received a ''brevet d' officers d'etat major'' ({{langx|en|Staff Officer's Certificate}}). During his studies there, he came under the influence of [[French Navy]] [[admiral]] and military theorist [[Raoul Castex]], who was a proponent of the work of [[United States Navy]] historian [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]] and had developed ideas for how a smaller navy like that of the Netherlands could attack and defeat a larger opponent.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

Furstner was promoted to [[commander]] ({{langx|nl|kapitein-luitenant ter zee}}) on 14 December 1928<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and in 1929 assumed duties as [[executive officer]] of the [[coastal defense ship]] {{HNLMS|Jacob van Heemskerck|1906|6}}.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> From 1930 to 1936, he served as director of the ''Hogere Marine Krijgsschool'',<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> receiving a promotion to [[Captain (naval)|captain]] ({{langx|nl|kapitein ter zee}}) during his tour on 27 March 1933,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and in that position he spread the naval theories he had developed in his studies under Castex among Royal Netherlands Navy officers attending the college.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> Despite his embrace of Rambonnet's strategy of using cruisers to draw enemy forces into a submarine ambush, he remained committed to the risk theory propounded by Rambonnet and to the eventual Dutch procurement of [[capital ship]]s as Rambonnet had envisioned.<ref name=noppenp33/>

In 1932, Furstner co-founded the [[Alliance for National Reconstruction]] ({{langx|nl|Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel}}, or VNH), a [[Conservatism|conservative]]-[[nationalist]] [[political party]]. However, during the 1930s he had little interest in the Dutch political party system, and he probably distanced himself from the VNH when he no longer approved of the party's positions on issues.

In 1935, Furstner became [[commanding officer]] of the coastal defense ship {{HNLMS|Hertog Hendrik}}.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> He received a promotion to [[rear admiral]] ({{langx|nl|schout-bij-nacht}}) on 1 January 1936,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and on 1 July 1936 he became Chief of the Naval Staff in the [[Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> In this capacity he received a promotion to [[vice admiral]] ({{langx|nl|vice-admiraal}}) on 1 January 1938<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and was the central figure in Dutch naval planning and operations in the years immediately preceding [[World War II]].<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> Furstner viewed the Royal Netherlands Navy force in the Netherlands East Indies — three light cruisers, two [[torpedo cruiser]]s, 12 [[destroyer]]s, and 18 submarines — as inadequate for the defense of the islands.<ref name=noppenp32/> After learning of the German ''[[Kriegsmarine]]''′s plans to operate three {{sclass|Deutschland|cruiser|0}} ''Panzerschiffe'' ({{langx|en|armored ships, nicknamed "pocket battleships" by the British}}) and two {{sclass|Scharnhorst|battleship|3}}s (often called "[[battlecruiser]]s") and employ them in [[commerce raiding]] in a future war with the United Kingdom — a concept of operations intended to force the British [[Royal Navy]] to spread its capital ships out to escort [[convoy]]s and weaken its main battlefleet, thereby deterring the British from entering a war against Germany — Furstner began to advocate the Dutch procurement of three battlecruisers for similar use against the Japanese in [[East Asia]].<ref name=noppenp33/> Rather than rely on submarine ambushes as had been anticipated for 25 years, he planned to use the new battlecruisers in a more ambitious and risky version of Rambonnet's "risk theory," employing the battlecruisers in attacks on Japanese supply lines, the threat of which, in combination with the capabilities of the Royal Navy and United States Navy, he believed would deter Japan from attacks on the Netherlands East Indies.<ref>Noppen, pp. 33–34.</ref>

Furstner submitted a note in December 1938 about naval defense needs in the Netherlands East Indies calling for the construction of the three battlecruisers<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> and he and his supporters began openly campaigning for the adoption of his new version of a "risk theory" strategy in 1939.<ref>Noppen, pp. 34, 36.</ref> The effort was successful, and on 17 February 1939 the Dutch Ministry of Defence proposed the construction of the three battlecruisers,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/><ref name=noppenp36>Noppen, p. 36.</ref> envisioning 26,000-[[Displacement ton|ton]] ships armed with nine {{convert|28|cm|in|0|adj=on}} guns constructed in [[Nazi Germany]]<ref name=noppenp36/> and exploring design details in consultation with the German ''Kriegsmarine'' until as late as April 1940.<ref name=noppenp36/>

===World War II===
[[File:Furstner.jpg|thumb|left|Johan Furstner in 1943.]]
[[File:KabinetGerbrandyII.jpg|thumb|left|Furstner (seated second from right) in the [[Second Gerbrandy cabinet]] in 1944.]]World War II began when [[Germany]] [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. The Netherlands entered the war when [[German invasion of the Netherlands|Germany invaded the country]] on 10 May 1940. During the fighting, Furstner′s tenure as Chief of the Naval Staff came to an end on 14 May 1940,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> when the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] surrendered except for forces fighting in [[Zeeland]], which continued to resist until 17 May 1940. Furstner fled with his staff from [[Scheveningen]] to England aboard a [[fishing boat]],<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> although he was indignant about the Dutch [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]'s decision to leave the Netherlands to form a [[Dutch government-in-exile]] in [[London]]. On 15 May 1940 he took up the newly created position of Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> After his arrival in England, he organized the remaining Royal Netherlands Navy fleet and focused on cooperation with the British [[Royal Navy]] to defeat Germany.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

The Netherlands had abolished its Ministry of the Navy in 1928 and placed government control of the Royal Netherlands Navy in its newly created [[List of Ministers of Defence of the Netherlands|Ministry of Defence]]. The Ministry of Defence was abolished on 27 July 1941 and the position of Minister of the Navy was reestablished that day with Furstner as minister<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> in the [[Second Gerbrandy cabinet]]. Thereafter, Furstner served simultaneously as Minister of the Navy and Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

Although the pre-war dream of the Netherlands procuring battlecruisers had ended with the German invasion, Furstner and his friend and protégé Vice Admiral [[Conrad Helfrich]], who became Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces in the East Indies in August 1940, worked to prepare Royal Netherlands Navy forces in the Netherlands East Indies to implement Furstner's version of a "risk theory" strategy in the event of war with Japan.<ref name=noppenp36/> In a series of conferences in [[Singapore]] that began in the autumn of 1940, the Dutch met with British, American, and [[Australia]]n representatives to coordinate their defense of East Asia against Japanese attack.<ref>Noppen, pp. 36–37.</ref> British plans were compatible with Furstner's "risk theory" ideas,<ref name=noppenp37>Noppen, p. 37.</ref> and Furstner and Helfrich agreed to place their naval forces in the [[Far East]] under British control for combat against Japan.<ref name=noppenp37/> When [[Pacific War|war came in the Pacific]] in December 1941, however, fighting in [[Southeast Asia]] resulted in a decisive defeat of the Royal Netherlands Navy and the Japanese conquest of the Netherlands East Indies, calling into question the utility of Dutch battlecruisers had they been built.<ref name=noppenp45>Noppen, p. 45.</ref> After March 1942 the Royal Netherlands Navy never had the ability to fight as an independent force again during World War II.<ref name=noppenp45/> Furstner turned his attention to leading the important work of replenishing the personnel and equipment of the Royal Netherlands Navy and preparing for the reconstruction of the Dutch naval force after the conclusion of the war.

Furstner was promoted to [[lieutenant admiral]] ({{langx|nl|luitenant-admiraal}}) on 15 February 1942.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> In his book ''In ballingschap. De Nederlandse kolonie in Engeland [1940-1945]'' ({{langx|en|In Exile: The Dutch Colony in England [1940–1945]}}), journalist Henri van der Zee paints a negative portrait of Furstner during his time in England. Van der Zee claims that [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Queen]] [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]] soon regretted her appointment of him as Minister of the Navy in July 1941. According to van der Zee, Furstner behaved in an arrogant, authoritarian, and tactless manner. He displayed no interest in his subordinates, to Wilhelmina′s displeasure; he never visited his men, unlike British Royal Navy officers, and did not care about Wilhelmina's criticism of him for it. "What caused a lot of bad blood in the navy was Furstner's lack of interest in his people," van der Zee wrote.<ref name=vanderzeep230>Van der Zee, p. 230.</ref> When [[Dutch resistance]] members [[Peter Tazelaar]] and Gerard Dogger — who worked with [[Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema]] and [[Chris Krediet]] in {{ill|Contact Holland|nl}}, an effort directed by Queen Wilhelmina and the [[British intelligence agencies|British secret service]] to transport agents from the United Kingdom to the Netherlands and extract people for the return journey — visited Furstner, van der Zee recounts that he was gruff and dismissive of them<ref>Van der Zee, pp. 222–223.</ref> and, when Tazelaar noted that Contact Holland's operations were by order of Queen Wilhelmina, Furstner responded that "The Queen signs the documents; we rule."<ref>Van der Zee, p. 223.</ref> Van der Zee also writes that Furstner spent lavishly in England, charging it all to the Royal Netherlands Navy budget;<ref name=vanderzeep230/> at a time when Dutch [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Eelco van Kleffens]] subsisted on a salary of 45 [[Pound sterling|British pounds]] a month plus an allowance for expenses, Furstner rented a country home near London for 3,000 pounds a year and assigned five servicemen to act as his servants at a cost of 2,500 pounds per year. As early as 1942, he was reprimanded by the Extraordinary Court of Audit, which deemed financial expenditures he and his officers incurred in England "contrary to the necessary austerity and the impoverishment in which the Dutch people found themselves" during the [[German occupation of the Netherlands]].

On 23 February 1945, Furstner resigned his position as Minister of the Navy. He continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces until August 1945,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> when the [[Surrender of Japan|close of hostilities]] between the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and [[Japan]] brought World War II to an end. He retired from the navy on 25 August 1945.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

===Post-World War II===
After World War II, Furstner was a board member of the ''[[Nationaal Comité Handhaving Rijkseenheid]]'' ({{langx|en|National Committee for the Maintenance of Unity of the Kingdom}}), an [[Extra-parliamentary opposition|extra-parliamentary]] action group in the Netherlands opposed to the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|independence]] of [[Indonesia]].

On 25 August 1945,<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> Furstner received a lifetime appointment to the [[Council of State (Netherlands)|Council of State]], which conveyed to him the title of [[Minister of State (Netherlands)|Minister of State]]. During his tenure of more than 17 years, he was a member of the Council of State′s General Affairs, Defense (War), Shipping, Finance, Social Affairs, Navy, Transport, and Foreign Affairs departments. He retired from the Council of State either in 1962<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/> or on 1 January 1963, according to different sources.

==Death==
Furstner died on 15 September 1970 in The Hague.<ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>

==Publications==
Furstner published articles in the ''Marineblad'' and in the organ of the Association for Martial Sciences.

==Honors and awards==
<small>SOURCE</small><ref name=netherlandsnavynl/>
===Dutch===
* [[File:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight.svg|106px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
* [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau - Officer.png|106px]] Officer of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
* [[File:Baton, Ereteken voor Belangrijke Krijgsbedrijven.jpg|106px]] [[Expedition Cross]] (formally, Cross for Important Military Operations) with "[[Sunda Islands]] 1905–1909" clasp
* [[File:Mobilisatiekruis 1914-1918.jpg|106px]] [[Mobilization Cross 1914-1918]]
* [[File:Officer's cross for long service.png|106px]] Officer's Cross for Long Service (30 years)
* [[File:Queen Juliana Investiture Medal 1948.gif|106px]] Queen [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] Investiture Medal (1948)

===Foreign===
* [[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|106px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[File:BEL Kroonorde Grootkruis BAR.svg|106px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] ([[Belgium]])
* [[File:Royal Order of the Sword - Commander BAR.svg|106px]] Commander of the [[Order of the Sword]] ([[Sweden]])

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* Bosscher, Dr.Ph.M. ''Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland'', vol.2 (in Dutch)
* Bosscher, Dr.Ph.M. ''De Koninklijke Marine in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'', alle delen, T.Wever, Franeker (in Dutch)
* Eekhout, Luc (1992) ''Het admiralenboek. De vlagofficieren van de Nederlandse marine, 1382-1991'', Amsterdam (in Dutch)
* Kersten, Albert (1981) ''Buitenlandse Zaken in ballingschap'', A. W. Sijthoff, Alphen aan de Rijn (in Dutch)
* Neuman, H.J. (1990) ''Impasse te Londen'', Veen Uitgevers, Utrecht/Antwerp (in Dutch)
* Noppen, Ryan K. ''The Royal Netherlands Navy of World War II''. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2020. {{isbn|9781472841919}}
* ''Persoonlijkheden in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in woord en beeld'' (1938) (in Dutch)
* Raven G.J.A. samenst.(1990), ''Inventaris van het persoonlijk archief van luitenant-admiraal J.Th. Furstner, 1932-1968'' (in Dutch)
* Van der Zee, Henri. ''In ballingschap. De Nederlandse kolonie in Engeland [1940-1945]'' (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2005. {{isbn|9789023417392}} (in Dutch).
* Vos van Steenwijk, Mr.A.N. Baron de, vice-admiraal b.d. (1986) ''Het marinebeleid in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'', de Bataafse Leeuw, Amsterdam/Dieren (in Dutch)

{{Ministers of the Navy of the Netherlands}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Furstner, Johan}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Netherlands Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Netherlands Navy]]
[[Category:Dutch military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Dutch military writers]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Navy of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ministers of state of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the Sword]]