View source for Jin Yong

{{Short description|Hong Kong wuxia novelist (1924–2018)}}
{{about||the South Korean badminton player|Jin Yong (badminton)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zha (surname)|Cha (Zha)]]|Louis Cha|Cha Leung-yung|lang=Hong Kong}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Jin Yong
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Grand Bauhinia Medal|GBM]]}} {{post-nominals|OBE}}
| image            = Jin Yong, July 2007.jpg
| alt              = 
| caption          = Jin Yong in 2007
| native_name_lang = zh
| pseudonym        = Jin Yong
| birth_name       = Zha Liangyong
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1924|03|10|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Haining]], Zhejiang, China
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2018|10|30|1924|02|06|df=y}}
| death_place      = Hong Kong
| resting_place    = [[Ngong Ping]], Hong Kong
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* editor
* businessman
}}
| language         = Chinese
| alma_mater       = {{ubl|[[Soochow University (1900–1952)|Soochow University]]|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[Peking University]]}}
| period           = 1955–1972
| genre            = [[Wuxia]]
| spouse           = {{Unbulleted list
|{{marriage|Du Zhifen|1948|1953|reason=div}}
|{{marriage|Zhu Mei|1953|1976|reason=div}}
|{{marriage|Lin Leyi|1976}}
}}
| children         = 4
| website          = {{URL|www.jinyong.com}}
| module           = {{Infobox Chinese
 |child=yes
 |c={{linktext|金|庸}}
 |bpmf=ㄐㄧㄣ ㄩㄥ
 |gr=Jin Iong
 |p=Jīn Yōng
 |w=Chin<sup>1</sup> Yung<sup>1</sup>
 |mi={{IPAc-cmn|j|in|1|-|yong|1}}
 |j=Gam1 Jung4
 |y=Gām Yùhng
 |ci={{IPAc-yue|g|am|1|-|j|ung|4}}
 |altname=Birth name
 |t2={{linktext|查|良|鏞}}
 |s2={{linktext|查|良|镛}}
 |bpmf2=ㄓㄚ ㄌㄧㄤˊㄩㄥ
 |gr2=Ja Liangiong
 |p2=Zhā Liángyōng
 |w2=Cha<sup>1</sup> Liang<sup>2</sup>-yung<sup>1</sup>
 |sl2=Cha4 Leung4 Yung4
 |j2=Caa4 Loeng4 Jung4
 |y2=Chàh Lèuhng Yùhng
 |footnote={{small|Jin Yong's pen name comes from splitting the last character in his given name, ''Yong'' (鏞), into ''Jin'' (金) and ''Yong'' (庸).}}
 }}
}}
'''Louis Cha Leung-yung'''<ref name="Precedence List">{{cite web|url=https://www.protocol.gov.hk/images/eng/precedence/Precedence_List_20181002.pdf#page=16|title=THE PRECEDENCE LIST OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION|website=Protocol Division Government Secretariat of Hong Kong|date=October 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004144952/https://www.protocol.gov.hk/images/eng/precedence/Precedence_List_20181002.pdf#page=16|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{post-nominals|country=HKG|GBM|OBE}} ({{zh|t=查良鏞}}; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/obituary-jin-yong-fused-martial-arts-fantasy-history-and-romance-into-must-read-novels|title=Obituary: Jin Yong fused martial arts fantasy, history and romance into must-read novels|last=Foong|first=Woei Wan|date=30 October 2018|website=The Straits Times|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Chinese martial arts novelist Jin Yong dies at 94 – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/31/c_137569926.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030202834/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/31/c_137569926.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=12 February 2021 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> better known by his [[pen name]] '''Jin Yong''' ({{zh|c=金庸}}), was a Hong Kong [[wuxia]] novelist and co-founder of ''[[Ming Pao]].'' Cha authored 15 novels between 1955 and 1972 and became one of the most popular Chinese writers of all time, with over 100 million copies sold globally—excluding widespread pirated editions.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.cctv.com/program/wrt/sj/20040624/101256.shtml {{lang|zh-cn|金庸与武侠影视}}] [[China Central Television|CCTV]]. 24 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Compassionate Light in Asia: A Dialogue |isbn=978-1848851986 |author=Jin Yong and Daisaku Ikeda |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2013}}</ref> Cha’s novels, which have been adapted into numerous TV dramas, films, and video games, are esteemed for their literary quality and universal appeal, resonating with both scholarly and popular audiences.<ref name="Sturrock1997">{{cite book |last=Sturrock |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTXiuub6Rx4C&pg=PA99 |title=The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-283318-1 |page=99}}</ref> 

==Early life==
Born on 10 March 1924, in [[Haining]], Zhejiang in [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republican China]], Cha was named '''Zha Liangyong''' ('''Cha Liang-yung''') and is the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly [[Zha clan of Haining]] ({{lang|zh|海寧查氏}}),<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-gripping-stories-and-political-allegories-of-chinas-best-selling-author|title=The Gripping Stories, and Political Allegories, of China's Best-Selling Author|magazine=The New Yorker|first=Nick|last=Frisch|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> whose members included notable literati of the late [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and early [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties such as [[Zha Jizuo]] (1601–1676), [[Zha Shenxing]] (1650–1727) and [[Zha Siting]] ({{lang|zh|查嗣庭}}; died 1727).<ref>{{cite book|language=zh|title=Shijue Jin Yong (''視覺金庸'')|volume=1 (卷初)|author=Chen, Mo|year=2001|location=Taiwan|publisher=Yuan-Liou Publishing Company|isbn=978-9573244653}}</ref> His grandfather, Zha Wenqing ({{lang|zh|查文清}}), obtained the position of a ''[[tong jinshi chushen]]'' (third class graduate) in the [[imperial examination]] during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing ({{lang|zh|查樞卿}}), was arrested and executed by the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist government]] for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] in the early 1950s. Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=金庸父亲查枢卿1950年被人民政府枪决内幕(图) [Behind the People's Government's execution of Jin Yong's father Zha Shuqing in 1950 (illustrated)]|url=http://www.wenxuecity.com/news/2012/10/18/2039257.html|website=wenxuecity.com|access-date=10 January 2018|language=zh|date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

Zha Shuqing used to read him excerpts from the wuxia ''Huangjiang Nüxia'' (荒江女侠; "Woman Warrior of the Wild River") by Gu Mingdao (顧明道) every day, which aroused Cha's strong interest in the genre. Later, Cha took the initiative to read other works like ''[[Water Margin]]'' and ''[[The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants]]'', which laid the foundation of his future as a wuxia novelist.

In 1937, Cha studied at Jiaxing No. 1 Middle School. In 1938, the Japanese army invaded Zhejiang, and the Jiaxing Middle School had to move hundreds of miles south to [[Lishui]] city in order to survive. Cha, as one of the students, only carried a quilt and a change of clothes, and the students had to trek on foot for 60 to 70 miles a day.

Cha was later expelled in 1941 after he wrote an article called "Alice's Adventures" which satirized the training director sent by the [[Kuomintang]] for being vicious towards the students. Cha later reflected on this period as one of the most significant crises in his life. The expulsion not only deprived him of the opportunity to pursue his studies but he suddenly faced the issue of finding food and accommodation. Fortunately, with assistance from the principal, Zhang Yintong, Cha resumed his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jin Yong and Quzhou|website=Zhejiang Quzhou No. 1 Middle School|date=1 October 2004|language=zh|access-date=9 August 2018|url=http://www.zjqzyz.com/nshow/id-6481.html|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191939/http://www.zjqzyz.com/nshow/id-6481.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Education ==
Cha was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the [[National Chengchi University|Central University of Political Affairs]] in [[Chongqing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief profile of Jin Yong|website=Jin Yong Inn|first=Wei|last=Li|access-date=22 August 2018|language=zh|url=http://www.cwin.com/world/jinyong/jylife2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808133319/http://www.cwin.com/world/jinyong/jylife2.htm|archive-date=8 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at [[Soochow University School of Law|Soochow University]], where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service.

In 2005, Cha applied at the [[University of Cambridge]] for a doctorate in Asian Studies, which he obtained in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title='Cha Stone' unveiled|url=http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/cha-stone-unveiled|publisher=[[St John's College, Cambridge]]|access-date=7 April 2013|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> In 2009, Cha enrolled in another doctoral program in Chinese literature at [[Peking University]] but never graduated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=89岁金庸未拿到北大博士毕业证 被指常"翘课"-中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2013/06-09/4914356.shtml |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Cha was a journalist. To help support his studies, he began work in 1947 as a journalist and translator for the Ta Kung Pao newspaper in Shanghai. He moved to Hong Kong in 1948 to work for the paper's office in the city.  When Cha was transferred to ''[[New Evening Post]]'' (of [[British Hong Kong]]) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "[[Liang Yusheng]]" in 1953. Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, ''[[The Book and the Sword]]'', in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at [[Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd]] and Phoenix Film Company.

In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper ''[[Ming Pao]]'' with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin ({{lang|zh|沈寶新}}). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 [[Chinese characters]] per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to [[Wu Gongzao]]'s [[Tai chi classics|tai chi classic]] ''Wujia Taijiquan'', where he described influences from as far back as [[Laozi]] and [[Zhuang Zhou]] on contemporary Chinese martial arts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wu|first=Kung-tsao|title=Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan (吳家太極拳)|publisher=Chien-ch'uan T'ai-chi Ch'uan Association|orig-year=1980|year=2006|isbn=978-0-9780499-0-4 }}</ref>

By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease in all three regions.

In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After [[Deng Xiaoping]], a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the [[reform and opening-up]] process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamm|first1=John Christopher|title=Paper Swordsmen: Jin Yong And the Modern Chinese Martial Arts Novel|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824828950|page=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_y8YW-XQVH4C&pg=PA198}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] drafting committee but resigned in protest after the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]. He was also part of the [[Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Preparatory Committee]] set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 transfer of sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0924/voc50people/content/louis.cha.html |title=Novelist, newspaper founder and sage |website=Asiaweek |date=24 September 1999 |access-date=22 November 2007 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010920084848/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0924/voc50people/content/louis.cha.html |archive-date=20 September 2001 }}</ref>

In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in ''Ming Pao''.

The asteroid [[10930 Jinyong]] (1998 CR<sub>2</sub>) has been named after him.<ref>[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs010001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000)] [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]]: [[Minor Planet Center]] 13 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</ref>

==Personal life==
Cha's parents were Zha Shuqing ({{lang|zh|查樞卿}}) and Xu Lu ({{lang|zh|徐祿}}). He had four brothers and two sisters, and was the second oldest among the seven of them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian ({{lang|zh|查良鏗}}; 1916–1988),<ref>{{cite web|title=查良铿与金庸:"情比金坚"手足情 [The relationship between Jin Yong and Zha Liangjian is "stronger than metal"]|url=http://www.xzbu.com/1/view-4930057.htm|website=xzbu.com|access-date=27 May 2016|language=zh|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> Zha Lianghao ({{lang|zh|查良浩}}; b. 1934),<ref>{{cite web|title=金庸大弟查良浩：代哥当上董事长 [Jin Yong's brother Zha Lianghao: Replacing his brother as Board Chairman]|url=http://www.hao1111.cn/a/mrzj/62569.html|website=hao1111.cn|access-date=27 May 2016|language=zh|year=2014|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806090308/http://www.hao1111.cn/a/mrzj/62569.html|archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> Zha Liangdong ({{lang|zh|查良棟}}; {{fl.}} 1930s)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3g.163.com/ent/article/9J4ECP5V00032DGD.html#adaptation=pc|title=金庸和他的两位母亲 生母是徐志摩堂姑妈|date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> and Zha Liangyu ({{lang|zh|查良鈺}}; b. 1936).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pan|first1=Zeping|title=金庸兄弟的手足情 [The relationships between Jin Yong and his brothers]|url=http://www.shuku.net/novels/zhuanji/wtgpugqtvyn/zlsj01.html|website=shuku.net|access-date=27 May 2016|language=zh}}</ref> His sisters were Zha Liangxiu ({{lang|zh|查良琇}}; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan ({{lang|zh|查良璇}}; 1928–2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://3g.163.com/news/article/B3H6EPTV00014AED.html?clickfrom=baidu_adapt|title=金庸旧照上的印痕- 蒋连根(图)|date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=金庸和他的两个妹妹 [Jin Yong and his two younger sisters]|url=http://www.xzbu.com/1/view-3524028.htm|website=xzbu.com|access-date=27 May 2016|language=zh|date=7 October 2012}}</ref> His cousin was educator and philanthropist [[Cha Liang-chao]] ({{lang|zh|查良釗}}: 1897 – 1982).

Cha married three times. His first wife was Du Zhifen ({{lang|zh|杜治芬}}), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei ({{lang|zh|朱玫}}), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia ({{lang|zh|查傳俠}}), Zha Chuanti ({{lang|zh|查傳倜}}), Zha Chuanshi ({{lang|zh|查傳詩}}) and Zha Chuanne ({{lang|zh|查傳訥}}). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi ({{lang|zh|林樂怡}}; b. 1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they first met.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laonanren.com/news/2010-08/26200p5.htm|language=zh|title=中国最著名的十大老夫少妻【图】 [Ten Most Famous Old Husband Young Wife Couples in China (Illustrated)]|date=13 August 2010|access-date=27 May 2016|website=laonanren.com|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812021455/http://www.laonanren.com/news/2010-08/26200p5.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after a quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at [[Columbia University]].<ref>[http://www.sino.gov.tw/en/show_issue.php?id=1998128712042E.TXT&table=2&h1=Art%20and%20Culture&h2= Swashbuckler Extraordinaire – A Profile of Jin Yong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107100920/http://www.sino.gov.tw/en/show_issue.php?id=1998128712042E.TXT&table=2&h1=Art%20and%20Culture&h2= |date=7 November 2012 }}. Taiwan Panorama. 1998. Retrieved 10 January 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=揭"大侠"金庸4子女：长子查传侠19岁时为情自缢 [Jin Yong's four children: Eldest son Zha Chuanxia hanged himself at the age of 19 due to relationship problems]|url=http://culture.ifeng.com/redian/detail_2014_04/01/35344978_0.shtml|website=culture.ifeng.com|access-date=27 May 2016|language=zh|date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the [[Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital]] in [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong]], aged 94.<ref>{{cite news |title=Famed Chinese martial arts novelist Jin Yong dies aged 94: Hong Kong media |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/famed-chinese-martial-arts-novelist-jin-yong-dies-aged-94-hong-kong-media |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Straits Times |date=30 October 2018}}</ref>

His funeral service was held privately at [[Hong Kong Funeral Home]] in [[Quarry Bay]] on 13 November 2018 with his family and friends,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2172991/friends-and-family-pay-final-respects-chinese-literary-giant|title=Friends and family pay final respects to literary giant Louis Cha|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> with well known figures including writers [[Ni Kuang]], [[Chua Lam]], [[Chip Tsao]], [[Benny Lee (writer)|Benny Lee]], producer [[Zhang Jizhong]], actor [[Huang Xiaoming]], former President of the [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] [[Poon Chung-kwong]], image designer [[Tina Liu]], politicians [[Tung Chee-hwa]] and [[Edward Leong]], and founder of [[Alibaba Group]] [[Jack Ma]] among them in attendance.

At noon, his coffin was moved to [[Po Lin Monastery]] at [[Ngong Ping]], Lantau Island, where he was cremated and his ashes was interred at the Hoi Wui Tower's [[columbarium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1428058-20181113.htm|title=Jin Yong's body cremated after private ceremony – RTHK|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/hong-kong/article/2171099/louis-cha-man-who-united-chinese-name-chivalry |title=Louis Cha 'Jin Yong', the man who united Chinese in the name of chivalry |work=South China Morning Post |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

==Decorations and conferments==
[[File:金庸诞辰百年：香江寻踪 走进查大侠的江湖人间.webm|thumb|Small documentary on Jin Yong 100th anniversary. [[China News Service]]. (In Chinese).]]
In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours.

Cha was made an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was made a ''[[Legion of Honour|Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur]]'' (1992) and a ''[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]'' (2004) by the French government.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/109375.htm Louis Cha Awarded French Honor of Arts] [[Xinhua News Agency]]. 14 October 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</ref>

Cha was also an [[Honorary title (academic)|honorary professor]] at [[Peking University]], [[Zhejiang University]], [[Nankai University]], [[Soochow University (Suzhou)|Soochow University]], [[Huaqiao University]], [[National Tsing Hua University]], [[Hong Kong University]] (Department of Chinese Studies), the [[University of British Columbia]], and [[Sichuan University]]. Cha was an honorary doctor at [[National Chengchi University]], [[Hong Kong University]] (Department of Social Science), [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]], the [[Open University of Hong Kong]], the University of British Columbia, [[Soka University]] and the [[University of Cambridge]]. He was also an honorary fellow of [[St Antony's College, Oxford]] and [[Robinson College, Cambridge]], and a Waynflete Fellow of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]].

When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate.<ref>[http://www.newsgd.com/culture/art/200506230034.htm Octogenarian novelist wants to be student] Shenzhen Daily. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</ref> In July 2010, Cha earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in oriental studies (Chinese history) at [[St John's College, Cambridge]] with a thesis on imperial succession in the early [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100913211327/http://zaobao.com/zg/zg100912_001.shtml 以盛唐皇位制度作论文 金大侠考获剑大博士学位] 2010-09-12,</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do;jsessionid=17AA01845B53A3200227C32B6E1CF09B?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609150|title=The imperial succession in Tang China, 618-762|first=Cha|last=Louis|date=14 April 2018|publisher=University of Cambridge|type=PhD }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Works==
Cha wrote a total of 16 fictional works, of which only one is a non-[[wuxia]] autobiographical [[short story]] (Yue Yun). His wuxia works are made up of a [[novella]] (''Blade-dance of the Two Lovers''), 2 standalone novels (''White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind'' and ''Ode to Gallantry''), 11 interconnected [[novel]]s of varying lengths, and a novelette ("Sword of the Yue Maiden"). Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in 3 authorised book editions each with various changes to the plots and the characters. There are 4 editions of his novels:
#Serialised newspaper/magazine version (1955–1972)
#Old edition/1st edition (book form) (1956–1972)
#Revised edition/2nd edition (c.1970-1980)
#New Revised edition/3rd edition/Century edition (1999–2006)

The works are:

===Standalone===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | English title
! scope="col" | Chinese title<ref group="T">Click to sort in order of the first-character couplet "飛雪連天射白鹿 笑書神俠倚碧鴛".</ref>
! scope="col" | Date of first publication<ref name=xiaoyaotan>The dates conform to the data published in 陳鎮輝,《武俠小說逍遙談》, 2000, 匯智出版有限公司, pp. 56–58; 創意寫作系列：書寫香港@文學故事, 2008, Hong Kong Educational Publishing Company, p. 169; and the website [http://www.jyjh.cn/home/jyztc/jinyongdangan/1176.html 世上所有的正版金庸小说清单], authorised by the author</ref>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | First published publication<ref name=xiaoyaotan />
! scope="col" | [[Chinese characters|Character]] count
|-
| ''[[Blade-dance of the Two Lovers]]''||data-sort-value="14"|鴛鴦刀||{{Dts|format=dmy|1961|5|1}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1961|5|31}}||''Ming Pao''||{{sort|0034|34,000}}
|-
| ''[[White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind]]''||data-sort-value="6"|白馬嘯西風||{{Dts|format=dmy|1961|10|16}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1962|1|10}}||''Ming Pao''||{{sort|0067|67,000}}
|-
| ''[[Ode to Gallantry]]''||data-sort-value="11"|俠客行||{{Dts|format=dmy|1966|6|11}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1967|4|19}}||''Ming Pao''||{{sort|0364|364,000}}
|-
| ''Yue Yun''||data-sort-value="15"|月雲||{{Dts|format=dmy|2000}}||''Harvest Magazine''||{{sort|0016|4,990}}
|}

===Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Serial Number 
! scope="col" | English title
! scope="col" | Chinese title<ref group="T">Click to sort in order of the first-character couplet "飛雪連天射白鹿 笑書神俠倚碧鴛".</ref>
! scope="col" | Date of first publication<ref name=xiaoyaotan/>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | First published publication<ref name=xiaoyaotan />
! scope="col" | [[Chinese characters|Character]] count
|-
| 10
| ''[[The Book and the Sword]]''||data-sort-value="9"|書劍恩仇錄||{{Dts|format=dmy|1955|2|8}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1956|9|5}}||''[[New Evening Post]]''||{{sort|0513|513,000}}
|-
| 07
| ''[[Sword Stained with Royal Blood]]''||data-sort-value="13"|碧血劍||{{Dts|format=dmy|1956|1|1}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1956|12|31}}||''[[Hong Kong Commercial Daily]]''||{{sort|0488|488,000}}
|-
| 03
| ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]''||data-sort-value="5"|射鵰英雄傳||{{Dts|format=dmy|1957|1|1}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1959|5|19}}||''Hong Kong Commercial Daily''||{{sort|0918|918,000}}
|-
| 12
| ''[[Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain]]''||data-sort-value="2"|雪山飛狐||{{Dts|format=dmy|1959|2|9}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1959|6|18}}||''[[New Evening Post]]''||{{sort|0130|130,000}}
|-
| 04
| ''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]''||data-sort-value="10"|神鵰俠侶||{{Dts|format=dmy|1959|5|20}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1961|7|5}}||''Ming Pao''||{{sort|0979|979,000}}
|-
| 11
| ''[[The Young Flying Fox]]''||data-sort-value="1"|飛狐外傳||{{Dts|format=dmy|1960|1|11}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1962|4|6}}||''Wuxia and History'' (武俠與歷史)||{{sort|0439|439,000}}
|-
| 05
| ''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber]]''||data-sort-value="12"|倚天屠龍記||{{Dts|format=dmy|1961|7|6}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1963|9|2}}||''Ming Pao''||{{sort|0956|956,000}}
|-
| 02
| ''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]''||data-sort-value="4"|天龍八部||{{Dts|format=dmy|1963|9|3}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1966|5|27}}||''Ming Pao'' and ''[[Nanyang Siang Pau]]''||{{sort|1211|1,211,000}}
|-
| 09
| ''[[A Deadly Secret]]''||data-sort-value="3"|連城訣||{{Dts|format=dmy|1964|1|12}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1965|2|28}}||''Southeast Asia Weekly'' ({{lang|zh|東南亞周刊}})||{{sort|0229|229,000}}
|-
| 06
| ''[[The Smiling, Proud Wanderer]]''||data-sort-value="8"|笑傲江湖||{{Dts|format=dmy|1967|4|20}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1969|10|12}}||''Ming Pao'' and ''[[Shin Min Daily News]]''<ref name="auto">《笑傲》《鹿鼎记》新明率先登, 3 May 2022,《新明日报》, p. 8.</ref>||{{sort|0979|979,000}}
|-
| 08
| ''[[The Deer and the Cauldron]]''||data-sort-value="7"|鹿鼎記||{{Dts|format=dmy|1969|10|24}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1972|9|23}}||''Ming Pao'' and ''[[Shin Min Daily News]]''<ref name="auto"/>||{{sort|1230|1,230,000}}
|-
| 01
| ''[[Sword of the Yue Maiden]]''||data-sort-value="15"|越女劍||{{Dts|format=dmy|1970|01|1}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1970|1|31}}||''Ming Pao'' evening supplement||{{sort|0016|16,000}}
|}
{{reflist|group="T"}}

===Connections between the works===
All of Jin Yong's novels, except ''[[White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind]] '' and ''[[Ode to Gallantry]]'' are connected, albeit weakly.

Aqing, the protagonist of the novelette "[[Sword of the Yue Maiden]]", is the ancestor of Han Xiaoying from ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]''. ''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]'' is a [[prequel]]; the Northern Beggar of the Five Greats, [[Hong Qigong]] succeeds Qiao Feng as the new chief of the [[Beggars' Gang]] in ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]'' and [[Duan Yu]] is the ancestor of the historical character [[Duan Zhixing]] who later becomes Reverend Yideng, another member of the Five Greats. ''The Legend of the Condor Heroes'', ''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]'' and ''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber]]'' make up the [[Condor Trilogy]] (considered by many to be Cha's ''[[magnum opus]]'') and should be read in that order. [[Dugu Qiubai]]'s Heavy Iron Sword is used by [[Yang Guo]] and broken down to create the Heaven-Reliant Sword and the Dragon-Slaying Saber. Guo Xiang inherits the Heaven-Reliant Sword and passes it to her successors in the [[Emei School]]. Linghu Chong from ''[[The Smiling, Proud Wanderer]]'' learns [[Dugu Qiubai]]'s Nine Swords of Dugu from Feng Qingyang, a reclusive [[Mount Hua School]] swordsman. Some characters and schools from ''The Smiling, Proud Wanderer'' are mentioned in ''[[Sword Stained with Royal Blood]]''.

In a very brief inner monologue in ''[[The Deer and the Cauldron]]'', Chengguan, a knowledgeable but naïve [[Shaolin School|Shaolin]] monk, ponders two great swordsmen in the past who performed swordplay without following any defined stances: [[Dugu Qiubai]] and Linghu Chong. A few major characters from ''Sword Stained with Royal Blood'' also appear as minor characters. [[Wu Liuqi]], a historical character from ''The Deer and the Cauldron'', is mentioned in the third edition of ''[[A Deadly Secret]]'' as the martial arts master of Mei Niansheng.

Numerous characters from ''[[The Book and the Sword]]'' appear in ''[[The Young Flying Fox]]'', including Chen Jialuo. Hu Yidao, Miao Renfeng, Tian Guinong and the Feng family in ''The Young Flying Fox'' are the fictional descendants of the four bodyguards of [[Li Zicheng]], who appears in the ''Sword Stained with Royal Blood'' and ''The Deer and the Cauldron''. ''The Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain'' is the sequel to ''The Young Flying Fox''.

===Couplet===
After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined to form a [[couplet]] ([[Couplet (Chinese poetry)|duilian]]) with 7 characters on each line:

;[[Traditional Chinese]]:
{{lang|zh-Hant|飛雪連天射白鹿<br>
笑書神俠倚碧鴛}}

;[[Simplified Chinese]]:
{{lang|zh-Hans|飞雪连天射白鹿<br>
笑书神侠倚碧鸳}}

;Loose translation:
Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;<br>
Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one,
leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy [[mnemonic]] to remember all of Cha's works for his fans.

*"Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet would not be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it was not even considered a book.

===Editions===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Chinese novelist Jin Yong.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Chinese novelist Jin Yong {{ffdc|1=Chinese novelist Jin Yong.jpg|log=2017 November 17}}]] -->
Most of Cha's works were initially published in installments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in ''Ming Pao''. ''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]'' was his first novel serialised in ''Ming Pao'', launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" ({{lang|zh|新版}}), also known as "Revised Edition" ({{lang|zh|修訂版}}), in contrast with the "Old Edition" ({{lang|zh|舊版}}), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "Blood Red Bird" ({{lang|zh|小紅鳥}}) and "Qin Nanqin" ({{lang|zh|秦南琴}}), the mother of [[Yang Guo]] in the first edition.

In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House ({{lang|zh|遠景出版社}}).

In China, the ''Wulin'' ({{lang|zh|武林}}) magazine in [[Guangzhou]] was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in [[Simplified Chinese]] was published by Beijing's [[SDX Joint Publishing]] in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia ({{lang|zh|明河社星馬分公司}}) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995.

From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second and last time. Each of his works was carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, ''The Deer and the Cauldron''. The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" ({{lang|zh|世紀新修版}}), "New Revised Edition" ({{lang|zh|新修版}}) and "New New Edition" ({{lang|zh|新新版}}), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan,<ref>While Wang Yuyan accompanied Duan Yu back to Dali in older revisions, in the new revision she refused and stayed to serve Murong Fu instead. See Chapter 50 of ''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]''.</ref> and many martial art skills and places have their names changed.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" ({{lang|zh|新版}}) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe ({{lang|zh|明河社}}). In mainland China, it is re-issued as "Langsheng, Old Edition" ({{lang|zh|朗聲舊版}}) in simplified Chinese characters.

===Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism===
[[File:Sculpture of Jin Yong.JPG|thumb|300px|Statue of Cha on [[Taohua Island]], Zhejiang Province]]
[[Chinese nationalism]] or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non-[[Han Chinese]] peoples such as the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]s, [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]], [[Mongols]] and [[Manchu people|Manchu]]s. However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]'', for example, he casts [[Genghis Khan]] and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led [[Song dynasty]].

Cha's references range from [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[acupuncture]], [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts]], [[Music of China|music]], [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[Go (board game)|weiqi]], [[Chinese tea culture|tea culture]], philosophical schools of thought such as [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]] and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which are real.

His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – [[Yang Guo]]'s romantic relationship with his teacher [[Xiaolongnü]] in ''The Return of the Condor Heroes''. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as [[Face (sociological concept)|face]] and honour.

In all but his 14th work, ''[[The Deer and the Cauldron]]'', the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. In each, the heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth.

In ''The Deer and the Cauldron'', Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist [[List of The Deer and the Cauldron characters|Wei Xiaobao]] an [[antihero]] who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an ''antihero'' possessing none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanizer and seems to have no positive qualities based on a superficial assessment; but he actually embodies the same essential qualities of the heroes from Cha's earlier novels. The fiction writer [[Ni Kuang]] wrote a critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with ''The Deer and the Cauldron'' as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ni Kuang |title=我看金庸小說 |publisher=遠流 |year=1997 |isbn=9789573232780 |language=zh}}</ref>

===Criticisms===
The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: '''Jinology'''. For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among the most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, [[Ni Kuang]]. Ni was a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called ''I Read Jin Yong's Novels'' ({{lang|zh|我看金庸小說}}).

Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]]; others were banned in Taiwan as they were thought to be in support of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; [[Deng Xiaoping]], for example, was a well-known reader himself.

In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House ({{lang|zh|人民教育出版社}}) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from ''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]'' in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Singapore's Ministry of Education]] announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308053231/http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/pages1/chinese_sg040305.html {{lang|zh-cn|金庸小说也走进本地教材}}] [[Lianhe Zaobao]]. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</ref>

==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era!!Dynasty!!Novel
|-
|5th century BC || [[Eastern Zhou]]<br>(Late [[Spring and Autumn period]]) || 01. ''The [[Sword of the Yue Maiden]]'' ({{lang|zh|越女劍}})
|-
|11th century || [[Northern Song]] || 02. ''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]'' ({{lang|zh|天龍八部}})
|-
|13th century || [[Southern Song]] || 03. ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]'' ({{lang|zh|射鵰英雄傳}}) <br>04. ''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]'' ({{lang|zh|神鵰俠侶}})
|-
|14th century || Late [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] || 05. ''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber]]'' ({{lang|zh|倚天屠龍記}})
|-
|16th century || [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] ||06. ''[[The Smiling, Proud Wanderer]]'' ({{lang|zh|笑傲江湖}}) <br> ''[[Ode to Gallantry]]'' ({{lang|zh|俠客行}})
|-
|17th century || Late Ming || 07. ''The [[Sword Stained With Royal Blood]]'' ({{lang|zh|碧血劍}})
|-
|17th century || [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] || 08. ''[[The Deer and the Cauldron]]'' ({{lang|zh|鹿鼎記}}) <br>09. ''[[A Deadly Secret]]'' ({{lang|zh|連城訣}}) 
|-
|18th century || Qing ||10. ''[[The Book and the Sword]]'' ({{lang|zh|書劍恩仇錄}}) <br>11. ''[[The Young Flying Fox]]'' ({{lang|zh|飛狐外傳}}) <br>12. ''[[Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain]]'' ({{lang|zh|雪山飛狐}})<br>''[[Blade-dance of the Two Lovers]]'' ({{lang|zh|鴛鴦刀}})<br>''[[White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind]]'' ({{lang|zh|白馬嘯西風}}) 
|-
|1930s || [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|The Republic of China]] || ''Yue Yun (Moon Cloud)'' ({{lang|zh|月雲}})
|}

== Translations ==

Official English translations currently available include:

03. ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]'' (2018–2021; four volumes) – published by MacLehose Press (an imprint of Quercus Publishing), translated by Anna Holmwood, Gigi Chang, and Shelly Bryant. The volumes are titled ''A Hero Born'', ''A Bond Undone'', ''A Snake Lies Waiting'', and ''A Heart Divided''.<ref>{{Citation|title=A Hero Born|url=https://www.maclehosepress.com/books/2018/1/16/a-hero-born|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181047/https://www.maclehosepress.com/books/2018/1/16/a-hero-born|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=A hero reborn: 'China's Tolkien' aims to conquer western readers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/nov/26/chinese-fantasy-kung-fu-legend-of-the-condor-jin-yong|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|date=26 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

04. ''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]'' (2023–ongoing) – published by MacLehose Press (an imprint of [[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus Publishing]]), translated by Gigi Chang. The first volume is titled ''A Past Unearthed''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.maclehosepress.com/titles/jin-yong/a-past-unearthed/9781529417500/ |title=A Past Unearthed |date=3 February 2021 |isbn=978-1-5294-1750-0 |last1=Yong |first1=Jin |publisher=Maclehose Press }}</ref>

08. ''[[The Deer and the Cauldron]]'' (1997–2002; abridged in three volumes only 28 chapters) – published by Oxford University Press, translated by [[John Minford]].

10. ''[[The Book and the Sword]]'' (2005) – published by [[Oxford University Press]], 2005, translated by Graham Earnshaw, edited by [[John Minford]] and Rachel May.

12. ''[[Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain]]'' (1996) – published by [[Chinese University Press]], translated by Olivia Mok.

==Adaptations==
{{see also|Category:Adaptations of works by Jin Yong}}

There are over 90 films and TV shows adapted from Cha's wuxia novels, including [[King Hu]]'s ''[[The Swordsman (1990 film)|The Swordsman]]'' (1990) and its sequel ''[[Swordsman II]]'' (1992), [[Wong Jing]]'s 1992 films ''[[Royal Tramp]]'' and ''[[Royal Tramp II]]'', and [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s ''[[Ashes of Time]]'' (1994). Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, including ''[[Heroes of Jin Yong]]''.

Cha's works have also been adapted to comics and television. Those available in English include:
*''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber]]'' – in comic book form by [[Ma Wing-shing]], published by ComicsOne
*''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes|The Legendary Couple]]'' – in comic book form by Tony Wong, published by ComicsOne
*''[[The Return of the Condor Heroes]]'' – in comic book form by Wee Tian Beng, published by Asiapac Books
*''[[The Smiling, Proud Wanderer|Laughing in the Wind]]'' – DVD collection of the 2001 CCTV series with English subtitles released in the United States.

==As film director==
Jin Yong co-directed 2 films produced by Hong Kong's [[Great Wall Movie Enterprises]]. In both films he is credited as Cha Leung-yung, his official name in Hong Kong.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!English title
!Chinese title
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1958||''The Nature of Spring''||有女懷春||Co-directed with [[Cheng Bugao]], also writer
|-
|1960||''Bride Hunter''||王老虎搶親||Co-directed with Woo Siu-fung, [[Yue opera]] film
|}

==See also==
* [[Gu Long]]
* [[Woon Swee Oan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Literature and Postcolonial History'', Chapters 3 and 4. Petrus Liu. ([[Cornell University]], 2011).

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
*{{in lang|zh}} [http://jinyong.ylib.com.tw Jin Yong Teahouse (金庸茶館)] – fansite of Jin Yong's novels in Chinese
*{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.jyjh.cn/bbs/forum.php Jin Yong Jianghu (金庸江湖)] – fansite, forums and complete works of Jin Yong's novels
*{{IMDb name|0149222}}
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/jin_yong Jin Yong] in the Encyclopaedia of Science Fiction 
{{Jin Yong's wuxia novels}}
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