View source for Jiayu Pass

{{Short description|Frontier fortress at the west end of the Ming dynasty Great Wall}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
[[File:Jiayuguan Fortress 2008.jpg|thumb|Gatetowers of Jiayu Pass]]
[[File:Wanli Changcheng-Jiayu guan.jpg|thumb|right|Partially [[rammed earth]] wall (with the upper level portion of mud brick) located at Jiayuguan.]]
'''Jiayu Pass''' or '''{{Audio|Jia1yu4guan1.ogg|Jiayuguan}}''' ({{zh|s=嘉峪关 |t=嘉峪關 |p=Jiāyù Guān}}) is the first frontier fortress at the west end of the [[Great Wall of China|Ming dynasty Great Wall]], near the city of [[Jiayuguan (city)|Jiayuguan]] in [[Gansu]] province. Along with [[Juyong Pass]] and [[Shanhai Pass]], it is one of the main passes of the Great Wall. In the Ming period, foreign merchants and envoys from the Central Asia and West Asia mostly entered China through Jiayu Pass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=2021-10-11 |title=Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations |url=https://www.academia.edu/59068575 |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=422–456 |doi=10.1163/15700658-bja10030 |s2cid=244587800 |issn=1385-3783}}</ref> 

==Location==
The pass is located at the narrowest point of the western section of the [[Hexi Corridor]], {{convert|6|km|mi}} southwest of the city of [[Jiayuguan (city)|Jiayuguan]] in [[Gansu]]. The structure lies between two hills, one of which dominates Jiayuguan Pass. The fortress was built near an [[oasis]] that was then on the extreme western edge of China.

==Description==
[[File:Jiauguan Corner Tower.jpg|right|thumb|A corner tower, no restoration work done on this section]]
The fort is trapezoid-shaped with a perimeter of {{convert|733|m|ft}} and an area of more than {{convert|33500|m2|ft2}}. The length of the wall is {{convert|733|m|ft}} and the height is {{convert|11|m|ft}}.

There are two gates: one on the east side of the pass and the other on the west side. On each gate there is a building. An inscription of "Jiayuguan" in Chinese is written on a tablet at the building at the west gate. The south and north sides of the pass are connected to the Great Wall. There is a [[Turret (architecture)|turret]] on each corner of the pass. On the north side, inside the two gates, there are wide roads leading to the top of the pass.

Jiayuguan consisted of three defense lines: an inner fort, an outer fort, and a moat.

When famous traveler [[Mildred Cable]] first visited Jiayuguan in 1923, she described it as

<blockquote>To the north of the central arch was a turreted watch-tower, and from it the long line of the wall dipped into a valley, climbed a hill and vanished over its summit. Then a few poplar trees came in sight, and it was evident from the shade of green at the foot of the wall that here was grass and water. Farther on a patch of wild irises spread a carpet of blue by the roadside, just where the cart passed under an ornamental memorial arch and lurched across a rickety bridge over a bubbling stream.<ref>[[Mildred Cable]]. ''The Gobi Desert''. UK: Readers Union Ltd., 1950 (1st edition London 1942), pp. 13–14.</ref></blockquote>

==Legends==
[[File:Jiauguan Wall.jpg|right|upright|thumb|The Great Wall near Jiayuguan]]
A fabulous [[legend]] recounts the meticulous planning involved in the construction of the pass. According to legend, when Jiayuguan was being planned, the official in charge asked the designer to estimate the exact number of bricks required and the designer gave him a number (99,999). The official questioned his judgment, asking him if that would be enough, so the designer added one brick. When Jiayuguan was finished, there was one brick left over, which was placed loose on one of the gates where it remains today.<ref name="CNTOLEGEND">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnto.org/iconic/the-great-wall-in-gansu/|title=The Great Wall in Gansu|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114550/http://www.cnto.org/iconic/the-great-wall-in-gansu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
The structure was built during the early [[Ming dynasty]], sometime around the year 1372. The fortress there was greatly strengthened due to fear of an invasion by [[Timur]], but Timur died of old age while leading an army toward China.<ref name="Turnbull">{{Cite book |title= The Great Wall of China 221 BC–1644 AD  |last= Turnbull |first= Stephen |author-link= Stephen Turnbull (historian) |date=30 January 2007|publisher= [[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn= 978-1-84603-004-8|page= 23|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=umbyD8fIYTAC&pg=PA23 |access-date=2010-03-26}}</ref>

==Significance==
[[File:Jiauguan General.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Mural of a general from a door at the fort]]
Among the passes on the Great Wall, Jiayuguan is the most intact surviving ancient military building. The pass is also known by the name the "First and Greatest Pass Under Heaven" ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|天下第一雄關}}), which is not to be confused with the "First Pass Under Heaven" ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|天下第一關}}), a name for [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]] at the east end of the Great Wall near [[Qinhuangdao]], [[Hebei]].

The pass was a key waypoint of the ancient [[Silk Road]].

Jiayuguan has a somewhat fearsome reputation because Chinese people who were banished were ordered to leave through Jiayuguan for the west, the vast majority never to return. Mildred Cable noted in her memoirs<ref>Cable, pp. 15–16</ref> that it was

<blockquote>known to men of a former generation as Kweimenkwan (Gate of the Demons)....The most important door was on the farther side of the fortress, and it might be called Traveller's Gate, though some spoke of it as the Gate of Sighs. It was a deep archway tunnelled in the thickness of the wall.... Every traveller toward the north-west passed through this gate, and it opened out on that great and always mysterious waste called the Desert of Gobi. The long archway was covered with writings...the work of men of scholarship, who had fallen on an hour of deep distress. Who were then the writers of this Anthology of Grief? Some were heavy-hearted exiles, others were disgraced officials, and some were criminals no longer tolerated within China's borders. Torn from all they loved on earth and banished with dishonoured name to the dreary regions outside.</blockquote>

Amongst those once banished in disgrace was the famous Chinese Opium War Viceroy of Liangguang, Commissioner [[Lin Zexu]]. A statue in his honor can today be found in a local park in [[Ürümqi]]. 

More famous in Jiayuguan are the thousands of tombs from the Wei and Western [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]] discovered east of the city in recent years. The 700 excavated tombs are famous in China, and replicas or photographs of them can be seen in nearly every major Chinese museum. The bricks deserve their fame; they are both fascinating and charming, depicting such domestic scenes as preparing for a feast, roasting meat, picking mulberries, feeding chickens, and herding horses. Of the 18 tombs that have been excavated, only one is currently open to tourists. Many [[frescos]] have also been found around Jiayuguan but most are not open to visitors.

==Photos==
{|
|<gallery heights="140px" mode="packed">
File:JiayuguanWall.jpg|A section of the Great Wall near the fort
File:Jiayuguan0674.JPG|Jiayu Pass
File:Jiayuguan0675.JPG|Weeping willow in Jiayu Pass
File:Jiayuguan0690.JPG|Qilian Mountains and the Great Wall
File:Jiayuguan0691.JPG|The Brick
File:Jiayuguan0694.JPG|Steps
File:Jiayuguan0735.JPG|Camels, horses and the Great Wall
</gallery>
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Great Wall of China at Jiayuguan}}
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Gansu_Province/JiaYuGuan/Landmarks-Hotspots/Great_Wall_China-Chang_Cheng/JiaYuGuan_Fortress-1-Arrival_Parking.html Complete Tour of JiaYuGuan Fortress Scenic Spot]
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Gansu_Province/JiaYuGuan/JiaYuGuan_Maps/JiaYuGuan_Fortress-Site_Map1A.html Complete Map of JiaYuGuan Fortress Scenic Spot] 
* A modern traveller's description of a recent visit can be found in ''PASSAGE'', a publication of the Singapore Asian Civilisations Museum  [http://www.fom.sg/Passage/2009/11jiayuguan.pdf]

{{Great Wall of China}}
{{Mountain passes of China}}
{{Gansu topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiayuguan (Pass)}}
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Gansu]]
[[Category:Geography of Gansu]]
[[Category:Great Wall of China]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of China]]

[[Category:Jiayuguan City]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty architecture]]

[[pt:Jiayuguan]]