View source for Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation

{{Short description|Treatment of Jews living outside Europe under Axis occupation in World War II}}
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{{Lead too short|date=July 2023}}
[[Jews]] outside Europe under [[Axis powers|Axis]] occupation suffered greatly during [[World War II]].

While there is academic consensus that the extermination of the non-European Jews was a long-term goal for the Nazi regime,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piorkowski |first=Christoph David |date=2017-02-05 |title=Verfolgung von Juden in Nordafrika: Die vergessenen Opfer des Holocaust |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/die-vergessenen-opfer-des-holocaust-3805375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528212802/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/die-vergessenen-opfer-des-holocaust-3805375.html |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=Tagesspiegel |language=German}}</ref> it is less clear whether there were any imminent plans or policies to that end. Although there is no unanimity among historians on this point, historian Matthew Ghobrial Cockerill writes that "The purported evidence for planned extermination operations outside of Europe is unpersuasive."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cockerill |first1=Matthew Ghobrial |title=Did the Nazis plan to extend the final solution beyond Europe? Assessing the evidence |journal=Holocaust Studies |date=2 April 2024 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/17504902.2024.2326262|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==In European North Africa==
There were 400,000 Jews in France on the other side of the Mediterranean in North Africa ([[French Algeria]], which was an integral part of metropolitan France, the [[French Protectorate in Morocco]] and the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]]). They were included in the number relevant to "the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe" under: "France/unoccupied territory 700,000"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=Atlas of the Holocaust |date=1993 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=978-0-688-12364-2 |edition=1st U.S. |location=New York |pages=85}}</ref> 

Like the Jews of Denmark, the Jews of Europe's four territories in North Africa were spared the mass deportations that happened in some countries and territories under Nazi occupation or in the German sphere of influence.

===Jews of Italian Libya===
{{main|The Holocaust in Italian Libya}}
[[Libya]] was under Italian rule. The Jews, who were British and Italian subjects, suffered from [[antisemitism]] and economic restrictions as a result of the strengthening of Italy's relationship with Germany. From 1942, laws of racial discrimination were activated in Libya. Men between the ages of 18 and 45 were recruited to forced labor, including at camps like [[Giado concentration camp|Giado]], and thousands died from hunger and epidemics. In February of that year, the Germans ordered the transfer of the Jews to [[Nazi extermination camp|concentration camps]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ochayon |first=Sheryl |title=The Jews of Libya |work=The International School for Holocaust Studies |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/the-jews-of-libya.html |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]}}</ref>

===Jews of Vichy Algeria ===
{{main|History of the Jews in Algeria }}
[[Vichy France]] (that ruled in [[Algeria]] from 1940) cancelled the citizenship of the Jews and instituted the same restrictions that applied to the [[History of the Jews in France|Jews in metropolitan France]]. It forbade them from working for the government or as bankers, teachers and students. In addition, the number of Jews permitted to work in [[free professions]] was limited.<ref name=yad-vashem>{{cite web|author=Sheryl Ochayon|title=The International School for Holocaust Studies|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/the-jews-of-algeria-morocco-and-tunisia.html|work=[[Yad Vashem]]|accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref> In 1941, the property of the Jews was confiscated however Islamic religious leaders throughout Algiers delivered sermons warning Muslims against participation in schemes to strip Jews of their property.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/07/AR2006120701877.html The Schindlers of the Middle East<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The suffering of the [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews of Algeria]] was worsened by their previous high position in society. In 1941, some Jews joined the anti-Nazi underground. Many Jews were caught and were sent to [[labor camp]]s or were executed. The [[Judenrat|Judenräte]] required assistance in preparation of [[materiel]]. In November 1942 Algeria was liberated by Anglo-American forces. In 1943, the restraints on the Jews of Algeria were officially cancelled.<ref name=yad-vashem/>

===Jews of Vichy Tunisia ===
{{main|History of the Jews in Tunisia}}
[[Tunisia]] was also ruled by pro-Nazi Vichy France, which extended its anti-Jewish measures to [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]]. In November 1942 Nazi Germany occupied French Tunisia for six months, until May 1943. SS Oberstrumbannführer [[Walter Rauff]], a brutal and notorious killer involved in the development of death gas vans and the Final Solution in Eastern Europe, was posted as commander of Tunis. From July 1942 until May 1943, he headed an Einsatzkommando to take care of the Jewish Question in Tunisia, and to continue to implement the Final Solution in Vichy Tunisia. [[Oswald Pohl]], charged by Himmler to organize the camps in Eastern Europe, joined him. Despite constant attacks by the Allies, Rauff instigated drastic anti-Jewish policies.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The Nazis established a local [[Judenrat]], took hostages, confiscated the property of the Jews (aryanization) and imposed on the community heavy financial punishments. The community was required to provide the needs of the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German army]], and the [[synagogue]] become a German storeroom.<ref name=yad-vashem/> The Jews were marked with the [[yellow badge]], 5,000 Jews were sent to more than 30 slave labor camps in Tunisia and a few were sent to the [[Nazi extermination camp|extermination camps]]. Many Jews were murdered by means of being shot in their homes, [[Death marches (Holocaust)|death marches]], hunger, disease and bombings.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

===Jews of Vichy Morocco===
{{main|History of the Jews in Morocco#World War II}}
In 1940, the Nazi-controlled Vichy government issued antisemitic decrees excluding Jews from public functions and imposing the wear of the yellow Star of David.<ref name=yad-vashem/> Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohamed V]] refused to apply these laws and, as sign of defiance, insisted on inviting all the rabbis of Morocco to the 1941 throne celebrations.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533744 Moroccan Jews pay homage to `protector' - Haaretz - Israel News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==In Asia==

===Jews of Iraq===
{{main|History of the Jews in Iraq}}

While not under occupation by Nazi Germany, [[Iraq]] was, for a short term, under the Nazi-allied regime of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]]. While the regime did not last long, the [[Farhud]] (a pogrom in which 180 Jews died) is considered among its results.

===Jews in Japan and China===
{{main|History of the Jews in Japan|History of the Jews in China}}

Prior to the war there was a small Jewish presence in Japan, particularly [[Kobe]], which consisted of Jews originating predominantly from Russia, as well as those from the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and the United States.  In [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese-occupied China]] there was a more significant Jewish population, including [[White Movement|White Russian]] refugees and [[Baghdadi Jews]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Life during the Holocaust|url=http://holocaustcenterpgh.org/page.aspx?id=148359|work=[[Jewish Federation]]|access-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914064201/http://holocaustcenterpgh.org/page.aspx?id=148359|archive-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> As Jewish persecution in Europe stepped up, an increasing number of refugees travelled to China by steamship or had transited through the [[Soviet Union]] and were hoping to move on to the [[United States]].  Most of these Jews were concentrated in the [[Shanghai International Settlement]].<ref name=jvl-japan>{{cite web|title=The Holocaust: Japan & the Jews|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/japan.html|work=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]|accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref>

When Japan entered the war, many Jews were interned, including the [[Baghdadi Jews]] who were identified as British subjects.  The Japanese implemented strict measures to control the activities of the [[Shanghai ghetto]], which was restricted in 1943 to a one square mile city block shared with 100,000 Chinese.  However despite repeated requests from Nazi Germany to implement antisemitic policies, including exterminating the Jewish population in the Shanghai ghetto, the Jewish population was generally left alone (apart from wartime privations).<ref name=jvl-japan/>

===Jews in Vichy French Indochina===
{{main|History of the Jews in Vietnam}}

As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of [[Haiphong]], [[Hanoi]], [[Saigon]] and [[Tourane]] in [[French Indochina]] numbered approximately 1,000 individuals.<ref>''[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1939_1940_8_Statistics.pdf Statistics of Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531061313/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1939_1940_8_Statistics.pdf |date=2015-05-31 }}'', American Jewish Committee, 1940.</ref> There were also reportedly eighty Jews in [[Tonkin]] during the period of [[Vichy France|Vichy]] rule, of which forty-nine were in the military and twenty-seven were in the foreign legion.<ref name="jennings-2004">Jennings, Eric ''Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–44'' Stanford University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8047-5047-5}} Page 145</ref>

In 1940 the [[antisemitic]] Vichy French [[Law on the status of Jews]] was implemented in [[French Indochina]] (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) by its Governor [[Jean Decoux]].  In November 1940, Jewish people were limited to certain professions, and in July 1941 Jewish children were not allowed to be more than 2% of public school students.  By October 1942, fifteen government employees were dismissed from their positions for being Jewish (among the fifteen was [[Suzanne Karpelès]], the director of the Buddhist Institutes in [[Phnom Penh]]<ref>Marston, John Amos, et al. ''History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia'' University of Hawaii Press, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8248-2868-2}}</ref> and [[Vientiane]]), and Jews were "fired from a wide range of professions, from banking to the insurance, advertising, administration and business sectors." One such individual, Leo Lippmann, the former director of the Hanoi tram company, was dismissed from his position even after resigning from his post to assume a lesser position.<ref>Jennings, Eric ''Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–44'' Stanford University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8047-5047-5}} Pages 144–145</ref> However, since he had been categorized as a Jew because he had two Jewish grandparents and a Jewish wife, Lipmann divorced and no longer fell under the Jewish Statute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historicvietnam.com/the-lippmann-affair/|title=The Lippmann Affair|date=15 November 2015}}</ref> When it was deemed by state officials that the statute would have an adverse effect upon their racial Vichy motives for the region – such as the case of [[Georges Coedès]], an employee at the government sponsored [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] (French School of the Far East), who was deemed useful by the ''resident superior'' of [[Tonkin]] – an exemption to the discriminatory laws could be made.<ref>Raffin, Anne ''Youth Mobilization in Vichy Indochina and Its Legacies, 1940 to 1970''  Lexington Books, 2005 {{ISBN|0-7391-1146-9}}  Pages 65–66</ref> The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.<ref>Dommen, Arthur J.''The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam''  Indiana University Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-253-33854-9}} Page 69</ref>

===Jews in Vichy French Syria and Lebanon===
{{main|History of the Jews in Lebanon|History of the Jews in Syria}}
Although reports differ, there were roughly 30,000 Jews in Syria and 20,000 in Lebanon at the beginning of World War II. Following the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]] in June 1940 and the establishment of the [[Vichy Government]], the situation for these Jews drastically deteriorated. The new anti-Jewish laws of Vichy were extended to the [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]]. [[Henri Dentz]], [[High Commissioner of the Levant|High Commissioner in Syria]], intended to establish concentration camps, but the British and [[Free French]] forces took over the territory before he could.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times |date=1991 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |location=New York |page=146}}</ref> Nonetheless, a prison camp for European Jews under the mandate was established in the mountains, although it was later shut down by the Allies.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis found shelter in Beirut |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1302727/how-jewish-refugees-fleeing-the-nazis-found-shelter-in-beirut.html |work=L'Orient Today |date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Around 1,350 Syrian Jews escaped to Palestine in a complicated operation as part of the [[Aliyah]] effort.<ref>{{cite web |title=France Vichy military collaboration Syria |url=https://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/fra/mil/vm-syr.html |website=histclo.com |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> In 1941, [[Charles de Gaulle]] officially annulled the anti-Jewish legislation in Syria and Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news |title=De Gaulle Annuls Anti-jewish Laws in Syria and Lebanon |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/de-gaulle-annuls-anti-jewish-laws-in-syria-and-lebanon |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |year=2018|editor1-last=Abrevaya Stein |editor1-first=Sarah |editor2-last=Boum |editor2-first=Aomar |title=The Holocaust and North Africa |location=Stanford, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503605435 }}
*[[Robert Satloff]]: ''Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands'' (PublicAffairs, 2006). {{ISBN|1-58648-399-4}}
* [[Michel Abitbol]]: ''The Jews of North Africa during the Second World War'' (Wayne state University Press Detroit, 1989). {{ISBN|0-8143-1824-X}}
* Cohen, Asher, The Shoah in France (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1996). The book also deals with the persecution of the Jews in Vichy France-North Africa.
* Documents pour servir à l'histoire de la Guerre; par Service d'Information des Crimes de Guerre, Crimes ennemis en France - La persecution raciale. (Paris: Archives du service de recherche des crimes de guerre ennemis, Office français d'édition, 20 février 1947); the text tells the story of the racial persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa. The book has a special chapter on Vichy France-Tunisia under Nazi rule.
* Kaspi, André, Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, (Paris: Seuil, 1991). Kaspi tells the story of the persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa.
* Kaspi, André, Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, (Paris: Seuil, 1991). Kaspi tells the story of the persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa.
* Poliakov, Léon, France - The Fate of the French Jews, in the Algemeyne Entsiklopedya (New York: Shulsinger Pubs. and Dubnov Fund & Entsiklopedye Komitet: 1966), Section "Yidn" vol. 7. Poliakov's article appeared in a section of the encyclopedia devoted to the Holocaust in various European countries. The geographic regions of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, appeared as sub-headings under the title of 'France.' Poliakov's article is called in English translation:  "The Fate of the French Jews."
* Sabille, Jacques. Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation. (Paris: . Editions du Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, 1954)
* Yahil, Leni, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). Yahil tells the story of the persecutions, deportations, and murder of the Jews of European North Africa (French North Africa and Italian Libya) in her chapters about "European Jewry" in the sub-headings "France" and "Italy," respectively. Yahil ystematically explores the evolution of the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe. Leni Yahil's book won the Shazar Prize, one of Israel's highest awards for historical work.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506103010/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/index.php?content=20061123 ''Voices on Antisemitism'' Interview with Robert Satloff] from the [http://www.ushmm.org/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
*[http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ The Holocaust Explained website]
*[http://jewishrefugees.blogspot.co.il/2009/01/nazi-plans-to-exterminate-jews-of-n.html Point of No Return: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries]
*[http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/5/9/is-china-trying-to-co-opt-the-holocaust Is China trying to co-opt the Holocaust?]

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{{The Holocaust|state=collapsed}}

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