View source for Jewish partisans

{{Short description|Anti-Nazi and anti-German fighting groups of Jews in World War II}}
{{for|Jewish rebels in ancient Judea|Maccabees|Zealots (Judea)}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
[[File:Ghetto Vilinus.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Members of the ''[[Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye]]'', active in the [[Vilna Ghetto]]]]
'''Jewish partisans''' were fighters in [[irregular military]] groups participating in the [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|Jewish resistance movement]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|its collaborators]] during [[World War II]].

A number of Jewish [[partisan (military)|partisan groups]] operated across [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-occupied Europe]], some made up of a few escapees from the [[ghettos in occupied Europe 1939 - 1944|Jewish ghettos]] or [[concentration camps]], while others, such as [[Bielski partisans]], numbered in the hundreds and included women and children. They were most numerous in [[Eastern Europe]], but groups also existed in occupied [[France]] and [[Belgium]], where they worked with the local [[Resistance movement|resistance]].<ref name="USHMM1">{{Cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005441 | access-date = 2006-07-09 | title = Armed Jewish Resistance: Partisans | encyclopedia = Holocaust Encyclopedia | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref> Many individual Jewish fighters took part in the other partisan movements in other occupied countries. In total, the Jewish partisans numbered between 20,000 and 30,000.<ref name="JVL1">{{Cite web | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/partisan1.html | access-date = 2006-07-09 | title = Living and Surviving as a Partisan | publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The partisans engaged in [[guerrilla warfare]] and [[sabotage]] against the Nazi occupation, instigated [[ghetto uprisings]], and freed prisoners. In Lithuania alone, they killed approximately 3,000 German soldiers.<ref name="USHMM2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/jpart.htm |access-date=2006-07-09 |title=Jewish Partisans |work=The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615013136/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/jpart.htm |archive-date=2006-06-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They sometimes had contacts within the ghettos, camps, [[Judenrat]]s, and with other [[Resistance during World War II|resistance groups]], with whom they shared [[military intelligence]].

In Eastern Europe, many Jews joined the ranks of the [[Soviet partisans]]: throughout the war, they faced [[antisemitism]] and discrimination from the Soviets and some Jewish partisans were killed, but over time, many of the Jewish partisan groups were absorbed into the command structure of the much larger Soviet partisan movement.<ref name="Chodakiewicz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Esarmatia/406/262choda.html |access-date=2006-07-09 |title=Review of ''Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland'' by Bogdan Musial |author=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz |author-link=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz |publisher=[[Sarmatian Review]], Vol. XXVI, No. 2 |date=2006-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034701/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html |archive-date=2012-07-18 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=book review (the review is not peer-reviewed). Furthermore the book itself is from a questionable/biased author for this topic area, who has faced much criticism for this work|date=May 2018}} Soviet partisans arrived in the western Ukraine in 1943,<ref name=43ua>{{cite book|title=The Holocaust Encyclopedia|page=653|isbn=0300138113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPbr0XzlTzcC&q=soviet+partisans+western+ukraine&pg=PA653|last1=Laqueur|first1=Walter|last2=Baumel-Schwartz|first2=Judith Tydor|date=January 2001|publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref> and consisted of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rossolinski|first1=Grzegorz|title=Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist|date=October 2014|pages=282|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9783838266848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&q=soviet+partisans+western+ukraine&pg=PA282}}</ref> and were smaller in size than units in Belarus, which was more suitable for partisan warfare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Subtelny|first1=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|date=January 2000|page=475|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802083906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5uiWHgRphQC&q=soviet+partisans+western+ukraine&pg=PA475}}</ref> Released Soviet archive data suggest that Jews accounted for 5.2% of the partisans in Ukraine.<ref name=43ua />

== Supplies ==
{{The Holocaust sidebar}}
Jewish partisans had to overcome great odds in acquiring weapons, food, and shelter and in evading capture. They typically lived in 
[[Dugout (shelter)|dugout]]s (known in [[Russian language|Russian]] as ''[[zemlyanka]]s'', ''землянка'') in forest camps.<ref name="JVL1"/> Nazi [[reprisal]]s were brutal, employing [[collective punishment]] against their supporters and the ghettos from which the partisans had escaped,<ref name="Edelheit p. 98">Abraham J. Edelheit. ''History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ilnACY97x4kC&pg=PA99 p. 98]. Westview Press, 1995-07-01. {{ISBN|0-8133-2240-5}}</ref> and often using "anti-partisan operations" as pretexts for the extermination of Jews.<ref name="Arad p. 183">{{Cite book|last1=Nikžentaitis|first1=Alvydas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXRKbcyi5oC&pg=PA183|title=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews|last2=Schreiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Staliūnas|first3=Darius|date=2004|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-0850-2|language=en}}</ref> In some areas, Jewish partisans received support from villagers, but due to widespread antisemitism and fear of reprisal, the Jewish partisans were often on their own.<ref name="USHMM2"/> The farmers were struggling to supply all the different forces which were demanding food, at times leading to conflict.<ref>https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/solidarity-bielski-brothers.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024948/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/28/bielski_brothers.asp#09 |date=2018-06-20 }} The International School for Holocaust Studies Solidarity in the Forest – The Bielski Brothers By Franziska Reiniger</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Glass|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZviADAAAQBAJ&q=jewish%2520partisan%2520food%2520farmers%2520conflict&pg=PA68|title=Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust: Moral Uses of Violence and Will|date=2004-07-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-50013-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>
Kazimierz Krajewski – „Opór”? „Odwet”? Czy po prostu „polityka historyczna”?  nr 3/2009 - Instytut Pamięci Narodowej page 104</ref> As [[Allan Levine]] noted, "That Jewish partisans and fugitives were guilty of stealing food from Polish farmers is an uncontested fact. It happened regularly.", but at the same time notes that such robberies were their only choice other than starvation.<ref name="Levine2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-HVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR44|title=Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story Of Jewish Resistance And Survival During The Second World War|author=Allan Levine|date=13 July 2010|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-4617-5005-5|page=44}}</ref>

The food situation varied between units, while some faced starvation, others were well supplied and sent their food stocks to Soviet Union.<ref>Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość - nr 2/2003. Adam Puławski. Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj. page 298</ref> In order to survive, Jews had to put aside [[kashrut|traditional dietary restrictions]]. While friendly peasants provided food, in some cases food was stolen from shops,<ref name="JVL1"/> farms<ref name="USHMM2"/> or raided from caches meant for German soldiers. As the war progressed, the Soviet government occasionally [[airdrop]]ped ammunition, counterfeit money and food supplies to partisan groups known to be friendly.<ref name="JVL1"/>

Those who managed to flee the ghettos and camps had nothing more than the clothes on their backs, and their possessions often were reduced to rags through constant wear. Clothes and shoes were a scarce commodity. German uniforms were highly prized trophies: they were warm and served as disguises for future missions.<ref name="JVL1"/>

Those who were wounded or maimed or fell ill often did not survive due to the lack of medical help or supplies. Most partisan groups had no physician and treated the wounded themselves, turning to village doctors only as a last resort.<ref name="JVL1"/>

The forests also concealed family camps where Jewish escapees from camps or ghettos, many of whom were too young or too old to fight, hoped to wait out the war. While some partisan groups required combat readiness and weapons as a condition for joining, many noncombatants found shelter with Jewish fighting groups and their allies. These individuals and families contributed to the welfare of the group by working as craftsmen, cooks, seamstresses and field medics.<ref name="JVL1"/>

== Notable partisan groups ==
Jewish partisan groups of note include the [[Bielski partisans]] who operated a large "family camp" in [[Belorussia]] (numbering over 1,200 by the summer of 1944),<ref name="Rohrlich p. 89">{{Cite book|last=Rohrlich|first=Ruby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abz0mMdKIXEC&pg=PA89|title=Resisting the Holocaust|date=October 1998|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-216-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SWC1">{{cite web | url = http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/gallery/pg19/pg7/pg19794.html | access-date = 2006-07-09 | title = Photo Gallery: Partisan family camp in the Naliboki forests | publisher = [[Museum of Tolerance|Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance]] | year = 1997 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060717050211/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/gallery/pg19/pg7/pg19794.html | archive-date = 2006-07-17 | url-status = dead }}</ref> the [[Parczew partisans]] of southeast Poland, and the [[United Partisan Organization]] which attempted to start an uprising in the [[Vilnius Ghetto]] in [[Lithuania]] and later engaged in sabotage and guerrilla operations.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite web | author = Jennifer Rosenberg | publisher = [[About.com]] | title = Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto | url = http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/kovner.htm | access-date = 2006-07-09 | archive-date = 2005-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050920111511/http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/kovner.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine|Thirty-two Jews]] from the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] were trained by the British and parachuted behind enemy lines to engage in resistance activities.<ref name="USHMM2"/> In the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]], two groups of partisans, the right-wing [[Jewish Military Union]] (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy, ŻZW) and the left-wing [[Jewish Combat Organization]] (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB) led the uprising separately.

=== Poland ===
{{see also|Home Army#Jews}}
Approximately 100,000 [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] fought in the Polish army against [[Nazi Germany]] during the [[German invasion of Poland]]. They made up 10% of the [[Polish Army]], commensurate with the percentage of Jews within the general population. Approximately 30,000 Jews were killed in that campaign, captured or declared missing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers.html|access-date=2022-03-10|website=www.yadvashem.org|language=en}}</ref> The Polish [[Home Army]] provided training and weapons to the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]'s [[Jewish Combat Organization]], and included in its ranks Jewish individuals and Jewish units, such as Lukawiecki Partisans commanded by [[Edmund Łukawiecki]] and working under the umbrella of the Home Army,<ref>Jewish Hit Squad: The Łukawiecki Partisans Unit of the Polish Armia Krajowa, 1941-1944 Simon Lavee Gefen Publishing House Limited, 2015</ref><ref>http://embassies.gov.il/warsaw/Departments/Sprawiedliwych/Documents/2012-01-20_Rzeszow_Kulpa.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naszahistoria.pl/oko-za-oko-zab-za-zab-zydowscy-egzekutorzy-z-armii-krajowej/ar/12224293|title=Oko za oko, ząb za ząb. Żydowscy egzekutorzy z Armii Krajowej|date=2017-06-30|website=Plus.polskatimes.pl|language=pl|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> as well as the Jewish Platoon Wigry which took part in the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]].<ref>E. Kossoy, Żydzi w powstaniu warszawskim, „Zeszyty Historyczne” 2004, nr 147.</ref> It also collaborated with Jewish units in self-defence operations.<ref>Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość - nr 2/2003. Adam Puławski. Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj page 297-298</ref> Other Jews joined units affiliated with the [[Soviet partisans in Poland]].<ref>[http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300.pdf] Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość - nr 2/2003 Adam Puławski  Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj page 281</ref> Eventually the [[Armia Ludowa]] (AL) was founded as the main communist-affiliated partisan group in occupied Poland. This group was provided with weapons by the Soviet Union. There were around 30 Jewish partisan detachments and most of these were connected to the AL. About half of these were detachments off in forests.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Bauer|first1=Yehuda|title=Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust|journal=Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews|pages=235–251}}</ref> Independent partisan groups also operated in these forests, working to liberate Jews from local ghettos without outside support or coordination. Notably, the Swirz partisans, founded by brothers Isidore and Hersch Karten, liberated over 400 Jews in Eastern Galicia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishpartisancommunity.org/partisans/isidore-karten/|title=Isidore Karten|website=Jewish Partisan Community|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref>

=== Soviet Union ===
{{see also|Soviet partisans}}
[[File:1943 Belorussia Jewish resistance group.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Chkalov Brigade partisans in 1943<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/belarus/bel427.html|title=Holocaust in Belorussia [Pages 427-428]|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>]]
The Soviet Union was late in having partisan groups. The first ones started around 1941–1942. These groups mainly appeared in forests, as 6,000–8,000 Jews were able to escape to the forests. Many did not make it, but if they did they joined Soviet partisan detachments. One partisan group in the Soviet area was the [[Minsk Ghetto]]. The Minsk Ghetto was the fourth largest ghetto in Europe. The group was led by the Jewish communists. The group within the Minsk ghetto was supported by the Jewish council which allowed them to organize a mass escape into the surrounding woods. This escape released between 6,000 and 8,000 Jews, who tried to join existing partisan groups. They were known for their resistance movements. There were a large number of partisan groups in the Soviet Union but not much information can be found on them due to Soviet record keeping.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Lithuania ===
In Lithuania, there were four ghettos that remained after the mass murder campaign by the Nazis in 1941. There were armed resistance groups in three of them – [[Vilna Ghetto|Vilna]], [[Švenčionys Ghetto|Švenčionys]], and [[Kovno Ghetto|Kovno]]. The Vilna Ghetto was the site of the first Jewish resistance group known as [[Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye]] or FPO. The FPO tried to persuade the occupants within the Vilna Ghetto to revolt against the Nazis but it failed. This led the group to leave after an armed altercation in September 1943. The partisan group left the ghetto because of a lack of support and went through the sewers to escape to the eastern Lithuanian woods. However the partisan group in the Kovno Ghetto had no intention of fighting in the ghetto itself. They had always planned to fight outside of the ghetto. They organized a large escape from the ghetto that took place over a long period of time. It led to many people escaping and joining outside partisan groups, which eventually led them to create their own.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Yugoslavia ===
Jewish contribution to the [[Yugoslav Partisan]] movement was significant. There were 4,572 Jews listed as partisans, 3,000 of whom were in fighting units.<ref name="Partisans & Countries">{{cite web|title= Partisans & Countries|date= 7 December 2016|url= http://www.jewishpartisans.org/countries/yugoslavia}}</ref> Those who joined were those fleeing deportation, or those that had escaped or had been liberated from concentration and labour camps. One such example was that of the [[Rab battalion]], which consisted of hundreds of Jewish inmates liberated from the Italian [[Rab concentration camp]] in September 1943.<ref>[http://www.jasenovac.org/images/jews_of_yugoslavia_1941_1945.pdf JEWS OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941 – 1945<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727071507/http://www.jasenovac.org/images/jews_of_yugoslavia_1941_1945.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }}</ref>

1,318 Jews fighting for the partisans were killed during the war, ten Jewish members were awarded Yugoslavia's highest medal at that time, the [[Order of the People's Hero]].<ref name="Partisans & Countries"/>

== Notable partisans ==
[[File:Jewish Partisans Memorials in Bat-Yam, Israel.jpg|thumb|Jewish Partisans Memorial in [[Bat Yam]], Israel. On the bottom, words of the partisan song [[Zog nit keyn mol]] in hebrew and yiddish: "don't say this is my last way"]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Nisim Albahari]]
* [[Mordechai Anielewicz]]
* [[Mordechai Schlein]]
* [[Dawid Apfelbaum]]
* [[Yitzhak Arad]]
* [[Bielski partisans]]
* [[Frank Blaichman]]
* [[Thomas Blatt]]
* [[Antun Blažić]]
* [[Alexander Bogen]]
* [[Masha Bruskina]]
* [[Eugenio Calò]]
* [[Icchak Cukierman]]
*[[Oskar Danon]]
* [[Selma Engel-Wijnberg]]
* [[Leon Feldhendler]]
* [[Dov Freiberg]]
* [[Paweł Frenkiel]]
* [[Hirsh Glick]]
* [[Munyo Gruber]]
*[[Slavko Goldstein]]
* [[Irene Gut Opdyke]]
* [[Abba Kovner]]
* [[Vladka Meed]]
* [[Parczew partisans]]
*[[Izidor Papo]]
*[[Roza Papo]]
* [[Alexander Pechersky]]
* [[Moša Pijade]]
* [[Haviva Reik]]
* [[Joseph Serchuk]]
* [[Hannah Szenes]]
* [[Yitzhak Wittenberg]]
* [[Shalom Yoran]]
* [[Simcha Zorin]]
{{div end}}

== See also ==
* [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe]]
* [[Jewish Combat Organization]]
* [[Jewish Military Union]]
* [[Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye|United Partisan Organization]]
* [[Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last = Arad|first = Y.|date = 1990|chapter = Family Camps in the Forests|title = Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust|title-link = Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust|volume = 2|location = New York|publisher = Macmillan|oclc = 698360041|pages = 467–469}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Eckmann|first1 = L.|last2 = Lazar|first2 = C.|date = 1977|title = The Jewish Resistance: the history of the Jewish partisans in Lithuania and White Russia|location = New York|publisher = Shengold|oclc = 473836052}}
* {{cite book|last = Gutman|first = I.|date = 1990|chapter = Partisans|title = Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust|volume = 3|location = New York|publisher = Macmillan|oclc = 698360042|pages = 1108–1122}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Kagan|first1 = J.|last2 = Cohen|first2 = D.|date = 1998|title = Surviving the Holocaust with the Russian Jewish partisans|location = London|publisher = Vallentine Mitchell|isbn = 9780853033356}}
* {{cite book|last = Levin|first = D.|date = 1985|title = Fighting back: Lithuanian Jewry's armed resistance to the Nazis, 1941–1945|location = New York|publisher = Holmes & Meier|isbn = 9780841908314}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Levin|first1 = D.|last2 = Brown|first2 = Z. A.|date = 1962|title = The Story of an Underground: The Resistance of the Jews of Kovno|location = Jerusalem|publisher = Yad Vashem|oclc = 460277004}}
* {{cite book|last = Levin|first = N.|author-link = Nora Levin|date = 1973|chapter = Resistance in the Forest|title = The Holocaust: the destruction of European Jewry|url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustdestr00levi_0|url-access = registration|location = New York|publisher = Schocken Books|isbn = 9780805203769|oclc = 488360602}}
* {{cite book|last = Smolar|first = H.|date = 1989|title = The Minsk Ghetto: Soviet–Jewish partisans against the Nazis|location = New York|publisher = Holocaust Library|isbn = 9780896040687}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
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* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206061728/http://www.jewishpartisans.net/ Interviews from the Underground: Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II]}} documentary film and website. (www.jewishpartisans.net)
* [http://www.jewishpartisans.org/ Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation] (jewishpartisans.org)
*[http://www.jewishpartisans.org/content/resist-curriculum Jewish Partisan Education Foundation curriculum] (jewishpartisans.org)
*[https://www.jewishpartisancommunity.org/ Jewish partisan community page](jewishpartisancommunity.org)
*[http://www.jewishpartisans.org/content/jewish-women-partisans Jewish women in the partisans] (jewishpartisans.org)
*[http://www.jewishpartisans.org/partisans-and-countries Jewish partisans and countries] (jewishpartisans.org)
*[http://www.jewishpartisans.org/films Films of the Jewish partisans] (jewishpartisans.org)
* [http://www.partisans.org.il/Site/default.aspx?lang=en Jewish partisans directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719073641/http://www.partisans.org.il/Site/default.aspx?lang=en |date=2011-07-19 }} (searchable, partisans.org.il)
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/resistance-to-the-holocaust The Holocaust: Resistance] at the Jewish Virtual Library
* {{YouTube|x9UPgdOeBnM|Partisans Song}}

{{Jews and Judaism in Lithuania}}

[[Category:Jewish partisans| ]]
[[Category:The Holocaust]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]