View source for Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

{{Short description|Middle Aramaic language once used by Jewish writers in Lower Mesopotamia}}
{{redirect|Talmudic Aramaic|the language of the Jerusalem Talmud|Jewish Palestinian Aramaic}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
| altname          = Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic, Jewish Aramaic, Talmudic<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Babylonian Aramaic|url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/tmr.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606181656/http://www.multitree.org/codes/tmr.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2019|publisher=[[Linguist List|LINGUIST List]]|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
| nativename       = {{lang|tmr|ארמית}} {{Transliteration|tmr|Ārāmît}}
| image            = IncantationBowl.jpg
| imagecaption     = [[Incantation bowl]] in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
| region           = Babylonia, modern day southern and some of central [[Iraq]]
| era              = ca. 200–1200 CE
| familycolor      = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2             = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| fam3             = [[Central Semitic languages|Central]]
| fam4             = [[Northwest Semitic]]
| fam5             = [[Aramaic languages|Aramaic]]
| fam6             = [[Eastern Aramaic languages|Eastern Aramaic]]
| fam7             = Southeastern
| iso3             = tmr
| glotto           = jewi1240
| glottorefname    = Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (c. 200–1200 CE)
| ancestor         = [[Old Aramaic]]
| script           = Babylonian Alphabet
}}

'''Jewish Babylonian Aramaic''' ([[Aramaic]]: {{lang|tmr|ארמית}} {{Transliteration|tmr|Ārāmît}}) was the form of [[Aramaic language#Middle Aramaic|Middle Aramaic]] employed by writers in [[Lower Mesopotamia]] between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]] (which was completed in the seventh century), the [[Targum Onqelos]], and of post-Talmudic ([[Geonim|Gaonic]]) literature, which are the most important cultural products of [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonian Jews]]. The most important [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on [[incantation bowl]]s.{{sfn|Sokoloff|2003}}

==Classification and type==
[[File:Zauberschale aus Mesopotamien.jpg|thumb|Incantation bowl inscribed in Babylonian Aramaic, using [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew square-script]], dated between 400 and 800, in the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]].]]
The language was closely related to Eastern Aramaic varieties such as [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]]. Its original pronunciation is uncertain and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and the reading tradition of the [[Yemenite Jews]],{{sfn|Morag|1988}} and where available those of the [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraqi]], [[Syrian Jews|Syrian]] and [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egyptian Jews]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The value of the [[Yemenite Hebrew|Yemenite reading tradition]] has been challenged by [[Matthew Morgenstern]].{{sfn|Morgenstern|2011}} Vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the [[Tanakh]] and the [[siddur]]im, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013}}

Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation like [[Law French]]{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} rather than a vernacular mother tongue,{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} and continued in use for these purposes long after [[Judeo-Arabic languages]] had become used in daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logic terms such as {{Transliteration|tmr|tiyuvta}} "conclusive refutation" and {{Transliteration|tmr|tiqu}} "undecidable moot point", which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced [[modern Hebrew]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Like the other [[Judeo-Aramaic languages]], it was written in the [[Hebrew alphabet]].

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Independent nominative pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Independent personal pronouns{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=78}}
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אנא}}
| First person, singular, common 
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|את}}
| Second person, singular, common 
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הוא  / איהו}}
| Third person, singular, masculine 
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|היא /  איהי}}
| Third person, singular, feminine 
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אנן}}
| First person, plural, common
|  {{Script/Hebrew|אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי}} <br /> We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=79}}
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אתון}}
| Second person, plural, masculine 
| {{Script/Hebrew|אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו}} <br />  It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a) <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|אתון דמיקרביתו לרב}} <br /> You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b)

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אינהו}}
| Third person, plural, masculine 
|  {{Script/Hebrew|אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי}} <br /> We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=79}}
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אינהי}}
| Third person, plural, feminine 
|
|}

==== Copulative pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Copulative pronouns{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=99}}
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|נא}}
| First person, singular, common 
| {{Script/Hebrew|עדיפנא}} <br /> I am more worthy ([[Kiddushin (tractate)|Kiddushin]] 29b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=99}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ת}}
| Second person, singular, common 
| {{Script/Hebrew|עציבת}} <br /> You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=99}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ניהו}}
| Third person, singular, masculine 
| {{Script/Hebrew|מי ידענא היכא ניהו}} <br /> Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=100}} <br />{{Script/Hebrew|הי ניהו}} <br /> which is it (Nid. 41b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=101}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ניהי}}
| Third person, singular, feminine
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|נן}}
| First person, plural, common 
| {{Script/Hebrew|זוטרינן}} <br /> we are young (Baba Qama 92b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=99}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|תו(ן)}}
| Second person, plural, masculine
| {{Script/Hebrew|חכימתו}} <br /> You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=99}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|נינהו}}
| Third person, plural, masculine
| {{Script/Hebrew|הני הילכתה נינהו}} <br />These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=82}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|גזלני נינהו}} <br />Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=100}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|סהדי שקרי נינהו}} <br />Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=100}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|נינהי}}
| Third person, plural, feminine
|  {{Script/Hebrew|קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי}} <br />Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=100}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי}} <br /> all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=100}} 
|}

==== Genitive pronominal suffixes ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Genitive pronominal suffix{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}
! Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew)
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ַ אי}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|pp=65, 66}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ִ י}}
| First person, singular possessive. '''My'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|נַפְשַאי}}  <br />  my person<br />  (jevamot 64b){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|דוּכְתַּאי}}  <br />  my position<br />  (ketuvot 77b){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}

|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|ִי ךְ}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ְ ךָ}}
| Second person, singular, possessive. '''Your'''
|   {{Script/Hebrew|פְּסוּקִיךְ}}  <br />  your verse <br />  (chagiga 15){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}

|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|ָ ךְ}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ֵ ךְ}}
| Second person, singular, possessive. '''Your'''
|   {{Script/Hebrew|רַבָּךְ}} <br />  your teacher <br />  (pesachim 24){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|שוּפְרָךְ}} <br />  your beauty <br />  (Bava Metzia 84a) <br /> אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ֵי הּ}} 
| {{Script/Hebrew|וֹ}}
| Third person, singular, masculine possessive. '''His'''
|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ}}
May his great name shall be blessed
(Kaddish Shalem, 8th century)

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ָ הּ}} 
| {{Script/Hebrew|ָ הּ}}
| Third person, singular, feminine possessive. '''Her'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ}} <br /> She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b){{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=91}}

|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|ִי ן}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ֵ נוּ}}
| First person, plural possessive. '''Our'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|אַרְעִין}} <br />  our land  (shanhedrin 94){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=66}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ַ יְכוּ}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ְ כֶם}}
| Second person, plural, masculine possessive. '''Your'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|גַבְרַיְיכוּ}} <br />  Your men  (Shabbat 140b){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ַ יְיכִי}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}}

 
| {{Script/Hebrew|ְ כֶן}}
| Second person, plural, feminine possessive. '''Your'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|קַרְחַיְיכִי}}  <br />  your baldness <br />  (pesachim 110){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}} <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|פַּרְחַיְיכִי}}  <br />  your crumbs <br />  (pesachim 110){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}} 
 
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ַ יְהוּ}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ָ ם}}
| Third person, plural, masculine possessive. '''Their'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|מָנַיְיהוּ}} <br />  their clothes (Shabbat 133b)<br /> {{Script/Hebrew|מִינַיְיהוּ(ן)}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=92}} <br /> from the men

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ַ יְהִי}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=67}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|ָ ן}}
| Third person, plural, feminine possessive. '''Their'''
| {{Script/Hebrew|עָלַיְיהִי(ן)}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=92}} <br /> about the women

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Suffix + אִית 
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתֵיהּ}}   
| '''He is/exists'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=95}}
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתָהּ}} 
| '''She is/exists'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=95}}
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתְנָן}} 
| '''We are/exist'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתַנְכוּ}} 
| '''You (pl. m.) are/exist'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתַנְכִי}}
| '''You (pl. f.) are/exist'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}
|
|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתַנְהוּ}}
| '''They (m.) are/exist'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=95}} 
|
|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|אִיתַנְהִי}}
| '''They (f.) are/exist'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=90, 104}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=95}} 
|
|}

==== Demonstrative pronoun ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal)
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"

| {{Script/Hebrew|הַאי(י)}} 
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. '''This (Hebrew:זֶה)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|מהַאי גִּיסָא  ומהַאי גִּיסָא  אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא}} <br /> on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|האיי דיאנא}} <br /> this judge <br />{{Script/Hebrew|האיי קלא}} <br /> this voice

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָא}} 
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. '''This (Hebrew:זֹאת)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|הא מילתא}} this word/thing

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָ(א)נֵי}} 
| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. '''These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָנֵי מילי}} these words/things

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָנֵי }}  
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. '''These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ}} <br /> (Chagiga 11b)  ('''These yes, those not  ''')
 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Demonstrative pronoun (medial)
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"

| {{Script/Hebrew|הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ}} 
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. '''That '''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=73}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|איתתיה דהאייך}} <br />  His wife of that (man)

|- style="height: 50px"
|  {{Script/Hebrew|הָא+ךְ←הָךְ}} 
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. '''That '''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|הך ארעא}} <br />   that land <br />{{Script/Hebrew|הך לשנא}} <br />   that language

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ}}

| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. '''Those '''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=73}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|מן הָנַךְ טעמי}} <br />   Because of those reasons <br /> {{Script/Hebrew|הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו}} <br /> Those others have gone away, and these are others here

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ}}   
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. '''Those '''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}

|  {{Script/Hebrew|הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ}} <br /> (Chagiga 11b)  ('''These yes, those not  ''')
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal)
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"

| {{Script/Hebrew|הָהוּ(א)}} 
| Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. '''That (Hebrew:הוּא)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|הָהוּא גַבְרָא}} <br /> (Berachot 6b) <br /> ('''any man, anybody, that man  ''')
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָהִי(א)}} 
| Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. '''That (Hebrew:הִיא)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}
|  {{Script/Hebrew|הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ}} <br />(nedarim 50b) <br />  ('''That woman, who came before him  ''')
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָנְהוּ }} 
| Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. '''Those (Hebrew:הֵם)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=72}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|הָנְהִי }}  
| Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. '''Those (Hebrew:הֵן)'''{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=80}}

|}

====  Accusative pronominal suffixes ====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Accusative pronominal suffix{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=191}}
! Meaning
! Examples
|- style="height: 50px"
|   {{Script/Hebrew|ַ ן}} <br />
{{Script/Hebrew|ַ 
ני}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=192}}

| First person, singular, common

|  {{Script/Hebrew|גַנְבַן}} (Nedarim 62) he stole me <br />
{{Script/Hebrew|נַטְרַנִי}} he supervised me{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=91}}

נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ך }}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=192}}

| Second person, singular, masculine
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|יך }}

| Second person, singular, feminine
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|יה }}

| Third person, feminine, singular
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ה }}

| Third person, masculine, singular
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ה }}

| Third person, masculine, singular
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ינן }}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=192}}

| First person, plural, common

|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ינכו }}

| second person, plural, masculine
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|נכי }}

| second person, plural, feminine
|
|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ינון / ינ(ה)ו }}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=194}}

| Third person, plural, masculine
|   {{Script/Hebrew|נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ}} (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them{{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|pp=84, 92}}

|- style="height: 50px"
| {{Script/Hebrew|ינון /  י(נ)הי}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher Siegal|2013|p=194}}

| Third person, plural, feminine
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי}} (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences){{sfn|Luzzatto|Krüger|1873|p=92}}
|}

===  Six major verbal patterns ===
There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.  The form ''pe‘al'' (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form ''Aph'el'' (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form ''Pa'el'' (פַּעֵל) “like to do”,  are all in the active voice. But the  form ''Itpe'el'' (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form ''Itaph'al'' (אִתַפְעַל) and the form ''Itpa'al'' (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually  function in a passive sense.<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=18}}: "A survey of the aramaic binyanim"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=23}}: "Talmud Bavli Aramaic"</ref>

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1
  |-
|Aramaic binyan     ||  Hebrew binyan ||  Aramaic example || Hebrew parallel || English translation
  |-
|  <big><big> פְּעַל </big></big> Pe'al  ||     <big><big> קַל  </big></big>   Qal/Pa'al||  <big> <big> כְּתַב </big>  </big>    || כָּתַב || he wrote
  |-
|  <big><big> אִתְפְּעֵל </big></big>  Itpe'el ||     <big><big> נִפְעַל  </big></big>   Niphal ||  <big> <big> אִתְכְּתֵיב </big>  </big>    || נִכְתַב  || it was written

|-
|  <big><big> אַפְעֵל </big></big> Aph'el ||     <big><big> הִפְעִיל  </big></big>   Hiph'il ||  <big> <big> אַפְקֵד </big>  </big>    || הִפְקִיד  || he deposited
   |-
|   <big><big> אִתַפְעַל </big></big> Itaph'al ||    <big><big> הֻפְעַל  </big></big>  Huph‘al  ||  <big> <big> אִתַפְקַד </big>  </big>    || הֻפְקַד  || it was deposited
  |-

|  <big><big> פַּעֵל </big></big>  Pa'el ||   <big><big> פִּעֵל  </big></big>  Pi'el  ||  <big> <big> קַדֵּיש   </big>  </big>    ||  קִדֵּש || he sanctifed
  |-
|   <big><big> אִתְפַּעַל </big></big> Itpa'al ||   <big><big> הִתְפַּעֵל  </big></big>  Hitpa'el||  <big> <big> וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ </big></big>     || הִתְקַדֵּשׁ || it was sanctifed
  |-
|}
  </div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): ''pe‘al'' (פְּעַל) Basic Verb – Active ====

; past tense 
<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' WROTE '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=22}}: "Past tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WROTE''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא כְּתַבִית ||אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי  ||  ana k'tavit || ani katavti  || I wrote  
|-
|  אַתְּ  כְּתַבְתְּ ||אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ    || att' k'tavt || atta katavta  || you (m.) wrote   
|-
|  אַתְּ  כְּתַבְתְּ ||אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ    ||  att' k'tavt || att' katavt   || you (f.) wrote   
|-
|  הוּא  כְּתַב ||הוּא כָּתַב    ||  hu k'tav || hu katav   || he  wrote   
|-
|  הִיא כְּתַבָה ||הִיא כָּתְבָה    ||  hi k'tava || hi kat'va   || she wrote    
|-
|  אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן ||אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ || anan k'tavinan  || anu katavnu || we wrote   
|-
|  אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם || attu k'tavitu || attem k'tavtem   || you (m.pl.) wrote      
|-
|  אינון  כְּתַבוּ ||הם כָּתְּבוּ    ||  innun k'tavu || hem katvu   || they (m.) wrote   
|-
|}

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb   ''' CAME '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=123}}: "Past tense: came"</ref> || Hebrew verb parallel  ''' CAME ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי  <br />אֲנָא   אֲתַאי  ||אֲנִי בָּאתִי   ||  ana ateti/ana atai || ani  bati  || I came   
|-
|  אַתְּ  אֲתֵית  ||אַתָּה בָּאתָ    || at atet || ata   bata   || you (m.) came     
|-
|  אַתְּ  ?  ||אַתְּ בָּאת    ||  at ? || at  bat  || you (f.) came   
|-
|  הוּא  אֲתָא   ||הוּא בָּא    ||  hu ata || hu  ba  || he  came   
|-
|  הִיא אֲתָת   <br />הִיא    אֲתַאי <br />הִיא    אתיא <br />||הִיא בָּאָה    ||  i atat/atai/atjia || hi  ba'a  || she came      
|-
|  אֲנָן אֲתַאן   <br />אֲנָן אֲתַן <br />אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן <br />||אָנוּ בָּאנוּ || anan atan/atenan  || anu  banu    || we  came    
|-
|  אַתּוּ    אֲתֵיתוּ  ||אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם || atu atetu || atem  batem  || you (m.pl.) came      
|-
|  אינון  אֲתוּ ||הם בָּאוּ    ||  innun atu || hem    ba'u     || they (m.)  came   
|-
|  אינין  אֲתַיָין   <br />אינין  אֲתַאָן <br />יאינין  אתן <br />||הן בָּאוּ    ||    innin attajan || hen ba'u    || they (f.)  came   
|-

|}
</div>

;  Participle

The Aramaic verb has two [[participle]]s: an active participle with [[suffix]]{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=32}} and a passive participle with [[suffix]]:{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=33}}

; active participles with suffix

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic active participle ''' WRITE''' with suffix  || Hebrew active participle ''' WRITE''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|  כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא ||אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב  || katevna←katev+ana  || ani kotev || I write
|-
| כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ ||אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב  || katvat← katev+ata || ata kotev  || you  write
|-
| כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן ||אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים || katvinan←katvi+anan || anu kotvim  || we  write
|-
| כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים || katvitu← katvi+atu || atem kotvim  || you (pl.)  write
|-

|}

  </div>

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic active participle ''' COME ''' with suffix<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=124}}: "active participle with suffi"</ref>  || Hebrew active participle '''COME ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|  אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא ||אֲנִי בָּא      || atena←ate+ana  || ani ba || I come  
|-
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא +  אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ ||אַתָּה בָּא      || atet← ate+at || ata ba || You come   
|-
| אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן ||אָנוּ בָּאִים || atinan←atu+anan || anu ba'iim   || we come   
|-

|}
</div>

; passive participle with suffix

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic passive participle with suffix ''' BUSY '''   || Hebrew passive participle ''' BUSY '''  || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|  עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא ||אֲנִי עָסוּק || assiqna←assiq+ana  || ani assuq || I am busy
|-
| עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ ||אַתָּה עָסוּק || assiqat← assiq+ata || ata assuq  || you  are busy
|-
| עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן ||אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים|| assiqinan←assiqi+anan || anu assuqim  || we  are busy
|-
| עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים|| assiqitu← assiqi+atu || atem assuqim   || you (pl.)  are busy
|-
|}

</div>

;  infinitive /gerund

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic infinitive /gerund  ''' TO COME '''   || Hebrew infinitive /gerund || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|  (לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא  ||(לָ)בוֹא  || Lemeta/meteyi  || la'vo || TO COME
|-

|}

  </div>

;  Future tense 
<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' WILL WRITE '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=36}}: "Future tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WILL WRITE''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב  ||אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב     ||  ana eikhtov || ani ekhtov || I will write 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִּיכְתּוֹב  ||אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב  || at tikhtov || ata  tikhtov  || You (m.sing.)will write 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִּיכְתְּבִין ||אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי    ||  at tikhtevin || at tikhtevi  || You (f.sing.) will write  
|-
|  הוּא  לִיכְתּוֹב ||הוּא יִכְתּוֹב ||  hu likhtov || hu yikhtov     || He will write 
|-
|  הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב ||הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב    ||  hi tikhtov      ||  hi tikhtov   || She will write    
|-
|  אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב ||אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב || anan likhtov  || anu nikhtov    || We will write 
|-
|  אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן  ||אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ || atu tikhtevu || atem tikhtevun   || you (m.pl.) will write  
|-
|  אינון  לִיכְתְּבוּן ||הם יכְתְּבוּ    ||  innun likhtevun || hem yikhtevu|| they (m.pl.)  will write  
|-

|}
</div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): '' Itpe'el ''  (אִתְפְּעֵל)  Basic Verb – Passive ====

;  past tense 
<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' WAS/WERE WRITTEN '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=25}}: "Past tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WAS/WERE WRITTEN ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית ||אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי  ||  ana itk'tevit || ani nikhtavti || I was written 
|-
|  אַתְּ  אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ ||אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה    || at itk'tavt || ata nikhtavta  || you (m.s.) were written   
|-
|  אַתְּ  אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ ||אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ    ||  at itk'tavt || at nikhtavt  || you (f.s.) were  written   
|-
|  הוּא  אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב ||הוּא נִכְתַבְ    ||  hu itk'tev || hu nikhtav   || it (m.) was written 
|-
|  הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה  ||הִיא נִכְתְּבָה    ||  hi itkatva || hi nikhteva  || it (f.) was written   
|-
|  אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן ||אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ || anan itkatvinan  || anu nikhtavnu  || we were written   
|-
|  אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם || atu itkatvitu || atem nikhtavtem    || you (m.pl.) were written 
|-
|  אינון  אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ ||הם נִכְתְּבוּ    ||  innun itkatvu || hem nikhtevu  || they (m.pl.) were written  
|-

|}

</div>

;  future tense 
<div style="direction: rtl;">
{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' Will BE WRITTEN '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=39}}: "Future tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' Will BE WRITTEN ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב ||אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב   ||  ana ekktev || ani ekkatev  || I will be written 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב ||אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב    || at tikktev || ata tikkatev  || you (m.s.) will be written 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין ||אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי    ||  at tikkatevin   || at tikkatevi  || you (f.s.) will be written 
|-
|  הוּא  לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב ||הוּא יִכָּתֵיב    ||  hu likktev || hu yikkatev  || it (m.) will be written 
|-
|  הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב  ||הִיא תִכָּתֵיב    ||  hi tikktev      ||  hi tikkatev || it (f.)  will be written     
|-
|  אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב ||אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב || anan likktev  || anu nikkatev  || we will be written  
|-
|  אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ  ||אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ || atu tikkat'vu || atem tikkatvu  || you (m.pl.) will be written  
|-
|  אינון  לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן ||הם יִכָּתבוּ    ||  innun likktevun || em ikkatvu  || they (s.pl.) will be written 
|-
|  אינין    לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן ||הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה    ||    innin likkt'van || en tikkatevna || they (m.pl.) will be written  
|-

|}

|}
</div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): ''pa‘el''  (פַּעֵל) [[Frequentative]] – Active  ====
The verbal pattern (binyan) ''pa‘el''  are [[Frequentative |frequentative verbs]] showing repeated or intense action.

The verbal pattern ''pa'el'' is [[Active voice|Active]]  [[Frequentative]].

;  past tense

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' SANCTIFIED '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=23}}: "Past tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  '''  SANCTIFIED ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית ||אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי  ||  ana qadeshit || ani qiddashti ||  I sanctified  
|-
|  אַתְּ  קַדֵּישְתְּ ||אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ    || at qadesht || ata qiddashta  ||  You (m.s.) sanctified  
|-
|  אַתְּ  קַדֵּישְתְּ ||אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ    ||  at qadesht || at qiddasht ||  You (f.s.) sanctified   
|-
|  הוּא  קַדֵּיש ||הוּא קִדֵּש    ||  hu qaddesh || hu qiddesh  ||  he sanctified  
|-
|  הִיא קַדִּישָה ||הִיא קִדְּשָה    ||  hi qaddisha || hi qiddsha ||  she sanctified    
|-
|  אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן ||אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ || anan qaddeshnan  || anu qiddashnu ||  we sanctified    
|-
|  אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם || atu qaddeshtu || atem qiddashtem  ||  You (m.pl.) sanctified   
|-
|  אינון  קַדִּישוּ ||הם קִדְּשוּ    ||  innun qaddishu || hem qiddshu  ||  they (m.pl.) sanctified  
|-

|}
</div>

;  future tense

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''  WILL SANCTIFY '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=37}}: "Future tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WILL SANCTIFY ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש ||אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש   ||  ana aqadesh || ani aqadesh  ||  I will sanctify
|-
|  אַתְּ  תְקַדֵּיש ||אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש || at teqadesh || ata teqadesh  ||  You (m.s.) will sanctify
|-
|  אַתְּ  תְקַדְּשִי ||אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי    ||  at teqadeshi || at teqadeshi   ||  You (f.s.)  will sanctify
|-
|  הוּא  יְקַדֵּיש ||הוּא יְקַדֵּש ||  hu yeqadesh || hu yeqadesh   ||  he will sanctify  
|-
|  הִיא תְקַדֵּיש ||הִיא תְקַדֵּש    ||  hi teqadesh      ||  hi teqadesh  ||  she will sanctify    
|-
|  אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש ||אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש || anan leqadesh  || anu neqadesh    ||  we will sanctify
|-
|  אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ  ||אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ || atu teqadshu || atem teqadshu   ||  You (m.pl.)  will sanctify 
|-
|  אינון  לְקַדְּשוּ ||הם יְקַדְּשוּ    ||  innun leqadshu || hem yeqadeshu   ||  they (m.pl.)  will sanctify
|-
|  אינין    לְקַדְּשָן ||הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה    ||    innin leqadshan || hen teqadeshna   ||  they (f.pl.)  will sanctify
|-

|}
</div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): ''Itpa'al''  (אִתְפַּעַל) [[Frequentative]] – Passive   ====

The verbal pattern ''itpa'al'' is [[Passive voice|Passive]]  [[Frequentative]].

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''  WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=26}}: "Past tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית ||אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי  ||  ana yiqqadashit   || ani nitqadashti  || I was sanctified 
|-
|  אַתְּ  יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ ||אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה    || at yiqqadasht  || ata nitqqadasha  || you (m.s.) were sanctified  
|-
|  אַתְּ  יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ ||אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ    ||  at yiqqadasht || at nitqadasht   || you (f.s.) were sanctified 
|-
|  הוּא  יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ ||הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ    ||  hu yiqqadash || hu nitqadash   || it (m.) was sanctified 
|-
|  הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה  ||הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה    ||  hi yiqqadasha || hi nitqadasha   || it (f.) was sanctified  
|-
|  אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן ||אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ || anu yiqqadashinan  || anu nitqadashnu   || we were  sanctified  
|-
|  אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם || atu yiqqadashitu || innu nitqadashtem  || they (f.) were sanctified   
|-
|  אִינון  יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ ||הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ    ||  innun  yiqqadashitu || hem nitqadashu   || they (m.) were  sanctified  
|-

|}

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''  WILL BE SANCTIFIED  '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=40}}: "Future tense: banyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WILL BE SANCTIFIED ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |- 
|   אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ ||אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ   ||  ana eqqadash || ani etqadesh  || I will be sanctified 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ ||אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ    || at tiqqadash || ata titqadesh   || you (m.s.) will be sanctified  
|-
|  אַתְּ  תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין ||אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי    ||  at tiqqadshin   || at titqadshi   || you (f.s.) will be sanctified  
|-
|  הוּא  לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ ||הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ    ||  hu liqqadash || hu yitqadesh   || it (m.) will be sanctified 
|-
|  הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ  ||הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ    ||  hi tiqqadash      ||  hi titqadesh   || it (f.) will be sanctified    
|-
|  אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ ||אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ || anan liqqadash  || anu nitqadesh   || we will be sanctified  
|-
|  אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ  ||אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ || atu tiqqadshu || atem titqadshu   || you (m.pl.) will be sanctified  
|-
|  אינון  לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן ||הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ    ||  innun liqqadshun || hem yitqadshu   || they (m.pl.) will be sanctified 
|-
|  אינין    לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן ||הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה    ||    innin liqqadshan || hen titqadeshna   || they (f.pl.)  will be sanctified 
|-

|}
</div>

</div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): ''aph‘el'' ({{Script/Hebrew|אַפְעֵל}}) [[Causative]] – Active ====

The verbal pattern ''aphel'' is [[Active voice|Active]]  [[Causative]].

; past tense

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''   DEPOSITED  '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=24}}: "Past tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  '''   DEPOSITED ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית ||אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי  ||  ana afqedit || ani hifqaḏti ||  I deposited 
|-
|  אַתְּ  אַפְקֵידְתְּ ||אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ    || at afqedt || ata hifqaḏtta  ||  you (m.s.) deposited 
 
|-
|  אַתְּ  אַפְקֵידְתְּ ||אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ    ||  at afqedt || at hifqaḏett  ||  you (f.s.) deposited 
 
|-
|  הוּא  אַפְקֵיד ||הוּא הִפְקִיד    ||  hu afqed || hu yifqid   ||  he deposited

|-
|  הִיא אַפְקִידָה ||הִיא הִפְקִידָה    ||  hi afqidah || hi  yifqidah  ||  she deposited 
  
|-
|  אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן ||אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ || anan afqedinan  || anu  hifqadnu   ||  we deposited 
 
|-
|  אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ  ||אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם || atu afqeditu || atem  hifqaḏtem    ||  you (m.pl.) deposited

|-
|  אינון  אַפְקִידוּ ||הם הִפְקִידוּ    ||  innun aphqidu || hem  hifqidu   ||  they (m.pl.) deposited

|-

|}
</div>

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''   BROUGHT  '''{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=123 ff.}} ||Hebrew verb parallel  '''   BROUGHT ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית ||אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי   ||  ana ajtet || ani heveti ||  I brought 
|-
|  אַתְּ  אַיְיתֵיית ||אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ     || at aytet || ata heveta  ||  you (m.s.) brought 
|-

|  הוּא  אַיְיתִי  ||הוּא הֵבִיא ||  hu ayti || hu hevi  ||  he brought 
|-
|  הִיא אַיְיתָא<br />הִיא אַתָיְא<br />הִיא אַתָאי<br /> ||הִיא הֵבִיאָה     ||  hi ayta || hi  heviya   ||  she brought 
|-
|  אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא ||אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ  || anan aytena  || anu  hevenu  ||  we brought  
|-
|  אינון אַיְיתוּ ||הם הֵבִיאוּ     ||  innun aytu || em   hevi'u   ||  they (m.pl.) brought  
|-

|}
</div>

;  Participle

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic active participle ''' BRING ''' with suffix<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=124}}: "active participle with suffi"</ref> || Hebrew active participle ''' BRING ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|  מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא ||אֲנִי מֵבִיא      || maitena  ←maite+ana  || ani mevi || I bring 
|-
|  מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא +  אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ ||אַתָּה מֵבִיא      || maitet← maite+at || ata mevi || you bring  
|-
| מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן ||אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים || maitinan←atu+maitu || anu mev'iim  || we bring  
|-
|}

</div>

;  Future tense

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb   ''' WILL DEPOSITE '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=38}}: "Future tense: binyan"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WILL DEPOSITE ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אַפְקֵד ||אֲנִי אַפְקִיד   ||  ana afqed || ani afqid  || I will deposite
|-
|  אַתְּ  תַפְקֵד ||אַתָּה תַפְקִיד || at tafqed|| ata tafqid || you (m.) will deposite

|-
|  אַתְּ  תַפְקְדִי ||אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי    ||  at tafqedi || at tafqidi  || you (f.) will deposite
|-
|  הוּא  לַפְקֵד ||הוּא יַפְקִיד ||  hu lafqed|| hu yahqid  || he will deposite  
|-
|  הִיא תַפְקֵד ||הִיא תַפְקִיד    ||  hi tafqed      ||  hi tafqid  || she will deposite   
|-
|  אֲנָן לַפְקֵד ||אָנוּ נַפְקִיד || anan lafqed  || anu nafqid   || we will deposite
|-
|  אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ  ||אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ || atu tafqedu || atem tafqidu || you (m.pl.) will deposite  
|-
|  אינון  לַפְקְדוּ ||הם יַפְקִידוּ    ||  innun lafqedu || hem yafqidu  || they (m.) will deposite
|-

|}
</div>

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  ''' WILL BRING '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=125}}: "Future tense: will bring"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  ''' WILL BRING''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|- 
|   אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי ||אֲנִי אָבִיא    ||  ana ayite || ani avi || I will bring 
|-
|  אַתְּ  תַיְיתֵי    ||אַתָּה תָּבִיא  || at tayite|| ata tavi  || you (m.) will bring 
|-
|  אַתְּ  ? ||אַתְּ תָּבִיאי    ||  at ? || at tavi'i   || you (f.) will bring 
|-
|  הוּא  לַיְיתֵי   ||הוּא יָבִיא  ||  hu layite || hu yavi   || he will bring   
|-
|  הִיא תַיְיתֵי   ||הִיא תָּבִיא    ||  hi tayite      ||  hi tavi   || she will bring    
|-
|  אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי   ||אָנוּ נָבִיא  || anan layite  || anu navi || we will bring 
|-
|  אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ ||אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ || atu tayitu || atem tavi'u   || you (m.pl.) will bring  
|-
|  אינון  לַיְתוּ ||הם יָבִיאוּ     ||  innun layitu || em yavi'u   || they (m.) will bring  
|-

|}
</div>

====  Verbal pattern (binyan): ''itaphal'' (אִתַּפְעַל)  [[Causative]] – Passive voice ====

The verbal pattern ''itaphal'' is [[Passive voice|Passive]]  [[Causative]].

<div style="direction: rtl;">

{| border=1 
|- 
| Aramaic verb  '''   was refuted/were refuted  '''<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=94}}: "Past tense:was refuted/were refuted"</ref> ||Hebrew verb parallel  '''   was refuted/were refuted ''' || Romanization of Aramaic   || Romanization of Hebrew  || English translation
  |-

|-

|  הוּא  אִיתּוֹתַב ||הוּא הוּשַׁב    ||  hu ittothav || hu hushav  ||it (m.s.) was refuted
  
|-
|  אינון  אִיתּוֹתְבוּ ||הם הוּשְׁבוּ     ||  innun ittotvu || hem  hushvu  || they (m.pl.) were refuted
|-

|}
</div>

=== Noun: singular/plural ===

<div style="direction: rtl;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+  noun: singular{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=231–232}}

! Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
! Hebrew parallel
! English translation <br />of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
|-

|-
| '''{{lang|tmr|מַלְכָּא}}''' ({{Transliteration|tmr|malk-a}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}} 
|  '''{{lang|hbo|המֶלֶךְ}}''' ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-melekh}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|the king{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|-

| '''{{lang|tmr|עָלְמָא}}''' ({{Transliteration|tmr|ʿalm-a}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
| '''{{lang|hbo|העוֹלָם}}''' ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-ʿolam}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|the world{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
 
|-
| '''{{lang|tmr|מְדִינְתָא}}''' ({{Transliteration|tmr|meḏin-ta}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
| '''{{lang|hbo|המְדִינָה }}''' ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-medina}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=232}}
|the state{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=232}}
 
|-
|{{lang|tmr|מְנָא הָא '''מִילְּתָא''' דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי}}   ({{Transliteration|tmr|mil-tha}})<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=178}}: "From where is the maxim that people say"</ref>
| {{lang|hbo| מִנַּיִין '''מִלָּה''' זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים  אֲנָשִׁים }}  ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-mila}}) 
|the word/thing{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|-

|}
</div>

<div style="direction: rtl;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+  noun: plural{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=231–232}}

! Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
! Hebrew parallel
! English translation <br />of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
|-

|-
|  {{lang|tmr|'''מַלְכֵי'''}} ({{Transliteration|tmr|malkheji}})/ {{lang|tmr|מַלְכַיָּא}} ({{Transliteration|tmr|malkh-aya}})<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2011|p=233}}: "...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as '''{{lang|tmr|מַלְכֵי}}'''"</ref> are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form '''{{lang|tmr|מַלְכֵי}}''' may mean either ''the kings of'' or ''kings'' or ''the kings''"{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}

| {{lang|hbo|'''המְלָכִים'''}} ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-melakhim}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|the kings{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=233}} 
|-
|  {{lang|tmr|'''עָלְמֵי'''}} ({{Transliteration|tmr|ʿalmeyi}})/ {{lang|tmr|עָלְמַיָּא}} ({{Transliteration|tmr|ʿalm-ayia}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|{{lang|hbo|'''העוֹלָמים'''}}  ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-olamim}}){{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
|the worlds{{sfn|Frank|2011|p=231}}
 
|-
| {{lang|tmr|מְנָא הָנֵי '''מִילֵּי'''}} ({{Transliteration|tmr|mil-eyi}})<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=178}}: "From where do we derive these things"</ref>
| {{lang|hbo|מִנַּיִין '''המִילִּים''' האֵלֶּה}}  ({{Transliteration|hbo|ha-milim}}) 
|the words/things
|-

|}
</div>

=== List of verbs ===

<div style="direction: rtl;">
{| border=1 
|- 
|Aramaic verb || Hebrew verb parallel  ||  English translation
|- 
|בע'{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 105ff}}  ||    רָצָה  || ask, request, want and require
|- 
|חז'{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 108ff}} ||רָאָה ||  see
|- 
|עבד{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 59ff}} || עָשָׂה ||  do/make
|- 
|פלג{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 50ff}}|| חלק || divide 
|- 
|צרך{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 56ff}}|| צריך ||  necessity 
|-     
|את'{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 123ff}}  ||    בָּא  ||  come 
|- 
|תנ'{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 116ff}} ||שנה || teach, learn, state, recite and repeat
|- 
|תוב{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 93}} || שוב ||  return
|- 
|נפק{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 68ff}}||יָצָא ||  go out
|- 
|נחת{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 70ff}}||יָרַד || go down
 
|- 
|סלק{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 74}}|| עָלָה || go up 
|- 
|ילף{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 82ff}}|| למד || learn, teach
|- 
|יתב{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 88ff}}||יָשַׁב || to sit   
|- 
|זבן{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, (Nr. 2 – Index)}}  ||    קָנָה/מָכַר  ||  to buy/sell
|- 
|הדר{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 64}} ||חָזַר ||   to return
|- 
|סלק{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 74ff}} || הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר ||  to remove
|- 
|גלי{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 111}}||גִּלָּה || to reveal
|- 
|אסי{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 114ff}}||רִפֵּא|| to heal, cure
 
|- 
|הוי{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 126ff}}|| הָיָה   ||he was
|- 
|קום /  קָאֵם{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, 132ff}}||הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד||   to stand
|- 
|עלל{{sfn|Frank|2011|pp=49, (Nr. 26 – Index)}}||בָּא אֶל|| to enter

|- 
   
|}

</div>

== Idiom ==
<div style="direction: rtl;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Idiom

! Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
! Hebrew parallel
! English translation <br />of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
|-

|  קָאֵים <br /> (qa'em){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=230}}
| – 
| "rising, standing, referring to"<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=230}}: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix – אֵי, to mean ''basing oneself upon'' or ''referring to''."</ref>
|-

|   קָאֵים – '''קָא'''    <br />(qa){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=229}}
|  –
| –<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=229}}: "A contraction of the participle {{lang|he|קָאֵים}} (from the root  {{lang|he|קום}}) is often placed before another participle&nbsp;... it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into English."</ref>
|-

| מַאי '''קָא''' מַשְׁמַע לַן <br />(mai qa mashma lan){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=153}}
| מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ  לָנּוּ  <br />(ma mashma lanu)
| "What new point is he teaching us "<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=153}}: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion – why did the amora present it again?"</ref>
|-

| מַאי '''קָ'''אָמַר <br />(mai qa'amar){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=152}}
|   מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר <br />(ma hu omer)
| "What does he mean "<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=152}}: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."</ref> 
|-

|  תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן <br />(tanu rabanan){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=260}}
| שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים <br />(shanu khakhamim)
| "the rabbis taught"<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|p=260}}: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."</ref>

|-

| מְנָא  הָנֵי מִילֵּי  <br />(mena hane mileji){{sfn|Frank|2001|p=178}}
| מִנַּיִין המִילִּים  האֵלֶּה <br />(minajin ha-milim ha-ele)
| "What is the source"<ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2001|pp=178}}: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."</ref>
|-

|}
</div>

==Modern study==
The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bushinsky |first=J. |url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2005/4/kurdisrael1.htm |title=The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel |via=Ekurd Daily  |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=15 April 2005 |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jewish Palestinian Aramaic]]

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Bar-Asher Siegal |first=Elitzur A. |url=http://www.ugarit-verlag.de/los.htm |title=Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |location=Münster |publisher=Ugarit |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-86835-084-5}}
* {{cite book |first=J. N. |last=Epstein |title=Diqduq Aramit Bavlit |trans-title=Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic |year=1960 |language=he}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Yitzhak Frank |last=Frank |first=Yitzhak |title=Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Ariel Institute |year=2000 |isbn=0-87306-612-X}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Yitzhak Frank |last=Frank |first=Yitzhak |title=The Practical Talmud Dictionary |location=Jerusalem |year=2001}}{{publisher missing|date=January 2025}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Yitzhak Frank |last=Frank |first=Yitzhak |title=Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Ariel Institute |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59826-466-1}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Marcus Jastrow |last=Jastrow |first=Marcus |title=A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature|isbn=1-56563-860-3 |ref=Jastrow}}{{year needed|date=January 2025}}<!--For the purpose of page references we assume all printings are the same. If this isn't the case, please specify-->
* {{cite book |last=Kara |first=Yehiel |title=Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud: Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Verb |location=Jerusalem |year=1983}}{{publisher needed|date=January 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Klein |first=Hyman |title=An Introduction to the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud |location=London |year=1943}}{{publisher needed|date=January 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Kutscher |first=Eduard Yechezkel |title=Hebrew and Aramaic Studies |editor1-first=Z. |editor1-last=Ben-Hayyim |editor2-first=A. |editor2-last=Dotan |editor3-first=G. |editor3-last=Sarfatti |location=Jerusalem |publisher=The Magnes Press / The Hebrew University |year=1977}}{{clarify|reason=Kutscher died in 1971. This seems to be from a collection of his works published posthumously ("Hebrew and Aramaic Studies"?) |date=January 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Levias |first=Caspar |title=A grammar of the Aramaic idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud |year=1900}}{{publisher missing|date=January 2025}}<!--Year also dubious: there is a copy on archive.org from 1896, published by Bloch of Cincinnati https://archive.org/details/grammarofaramaic00levi/page/n2/mode/1up --> (reprints available)
* {{cite book |last=Marcus |first=David |title=A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=0-8191-1363-8 |ref=Marcus}}{{year needed|date=January 2025}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Max Margolis |last=Margolis |first=Max Leopold |title=A manual of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud; grammar chrestomathy & glossaries |location=Munich |year=1910 }}{{publisher missing|date=January 2025}} (reprints available)
* {{cite book |last=Melamed |first=Ezra Zion |title=Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud |publisher=Feldheim |year=2005 |isbn=1-58330-776-1}}
*{{cite book |title=Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition – Historical Aspects and Transmission Phonology: the Verbal System |last=Morag|first= Shelomo|year=1988 |publisher=Ben Zvi Institute |location= Jerusalem |isbn=0-8018-7233-2 |language=he}}{{verify source|reason=This appears to be in English, not Hebrew|date=January 2025}}
*{{cite book |title=Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based Upon Early Eastern Manuscripts |last=Morgenstern|first= Matthew|year=2011 |publisher=Harvard Semitic Studies  |isbn=978-1-57506-938-8}}
*{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods |last=Sokoloff |first= Michael|year=2003 |publisher=Bar Ilan and Johns Hopkins University Press  |isbn=0-8018-7233-2}}
*{{cite book |first1=Samuel David |last1=Luzzatto |first2=Marcus Salomon |last2=Krüger |title=Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss |language=de |publisher=Schletter |location=Breslau |year=1873}}
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[[Category:Languages attested from the 4th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Eastern Aramaic languages]]
[[Category:History of Mesopotamia]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
[[Category:Judeo-Aramaic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]
[[Category:Sacred languages]]