View source for Jersey

{{Short description|British Crown Dependency and country in Europe}}
{{About|the island in the English Channel|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Bailiwick of Jersey
| official_name = Bailiwick of Jersey
| native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|nrf-JE|Jèrri}}}}
| settlement_type = [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]]
| linking_name = Jersey
| image_flag = Flag of Jersey.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| image_seal = Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg
| seal_size = 75
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| anthem = "[[Beautiful Jersey]]"<ref name="anthem">{{Cite web |title=The Jersey anthem: Beautiful Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/leisure/jersey/pages/jerseyanthem.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> 
| song = "[[God Save the King]]"{{Efn|"God Save the King" is the [[national anthem]] by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Anthem |url=https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130352/https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |url-status=live }}</ref> The words ''King, he, him, his'', used at present, are replaced by ''Queen, she, her'' when the monarch is female.}}<ref name="anthem" /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen <!-- Do not change file name due to computer error without ensuring that the file is playable. -->]]</div>
| song_type = '''British national anthem'''
| image_map = Europe-Jersey.svg
| mapsize = 
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey}}
| image_map2 = Jersey-islands.png
| mapsize2 = 
| map_caption2 = Map of islands of [[Bailiwick]] of Jersey
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] responsible for Jersey{{r|fact relation|framework}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| established_title2 = Separation from the [[Duchy of Normandy]]
| established_date2 = 1204
| official_languages = {{ubli|[[English language|English]] | [[Jèrriais]] | [[Jersey Legal French]] | {{efn|Jersey does not have a ''de jure'' official language, but these are the permitted languages in the island's parliament, the [[States Assembly]].<ref>{{Citation|mode=cs1 |date=15 January 2018 |title= Jèrriais: Optional use in the States Chamber |at=P.4/2018 |url= https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey Greffe |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107205139/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The working and most widely spoken language is English, though French retains a historical and ceremonial working role.}} }}
| capital = [[St Helier]]{{efn|St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however [[Government House, Jersey|Government House]], the official royal residence of the island, is located in [[Saint Saviour, Jersey|Saint Saviour]].}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|49|11.4|N|2|6.6|W|type:city}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 95.8% [[White people|White]]
** 44.4% [[Jersey people|Jersey]]
** 30.5% [[British people|British]]
** 9.4% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
** 3.0% [[Polish people|Polish]]
** 2.1% [[Irish people|Irish]]
** 1.4% [[Romanians]]
** 5% other [[Demographics of Europe|European]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 1.9% [[Asian people|Asian]]
| 0.9% [[African people|African]]
| 1.3% [[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
| ethnic_groups_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulletin 2: Place of birth, ethnicity, length of residency, marital status. |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/Census/pages/census2021results.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810163514/https://www.gov.je/Government/Census/Pages/Census2021Results.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 52.3% Christianity
** 23% [[Anglican]]
** 22.5% [[Catholicism]]
** 6.8% other [[Christians|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 39% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
| 3% other religion
}}
| religion_year = 2015
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |title=Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015 |publisher=States of Jersey |page=8 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151311/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demonym = [[Jersey people|Islanders]], Jerseyman, Jerseywoman, Jersey bean, Jersey crapaud, Jèrriais(e)
| government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey|Sovereign]]
| leader_name1 = [[Charles III]]
| leader_title2 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Lieutenant governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jerry Kyd|Sir Jerry Kyd]]
| leader_title3 = [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]]
| leader_name3 = [[Robert MacRae]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Minister of Jersey|Chief minister]]
| leader_name4 = [[Lyndon Farnham]]
| legislature = [[States Assembly]]
| national_representation = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice|Minister]]
| national_representation1 = [[Alison Levitt, Baroness Levitt|Baroness Levitt]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Ministerial appointments: September 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
| area_km2 = 119.6<ref name=figures />
| area_rank = {{small|unranked}}
| area_sq_mi = 45.56
| percent_water = 0
| elevation_max_m = 143
| population_census = 103,267<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |website=Government of Jersey |department=2022 News |title=First Census Results Published |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091118/https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_estimate_rank = 182nd
| population_density_km2 = 859
| population_density_sq_mi = 2225
| GDP_nominal = £4.885&nbsp;billion (US$6.17&nbsp;billion)<ref name="NationalAccounts">{{cite web |title=Jersey's National Accounts 2022 |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/Pages/StatesReports.aspx?ReportID=5853 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Government of Jersey}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP = £4.57&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Measuring Jersey's Economy |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20GVA%20and%20GDP%202015%2020160927%20SU.pdf |access-date=28 January 2018 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192033/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20GVA%20and%20GDP%202015%2020160927%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2015
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = £45,783
| Gini = 0.3
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change = steady
| Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.985
| HDI_year = 2011
| HDI_change = steady
| HDI_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2009|title=Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index |url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100501/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2011 |website=United Nations ESCAP}}</ref>
| currency = {{ubl|[[Pound sterling]] | [[Jersey pound]] (£)}}
| currency_code = GBP
| timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset = ±00:00
| timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +01:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| electricity = 230 V–50 Hz
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom#Jersey|+44]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Crown Dependencies|UK postcode]]
| postal_code = [[JE postcode area|JE1 – JE5]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:JE|JE]]
| cctld = [[.je]]
| largest_settlement = capital
| largest_settlement_type = largest parish{{efn|The largest settlement in Jersey is in fact made up of parts of various parishes and is often referred to as "town" by islanders.}}
}}

'''Jersey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɜr|z|i}} {{respell|JUR|zee}}; {{langx|nrf|Jèrri|label=[[Jèrriais]]}} {{IPA|nrf|ʒɛri|}}), officially the '''Bailiwick of Jersey''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Bailiage de Jersey|links=no}}; Jèrriais: {{lang|nrf|Bailiage d'Jèrri}}}}{{r|eb|Balleine|attach diocese}} is an autonomous and self-governing [[British Crown Dependency]] in [[Northwestern Europe]] {{convert|14|mi}} off the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] of north-west [[France]].{{efn|name="not BI"}} At {{Convert|45|sqmi|km2}}, the main island, Jersey, is the largest of the [[Channel Islands]].{{r|facts gov}} Although not a [[sovereign state]], Jersey has its own legal, fiscal and governmental systems; on that basis, it is regarded as a [[microstate|small nation]] or [[island country]].{{r|Worlddata-2019|IDBoard|facts gov}} Jersey's territory also includes some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks. As of 2021, the island had a population of 103,267.

Historically part of the [[Duchy of Normandy]], Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown when the English kings lost mainland [[Normandy]], but it never became part of the [[Kingdom of England]]. From then until the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Jersey was at the frontline of [[Anglo-French Wars]] and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as [[Mont Orgueil Castle]] and to a thriving smuggling industry. The island was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|invaded and occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces during the [[Second World War]] until 9 May 1945, now celebrated as the [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|island's national day]].

Jersey is a [[parliamentary democracy]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]], with its own [[Economy of Jersey|financial]], [[Law of Jersey|legal]] and [[Courts of Jersey|judicial]] systems, and the power of [[self-determination]].<ref name="Expol">{{Cite report |title=Common Policy for External Relations |date=October 2012 |author= ((Council of Ministers)) |url-status=live |url= https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204635/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf }}</ref> The [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] is the civil head of the island, the [[Chief Minister of Jersey|Chief Minister]] leads the island's government, and the Lieutenant Governor represents the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]], who is the head of state. The island is not part of the [[United Kingdom]] and has a separate international identity,<ref name="UK Gov-2018">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Crown Dependencies |url=https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |access-date=15 October 2020 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004012/https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |title=Brexit: the British Crown Dependencies |author=((European Union Committee of the House of Lords))|date=23 March 2017 |publisher=[[House of Lords]] |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043240/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |chapter=Summary |at=para 4, first sentence}}</ref><ref name="Mut Bosque-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Mut Bosque |first=Maria |date=May 2020 |title=The sovereignty of the British Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=151–168 |doi=10.24043/isj.114 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022" /> but the UK government manages its defence, international representation and certain policy areas, such as [[British nationality law|nationality law]].

The island has a large financial services industry, as well as agriculture and tourism. Its currency is the [[Pound sterling]] with a local issue of banknotes and coins. [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and its participation in British sporting leagues, but the island also has a strong Norman-French culture, reflected by its historic dialect of the [[Norman language|Norman]] language, [[Jèrriais]].

== Name ==
{{main|Name of Jersey}}

The [[Channel Islands]] are mentioned in the [[Antonine Itinerary]] as the following: ''Sarnia'', ''Caesarea'', ''Barsa'', ''Silia'' and ''Andium'', but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.<ref>Dominique Fournier, ''Wikimanche''.</ref>{{fcn|date=March 2025}} The name {{lang|la|Caesarea}} has been used as the [[Latin]] name for Jersey (also in its French version {{lang|fr|Césarée}}) since [[William Camden]]'s ''Britannia'',{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011}} and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name {{lang|la|Caesarea}} was also applied to the colony of [[New Jersey]] as {{lang|la|Nova Caesarea}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 1998 |title=The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj01.asp |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Avalon Law, Yale University |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906103925/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj01.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=So what's all this stuff about Nova Caesarea?? |url=http://westjersey.org/wjh_nova.htm |access-date=22 September 2011 |website=Avalon Law, Yale University |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211222821/http://westjersey.org/wjh_nova.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Andium'', ''Agna'' and ''Augia'' were used in antiquity.<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'', fourth century</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of stamps |url=http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508134224/http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170 |archive-date=8 May 2006 |access-date=6 October 2006 |website=[[Jersey Post]]}}</ref>

Scholars variously surmise that ''Jersey'' and ''Jèrri'' derive from {{wikt-lang|non|jǫrð}} ([[Old Norse]] for 'earth') or {{lang|non|[[earl|jarl]]}} ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name {{lang|non|Geirr}} (thus {{lang|non|Geirrsey}}, 'Geirr's Island').<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |first=John |last=Everett-Heath |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=www.oxfordreference.com |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511204207/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ending {{wikt-lang|non|-ey}} denotes an island,<ref name="Lepelley">{{Cite book |last=Lepelley |first=René |title=Noms de lieux de Normandie et des îles Anglo-Normandes |publisher=Bonneton |year=1999 |isbn=2-86253-247-9 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect |url=http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204130/http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/ |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=Viking Network}}</ref> as in [[Guernsey]] or [[Surtsey]].

== History ==
{{main|History of Jersey}}

{{see also|Archaeology of the Channel Islands|Maritime history of the Channel Islands|German occupation of the Channel Islands}}<!-- This history is a summary of Jersey history. Please make sure to only add relevant information. All information should also be added to [[History of Jersey]] (and if relevant to the other relevant History articles). -->

[[File:Assize d'Heritage.jpg|thumb|An 1893 painting of the ''Assize d'Heritage'' by [[John St Helier Lander]]]]

=== Prehistoric and ancient Jersey ===
Humans have lived on the island since at latest [[Timeline of prehistory#Holocene|12,000 BCE]], with evidence of habitation in the [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] period ([[La Cotte de St Brelade]]) and [[Neolithic]] dolmens, such as [[La Hougue Bie]]. Evidence of [[Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age]] settlements can be found in many locations around the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857 |title=The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-19-814385-0 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[Archaeological]] evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] influence has been found, in particular at [[Les Landes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland |url=https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2006 |publisher=[[States of Jersey]]}}</ref> 

Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the sixth century, the island's patron saint [[Helier]] lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now [[Elizabeth Castle]]). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.<ref>{{Cite web |first=A. M. |last=Bellows |title=St Helier: The Man and the Myth |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165438/https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Early Medieval period ===
In the ninth century the island was raided by [[Vikings]] and in 933 it was annexed to [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] by [[William Longsword]].<ref name="Lempiere-1976">{{Cite book |last=Lempière |first=Raoul |title=Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands |publisher=Robert Hale |year=1976 |isbn=0-7091-5731-2 |location=Great Britain}}</ref>{{Rp|22}} When Duke [[William the Conqueror]] became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=25}} Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the ''Constitutions of King John'', however this is disputed.<ref name="Lempiere-1976"/>{{Rp|25}} Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The [[Charles III|King]] also appointed a [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] and a Warden (now [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Lieutenant-Governor]]). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at [[Mont Orgueil]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|pp=25–28}}

During the [[Tudor period]], the split between the [[Church of England]] and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], French refugees brought strict [[Calvinism]] to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] [[fisheries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ommer |first=Rosemary E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |title=From Outpost to Outport |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-7735-0730-2 |pages=13–14 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King [[Charles II of England]] gave Vice Admiral Sir [[George Carteret]], bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in between the [[Hudson River|Hudson]] and [[Delaware River|Delaware]] rivers, which he promptly named [[New Jersey]]. It is now a state in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weeks |first=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |title=Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake |date=1 May 2001 |publisher=[[Lehigh University Press]] |isbn=0-934223-66-1 |page=45 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Willard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |title=The Development of American Agriculture |date=30 September 1993 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=0-8166-2283-3 |page=18 |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073102/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 81.jpg|thumb|Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012]]

=== Early modern period ===
In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the [[Corn Riots]]. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the [[States Assembly|States]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} 

In 1781, during the [[American Revolutionary War]], the island was invaded by a French force which captured [[St Helier]], but was defeated by [[Francis Peirson|Major Peirson]]'s army at the [[Battle of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=1781 The Battle Of Jersey |url=https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Heritage |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212148/https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,<ref name="Kelleher-1991">{{Cite thesis |title=The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey |url=https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |publisher=University of Warwick |date=1991 |first=John D. |last=Kelleher |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |url-status=live }}</ref> the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} This grew the tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. 

Island politics in this period were split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}} In the 1850s, the French author [[Victor Hugo]] lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the [[Queen Victoria|Queen]], so he moved on to [[Guernsey]].{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}

=== 20th century–present ===
During the [[Second World War]], 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.<ref name="Bunting">{{cite book |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=The Model Occupation |date=1995 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-255242-6 |page=21}}</ref> Jersey was [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|occupied by Germany]] from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellows |first=Tony |title=What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands? |url=http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=[[Société Jersiaise]] |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using [[slave labour]] imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.{{sfn|Bunting|1995|pages=151–154}} After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings]], and food on the island became scarce. The [[SS Vega (1913)|''SS Vega'']] was sent to the island carrying [[Red Cross]] supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|Nazi occupation]], a resistance cell was created by communist activist [[Norman Le Brocq]] and the [[Jersey Communist Party]], whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meddick |first1=Simon |title=Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism |last2=Payne |first2=Liz |last3=Catz |first3=Phil |publisher=Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-907464-45-4 |location=UK |pages=122–123}}</ref> 

The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's [[Liberation Day (Channel Islands)|Liberation Day]], where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and [[Universal suffrage|universal franchise]] was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.{{sfn|Syvret|Stevens|Balleine|2011|p=}}

== Politics ==
{{main|Politics of Jersey}}

[[File:States Building in St Helier Jersey.jpg|thumb|The [[States Building]] in St. Helier]]
Jersey is a [[Crown Dependency]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8611/ |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=12 September 2025 |publisher=Commons Library Research Briefing |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> It is not part of the United Kingdom, but it is part of the '[[British Islands]]', a legal definition encompassing the UK and the Crown Dependences.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1978|chapter=30|act=Interpretation Act 1978}}</ref> As a Crown Dependency, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=House of Commons |first=Justice Committee |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf |title=Crown dependencies |date=23 March 2010 |publisher=HMSO |isbn=978-0-215-55334-8 |volume=8th Report of Session 2009–10 |location=London |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725011834/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf }}</ref> Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of [[self-determination]]".<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |title=Brexit Information Report |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=States Greffe |issue=R. 27 |location=Jersey |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180052/https://statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2016/R.72-2016.pdf?_ga=1.133221390.1629877159.1462893783 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey and [[Jersey people|its people]] have historically been described as a nation.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}}

Because Jersey is a dependency of the [[British Crown]], [[King Charles III]] reigns in Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey Law Review |title=Lé Rouai, Nouot' Duc |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016232214/https://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/June99/le_rouai.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> "[[The Crown]]" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".<ref>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=20 July 2010 |url= http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf |title=Public Hearing – Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf}}</ref> The King's representative and adviser in the island is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]] – Vice-Admiral [[Jerry Kyd]] since 8 October 2022. He is a formal point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some ceremonial functions in relation to immigration control, [[deportation]], [[naturalisation]] and the issue of passports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Lieutenant Governor |title=Lieutenant-Governor |url=http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812015723/http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Jour d'la Libéthâtion Jèrri 9 d'Mai 2012 12.jpg|left|thumb|[[John McColl (British Army officer)|Sir John Chalmers McColl]] as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]]
In 1973, the [[Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)|Royal Commission on the Constitution]] set out the duties of the Crown to the island as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of [[Law of Jersey#Sources of law|island legislation]] by Order-in-Council ([[royal assent]]); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Royal Commission on the Constitution, 1969–1973 |date=1973 |volume= 1: Report |chapter= Part XI"; "Part XII |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=978-0-10-154600-3 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/royalcommissiono0000grea_j9m7/page/406/mode/2up}}</ref>

=== Legislature and government ===
The [[States Assembly]] is Jersey's legislature. It is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] body formed of 49 [[Elections in Jersey|elected]] members: 12 ''[[Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)|connétable]]s'' (often called "constables", heads of [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]]) and 37 deputies, all elected for four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2011 |title=States of Jersey (Miscellaneous Provisions) Law 2011 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce\htm\LawFiles\2011%2fL-13-2011.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022085836/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5Chtm%5CLawFiles%5C2011%2FL-13-2011.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Since the [[2022 Jersey general election|2022 elections]], the 37 deputies are elected from nine constituencies. Prior to this election, there were also ''senators'', who were elected by voters across the island. At the time of this reform, some efforts were made the remove the ''connétables'' from the Assembly, but this was not passed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Politicians bat away last-ditch attempt to save Senators |url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422225402/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/states-swat-away-last-ditch-attempt-save-senators/ |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=Bailiwick Express |language=en}}</ref>

Jersey has a lower voter turnout. Over the last 30 years, turnout at elections in Jersey has averaged 44.1%, which is lower than any OECD country and the lowest of the three Crown Dependencies. Surveys conducted following the 2022 election found that the most common reasons for not voting were [[apathy]], mistrust and disinterest in the political system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election turnout in Jersey |url=https://www.policy.je/papers/election-turnout-in-jersey |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.policy.je}}</ref>

There are also five non-voting members of the States, all of which are appointed by the Crown: the [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|bailiff]], the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey]], the [[Dean of Jersey]], the attorney general and solicitor general.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 1 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> The Bailiff is the [[Chair (officer)|presiding officer]] of the States Assembly,<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 3 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473878 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm| archive-date=3 October 2011| access-date=12 September 2013 |website= Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> head of the [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] and, as civic head of the island, carries out various ceremonial roles.<ref name="Gindill-2022">Gindill, J. (n.d.) [https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf ''The Role of the Office of Bailiff: The Need for Reform''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210025/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%201%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. University of Durham.</ref>

The [[Cabinet of Jersey|Council of Ministers]], consisting of a [[Chief Minister of Jersey|chief minister]] and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the [[government of Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044544/https://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 18 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473897 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website =Jersey Legal Information Board}}</ref> Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 24 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473903 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103304/http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fhtm%2FLawFiles%2F2005%2Fl-08-2005.htm |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> A chief executive is head of the civil service.<ref>States of Jersey Official Report, 3 May 2011, 5.1. Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers.</ref> Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's [[Parishes of Jersey|parishes]].<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001">Legislation Committee (2001) [https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2001/20964-36802.pdf R.2001/120 – ''THE WORKING PARTY ON PARISH ASSEMBLIES: REPORT''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120174959/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2001/20964-36802.pdf |date=20 January 2022 }}. Presented to the States, 4 December 2001. States Greffe. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</ref>

=== Law ===
{{main|Law of Jersey}}

Jersey is a distinct [[jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]] for cases in multiple jurisdictions ([[conflict of laws]]). It is separate from the other jurisdictions in the British Islands, including the other Channel Islands and [[England and Wales]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Collins of Mapesbury |first1=Lord |title=[[Dicey Morris & Collins|''Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws'']] |last2=More |last3=McLean |last4=Briggs |last5=Harris |last6=McLachlan |publisher=[[Sweet & Maxwell]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84703-461-8 |edition=14th |location=London}}</ref>

Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular [[Norman law|Norman customary law]], [[English common law#Common law|English common law]] and modern [[French civil law]].<ref name="ref1">See generally {{cite book|author=S. Nicolle|title=The Origin and Development of Jersey law: An Outline Guide|edition=5th|location=St Helier|publisher=Jersey and Guernsey Law Review|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9557611-3-3}} and {{Cite web |title=Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law |url=http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228104105/http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Institute of Law |location=Jersey}}</ref> Jersey's [[List of country legal systems|legal system]] is therefore described as 'mixed' or '[[Legal pluralism|pluralistic]]'. Sources of law are in both the French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main [[working language]] of the legal system is English.<ref>Hanson, Timothy (2005). [https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf "The Language of the Law: The Importance of French"]. ''The Jersey Law Review''. {{Webarchive| date=6 January 2022 | url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf }}</ref>

The principal court is the [[Royal Court of Jersey|Royal Court]], with appeals to the [[Jersey Court of Appeal]] and, ultimately, to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].<ref name="RC2">{{cite web |title=The Royal Court |url=http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031454/http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=Jersey Courts }}</ref> The [[Bailiff (Channel Islands)|Bailiff]] is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's [[Judiciary of Jersey (list)|judiciary]] are appointed by the Bailiff.<ref name="Gindill-2022" /> The convening of the Assize d'Heritage is that of the Royal Court of Jersey, the oldest surviving land court in Europe.<ref name="w046">{{cite web | title=Assise d'Héritage 23 Sep 19 | url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/Assise%20d%27H%C3%A9ritage%2023%20Sep%2019.pdf |publisher=Jersey Government |access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref name="h834">{{cite web | title=Opening of the Legal Year in Jersey | website=Bedell Cristin | date=2013-09-17 | url=https://www.bedellcristin.com/knowledge/articles/2023/opening-of-the-legal-year-in-jersey/ | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref>

=== External relations ===
{{main|External relations of Jersey}}

[[File:Jersey Airport signage in Jèrriais.jpg|thumb|[[Jersey Airport]] greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in [[Jèrriais]].]]

Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own external relations, especially since in 2007 the UK and Jersey signed an agreement for the development of the international identity of Jersey.{{r|framework}} It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters: for example, [[Tax information exchange agreement|tax information exchange agreements]] have been signed directly by the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs) |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323051756/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204171617/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash |url-status=live }}</ref> 

The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet our new foreign minister |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117055756/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/ |archive-date=17 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=This Is Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2011 |title=A new role of great importance |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122210938/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=12 September 2013 |website=This Is Jersey}}</ref> Jersey is a member of the [[British-Irish Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=Jersey |url=https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061006/https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=British-Irish Council |language=en}}</ref> the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=States of Jersey |url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082348/https://www.cpahq.org/directory/jersey/ |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.cpahq.org |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey |url=http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403160247/http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Assemblée Parlementaire de la Francophonie (APF) |language=fr}}</ref> The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in [[Caen]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Office {{!}} Bureau des Îles Anglo-Normandes |url=https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203053707/https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> London<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Government of Jersey London Office {{!}} Representing Jersey in the UK |url=http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112555/http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey London Office}}</ref> and [[Brussels]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Channel Islands - Séyiz les beinv'nu(e)(s)! Bian v'nue a tous! |url=https://channelislands.eu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123135138/https://www.channelislands.eu/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Channel Islands Brussels Office (CIBO) |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[External relations of Jersey#Separation debate|Jersey independence]] has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister Sir [[Philip Bailhache]] has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Targett |first=Tania |title=Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad' |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |date=23 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204240/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the government has stated that the island is prepared if needs to do so.<ref name="Extnl pol2">{{Cite web |title=COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=States of Jersey |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723004955/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jersey Independence 'Not Government Policy' |url=https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Channel 103 News |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115629/https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey-news/jersey-independence-not-government-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Council of Ministers |url=https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |title=Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group |website=States Greffe |date=27 June 2008 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120093301/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblyreports/2008/46527-24954-2762008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jersey's [[External relations of Jersey#European Union|relationship with the European Union]] is governed by the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]]. It was not part of the EU prior to [[Brexit]]. Under this agreement, goods trade between the island and the EU are not subject to tariffs, and Jersey retains sole responsibility for its territorial waters. This latter point has led to tensions between France and Jersey over the permits of French fishermen to fish in Jersey waters.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Brandtjen |first=Roland |date=May 2022 |title=The impact of Brexit on the identity of small British-European nations |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94162 |journal=<nowiki>{{Small States & Territories Journal]]</nowiki> |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–30}}</ref>

Jersey also has close relations with Portugal, including the exchangement of tax information; these relations are specifically strong with the [[Autonomous Region of Madeira]], where St. Helier has one of its sister cities, [[Funchal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey |first=States of |title=Government of Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2010/pages/portugaltiea072010.aspx |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=gov.je |language=en}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
{{main|Parishes of Jersey}}

{{Image frame|caption=Parishes of Jersey|content={{Parishes Map of Jersey}}}}

Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions), the largest being [[St Ouen, Jersey|St Ouen]] and the smallest [[St Clement, Jersey|St Clement]]. They are all named after their parish church. The ''connétable'' is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ''ex oficio'' in the States Assembly.<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001" />

The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the [[Honorary Police]]). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at parish assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The [[Procureur du Bien Public|''Procureurs du Bien Public'']] are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.<ref name="Legislation Committee-2001" />

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into ''[[vingtaine]]s'' (or, in St Ouen, ''cueillettes'').<ref>{{Cite web |title='This Map of the Island of Jersey divided into Parishes and Vingtaines...' (AO0398) Archive Item – Ordnance Survey Collection {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/AO0398 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318140334/https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/item/AO0398 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Jersey}}

[[File:Jersey by Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Satellite view of Jersey]]
[[File:Jersey2021OSM.png|thumb|Large map of Jersey]]
Jersey is an island measuring {{convert|119.6|km2|order=flip}} (or 66,436 [[vergée]]s),<ref name="figures">{{Cite web |title=Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062938/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref> including [[Land reclamation|reclaimed land]] and [[intertidal zone]]. It lies in the [[English Channel]], about {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|lk=on}} from the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] in Normandy, France, and about {{convert|87|nmi|km mi}} south of Great Britain.{{efn|name="not BI"}} It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of {{convert|143|m}} above sea level.<ref name="peakbagger">{{cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |title=Ascent of Jersey High Point on 2009-09-12 |website=Peakbagger.com |quote=Sources vary on the elevation of Les Platons. Its height is often listed at 143 m, as well as 136 m. |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318210217/https://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=80587 |url-status=live }}</ref>

About 24% of the island is built-up. Land area dedicated to cultivation is 52% of the island, and around 18% is natural environment.<ref name="Jersey-2020">{{Cite web |last=Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/SizeLandCover.aspx |title=Size and land cover of Jersey |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102082943/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/SizeLandCover.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

It lies within longitude [[2nd meridian west|-2° W]] and latitude [[49th parallel north|49° N]]. It has a coastline that is {{convert|70|km|order=flip}} long and a total area of {{convert|119.6|km2|order=flip}}. It measures roughly {{convert|9|mi}} from west to east and {{convert|5|mi|0}} north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Nine by Five Media |url=https://medium.com/nine-by-five-media/about |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Medium |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318111540/https://medium.com/nine-by-five-media/about |url-status=live }}</ref>

The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at {{cvt|136|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Platons (Jersey) {{!}} Channel Islands |url=https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=UK mountain Guide |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201034047/https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/channel-islands/les-platons-jersey.htm }}</ref>

There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Minquiers and Écréhous in spatial context: Contemporary issues and cross perspectives on border islands, reefs and rocks |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283710767 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>

=== Settlements ===
The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.<ref>Willie Miller Urban Design (2005) [https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Planning%20and%20building/StHelierUrbanCharacter%20StrategicContext.pdf strategic context] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411084807/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Planning%20and%20building/StHelierUrbanCharacter%20StrategicContext.pdf |date=11 April 2022 }} in ''St Helier Urban Character Appraisal.''</ref>

Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town, and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish, still has 270 persons per square kilometre<ref name="JerseyCensus-2001">{{Cite web |title=Jersey Census 2001: Chapter 2: Population Characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Census01Chapter2%20200211022%20SU.pdf |access-date=15 November 2018 |publisher=States of Jersey |language=en-us |archive-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313191658/http://gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Census01Chapter2%20200211022%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>). The south and east coasts from [[Saint Aubin, Jersey|St Aubin]] to [[Gorey, Jersey|Gorey]] are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in [[St Brelade]], which is home to a small precinct of shops,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives and collections online |url=https://catalogue.jerseyheritage.org//collection/Keywords/archive/content.subject/Les%20Quennevais%20Precinct/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Jersey Heritage]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409232824/https://catalogue.jerseyheritage.org/collection/Keywords/archive/content.subject/Les%20Quennevais%20Precinct/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Les Quennevais School|a school]], a park, and a leisure centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Quennevais|url=https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais|access-date=18 March 2022|website=www.active.je|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326175332/https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Framework for a Sustainable Transport System: 2020–2030 |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/Pages/StatesReports.aspx?ReportID=5133 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141534/https://www.gov.je/Government/Pages/StatesReports.aspx?ReportID=5133 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey House Price Index Q4 2020 |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2021/Pages/House-price-report-for-the-fourth-quarter-2020.aspx |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218100235/https://www.gov.je/News/2021/Pages/House-price-report-for-the-fourth-quarter-2020.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Geography of Jersey#Climate}}

Jersey has an [[oceanic climate|oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb)]], with cool to mild winters and lukewarm to warm summers, both greatly moderated and extremes reduced by the relatively stable [[Sea surface temperature|sea surface temperatures]] surrounding the island.<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2006 |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Jersey |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{Convert|37.9|C|F}}, on [[2022 United Kingdom heatwaves#July heatwave|18 July 2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Jersey records hottest ever day as temperatures top 36°C |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Jersey Evening Post |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718175610/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/07/18/jersey-records-hottest-ever-day-as-temperatures-top-36c/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|&minus;10.3|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, on 5 January 1894. 2022 was the warmest (and sunniest) year on record; the mean daily air temperature was {{convert|13.56|C|F||disp=}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jersey's hottest year on record |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2023/pages/hottestyearonrecord.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |language=en |date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Typical wind speeds vary between {{convert|20|km/h|mph|order=flip}} and {{convert|40|kph|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}. During the cooler months, [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical cyclones]] can produce [[Gale|gales]] somewhat regularly. Snow is very rare in Jersey. The last significant snowfall event occurred in March 2013, when {{convert|14|cm|sigfig=2}} fell,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-12 |title=In pictures: Jersey gets more than 5.5 inches (14cm) of snowfall |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-21728801 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and most recent measurable snowfall occurred on 8–9 January 2024, when {{convert|3|to|5|cm|abbr=on|in|sigfig=2}} fell.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{Cite web |title=Jersey Met issues Orange snow warning |website=Government of Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2024/pages/jerseymetorangesnowwarning.aspx |access-date=2024-07-25 |date=9 January 2024 |language=en|quote=In terms of snowfall accumulations, there is the potential for 3–5cm on higher ground, grass, fields and smaller lanes, with 1–2cm expected at sea level.}} |2={{cite news |title=Flights and schools disrupted after worst snowfall in nearly a decade |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2024-01-09/channel-islands-wake-up-to-snow |work=ITV News |date=10 January 2024}} |3={{cite news |last1=Heath |first1=Richard |title=A topsy-turvy month of rain, wind, frosts and some snow |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2024/02/02/a-topsy-turvy-month-of-rain-wind-frosts-and-some-snow/ |work=Jersey Evening Post |date=2 February 2024 |ref=none}} }}</ref> 

Extreme weather is rare due to the island's mild climate, but Atlantic [[Extratropical cyclone|windstorms]] are fairly common in autumn and winter. In November 2023, Jersey was hit by [[Storm Ciarán]], causing heavy rainfall, extremely high winds with gusts of up to {{convert|104|mph|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1719955319512563725 |user=JsyFire |title=As wind speed increases we're seeing an increase in calls. ...}} – Jersey Fire & Rescue </ref> and a [[supercell]] thunderstorm, producing unusually large hail and the strongest [[2023 Jersey tornado|tornado]] in the British Isles since 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Jersey Tornado - 1 November 2023 - Site investigation report by the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) |url=https://www.torro.org.uk/pdf/SI/SI20231101_Jersey.pdf |website=TORRO}}</ref> 

The following table contains the official data for 1981–2010 at Jersey Airport, located {{convert|7.2|km|order=flip}} from St. Helier.

{{Weather box
| location = [[Jersey Airport]], elevation 84m, 1981–2010
| collapsed = 
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 14.0
| Feb record high C = 18.0
| Mar record high C = 20.3
| Apr record high C = 25.0
| May record high C = 28.0
| Jun record high C = 33.0
| Jul record high C = 37.9
| Aug record high C = 36.0
| Sep record high C = 30.2
| Oct record high C = 26.0
| Nov record high C = 21.0
| Dec record high C = 16.0
| year record high C = 37.9
| Jan high C = 8.3
| Feb high C = 8.4
| Mar high C = 10.4
| Apr high C = 12.5
| May high C = 15.8
| Jun high C = 18.4
| Jul high C = 20.4
| Aug high C = 20.6
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 15.4
| Nov high C = 11.7
| Dec high C = 9.2
| year high C = 14.2
| Jan mean C = 6.3
| Feb mean C = 6.1
| Mar mean C = 7.9
| Apr mean C = 9.5
| May mean C = 12.6
| Jun mean C = 15.1
| Jul mean C = 17.2
| Aug mean C = 17.5
| Sep mean C = 15.8
| Oct mean C = 13.0
| Nov mean C = 9.6
| Dec mean C = 7.1
| year mean C = 11.5
| Jan low C = 4.3
| Feb low C = 3.8
| Mar low C = 5.3
| Apr low C = 6.5
| May low C = 9.3
| Jun low C = 11.8
| Jul low C = 13.9
| Aug low C = 14.3
| Sep low C = 12.9
| Oct low C = 10.6
| Nov low C = 7.5
| Dec low C = 5.0
| year low C = 8.8
| Jan record low C = -10.3
| Feb record low C = -9.0
| Mar record low C = -3.3
| Apr record low C = -1.6
| May record low C = 0.0
| Jun record low C = 5.9
| Jul record low C = 9.0
| Aug record low C = 7.7
| Sep record low C = 6.0
| Oct record low C = -2.6
| Nov record low C = -3.0
| Dec record low C = -4.0
| year record low C = -10.3
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 93.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 68.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 66.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 56.4
| May precipitation mm = 55.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 47.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 44.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 49.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 63.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 103.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 105.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 111.3
| year precipitation mm = 865.8
| Jan sun = 66.1
| Feb sun = 91.6
| Mar sun = 134.0
| Apr sun = 196.5
| May sun = 236.7
| Jun sun = 245.4
| Jul sun = 252.7
| Aug sun = 235.3
| Sep sun = 184.6
| Oct sun = 118.8
| Nov sun = 79.9
| Dec sun = 63.2
| year sun = 1904.8
| source = Met Office<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Normals 1981–2010 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |access-date=8 May 2015 |publisher=[[Met Office]] |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421214942/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gbwxb1tp2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Voodoo Skies<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Jersey Climate Extremes |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060027/http://voodooskies.com/weather/united-kingdom/jersey/monthly/temperature |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref>
}}

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Jersey}}

{{See also|Financial services in Jersey|Tourism in Jersey}}<!-- This section is an overview of the Economy. More detailed information should be included in the main article, or in sector-relevant articles. -->
[[File:Jersey finance centre 2021.jpg|thumb|The central business district of St Helier]][[File:Aerial view of fields in St Clement, Jersey.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of fields in [[Saint Clement, Jersey|Saint Clement]]]]Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a [[GDP per capita]] of £45,320 in 2019.<ref name="National accounts: GVA and GDP">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=National accounts: GVA and GDP |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Statistics Jersey |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072206/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a [[Mixed economy|mixed market economy]], with [[free market]] principles and an advanced [[Welfare spending|social security]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benefits and financial support |url=https://www.gov.je/benefits/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003743/https://www.gov.je/Benefits/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> 53,460 people were employed in Jersey {{as of|2010|December|lc=y}}: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.<ref name="figures" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)<ref name="Gov Jersey-2019">{{Cite web |title=Government of Jersey: GVA 2019 |url=http://www.gov.je/News/2020/pages/MeasuringJerseysEconomy2019.aspx |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318001936/https://www.gov.je/News/2020/pages/MeasuringJerseysEconomy2019.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Sector
! colspan="2" |Gross value added
|-
!% of total
!£millions
|-
!Financial services
|39.5%
|1,966
|-
!Rental income
|15.5%
|771
|-
!Other business activities
|11.7%
|580
|-
!Public administration
|8.6%
|426
|-
!Construction
|7.0%
|350
|-
!Wholesale and retail
|6.4%
|319
|-
!Hotels, bars and restaurants
|4.2%
|210
|-
!Transport, storage and communication
|3.5%
|176
|-
!Electricity, gas and water
|1.3%
|65
|-
!Agriculture
|1.2%
|59
|-
!Manufacturing
|1.0%
|50
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!4,972
|}
Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at [[purchasing power parity]] Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. [[Gross national income]] in 2009{{needs update|date=May 2024}} was £3.7&nbsp;billion (a mean of about £40,000 per head of population).<ref name="figures" /> However, there is wide variation, and the typical (median) individual resident's purchasing power and standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cost of Living in Jersey |url=https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Jersey |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Numbeo |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164731/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Jersey |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit{{snd}}an intermediate financial services market which funnels funds onwards{{efn|"Conduit-OFCs [offshore financial centres]{{nbsp}}... are 'countries that are widely perceived as attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of investments'.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spillovers in International Corporate Taxation |date=May 2014 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |location=Washington DC |page=18 |type=IMF Policy Papers |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Spillovers-in-International-Corporate-Taxation-PP4873 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094643/https://www.imf.org/-/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/np/pp/eng/2014/_050914.ashx |archive-date=13 August 2022 |url-status= live |language=en}}</ref> Conduit-OFCs typically have low or zero taxes imposed on the transfer of capital to other countries, either via interest payments, royalties, dividends or profit repatriation. In addition, such jurisdictions have highly developed legal systems that are able to cater to the needs of multinational corporations. Conduits play a key role in the global corporate ownership network by allowing the transfer of capital without taxation. In this way, profit from one country can be re-invested in another part of the world paying no or little taxes."{{r|Uncover}} }}{{snd}}for financial services between European countries and the island.<ref name="Uncover">{{Cite journal|last1=Garcia-Bernardo|first1=Javier|last2=Fichtner|first2=Jan|last3=Takes|first3=Frank W.|last4=Heemskerk|first4=Eelke M.|date=24 July 2017|title=Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network|url= |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=6246|arxiv=1703.03016|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.6246G|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5524793|pmid=28740120}}</ref> This sector has attracted controversy: Some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."{{r|Shaxson}}

Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island [[Jersey Airport|arrive by air]] from the UK.<ref name="Jersey Business-2017">{{cite web |url=https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |title=The Economic Contribution of Tourism to Jersey |website=Tourism Economics |date=2017 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234009/https://business.jersey.com/sites/default/files/components/pdf_download_row/Visit%20Jersey_TE%20Tourism%20Productivity.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted [[Fairtrade Town|Fairtrade Island]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2005 |title=Island achieves Fairtrade status |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |access-date=6 October 2006 |archive-date=6 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406102505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).<ref name="Jersey-2020" /> Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.<ref name=figures /> [[Jersey cattle]] are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davenport |first=Philippa |date=20 May 2006 |title=Jersey's cash cow |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 October 2006 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Witmer |first=Jason |date=11 June 2004 |title=CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies |url=http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |access-date=7 October 2006 |publisher=The Rodale Institute |archive-date=1 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201035957/http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.<ref name=figures /> Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6&nbsp;million in 2009.<ref name="figures" />

Along with [[Guernsey]], Jersey has its own lottery called the [[Channel Islands Lottery]], which was launched in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |title=States of Guernsey: Channel Islands Lottery |url=http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/culture---leisure/channel-islands-lottery/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813181609/http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/culture---leisure/channel-islands-lottery/ |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

=== Taxation ===
{{See also|Economy of Jersey#Taxation|Financial services in Jersey#'Tax haven' status}}
Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes (known as 'rates') are levied on properties, and there are taxes on [[Income tax|personal income]], [[Corporate tax|corporate income]] and [[Sales tax|goods and services]].<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021">{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Money and tax |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114225016/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/MoneyTax.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as [[low-value consignment relief]], to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com">{{Cite web |title=EU to close LVCR loophole completely |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114080140/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/06/29/eu-to-close-lvcr-loophole-completely/ }}</ref> This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.<ref name="jerseyeveningpost.com" />

There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.<ref name="Gov Jersey-2021" /> Jersey is considered to be a [[tax haven]]. Until March 2019 the island was on the [[European Union tax haven blacklist|EU tax haven blacklist]], but it no longer features on it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxation: EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506140816/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, [[Paul Tang (politician)|Paul Tang]], criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bailiwick Express |title=WATCH: Jersey in EU's sights in plan to tighten tax haven 'blacklist' |url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=Bailiwick Express |date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003818/https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/jersey-eus-sights-plan-tighten-tax-haven-blacklist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, [[Tax Justice Network|Tax Justice]] ranked Jersey as the 16th on the [[Financial Secrecy Index]], below larger countries such as the UK, but still placing it at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making it a small player in the total market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View 2020 results |url=https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=fsi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502144219/https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/introduction/fsi-2018-results |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021, with a haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Tax Haven Index 2021 |url=https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=cthi.taxjustice.net |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003819/https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Jersey}}

[[File:Grouville Common Path.jpg|thumb|A cycle path in [[Gorey, Jersey|Gorey]]]]
The primary mode of transport on the island is the [[motor vehicle]]. Jersey has a road network consisting of {{convert|557|km|order=flip}} of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registered vehicles (FOI) |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131123358/https://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=1395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey has a large network of narrow [[Back road|country lanes]], some of which are classified as 'Green Lanes', which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.<ref>Lamy, M. (2019). [https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf Weekender: Jersey's Green Lanes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210142/https://www.cyclinguk.org/sites/default/files/documents/magazine/pdf/cuk201901049.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}. ''cycle'' February/March 2019.</ref>

The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator [[Franchising|franchise]] model, currently contracted to [[LibertyBus]], a company owned by [[Kelsian Group]]. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.<ref>Villeneuve-Smith, Frank (2018). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220528201105/https://hctgroup.org/uploaded/Practical%20bus%20franchising%20-%20the%20Jersey%20model.pdf Practical bus franchising: the Jersey model]}}. HCT Group (hctgroup.com). Retrieved 23 May 2022.</ref> 

Jersey has an [[Jersey Airport|airport]] and a number of ports, which are all operated by Ports of Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of Ports of Jersey |url=https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=www.ports.je |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202120827/https://www.ports.je/about-us/our-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Currency ===
{{main|Jersey pound}}

[[File:Commemorative stamps for Mesny's 150th anniversary 1992.jpg|thumb|right|Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General [[William Mesny]]]]
Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the [[Bank of England]]. The official currency of Jersey is the [[pound sterling]]. Jersey issues its own postage stamps, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not [[legal tender]] outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |date=6 December 2001 |title=Lords Hansard text for 6 Dec 2001 (211206-28) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091450/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated [[Bitcoin]] fund, at a time when the [[digital currency]] was being accepted by some local businesses.<ref name="BitcoinJersey">{{Cite news |title=Jersey approve Bitcoin fund launch on island |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-28247796 |access-date=10 July 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710211917/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-28247796 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demography ==
[[File:Mont Orgueil and Gorey harbour, Jersey.jpg|thumb|[[Mont Orgueil]] was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy.]]

{{main|Demographics of Jersey}}


Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Historical populations
|align=right
|1871|56627
|1951|55244
|1961|59489
|1971|69329
|1981|76050
|1991|84082
|2001|87186
|2011|97857
|2021|103,267
}}

=== Nationality and citizenship ===
[[Jersey people]] are the native nation on the island;{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}} however, they do not form a majority of the population.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022" /> Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to [[Acts of Union 1707|the Union of Britain]]. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. The growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994">{{Cite book |last=Le Feuvre |first=David |title=JERSEY: Not quite British |publisher=Seaflower Books |year=1994 |location=Jersey}}</ref>

Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. [[British nationality law]] confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.<ref name="Nationality Act">{{Cite web |title=British Nationality Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142348/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8 |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Legislation, UK, Acts |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]] |quote=the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=20 June 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Research Library |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014011359/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lieutenant Governor's office issues [[British passport]]s (specifically the [[Jersey-variant British passport|Jersey variant]]) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1272536695678873600 |user=GovJersey |title=Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week |author=[[Government of Jersey]] |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. ) |url=https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.cab.org.je |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204516/https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Summary Policy |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204016/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.<ref name="gov.je - Migration Monitoring and Regulation">{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021315/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>

Jersey is part of the [[Common Travel Area]] (CTA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue |url=https://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113620/http://www2.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration |publisher=States of Jersey |quote=Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.}}</ref> a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa). The Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID, since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005017/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizensinformation.ie |title=Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.citizensinformation.ie |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195559/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Immigration |url=http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021150/http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |title=Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091445/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. To move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Residential and employment statuses<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential and employment statuses and what they mean |url=https://www.gov.je/Working/Contributions/RegistrationCards/Pages/ResidentialStatus.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124351/https://www.gov.je/working/contributions/registrationcards/pages/residentialstatus.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Status
!Requirements
!Housing
!Work
|-
|Entitled
|Most Jersey-born residents (permanently){{avoid wrap|Long-term residents (at least 10 years)}}
|Can buy, sell or lease any property
|Can work anywhere
|-
|Licensed
|Certain essential workers
|Can buy, sell or lease most property
|Permission required
|-
|Entitled to work
|Long-term residents (at least 5 years){{avoid wrap|Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher.}}
|Can lease 'registered' property
|Can work anywhere
|-
|Registered
|All others
|Can lease 'registered' property
|Permission required
|}

==== History of immigration ====
Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands){{fact|date=May 2024}} and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994" /> However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. The new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.<ref name="Boleat-2014">{{Cite book |last=Boleat |first=Mark |url=https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |title=Jersey's population – a history |year=2014 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200509/https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a "formidable invasion, although peaceful", and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

After [[World War II]], when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to [[Madeira]] for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier. This has led to ongoing debates about the incompatibility of development and sustainability throughout the island.<ref>Johnson, Henry (2016) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting Encountering Urbanization on Jersey: Development, Sustainability, and Spatiality in a Small Island Setting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063358/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting |date=11 September 2016 }}. ''Urban Island Studies''.</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:Saint Thomas Roman Catholic church, Victoria Street, Jersey.jpg|thumb|St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier]]
{{main|Religion in Jersey}}

Jersey's patron saint is [[Helier|Saint Helier]], after whom the capital town is named.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index to pages and links on St Helier's Church and the Saint (and his background) |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier0.htm |website=Société Jersiaise |access-date=13 April 2025}}
* {{cite web|url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier.html |title=Saint Helier – Saint Hélyi – Saint Hélier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311231037/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/|archive-date=11 March 2006 |website=Société Jersiaise}}</ref> From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the [[Diocese of Winchester]] in 1568.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202145/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey became "formally attached" to the [[Diocese of Salisbury]] in November 2022.<ref>Salisbury diocese website</ref> The established church is the [[Church of England]], presided over in the island by the [[Dean of Jersey|Dean]], who is ''ex officio'' a States Member, but has no vote.<ref name="About"/> The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churches |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212157/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion. Christianity is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest belief demographic is "no religion" with 39% of the population.<ref name="JASS152">{{cite book |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |title=Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015 |publisher=States of Jersey |page=8 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151311/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion in Jersey<ref name="JASS152" />
!Religion
!Percentage (2015)
|-
|[[Irreligion|No religion]]
|39%
|-
|'''All religious'''
|'''54%'''
|-
|[[Anglican]]
|23%
|-
|[[Catholic]]
|22.5%
|-
|Other Christian
|6.8%
|-
|Other religion
|3%
|}

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Jersey}}

[[File:La Nethe Rue road sign Jersey.jpg|thumb|Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in [[Saint Ouen, Jersey|Saint Ouen]]]][[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and the [[pound sterling]] as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,<ref name="Curriculum">{{Cite news |date=30 November 2015 |title=Understanding the curriculum |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905144124/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=30 November 2016 |work=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref> and the popularity of [[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sports]], including [[Jersey Football Association|football]] and [[cricket]].{{r|facts gov}} The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the [[Norman language|Norman]] language, [[Jèrriais]], being one of only two places in [[Normandy]] with government status for the language (the other being [[Guernsey]]), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to [[Normandy (administrative region)|mainland Normandy]] as a part of the [[Normandy|Normandy region]], and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], and they share a good-natured rivalry.{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48}}

=== Cultural events ===
The [[Jersey Battle of Flowers|Battle of Flowers]] is a carnival that has been held annually in August since 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=The Jersey Battle of Flowers |url=http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825021120/http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm |archive-date=25 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Battle of Flowers Association}}</ref> Other festivals include {{lang|nrf|La Fête dé Noué}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Fête dé Noué |url=http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222111703/http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> (Christmas festival), {{lang|nrf|La Faîs'sie d'Cidre}} (cidermaking festival),<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Faîs'sie d'Cidre |url=http://jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012001338/http://www.jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre |archive-date=12 October 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> the [[Battle of Britain]] air display,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Jersey International Air Display |url=http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404234309/http://www.jerseyairdisplay.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekender Music Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekender Festival {{!}} Jersey Events {{!}} JerseyTravel.com |url=https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.jerseytravel.com |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202136/https://www.jerseytravel.com/things-to-do/jersey-events-festivals/the-weekender-festival |url-status=live }}</ref> food festivals, and parish events.

The [[Jersey Eisteddfod]] is an annual festival celebrating local culture. It is split into performing arts (e.g. dance, music, modern languages) and creative arts (e.g. needlework, photography, craft).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Eisteddfod |url=https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Culture Jersey |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171642/https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Art ===
Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper Palaeolithic]]; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2020 |title=Earliest art in the British Isles discovered on Jersey |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606165701/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bello |first1=Silvia M. |last2=Blinkhorn |first2=Edward |last3=Needham |first3=Andrew |last4=Bates |first4=Martin |last5=Duffy |first5=Sarah |last6=Little |first6=Aimée |last7=Pope |first7=Matt |last8=Scott |first8=Beccy |last9=Shaw |first9=Andrew |last10=Welch |first10=Mark D. |last11=Kinnaird |first11=Tim |last12=Millar |first12=Lisa |last13=Robinson |first13=Ruth |last14=Conneller |first14=Chantal |date=19 August 2020 |title=Artists on the edge of the world: An integrated approach to the study of Magdalenian engraved stone plaquettes from Jersey (Channel Islands) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |article-number=e0236875 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0236875 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7446900 |pmid=32813748 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1536875B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The island has produced a number of notable artists. [[John St Helier Lander]] (1868–1944) was a [[Portrait painting|portrait painter]] born in St Helier in 1868; he was a portraitist for the Royal Family.<ref name="Times">Anonymous (1944). Mr. J. St H. Lander. ''The Times'' 15 February 1944 p 6</ref> [[Edmund Blampied]] also lived around the same period; he was known for his [[etching]]s and [[drypoint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – Article 6 – Edmund Blampied |url=https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Société Jersiaise |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171032/https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other famous historic artists include [[John Le Capelain]], [[John Everett Millais]] and Philip Ouless. There are also several contemporary Jersey artists, such as Ian Rolls, known for painting quirky landscape paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Rolls – The Harbour Gallery Jersey |url=https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=theharbourgalleryjersey.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171028/https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jersey also has historic connections to French art. French artist [[René Lalique]] created the [[stained glass]] windows at [[St Matthew's Church, Jersey|St Matthew's Church]]. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Matthew's Glass Church |url=https://stmatthews.je/glass-church |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=St Matthew's Glass Church |language=en-US |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171029/https://stmatthews.je/glass-church |url-status=live }}</ref> Artist partners [[Claude Cahun]] and [[Marcel Moore]] were born in France but moved to and died in the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Claude Cahun – Chronology |url=http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html |access-date=18 October 2007 |archive-date=25 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925180515/http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Television and media ===
{{main|Media of Jersey}}

{{See also|Telecommunications in Jersey}}
The popular 1980s BBC detective drama ''[[Bergerac (TV series)|Bergerac]]'', starring [[John Nettles]], was set in Jersey. The series was recently revived with a new cast by [[UKTV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Classic crime show ''Bergerac'' set to return |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-47161490 |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>[[File:Haûlîngu'thie d'la couleu d'Jèrri l'7 d'Avri 2011 11.jpg|thumb|A Channel Television crew interview the [[Bailiff of Jersey]]]][[BBC Radio Jersey]] provides a radio service, and BBC [[Spotlight (BBC News)|Channel Islands News]] provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. [[ITV Channel Television]] is a regional [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by [[Channel 103]], among other companies.

Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the ''[[Jersey Evening Post]]'', which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Evening Post |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141512/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:Jersey Town Criterium 2011 07.jpg|thumb|The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Band of the Island of Jersey |url=http://www.islandband.org.je |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907163918/http://www.islandband.org.je/ |archive-date=7 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref>]]
Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded [[Folk music|folk songs]] from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.<ref>Kennedy, Peter (1975) Folksongs of Britain and Ireland. London: Cassell</ref> The folk song {{lang|nrf|Chanson de Peirson}} is unique to the island.<ref>Jersey Times Almanac & Directory, 26 January 1907</ref>

In contemporary music, [[Guru Josh]], who was born in Jersey, produced [[House music|house]] and [[techno]] music. He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit [[Infinity (Guru Josh song)|Infinity]] and its re-releases, reaching number one in numerous European countries.<ref name="obituary">{{cite news |last=Sweeting |first=Adam |date=5 January 2016 |title=Guru Josh obituary |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/05/guru-josh |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184915/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/05/guru-josh |url-status=live }}</ref> Rock and pop artist [[Nerina Pallot]] was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success, and has written songs for famous artists like [[Kylie Minogue]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=The 50 greatest Kylie Minogue singles of all time, ranked |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/20/50-best-kylie-minogue-singles-ranked-236367 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=The Tab UK |language=en-GB |quote=The Nerina Pallot penned Better Than Today sounds like if Kylie decided to lay vocals down on a MIKA and Scissor Sisters lovechild track. It's camp as hell, brimming with positivity and a Stuart Price production that's difficult not to fall completely in love with. |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120165441/https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/20/50-best-kylie-minogue-singles-ranked-236367 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid-June to late September including Good Vibrations, Out-There, the Weekender (the largest festival in the Channel Islands) and Electric Park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Ten summer music events in Jersey {{!}} Inspiration |url=https://www.jersey.com/inspire-me/inspiration/ten-summer-music-events-in-jersey/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Visit Jersey |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526144944/https://www.jersey.com/inspire-me/inspiration/ten-summer-music-events-in-jersey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Lillie langtry.JPG|thumb|Actress [[Lillie Langtry]], nicknamed the ''Jersey Lily'']]

There are two theatres on the island: the [[Jersey Opera House]] and the Jersey Arts Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Theatre in Jersey – attractions |url=https://www.jersey.com/things-to-do/attractions/arts-culture/theatre-in-jersey/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Visit Jersey |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625005030/https://www.jersey.com/things-to-do/attractions/arts-culture/theatre-in-jersey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lillie Langtry]] is probably the most famous actress from the island. She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the [[West End theatre|West End]] in the late 19th century. She was the first socialite to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<ref name="Pears">{{cite news |title=When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |quote=British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap. |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116081428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lillie Langtry British actress |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lillie-Langtry |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712212548/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lillie-Langtry |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures, including the Prince of Wales, later [[Edward VII]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Girl from Jersey |url=http://www.lillielangtry.com/Fame.htm |access-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=lillielangtry.com |archive-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520033459/http://www.lillielangtry.com/Fame.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She is buried in [[St Saviour, Jersey|St Saviour]]'s Church graveyard.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dudley |first=Ernest |title=The Gilded Lily |publisher=Oldhams Press |year=1958 |location=London |pages=219–20}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first [[talking picture]], ''The Perfect Alibi'', was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935; during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisson |first=Mike |date=7 December 2021 |title=Cinema |url=https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Cinema |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jerripedia |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082436/https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Cinema |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Odeon Cinema]] was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10-screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002, and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Document Reference: HE0024 |url=https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000655/https://www.mygov.je//Planning/Pages/HistoricEnvironmentDetail.aspx?s=3&r=HE0024 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Mygov.je}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Odeon Cinema Building sold to Freedom Church Jersey |url=http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202041445/http://freedomcentre.je/press-releases/1-former-odeon-cinema-building-to-be-sold-to-freedom-church-jersey.html |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

First held in 2008, the [[Branchage|Branchage Jersey International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branchage Film Festival |url=http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915034127/http://www.branchagefestival.com/ |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> attracts filmmakers from all over the world.
The 2001 movie ''[[The Others (2001 film)|The Others]]'' was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation.

=== Food and drink ===
[[File:Jersey wonders.jpg|thumb|''Jersey wonders'', or {{lang|nrf|mèrvelles}}, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.]]

Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: [[mussel]]s (called {{lang|nrf|moules}} in the island), [[oyster]]s, [[European lobster|lobster]] and crabs – especially [[Maja squinado|spider crabs]] – [[Abalone|ormers]] and [[conger]].<ref name="Recipes-2022">{{Cite web |title=Jersey Food and Recipes |url=https://www.i-love-jersey.co.uk/recipes-and-food-in-Jersey.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.i-love-jersey.co.uk |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202132/https://www.i-love-jersey.co.uk/recipes-and-food-in-Jersey.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jersey milk being very rich, [[cream]] and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.<ref name="CI report">{{cite web |date=18 January 2010 |title=Market Prospects for Channel Island milk |url=http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314221425/http://www.dairyco.org.uk/library/d-archive/market-information/market-prospects-for-channel-island-milk.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Milk Development Council |access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> [[Jersey Royal potatoes]] are the local variety of [[new potato]], and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using [[Seaweed fertiliser|vraic]] as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Jersey Royals – Genuine New Potatoes |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404134542/https://jerseyroyals.co.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apples historically were an important crop. {{lang|nrf|Bourdélots}} are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter ({{lang|nrf|[[Nièr beurre|lé nièr beurre]]}}), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, [[cider]] and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, [[apple brandy]] is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Mare Wine Estate |url=http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811042535/http://www.lamarewineestate.com/estate/heritage }}</ref> and in 2013 the first commercial [[vodka]]s made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2013 |title=Double vodka on the Rock |work=Jersey Evening Post |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910080046/http://www.thisisjersey.com/news/2013/06/01/double-vodka-on-the-rock/ |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>

Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders ({{lang|nrf|les mèrvelles}}), fliottes, bean crock ({{lang|nrf|les pais au fou}}), [[Urtica dioica|nettle]] ({{lang|nrf|ortchie}}) soup, and vraic buns.<ref name="Recipes-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Popular Traditional Food in the Channel Islands |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-food-in-channel-islands |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=www.tasteatlas.com |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210132/https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-food-in-channel-islands |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{main|Sport in Jersey}}

[[File:Harry Vardon statue Grouville 3.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of Jersey golfer, [[Harry Vardon]], stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club.]]

In its own right, Jersey participates in the [[Commonwealth Games]] and in the biennial [[Island Games]], which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island Games Jersey 2015 Bid &#124; Home |url=http://www.jersey2015.com/home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325001855/https://www.jersey2015.com/home |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=26 April 2012 |publisher=Jersey2015.com}}</ref>

The [[Jersey Football Association]] supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JFA Combination League |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/index.html?league=8379530 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=fulltime.thefa.com |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403055409/https://fulltime.thefa.com/index.html?league=8379530 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jersey official football team|Jersey national football team]] plays in the annual [[Muratti]] competition against the other Channel Islands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muratti Vase |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/muratti.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804231218/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/muratti.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rugby union in Jersey]] comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the [[Rugby Football Union]] of England. Amateur side, [[Jersey RFC]], won the English Regional Two South Central Division in the 2023/24 season and will play in fifth tier Regional One South Central next campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/68452525|title=Jersey RFC win Regional Two South Central title after 54–7 Newbury win|date=16 March 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2024-06-05|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513091303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/68452525|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jersey Cricket Board]] is the official [[Sport governing body|governing body]] of the sport of [[cricket]] in Jersey. Jersey Cricket Board is Jersey's representative at the [[International Cricket Council|International Cricket Council (ICC)]]. It has been an ICC member since 2005 and an associate member since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cricket Council |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/europe/associate/111 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404060951/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/europe/associate/111 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jersey cricket team]] plays in the [[Inter-insular match]], as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.

For horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of [[Grosnez Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Jersey Race Club |date=11 July 2013 |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132609/https://jerseyraceclub.com/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome {{!}} AquaSplash |url=https://www.aquasplash.je/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.aquasplash.je |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326082120/https://www.aquasplash.je/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Quennevais {{!}} Active.je |url=https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=www.active.je |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326175332/https://www.active.je/centres/les-quennevais |url-status=live }}</ref> Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swims to take part in |url=http://www.jerseyseaswims.org/swims-to-take-part-in.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Jersey Long Distance Swimming Club |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210133/http://www.jerseyseaswims.org/swims-to-take-part-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.<ref>[https://www.rciyc.je/about About]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Royal Channel Islands Yacht Club''. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref>

Two professional golfers from Jersey have won [[the Open Championship]] seven times between them; [[Harry Vardon]] won six times and [[Ted Ray (golfer)|Ted Ray]] won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]] once each. Harry Vardon's brother, [[Tom Vardon]], had wins on various European tours.

Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New body to promote sport |url=https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=jerseyeveningpost.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135427/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2017/05/24/new-body-to-promote-sport/ }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
Until the 19th century, indigenous [[Jèrriais]] – a [[variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[Norman language|Norman]] – was the language of the island though French was used for official business. During the 20th century, [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural influence]] saw an intense [[language shift]] take place and Jersey today is predominantly [[English-speaking world|English-speaking]].{{r|facts gov}} Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (3%) are thought to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12%) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly among the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools.<ref>{{Cite web |author=States of Jersey |date=26 April 2021 |title=New Jèrriais Cross-Curricular Course Launched in Schools – Alentou d'Jèrri (Around Jersey) |url=http://www.gov.je/News/2021/pages/jerriaiscrosscurricularcourselaunched.aspx |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=gov.je |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628163830/https://www.gov.je/News/2021/pages/jerriaiscrosscurricularcourselaunched.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[dialect]]s of Jèrriais differ in [[phonology]] and, to a lesser extent, [[lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. [[Anglicisation]] of the [[place names]] increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAME CALLING |url=https://www.ruraljersey.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-name-calling/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=RURAL |language=en-US |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061004/https://www.ruraljersey.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-name-calling/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Literature ===
[[File:Victor Hugo-Exile.jpg|right|thumb|[[Victor Hugo]] in exile, 1850s]]
[[Wace]] was a 12th-century poet born in Jersey. He is the earliest known Jersey writer, authoring ''[[Roman de Brut]]'' and ''[[Roman de Rou]]'', among others. Some believe him to be the earliest [[Jèrriais]] writer and he is known as the founder of [[Jèrriais literature|Jersey literature]], but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jèrriais.<ref name="Worlddata-2019"/>

As Jèrriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jèrriais alongside Standard English and French.<ref name="facts gov">{{Cite web |title=Facts about Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx |website=Government of Jersey |access-date=2 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191221081233/https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx}}</ref>

[[Matthew Le Geyt]] was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.<ref name="Jersey Tourism-2006">{{Cite web |title=Where is Jersey |url=http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm |archive-date=20 August 2006 |access-date=15 October 2006 |publisher=Jersey Tourism}}</ref> [[Philippe Le Sueur Mourant]] wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.{{r|facts gov}} Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.<ref name="Ramsar-2018">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |title=Les Écrehous & Les Dirouilles, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155637/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Les Minquiers, Jersey |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025129/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |title=Les Pierres de Lecq |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130033/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457 |url-status=live }}
}}</ref>

After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author [[Victor Hugo]], as Jersey's culture had a relation to their native French.<ref name="UK Gov-2018" /> Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up [[Jersey Zoo]], was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He wrote in order to fund and further his conservation work.<ref name="Mut Bosque-2020" />

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Jersey}}

Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the [[Education in England|English system]]. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.<ref name="JerseyLaw-1999">{{Cite web |title=Education (Jersey) Law 1999 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_27_1999 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Jersey Legal Information Board |archive-date =5 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202133/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/revised/pages/10.800.aspx#_Toc2699048 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government provides limited free pre-school education to parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free early learning for your child |url=https://www.gov.je/Education/Preschool/Pages/NurseryEducation.aspx |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317210144/https://www.gov.je/Education/Preschool/Pages/NurseryEducation.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/pages/understandingcurriculum.aspx |title=Understanding the curriculum |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010201331/https://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form, [[Hautlieu School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of primary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611051517/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/PrimarySchools.aspx }}

{{cite web |title=List of secondary schools |url=http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx |website=gov.je |publisher=Information and public services for the Island of Jersey |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620010513/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/FindingSchool/TypesSchools/Pages/SecondarySchools.aspx }}</ref> [[Highlands College, Jersey|Highlands College]] provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Islanders to pay same university fees as UK counterparts |url=https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=[[ITV News]] |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317205845/https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2021-01-16/channel-island-students-to-pay-same-university-fees-as-uk-counterparts |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Environment ==
=== Environmental protection ===
{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands
| designation1_date = 10 November 2000
| designation1_number = 1043<ref>{{Cite web |title=South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1043 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142010/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1043 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar sites]]: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Protected Coastlines (Ramsar) |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610000045/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/SeaCoast/Pages/Ramsar.aspx#anchor-3 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=[[Government of Jersey]]}}</ref>

==== Land use planning ====
Jersey operates a [[Urban planning|planning]] system based on the discretionary system in use in the UK, where the States of Jersey passes a development plan, known as the Island Plan, which sets out [[zoning]], development policies and sites allocated for development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=Jersey U3A Local |date=2016-10-22 |title=The History of Planning in Jersey |url=https://medium.com/@JU3ALS/jersey-u3a-local-studies-dd1d97d5a7c3 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Planning is regulated by the Island Planning Law 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island Planning (Jersey) Law 1964 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/superseded/Pages/2006/22.225.aspx |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.jerseylaw.je}}</ref>

==== Geopark bid ====
The Aspiring Jersey Island Geopark (AJIG) project is a local campaign supported by the Government of Jersey and Jersey Heritage to achieve [[geopark]] status for the island of Jersey. The campaign intends to submit an application to [[UNESCO]] to designate the island as a [[UNESCO Global Geoparks|Global Geopark]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-05 |title=Jersey releases plan for Unesco Geopark status |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-59173643 |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> As part of this, Jersey Heritage launched a call for islanders to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for individual nomination for geopark status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Jersey islanders asked to identify sites for Unesco bids |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y22rep0do |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
Four species of small mammal are considered native:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Based Research Projects – The Jersey Mammal Survey |url=http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research+and+Monitoring/Species+Based+Research+Projects/The+Jersey+Mammal+Survey.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015634/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Countryside/Research%2Band%2BMonitoring/Species%2BBased%2BResearch%2BProjects/The%2BJersey%2BMammal%2BSurvey.htm |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> the [[wood mouse]], [[bank vole]] (an [[Endemism|endemic]] subspecies ''Clethrionomys glareolus caesarius''), [[lesser white-toothed shrew]] and [[crowned shrew]]. Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the [[European rabbit|rabbit]] (introduced in the [[Middle Ages]]), [[red squirrel]] and [[hedgehog]] (both introduced in the 19th century). The [[stoat]] became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000,<ref name="ActionPlan">{{Cite web |title=Bio Diversity Action Plans for Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Environment%20and%20greener%20living/ID%20Biodiversity%20Action%20Plans%20II%20DM%2020012016.pdf |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> and may have been outcompeted by [[Ferret|feral ferrets]] which probably became established on the island in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black List Mammals |url=http://www.birdsontheedge.org/wild-jersey/black-list/animals/ |access-date=23 May 2025|website=Birds on the Edge Project }}</ref>

The [[red-billed chough]] became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey, [[Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust]] and [[National Trust for Jersey]], is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birds on the Edge Project |url=http://www.birdsontheedge.org/ |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814023022/http://www.birdsontheedge.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Four species of reptiles occur on Jersey: the [[western green lizard]], [[Podarcis muralis|wall lizard]], [[Common slow worm|slow worm]], and [[barred grass snake]]. There are three species of amphibians: the [[spiny toad]] (known locally as the Crapaud<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.arguk.org/images/users/70/downloads/Crapaud.pdf |title=Jersey Toad, Crapaud or Western Common Toad ''Bufo spinosus'' |author= |date= |publisher=JARG (Jersey Amphibian & Reptile Group) |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>), [[agile frog]], and [[palmate newt]]. All are protected species, with Jersey being the only native habitat in the British Isles for the green lizard, wall lizard, spiny toad and agile frog.<ref name="ActionPlan"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reptiles and amphibians conservation |url=https://www.gov.je/environment/landmarinewildlife/coldblooded/Pages/index.aspx |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Government of Jersey}}</ref> 

The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Agile frog protection plans |url=https://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731024322/http://www.gov.je/Environment/LandMarineWildlife/ColdBlooded/Pages/Frogs.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agile frog |url=https://www.durrell.org/animals/amphibians/agile-frog/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106202756/http://www.durrell.org/Animals/Amphibians/Agile-Frog/ |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust}}</ref> 

Notable marine species<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2008 |title=A-Z of Fish |url=http://www.jersey.com/English/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/AtoZFish/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124003331/http://jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/atozfish/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Jersey.com}}</ref> include the [[ormer]], [[Conger conger|conger]], bass, [[Raja undulata|undulate ray]], [[Mugil cephalus|grey mullet]], [[ballan wrasse]] and [[garfish]]. Marine mammals include the [[bottlenosed dolphin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021443/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/49F2D9D7-2E1A-4958-9446-F3ADC2672868/0/Keithspaper.pdf |title=Keithspaper |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> and [[grey seal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319023500/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf |title=Marine Biodiversity |website=gov.je |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

Trees generally considered native are the [[Alnus glutinosa|alder]], [[silver birch]], [[sweet chestnut]], [[Corylus avellana|hazel]], [[Crataegus monogyna|hawthorn]], [[Fagus sylvatica|beech]], [[Fraxinus excelsior|ash]], [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[Prunus avium|wild cherry]], [[Prunus spinosa|blackthorn]], [[Quercus ilex|holm oak]], [[Quercus robur|pedunculate oak]], [[Salix cinerea|sallow]], [[Sambucus nigra|elder]], [[Ulmus|elm]] and [[Mespilus germanica|medlar]]. Among notable introduced species, the [[Cordyline australis|cabbage palm]] has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.<ref>''Trees in Jersey'', The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees, Jersey 1997, {{ISBN|0-9530979-0-0}}</ref>

Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the [[Jersey cabbage]], also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giant cabbage « Jersey Evening Post |url=http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222118/http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Jerseyeveningpost.com}}</ref>

[[Reynoutria japonica|Japanese knotweed]] is an [[invasive species]] that threatens Jersey's [[biodiversity]].<ref name="Barnsley">{{Cite book |last1=Barnsley |first1=S |url=http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf |title=Measures of performance by 2016 of UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in implementing the 2001 Environment Charters or their equivalents and moving towards the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Targets |last2=Cary |first2=E |last3=Pienkowski |first3=M |last4=Wensink |first4=C |date=2016 |publisher=UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum |isbn=978-1-911097-03-7 |edition=First |pages=97, 480 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813100907/http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese knotweed |url=https://www.gov.je/environment/protectingenvironment/problemspecies/pages/japaneseknotweed.aspx#anchor-3 |access-date=5 July 2016 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731044654/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/ProblemSpecies/Pages/JapaneseKnotweed.aspx#anchor-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other non-native species on the island include the [[Colorado beetle]], [[burnet rose]] and [[oak processionary]] moth.<ref name=Barnsley/>

==== Zoological park ====
Jersey is the home of the [[Jersey Zoo]] (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to be a zoo again |url=https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035710/https://www.durrell.org/wildlife/news/time-to-be-a-zoo-again/ |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=6 September 2018 |website=Durrell}}</ref>) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author [[Gerald Durrell]].

== Public services ==
=== Healthcare ===
{{Main|Healthcare in Jersey}}

Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the [[National Health Service]]. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use; however, treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, but GP services are paid for.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Healthcare |url=http://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132519/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Emergency services ===
Emergency services<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |title=Emergency services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319020149/http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/ |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> are provided by the [[States of Jersey Police]] with the support of the [[Honorary Police]] as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts |url=http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123930/http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jersey Fire and Rescue Service]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Fire and Rescue Service |url=http://www.gov.je/Government/Departments/HomeAffairs/Departments/FireService/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Gov.je |archive-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084753/http://www.gov.je/GOVERNMENT/DEPARTMENTS/HOMEAFFAIRS/DEPARTMENTS/FIRESERVICE/Pages/default.aspx }}</ref> and the [[Jersey Coastguard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Coastguard |url=http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602175754/http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Portofjersey.je}}</ref> The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivor Bisson |date=3 February 2011 |title=CI Air Search Home page |url=http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |access-date=31 May 2011 |website=CI Air Search|archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200601/http://www.ci-airsearch.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 1982 |title=St Helier History |url=http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=[[RNLI]] |archive-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083435/http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx }}</ref> Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the [[States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service]]. Jersey has adopted the [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112 emergency number]] alongside its existing [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999 emergency number]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Department |url=http://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141513/https://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Supply services ===
Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water. Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works, around 7.2&nbsp;billion litres in 2018. Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall-dependent surface water. The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10.8&nbsp;million litres per day (around half of the Island's average daily usage). In 2017, 101 water pollution incidents were reported, an increase of 5% on 2016. Another estimated 515,700 m<sup>3</sup> of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources (around 9% of the population).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/Water.aspx |title=Water statistics |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201025152/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/Water.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier, Jersey Electricity, of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key facts |website=Jersey Electricity |url=http://www.jec.co.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123203943/https://www.jec.co.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lough |first1=Richard |last2=MacAskill |first2=Andrew |title=British navy dispatched as France threatens 'retaliation' over fishing rights |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=6 May 2021 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/british-navy-dispatched-as-france-threatens-retaliation-over-fishing-rights-20210506-p57pbn.html |access-date=6 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506005303/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/british-navy-dispatched-as-france-threatens-retaliation-over-fishing-rights-20210506-p57pbn.html}}</ref> 35% of the imported power derives from [[Hydroelectricity|hydro-electric sources]] and 65% from [[nuclear power|nuclear sources]]. Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO<sub>2</sub> e / kWh compared to 352g CO<sub>2</sub> e / kWh in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The stats behind the network: a review of Jersey Electricity in numbers over the past 12 months |url=http://www.jec.co.uk/energy-hub/jersey-electricity-a-year-in-numbers/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Jersey Electricity |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073108/https://www.jec.co.uk/the-energy-blog/jersey-electricity-a-year-in-numbers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{main|List of people from Jersey}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* [[Bibliography of Jersey]]
* [[Geology of Jersey]]
* [[Jersey Post]]
* [[Haut de la Garenne]]
* [[Outline of Jersey]]
* [[Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in Jersey]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name="not BI"|Traditionally known as part of the [[British Isles]], geographically Jersey does not form part of that archipelago. As the Government of Jersey's website states, the island is situated "only 22&nbsp;km off the northwest coast of France and 137&nbsp;km south of England".{{r|facts gov}} In British law it constitutes one of the [[British Islands]].<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152 |title=Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) |quote=British Islands means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. (1889) |website=The UK Statute Law Database |archive-date=7 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507182642/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1838152  |publisher=OPSI Office of Public Sector Information}}</ref>}} }}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Balleine">{{Cite book |last=Balleine |first=G. R. |author-link=George Reginald Balleine |title=Bailiwick of Jersey |series=King's Channel Islands series |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1951 |location=London}}</ref>

<ref name="eb">{{Cite web |title=Jersey {{!}} island, Channel Islands, English Channel |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jersey-island-Channel-Islands-English-Channel |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135904/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jersey-island-Channel-Islands-English-Channel |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="fact relation">{{citation|title=Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies |publisher=UK Ministry of Justice |url= https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/863381/crown-dependencies-factsheet-february-2020.pdf|quote=The Crown Dependencies are not recognised internationally as sovereign States in their own right but as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible". |access-date=2 May 2023 |url-status=live |mode= cs1 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211220043113/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/863381/crown-dependencies-factsheet-february-2020.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="framework">{{citation|author1=((United Kingdom Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs)) |author2= ((Chief Minister of Jersey)) |title=Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey |publisher=Government of Jersey; Government of the United Kingdom |date= 1 May 2007 |mode=cs1 |url= https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf |access-date=2 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131174832/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf}} {{block quote|text="1. The UK has no democratic accountability in and for Jersey which is governed by its own democratically elected assembly. In the context of the UK's responsibility for Jersey's international relations it is understood that—
* "The UK will not act internationally on behalf of Jersey without prior consultation.{{nbsp}}...}}{{bq|text="2. Jersey has an international identity which is different from that of the UK."}}</ref>
<ref name="Minahan 2000 349">{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=Jersey |title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticutt, US |isbn=978-0-313-30984-7 |page=349 |language=en |via=Google Books |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=Jersey |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="IDBoard">{{citation |mode=cs1 |author1=((Island Identity Policy Development Board)) |title=Constitution and citizenship |url=https://islandidentity.je/report/island-identity-project/constitution-and-citizenship |work=Island Identity: Defining Jersey |publisher=Government of Jersey |url-status=live |archive-date=13 November 2024 |language=en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241113095310/https://islandidentity.je/report/island-identity-project/constitution-and-citizenship |quote=The Board concluded that Jersey is accurately described as a 'Country', or even as a 'Small Island Nation', and as such has a distinct international character. This has been agreed with the UK and by constitutional experts, and in 2007 the Lord Chancellor and Chief Minister signed an agreement entitled 'Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey', which also acknowledges that Jersey's 'international identity' is different from that of the UK.}}
* {{cite report|author=((Island Identity Policy Development Board)) |author-mask=0 |title=Jersey's National and International Identity – Interim Findings |publisher=Government of Jersey |date=11 May 2021 |url=https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404041110/https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2025|quote-page=6 |quote={{nbsp}}... unique mixture of cultural and constitutional characteristics qualifies [Jersey] as an Island nation in its own right." p. 20: "{{nbsp}}... it is therefore appropriate to describe Jersey as a Small Nation.|ref=none}}</ref>

<ref name="Quayle 1815 48">{{Cite book |last=Quayle |first=T. |title=A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy |publisher=Board of Agriculture |year=1815 |location=London |page=48}}</ref>

<ref name="attach diocese">{{Cite act |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=13 April 2025 |via=Jersey Legal Information Board |quote=HER MAJESTY, in the exercise of Her prerogatives as Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey{{nbsp}}... is pleased by and with the advice of Her Privy Council to order as follows.–{{nbsp}}...{{pb}}"2 Attachment of Jersey to Diocese of Salisbury{{pb}} "The Bailiwick of Jersey is, by virtue of this Order, as a matter of and for the purposes of the law of Jersey attached to the Diocese of Salisbury instead of to the Diocese of Winchester.| index =L.34/2022 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516180222/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/09.020.aspx |mode=cs1 |title=Attachment of Jersey to the Diocese of Salisbury Order 2022| type = Unofficial extended UK law |authority1=States of Jersey|authority2=Privy Council |url= https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_34_2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Worlddata-2019">{{Cite web |title=Definition: What is a country? |url=https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428171551/https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite book |last1=Syvret |first1=Marguerite |last2=Stevens |first2=Joan |last3=Balleine |first3= G. R. |author3-link=George Reginald Balleine |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-86077-650-2}}
** Previously published as: {{cite book |last1=Syvret |first1=Marguerite |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |last2=Stevens |first2=Joan |last3=Balleine |first3= G. R. |publisher=La Société Jersiaise |date=1998 |isbn=1-86077-065-7 |id=Revised and enlarged edition of ''A history of the Island of Jersey from cave men to the German occupation and after''. Kettering, UK: Staples, 1950 |author-mask1= 0 | author-mask2=0 |author3-mask=0 |ref=none}}

== Further reading ==
{{see also|Bibliography of Jersey}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* ''Jersey Through the Centuries'', Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984, {{ISBN|0-86120-003-9}}
* ''A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey'', G. R. Balleine

=== Archaeology ===
* {{cite book |last1=Bulkeley |first1=James |title=La Hougue Bie de Hambie, A Tradition of Jersey: With Historical, Genealogical, and Topographical Notes |date=1837 |publisher=Whittaker & Co. |location=London |language=en |series=(In two volumes) |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lahouguebiedeha00bulkgoog/page/n8/mode/2up |ref=none}}
* ''The Archaeology of the Channel Islands''. Vol. 2: The Bailiwick of Jersey by [[Jacquetta Hawkes]] (1939)
* ''The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age'', 1940, C. F. C. Hawkes
* ''The Channel Islands, An Archaeological Guide'', David Johnston, 1981
* ''The Archaeology of the Channel Islands'', Peter Johnston, 1986
* ''Jersey in Prehistory'', Mark Patton, 1987
* ''Dolmens of Jersey: A Guide'', James Hibbs (1988).
* ''Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany'', Mark Patton, 1993
* ''A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey'', Peter Hunt, [[Société Jersiaise]], 1998.
* {{cite book |last1=Rodwell |first1=Warwick |last2=Patton |first2= Mark |last3= Finch|first3=Olga |author1-link=Warwick Rodwell |date=1999 |title=La Hougue Bie, Jersey. A Study of the Neolithic Tomb, Medieval Chapel and Prince's Tower – including a report on the excavations of 1991–95 |publisher=Société Jersiaise |location= Jersey |isbn= 978-0-901897-29-9 |oclc=915552168 |ref=none}} {{isbn| 0-901897-29-9}}.
* ''The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands'', Heather Sebire, 2005.

=== Cattle ===
* ''One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833–1933''. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H. G. Shepard, Secretary. Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954

=== Religion ===
* ''The Channel Islands under Tudor Government'', A. J. Eagleston
* ''Reformation and Society in Guernsey'', D. M. Ogier
* ''International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection'', C. S. L. Davies
* "Religion, History and G. R. Balleine: The Reformation in Jersey", by J. St John Nicolle, ''The Pilot Magazine''
* ''The Reformation in Jersey: The Process of Change over Two Centuries'', J. St John Nicolle
* ''The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents'', BSJ, A. J. Eagleston
* ''The Portrait of Richard Mabon'', BSJ, Joan Stevens
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
<!-- Please do not add The Jersey Crime Journal (http://www.jerseycrime.blogspot.com) to the list, for it belongs to States of Jersey Police article. -->
<!-- Please do not arbitrarily decide to edit this list of relevant links -->
{{Sister project links |Jersey|wikt=Jersey |d=y|auto=1}}
* [https://www.gov.je/ gov.je] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232004/https://www.gov.je/ |date=3 December 2017 }} Official Government of Jersey website
* [https://www.jersey.com/ Visit Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313222222/https://www.jersey.com/ |date=13 March 2017 }} Government owned tourism website
* [https://www.jerripedia.org Jerripedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726135754/https://jerripedia.org/ |date=26 July 2021 }} Online history and family history encyclopedia
* [https://www.vote.je/ Vote.je] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129142111/https://www.vote.je/ |date=29 November 2020 }} Elections in Jersey
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/ Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey |date=13 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.locatejersey.com/ Locate Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201075017/https://www.locatejersey.com/ |date=1 December 2020 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey Jersey] , from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/ Jersey Evening Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422100905/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/ |date=22 April 2019 }}
* [http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/ Prehistoric Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204236/http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/ |date=13 April 2021 }}
* [https://www.jerseyshops.co.uk/ JerseyShops.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603204346/https://www.jerseyshops.co.uk/ |date=3 June 2019}} – local retailers

{{Jersey topics}}
{{Channel Islands}}
{{British Isles}}
{{United Kingdom constituents and affiliations}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
{{Sovereign states of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Jersey| ]]
[[Category:Bailiwick of Jersey]]
[[Category:Crown Dependencies]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1204]]
[[Category:Islands of the Channel Islands]]
[[Category:British Islands]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in Europe]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Jersey]]
[[Category:Island countries]]