View source for Jerome Isaac Friedman

{{short description|American physicist (born 1930)}}
{{for|the Louisiana state legislator|J. Isaac Friedman}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name= Jerome Isaac Friedman
| image=File:OIST BOG Members After Meeting Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 4 October 2013 20131004 (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 
| caption=Friedman in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|3|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place=
| field = [[Physics]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]
| work_institution = [[MIT]]
| doctoral_advisor=[[Enrico Fermi]]  
| doctoral_students=
| known_for = Experimental proof of [[quark]]s
| prizes= [[President's Medal of the IOP]] (2000) <br /> [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1990)  
| spouse=Tania Letetsky-Baranovsky (m.&nbsp;1956; 4 children)<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2mXwLKBkkeIC&q=Letetsky-Baranovsky|title = Nobel Prize winners: Supplement, 1987-1991 : an H.W. Wilson biographical dictionary, Volume 2|date = 1992|access-date = June 3, 2014|publisher = H.W. Wilson Co.|isbn = 9780824208349}}
</ref>}}

'''Jerome Isaac Friedman''' (born March 28, 1930) is an American [[physicist]]. He is institute professor and professor of physics, emeritus, at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. He won the 1990 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] along with [[Henry W. Kendall|Henry Kendall]] and [[Richard E. Taylor|Richard Taylor]], "for their pioneering investigations concerning [[deep inelastic scattering]] of [[electron]]s on [[proton]]s and bound [[neutron]]s, which have been of essential importance for the development of the [[quark model]] in particle physics.",<ref name="nobel-citation">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/ |title=Nobel prize citation |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref> work which showed an internal structure for [[protons]] later known to be [[quarks]]. Friedman sits on the board of sponsors of the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.

==Life and career==
[[File:OIST BOG Members After Meeting Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 4 October 2013 20131004.jpg|thumb|left|200px|with [[Cherry A. Murray]], [[Tim Hunt]], [[Torsten Wiesel]], [[Kōji Omi]], [[Akito Arima]], [[Jonathan M. Dorfan]] and Robert Baughman]]
Born in [[Chicago, Illinois]] to Lillian (''née'' Warsaw) and Selig Friedman, a sewing machine salesman, Friedman's Jewish<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.science.co.il/nobel-prizes/Physics.php|title = Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics|date = 2013|access-date = June 3, 2014|website = Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics|publisher = Israel Science and Technology Homepage}}</ref> parents emigrated to the U.S. from Russia. Jerome Friedman excelled in art but became interested in physics after reading a book on [[theory of relativity|relativity]] written by [[Albert Einstein]]. He turned down a scholarship to the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] in order to study physics at the [[University of Chicago]]. Whilst there he worked under [[Enrico Fermi]], and eventually received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in physics in 1956. In 1960, he joined the physics faculty of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].

In 1968–69, commuting between MIT and California, he conducted experiments with [[Henry W. Kendall]] and [[Richard E. Taylor]] at the [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] which gave the first experimental evidence that [[proton]]s had an internal structure, later known to be [[quark]]s. For this, Friedman, Kendall and Taylor shared the 1990 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. He is an [[institute professor]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].  Friedman is also a member of the board of sponsors of the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0|title = Board of Sponsors|date = 2014|access-date = June 4, 2014|website = Board of Sponsors|publisher = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|archive-date = May 9, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145008/https://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the [[Humanism and Its Aspirations|Humanist Manifesto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Notable Signers |publisher=American Humanist Association |work=Humanism and its Aspirations |access-date=October 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archive-date=October 5, 2012 }}</ref> He is an atheist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml |title=Nobel laureate Friedman: Time travel is not possible |access-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207112423/http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Friedman is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President [[George W. Bush]] in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]’s [[Office of Science]], the [[National Science Foundation]], and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates|url=https://fire.pppl.gov/nobel_bush_fy08_050808.pdf}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
Prof Friedman appeared on an episode of [[Da Ali G Show]], where [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] interviews Jerome as a fictional character called [[Ali G]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ali G + Borat - Dog Contest ( Super Funny ) | date=January 20, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZGGWy8G-GA |access-date=2023-06-24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Publications==
* Friedman, J. I., Kendall, H. W., et al. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4537550-experimental-search-heavy-electron "Experimental Search for a Heavy Electron"], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]) September 1967.
* Friedman, J. I. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4715877-deep-inelastic-electron-scattering-experimental "Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering: Experimental"], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]]) October 1971.

== Honors ==
*[[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|55px|ribbon bar]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (2016)
*Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (2002)<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Jerome+I.+Friedman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-10-05|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
*Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1992)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerome I. Friedman|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/58650.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
*Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] (1991)<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
*Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1980)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerome Isaac Friedman|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/jerome-isaac-friedman|access-date=2021-10-05|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/46662 Oral history interview transcript with Jerome Friedman on 12 August 2020, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1990 ''Deep Inelastic Scattering: Comparisons with the Quark Model''
* [http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/friedman_jerome.html Friedman page at MIT]
* [http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/friedman.html Jerome Friedman Playlist] Appearance on WMBR's ''[http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/index.html Dinnertime Sampler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504000207/http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/index.html |date=May 4, 2011 }}'' radio show January 5, 2005
* [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/friedman-0404.html Friedman Explains Role of Quarks in Killian Talk], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], (April 1, 2001)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616105008/http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-8/iss-6/p22.html Will Innovation Flourish in the Future?] Opinion by Jerome Friedman, American Institute of Physics

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{1990 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Presidents of the American Physical Society}}{{MIT physics department}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Jerome Isaac}}
[[Category:American experimental physicists]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Winners of the Panofsky Prize]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Belgrade]]
[[Category:Jewish American atheists]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]