View source for Japanese era name

{{Short description|Name given to the regnal years of a Japanese emperor}}
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{{History of Japan |topics |image=Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_(cropped).jpg}}
The {{nihongo|'''Japanese era name'''|元号|gengō|"era name"|lead=yes}} or {{nihongo|''nengō''|年号|year name}}, is the first of the two elements that identify years in the '''Japanese era calendar scheme'''. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "{{nihongo|gan|元}}", meaning "origin, basis"), followed by the literal "{{nihongo|nen|年}}" meaning "year".

[[Chinese era name|Era names]] originated in 140 BCE in [[Imperial China]], during the reign of the [[Emperor Wu of Han]].<ref name=First1>{{cite book|last1=Lü|first1=Zongli|title=Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618|year=2003|publisher=Peter Lang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin|isbn=9783906769561}}</ref><ref name=First2>{{cite book|last1=Sogner|first1=Sølvi|title=Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume|year=2001|publisher=Universitetsforlaget |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history|isbn=9788215001067}}</ref> As elsewhere in the [[Sinosphere]], the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice,<ref name=First2 /><ref name=Sinosphere>{{cite journal|year=2000|title=International Congress of Historical Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam|volume=19|isbn=9788299561419|access-date=29 December 2019|last1=Jølstad|first1=Anders|last2=Lunde|first2=Marianne}}</ref><ref name=Japan>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era|title=Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, [[Korean era name|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese era name|Vietnamese]] era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

The five era names used since the end of the [[Edo period]] in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their [[Hepburn romanization|romanized]] names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, [[Shōwa period|Shōwa]] is the longest era to date.

The {{nihongo|[[Reiwa]]|令和}}<ref name="reiwaannouncement">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GFU9-8jQ2Nk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFU9-8jQ2Nk&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation|title=Reiwa Nengō Announcement Footage|date=2019-04-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFU9-8jQ2Nk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of [[Naruhito]] [[Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor|to the throne]] as the 126th [[Emperor of Japan]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/japan-rings-era-naruhito-emperor-190430180007614.html |title=Japan rings in new era as Naruhito becomes emperor|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=30 April 2019|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> following the day of the planned and voluntary [[abdication]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/asia/emperor-akihito-abdication-prince-naruhito.html |title=Emperor Akihito, Who Gave Japan's Monarchy a Human Face, Abdicates Throne |work=The New York Times|last=Rich |first=Motoko |date=30 April 2019|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> of his father, the 125th Emperor, [[Akihito]]. Emperor Akihito had received [[Emperor Abdication Law|special permission]] to abdicate,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html |title=天皇陛下 「生前退位」の意向示される ("His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'") |publisher=NHK |language=ja |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100512/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html |archive-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045|title=Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate' |work=BBC News|date=13 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the {{nihongo|[[Heisei|Heisei era]]|平成31年}}, which had started on the day after the death of Emperor [[Hirohito]] on 8 January 1989.

==Overview==
[[File:Keizo Obuchi cropped Keizo Obuchi 19890107.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Keizō Obuchi]], [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]], announces the name of the new era "[[Heisei]]" ({{nihongo2|平成}}), on 7 January 1989.]]
[[File:Yoshihide Suga announcing new imperial era Reiwa 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Yoshihide Suga]], [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]], announces the name of the new era "[[Reiwa]]" ({{nihongo2|令和}}) at the [[Prime Minister's Official Residence]], on 1 April 2019.]]
[[File:Jokyo-reki.jpg|thumb|220px|1729 [[Japanese calendar]], which used the [[Jōkyō calendar]] procedure, published by [[Ise Grand Shrine]]]]

{{External timeline|Template:Japanese era names|Japanese era names}}

The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of [[Emperor Kōtoku]].

The first era name to be assigned was {{nihongo|"Taika"|大化}}, celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great {{nihongo|[[Taika reform]]|大化の改新}} of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.{{sfnp|Brown|Ishida|1979|p=[{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=32}} 32]}}

===Historical ''nengō''===
Prior to the [[Meiji period]], era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the [[sexagenary cycle]], because they were inauspicious years in [[Onmyōdō]]. These three years are respectively known as ''[[wiktionary:革令|kakurei]]'', ''[[wiktionary:革運|kakuun]]'', and ''[[wiktionary:革命|kakumei]]'', and collectively known as ''[[wiktionary:三革|sankaku]]''. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, {{nihongo|the first day of a nengō|元年|gannen}} starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869,'' p. 321.</ref>

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō {{nihongo|Wadō|和銅}}, during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in [[Chichibu]]. Most nengō are composed of two [[kanji]], except for a short time during the [[Nara period]] when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. {{nihongo|Tenpyō Kanpō|天平感宝}}, {{nihongo|Tenpyō Shōhō|天平勝宝}}, {{nihongo|Tenpyō Hōji|天平宝字}} and {{nihongo|Tenpyō Jingo|天平神護}} are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the [[Heian period]], [[Confucian]] thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as {{nihongo|Daidō|大同}}, {{nihongo|Kōnin|弘仁}} and {{nihongo|Tenchō|天長}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}  Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

The vast majority of Japanese era names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Shōwa have been used for more than 30 years.

===''Nengō'' in modern Japan===
[[Mutsuhito]] assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the {{nihongo|[[Keiō]]|慶応}} era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to {{nihongo|"[[Meiji period|Meiji]]"|明治}}, and a {{nihongo|"one reign, one era name"|一世一元|issei-ichigen}} system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the [[Ming dynasty]], in which the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, {{nihongo|the first year of a nengō|元年|gannen}} starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the [[Gregorian calendar]].  For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the {{nihongo|[[Taishō]]|大正}} era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and {{nihongo|"Taishō 1"|大正元年|Taishō gannen}}, although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the {{nihongo|Era Name Law|元号法|gengō-hō}}. Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as {{nihongo|"[[Emperor Meiji]]"|明治天皇|Meiji Tennō}}.
 
It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as {{nihongo|''Tennō Heika''|天皇陛下||"His Majesty the Emperor"}} or {{nihongo|''Kinjō Tennō''|今上天皇||"current emperor"}}. To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English,{{Citation needed|reason=Veracity of statement unclear|date=February 2021}} is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his [[posthumous name]]. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese.

The [[Akihito|Emperor Akihito]] abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is {{nihongo|[[Reiwa]]|令和}}.<ref name=reiwaannouncement />

==Periods without era names==
The era name system that was introduced by [[Emperor Kōtoku]] was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by [[Emperor Tenmu]] in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, [[Emperor Monmu]] once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the [[Gregorian calendar]] for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.<ref name="murray402">{{harvp|Murray|1894}} [{{Google books|ez0qAAAAYAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=402}} p. 402], citing {{harvp|Bramsen|1880}} [{{Google books|9jKgVty_XFoC|plain-url=yes|page=54}} pp. 54–55].The year-periods (nengō) do not ordinarily overlap with the reigns of the early monarchs; and generally, a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event.</ref>

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent practice, introduced  during the [[Meiji period]] and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which [[Emperor Bidatsu]] assumed the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] – is properly written as "{{lang|ja|敏達天皇元年}}" (''Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen'', "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "{{lang|ja|敏達元年}}" (''Bidatsu Gannen'', "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such.<ref>[http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ "The Japanese Calendar"], National Diet Library, Japan</ref> By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.<ref>{{cite web |title=年号一覧 |url=http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/history/nengouichiran.htm |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019050706/http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/history/nengouichiran.htm |archive-date=2007-10-19}}</ref>

==Unofficial era name system==
In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called {{nihongo |''shinengō''|私年号||"personal era name"}}, also known as {{nihongo |''ginengō''|偽年号}} or {{nihongo |''inengō''|異年号}}. Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the [[Middle Ages]]. ''Shinengō'' used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called {{nihongo |''itsunengō''|逸年号}}.{{efn|name=jawiki|1=A list of shinengō and more information can be seen in the Japanese language entry on {{lang|ja|[[:ja:私年号#日本の私年号一覧|私年号]]}}.}}

Because official records of ''shinengō'' are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō {{nihongo |Hakuhō|白鳳}} is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the [[Hakuchi (era)|Hakuchi era]]. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the [[Nichūreki]], Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known ''itsunengō'' and ''shinengō'' include {{nihongo |Hōkō|法興}} (591–621+ CE), {{nihongo |Suzaku|朱雀}} (686), {{nihongo |Entoku|延徳}} (1460), {{nihongo|Miroku|弥勒}} (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and {{nihongo |Meiroku|命禄}} (1540–1543).

The most recent ''shinengō'' is {{nihongo |Seiro|征露}} (1904–1905), named for the [[Russo-Japanese War]].

===''Kyūshū nengō''===
Edo period scholar [[Tsurumine Shigenobu]] proposed that {{nihongo |Kyūshū nengō|九州年号}}, said to have been used in ancient [[Kumaso]], should also be considered a form of ''shinengō''. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed ''Kyūshū nengō'' can be seen in the Japanese language entries {{lang|ja|[[:ja:鶴峯戊申#襲国偽僣考|鶴峯戊申]]}} and {{lang|ja|[[:ja:九州王朝説#九州年号表|九州王朝説]]}}.

==Software support==
===Character sets===
Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the [[Reiwa|Reiwa period]], which can also be written as {{lang|ja|令和}}.  These are included in [[Unicode]]: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively.

===Calendar libraries===
Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it.

Since the release of [[Java 8]], the [[Japanese calendar]] is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=JapaneseDate (Java Platform SE 8 )|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/chrono/JapaneseDate.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2015-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211441/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/chrono/JapaneseDate.html }}</ref>

===Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019===
{{Main|Japanese calendar era bug}}
Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for [[2019 Japanese imperial transition|the new era which began on 1 May 2019]].  ''Windows'' provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2018/04/12/the-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment/|title=The Japanese Calendar's Y2K Moment|date=12 April 2018 }}</ref> [[Java Development Kit]] 11 supported this era using the placeholders "{{lang|ja|元号}}" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=JDK 11 Release Notes, Important Changes, and Information |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/11-relnote-issues-5012449.html#JDK-8202088 |website=www.oracle.com |access-date=1 October 2018 |quote=Japanese calendars, both in java.time.chrono and java.util packages support the upcoming Japanese new era, which will be in effect from May 1st, 2019. While the name of the era was yet to be known, placeholder names ("{{lang|ja|元号}}" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages) are provided for its display names. The placeholder names will be replaced with the legitimate era name, Reiwa, in a future update, thus applications should not depend on those placeholder names.}}</ref> The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kishida |first1=Naoki |title=Java 11 API Change Proposals |url=https://dzone.com/articles/java-11-api-changes-so-far |website=DZone Java |access-date=1 October 2018 |language=en |date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020209/https://dzone.com/articles/java-11-api-changes-so-far |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Unicode]] code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17429-sc2-n4577-japan-new-era.pdf|title=Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name|date=2017-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4949-Japanese_new_era.pdf|title=Update on SC2 N4577 "Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name"|date=2018-05-23|author=The Japan National Body}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=19813998&objAction=Open|title=Resolutions of the 23rd ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Plenary Meeting|section=RESOLUTION M 23-10|date=2018-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18056-future-adds.pdf|title=Future Additions to ISO/IEC 10646 (January 2018)|date=2018-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Proposed New Characters: Pipeline Table|url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html|publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]|date=2018-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18220-u121planning.txt|title=Unicode 12.1 Planning Considerations|date=2018-07-16|first=Ken|last=Whistler}}</ref>

==List of Japanese era names==
The '''list of Japanese era names''' is the result of a [[periodization]] system which was established by [[Emperor Kōtoku]] in 645. The system of {{nihongo|Japanese era names|年号|''nengō''|"year name"}} was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century.{{sfnp|Tsuchihashi|1952|p=16}} After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries.{{sfnp|Brown|Ishida|1979|p=[{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=32}} 32]}} As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names.

To convert a Japanese year to a [[Gregorian calendar]] year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called ''nengō''). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1.

===[[Asuka period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōtoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=266}} pp. 266–267]; {{harvp|Varley|1980}} pp. 132–133; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=47}} pp. 47–50]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|孝徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 645–654 CE)}}
|-
|[[Taika (era)|Taika]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大化}}
|645–650 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Han]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Song]]''
|
|-
|[[Hakuchi (era)|Hakuchi]]<br/>{{nihongo2|白雉}}
|650–654 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Tenmu]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=268}} pp. 268–269]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=135–136}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=58}} pp. 58–59]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|天武天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 673–686 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shuchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|朱鳥}}
|686 CE
|3 months
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Also rendered as ''Suchō'', ''Akamitori'', and ''Akamidori''.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Monmu]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=270}} pp. 270–271]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=137–140}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=60}} pp. 60–63]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|文武天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 697–707 CE)}}
|-
|[[Taihō (era)|Taihō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大宝}}
|701–704 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Daihō''.
|-
|[[Keiun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|慶雲}}
|704–708 CE
|4 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kyōun''. Usage continued by the [[Empress Genmei]] upon her ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Empress Genmei]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=271}} p. 271]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=140}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=63}} pp. 63–65]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|元明天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 707–715 CE)}}
|-
|[[Wadō (era)|Wadō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|和銅}}
|708–715 CE
|9 years
|
|
|}

===[[Nara period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Empress Genshō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=271}} pp. 271–272]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=140–141}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=65}} pp. 65–67]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|元正天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 715–724 CE)}}
|-
|[[Reiki (era)|Reiki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|霊亀}}
|715–717 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Yōrō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|養老}}
|717–724 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Shōmu]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=272}} pp. 272–273]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=141–143}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=67}} pp. 67–73]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|聖武天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 724–749 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jinki (era)|Jinki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|神亀}}
|724–729 CE
|6 years
|''Book of Rites with Commentaries of [[Dai De]]'' (大戴禮記),<br/>''[[Erya|The Literary Expositor]]''
|
|-
|[[Tenpyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天平}}
|729–749 CE
|21 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'',<br/>''[[Great Learning]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenbyō'' and ''Tenhei''.
|-
|[[Tenpyō-kanpō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天平感宝}}
|749 CE
|4 months
|
|Also rendered as ''Tenbyō-kanpō'' and ''Tenhei-kanpō''.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Empress Kōken]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=274}} pp. 274–275]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=143}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=73}} pp. 73–75]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|孝謙天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 749–758 CE; first reign)}}
|-
|[[Tenpyō-shōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天平勝宝}}
|749–757 CE
|9 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Tenbyō-shōhō'' and ''Tenpei-shōhō''.
|-
|[[Tenpyō-hōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天平宝字}}
|757–765 CE
|9 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Tenbyō-hōji'' and ''Tenpei-hōji''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Junnin]] and the [[Empress Kōken|Empress Shōtoku]] upon their ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Empress Kōken|Empress Shōtoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=276}} p. 276]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=144–147}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=78}} pp. 78–81]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|称徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 764–770 CE; second reign)}}
|-
|[[Tenpyō-jingo]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天平神護}}
|765–767 CE
|3 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Tenbyō-jingo'' and ''Tenhei-jingo''.
|-
|[[Jingo-keiun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|神護景雲}}
|767–770 CE
|4 years
|
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kōnin]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōnin]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=276}} pp. 276–277]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=147–148}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=81}} pp. 81–85]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|光仁天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 770–781 CE)}}
|-
|[[Hōki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|宝亀}}
|770–781 CE
|12 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kanmu]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=277}} pp. 277–279]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=148–150}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=86}} pp. 86–95]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|桓武天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 781–806 CE)}}
|-
|[[Ten'ō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天応}}
|781–782 CE
|2 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Enryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延暦}}
|782–806 CE
|25 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Heizei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|}

===[[Heian period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Heizei]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=279}} pp. 279–280]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=151}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=96}} pp. 96–97]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|平城天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 806–809 CE)}}
|-
|[[Daidō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大同}}
|806–810 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Saga]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Saga]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=280}} pp. 280–282]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=151–164}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=97}} pp. 97–102]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|嵯峨天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 809–823 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kōnin (era)|Kōnin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘仁}}
|810–824 CE
|15 years
|
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Junna]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Junna]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=282}} pp. 282–283]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=164}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=103}} pp. 103–106]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|淳和天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 823–833 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天長}}
|824–834 CE
|11 years
|
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Ninmyō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Ninmyō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=283}} pp. 283–284]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=164–165}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=106}} pp. 106–112]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|仁明天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 833–850 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jōwa (Heian period)|Jōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承和}}
|834–848 CE
|15 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Shōwa'' and ''Sōwa''.
|-
|[[Kashō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉祥}}
|848–851 CE
|4 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Kajō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Montoku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Montoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=285}} pp. 285–286]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=165}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=112}} pp. 112–115]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|文徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 850–858 CE)}}
|-
|[[Ninju]]<br/>{{nihongo2|仁寿}}
|851–854 CE
|4 years
|
|
|-
|[[Saikō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|斉衡}}
|854–857 CE
|4 years
|
|
|-
|[[Ten'an]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天安}}
|857–859 CE
|3 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Tennan''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Seiwa]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Seiwa]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=286}} pp. 286–288]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=166–170}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=115}} pp. 115–121]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|清和天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 858–876 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jōgan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞観}}
|859–877 CE
|19 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Yōzei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Yōzei]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=288}} pp. 288–289]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=170–171}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=121}} pp. 121–124]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|陽成天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 876–884 CE)}}
|-
|[[Gangyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元慶}}
|877–885 CE
|9 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Gankyō'' and ''Genkei''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kōkō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōkō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=289}} p. 289]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=171–175}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=124}} pp. 124–125]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|光孝天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 884–887 CE)}}
|-
|[[Ninna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|仁和}}
|885–889 CE
|5 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Ninwa''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Uda]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Uda]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=289}} pp. 289–290]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=175–179}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=125}} pp. 125–129]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|宇多天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 887–897 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kanpyō (era)|Kanpyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛平}}
|889–898 CE
|10 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Kanpei'', ''Kanbyō'', ''Kanbei'', and ''Kanhei''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Daigo]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Daigo]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=290}} pp. 290–293]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=179–181}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=129}} pp. 129–134]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|醍醐天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 897–930 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōtai]]<br/>{{nihongo2|昌泰}}
|898–901 CE
|4 years
|
|
|-
|[[Engi (era)|Engi]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延喜}}
|901–923 CE
|23 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Enchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延長}}
|923–931 CE
|9 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Suzaku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Suzaku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=294}} pp. 294–295]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=181–183}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=134}} pp. 134–138]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|朱雀天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 930–946 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jōhei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承平}}
|931–938 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōhei''.
|-
|[[Tengyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天慶}}
|938–947 CE
|10 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenkei'' and ''Tenkyō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Murakami]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Murakami]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=295}} pp. 295–298]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=183–190}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=139}} pp. 139–142]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|村上天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 946–967 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天暦}}
|947–957 CE
|11 years
|''[[Analects]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenreki''.
|-
|[[Tentoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天徳}}
|957–961 CE
|5 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Ōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応和}}
|961–964 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康保}}
|964–968 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Reizei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Reizei]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=298}} p. 298]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=190–191}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=142}} pp. 142–143]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|冷泉天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 967–969 CE)}}
|-
|[[Anna (era)|Anna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|安和}}
|968–970 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Also rendered as ''Anwa''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor En'yū]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor En'yū]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=299}} pp. 299–300]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=191–192}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=144}} pp. 144–148]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|円融天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 969–984 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天禄}}
|970–974 CE
|5 years
|
|
|-
|[[Ten'en]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天延}}
|974–976 CE
|3 years
|
|
|-
|[[Jōgen (Heian period)|Jōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞元}}
|976–978 CE
|3 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Teigen''.
|-
|[[Tengen (era)|Tengen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天元}}
|978–983 CE
|6 years
|
|
|-
|[[Eikan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永観}}
|983–985 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōkan''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kazan]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kazan]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=300}} pp. 300–302]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=192}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=148}} pp. 148–149]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|花山天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 984–986 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kanna (era)|Kanna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛和}}
|985–987 CE
|3 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Kanwa''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Ichijō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Ichijō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes||page=302}} pp. 302–307]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=192–195}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=150}} pp. 150–154]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|一条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 986–1011 CE)}}
|-
|[[Eien]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永延}}
|987–989 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Han]]'',<br/>''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōen''.
|-
|[[Eiso (era)|Eiso]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永祚}}
|989–990 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]'',<br/>''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōso''.
|-
|[[Shōryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正暦}}
|990–995 CE
|6 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Jōryaku'' and ''Shōreki''.
|-
|[[Chōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長徳}}
|995–999 CE
|5 years
|''Admonishment by the Colonel of the City Gates'' (城門校尉箴)
|Also rendered as ''Jōryaku'' and ''Shōreki''.
|-
|[[Chōhō (era)|Chōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長保}}
|999–1004 CE
|6 years
|''[[Guoyu (book)|Discourses of the States]]''
|
|-
|[[Kankō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛弘}}
|1004–1012 CE
|9 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Sanjō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Sanjō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes||page=307}} p. 307]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=195}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=154}} pp. 154–155]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|三条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1011–1016 CE)}}
|-
|[[Chōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長和}}
|1012–1017 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Ichijō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Ichijō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=307}} pp. 307–310]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=195–196}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=156}} pp. 156–160]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後一条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1016–1036 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kannin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛仁}}
|1017–1021 CE
|5 years
|''Records of Kuaiji'' (會稽記)
|
|-
|[[Jian (era)|Jian]]<br/>{{nihongo2|治安}}
|1021–1024 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Chian''.
|-
|[[Manju (era)|Manju]]<br/>{{nihongo2|万寿}}
|1024–1028 CE
|5 years
|''[[Classic of Poetry]]''
|
|-
|[[Chōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長元}}
|1028–1037 CE
|10 years
|''[[Six Secret Teachings]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=310}} pp. 310–311]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=197}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=160}} pp. 160–162]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後朱雀天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1036–1045 CE)}}
|-
|[[Chōryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長暦}}
|1037–1040 CE
|4 years
|''[[Spring and Autumn Annals]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Also rendered as ''Chōreki''.
|-
|[[Chōkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長久}}
|1040–1044 CE
|5 years
|''[[Tao Te Ching|Book of the Way and of Virtue]]''
|
|-
|[[Kantoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛徳}}
|1044–1046 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Reizei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Reizei]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=311}} pp. 311–314]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=197–198}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=162}} pp. 162–166]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後冷泉天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1045–1068 CE)}}
|-
|[[Eishō (Heian period)|Eishō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永承}}
|1046–1053 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Jin]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Song]]''
|Also rendered as ''Eijō'' and ''Yōjō''.
|-
|[[Tengi]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天喜}}
|1053–1058 CE
|6 years
|''[[Baopuzi|Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenki''.
|-
|[[Kōhei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康平}}
|1058–1065 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Jiryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|治暦}}
|1065–1069 CE
|5 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Book of Documents]]'' (尚書正義)
|Also rendered as ''Chiryaku''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Sanjō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=314}} pp. 314–315]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=198–199}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=166}} pp. 166–168]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後三条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1068–1073 CE)}}
|-
|[[Enkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延久}}
|1069–1074 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Shirakawa]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Shirakawa]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=315}} pp. 315–317]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=199–202}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=169}} pp. 169–171]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|白河天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1073–1087 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承保}}
|1074–1077 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōhō'' and ''Shōho''.
|-
|[[Jōryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承暦}}
|1077–1081 CE
|5 years
|''Weicheng Dianxun'' (維城典訓)
|Also rendered as ''Shōryaku'' and ''Shōreki''.
|-
|[[Eihō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永保}}
|1081–1084 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōhō''.
|-
|[[Ōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応徳}}
|1084–1087 CE
|4 years
|''[[Bai Hu Tong|Comprehensive Meaning of White Tiger Pavilion]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Horikawa]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Horikawa]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=317}} pp. 317–320]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=202}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=172}} pp. 172–178]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|堀河天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1087–1107 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kanji (era)|Kanji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛治}}
|1087–1094 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|
|-
|[[Kahō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉保}}
|1094–1096 CE
|3 years
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''
|
|-
|[[Eichō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永長}}
|1096–1097 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōchō''.
|-
|[[Jōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承徳}}
|1097–1099 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōtoku''.
|-
|[[Kōwa (Heian period)|Kōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康和}}
|1099–1104 CE
|6 years
|''Theories of Politics'' (政論)
|
|-
|[[Chōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長治}}
|1104–1106 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Kajō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉承}}
|1106–1108 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Toba]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Toba]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=320}} pp. 320–322]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=203–204}};  {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=178}} pp. 178–181]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|鳥羽天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1107–1123 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tennin (era)|Tennin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天仁}}
|1108–1110 CE
|3 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Ten'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天永}}
|1110–1113 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ten'yō''.
|-
|[[Eikyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永久}}
|1113–1118 CE
|6 years
|''[[Mao Commentary]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōkyū''.
|-
|[[Gen'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元永}}
|1118–1120 CE
|3 years
|
|Also rendered as ''Gen'yō''.
|-
|[[Hōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|保安}}
|1120–1124 CE
|5 years
|
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Sutoku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Sutoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=322}} pp. 322–324]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=204–205}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=181}} pp. 181–185]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|崇徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1123–1142 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenji (era)|Tenji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天治}}
|1124–1126 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenchi''.
|-
|[[Daiji (era)|Daiji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大治}}
|1126–1131 CE
|6 years
|''Hetu Tingzuofu'' (河圖挺佐輔)
|Also rendered as ''Taiji''.
|-
|[[Tenshō (Heian period)|Tenshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天承}}
|1131–1132 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenjō''.
|-
|[[Chōshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長承}}
|1132–1135 CE
|4 years
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''
|Also rendered as ''Chōjō''.
|-
|[[Hōen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|保延}}
|1135–1141 CE
|7 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Eiji (era)|Eiji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永治}}
|1141–1142 CE
|2 years
|''On the Standards for Literature'' (典論),<br/>''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Konoe]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Konoe]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=324}} pp. 324–326]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=205}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=186}} pp. 186–188]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|近衛天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1142–1155 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kōji (Heian period)|Kōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康治}}
|1142–1144 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Song]]''
|
|-
|[[Ten'yō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天養}}
|1144–1145 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tennyō''.
|-
|[[Kyūan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|久安}}
|1145–1151 CE
|7 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|
|-
|[[Ninpei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|仁平}}
|1151–1154 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ninpyō'', ''Ninbyō'', ''Ninhyō'', and ''Ninhei''.
|-
|[[Kyūju]]<br/>{{nihongo2|久寿}}
|1154–1156 CE
|3 years
|''[[Baopuzi|Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=326}} pp. 326–327]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=205–208}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=188}} pp. 188–190]188–190.</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後白河天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1155–1158 CE)}}
|-
|[[Hōgen (era)|Hōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|保元}}
|1156–1159 CE
|4 years
|''Instructions for the Yan Clan'' (顏氏家訓)
|Also rendered as ''Hogen''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Nijō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Nijō]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=327}} pp. 327–329]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=208–212}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=191}} pp. 191–194]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|二条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1158–1165 CE)}}
|-
|[[Heiji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|平治}}
|1159–1160 CE
|2 years
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''
|Also rendered as ''Byōji''.
|-
|[[Eiryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永暦}}
|1160–1161 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōryaku''.
|-
|[[Ōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応保}}
|1161–1163 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ōpō''.
|-
|[[Chōkan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長寛}}
|1163–1165 CE
|3 years
|''Weicheng Dianxun'' (維城典訓)
|Also rendered as ''Chōgan''.
|-
|[[Eiman]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永万}}
|1165–1166 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Yōman''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Rokujō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Rokujō]]<ref name="t194">{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=329}} pp. 329–330]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=212}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=194}} pp. 194–195]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|六条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1165–1168 CE)}}
|-
|[[Nin'an]]<br/>{{nihongo2|仁安}}
|1166–1169 CE
|4 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩正義)
|Also rendered as ''Ninnan''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Takakura]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Takakura]]<ref name="t194"/><br/>{{nihongo2|高倉天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1168–1180 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kaō (era)|Kaō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉応}}
|1169–1171 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Jōan (era)|Jōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承安}}
|1171–1175 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōan''.
|-
|[[Angen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|安元}}
|1175–1177 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Jishō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|治承}}
|1177–1181 CE
|5 years
|''Hetu Tingzuofu'' (河圖挺作輔)
|Also rendered as ''Jijō'' and ''Chishō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Antoku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Antoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=333}} pp. 333–334]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=214–215}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=200}} pp. 20–207]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|安徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1180–1185 CE)}}
|-
|[[Yōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|養和}}
|1181–1182 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Juei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寿永}}
|1182–1185 CE
|4 years
|''[[Classic of Poetry]]''
|Also used by the [[Emperor Go-Toba]] from 1183 CE to 1184 CE.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Toba]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=334}} pp. 334–339]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=215–220}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=207}} pp. 207–221]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後鳥羽天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1183–1198 CE)}}
|-
|[[Juei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寿永}}
|1183–1184 CE
|2 years
|''[[Classic of Poetry]]''
|Also used by the [[Emperor Antoku]] from 1182 to 1185 CE.
|-
|[[Genryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元暦}}
|1184–1185 CE
|2 years
|''Shangshu Kaolingyao'' (尚書考靈耀)
|
|}

===[[Kamakura period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Toba]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後鳥羽天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1183–1198 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunji (era)|Bunji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文治}}
|1185–1190 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Also rendered as ''Monchi''.
|-
|[[Kenkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建久}}
|1190–1199 CE
|10 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Tsuchimikado]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Tsuchimikado]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=339}} pp. 339–341]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|p=220}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=221}} pp. 221–230]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|土御門天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1198–1210 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōji (era)|Shōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正治}}
|1199–1201 CE
|3 years
|''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōchi''.
|-
|[[Kennin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建仁}}
|1201–1204 CE
|4 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Genkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元久}}
|1204–1206 CE
|3 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩正義)
|
|-
|[[Ken'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建永}}
|1206–1207 CE
|2 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ken'yō''.
|-
|[[Jōgen (Kamakura period)|Jōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承元}}
|1207–1211 CE
|5 years
|''[[Tongdian|Comprehensive Institutions]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōgen''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Juntoku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Juntoku]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=341}} pp. 341–343]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=221–223}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=230}} pp. 230–238]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|順徳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1210–1221 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kenryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建暦}}
|1211–1213 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kenreki''.
|-
|[[Kempo (era)|Kempo]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建保}}
|1213–1219 CE
|7 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kenhō''.
|-
|[[Jōkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承久}}
|1219–1222 CE
|4 years
|''Apocrypha of the [[Classic of Poetry]]'' (詩緯)
|Also rendered as ''Shōkyū''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Chūkyō]] and the [[Emperor Go-Horikawa]] upon their ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Horikawa]]<ref>{{harvp|Brown|Ishida|1979}} [{{Google books|w4f5FrmIJKIC|plain-url=yes|page=344}} pp. 344–349]; {{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=226–227}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=238}} pp. 238–241]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後堀河天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1221–1232 CE)}}
|-
|[[Jōō (Kamakura period)|Jōō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞応}}
|1222–1224 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Teiō''.
|-
|[[Gennin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元仁}}
|1224–1225 CE
|2 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Karoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉禄}}
|1225–1227 CE
|3 years
|''[[Bowuzhi|Records of Diverse Matters]]''
|
|-
|[[Antei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|安貞}}
|1227–1229 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Anjō''.
|-
|[[Kangi]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛喜}}
|1229–1232 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Wei]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kanki''.
|-
|[[Jōei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞永}}
|1232–1233 CE
|2 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Teiei''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Shijō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Shijō]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|p=227}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=242}} pp. 242–245]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|四条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1232–1242 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenpuku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天福}}
|1233–1234 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenfuku''.
|-
|[[Bunryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文暦}}
|1234–1235 CE
|2 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Also rendered as ''Monryaku'' and ''Monreki''.
|-
|[[Katei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉禎}}
|1235–1238 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Northern Qi]]''
|
|-
|[[Ryakunin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|暦仁}}
|1238–1239 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Sui]]''
|Also rendered as ''Rekinin''.
|-
|[[En'ō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延応}}
|1239–1240 CE
|2 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ennō''.
|-
|[[Ninji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|仁治}}
|1240–1243 CE
|4 years
|''[[New Book of Tang]]''
|Also rendered as ''Ninchi''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Saga]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Saga]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=228–231}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=245}} pp. 245–247]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後嵯峨天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1242–1246 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kangen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛元}}
|1243–1247 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Song]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=231–232}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=248}} pp. 248–253]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後深草天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1246–1260 CE)}}
|-
|[[Hōji (era)|Hōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|宝治}}
|1247–1249 CE
|3 years
|''[[Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals]]''
|
|-
|[[Kenchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建長}}
|1249–1256 CE
|8 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康元}}
|1256–1257 CE
|2 years
|
|
|-
|[[Shōka (era)|Shōka]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正嘉}}
|1257–1259 CE
|3 years
|''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Shōgen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正元}}
|1259–1260 CE
|2 years
|''Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry'' (詩緯)
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kameyama]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kameyama]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=232–233}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=253}} pp. 253–261]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|亀山天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1260–1274 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bun'ō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文応}}
|1260–1261 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Also rendered as ''Bunnō''.
|-
|[[Kōchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘長}}
|1261–1264 CE
|4 years
|''The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period'' (貞觀政要)
|
|-
|[[Bun'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文永}}
|1264–1275 CE
|12 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Uda]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Uda]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=233–237}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=262}} pp. 262–269]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後宇多天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1274–1287 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kenji (era)|Kenji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建治}}
|1275–1278 CE
|4 years
|''[[Rites of Zhou]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōan (Kamakura period)|Kōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘安}}
|1278–1288 CE
|11 years
|''Veritable Records of the [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]'' (唐太宗實錄)
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Fushimi]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Fushimi]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=237–238}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=269}} pp. 269–274]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|伏見天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1287–1298 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōō (Kamakura period)|Shōō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正応}}
|1288–1293 CE
|6 years
|''Notes on the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩注)
|
|-
|[[Einin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永仁}}
|1293–1299 CE
|7 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Fushimi]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Fushimi]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=238–239}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=274}} pp. 274–275]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後伏見天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1298–1301 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正安}}
|1299–1302 CE
|4 years
|''[[Kongzi Jiayu|The School Sayings of Confucius]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Nijō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Nijō]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|p=239}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=275}} pp. 275–278]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後二条天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1301–1308 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kengen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|乾元}}
|1302–1303 CE
|2 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Kagen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉元}}
|1303–1306 CE
|4 years
|''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Tokuji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|徳治}}
|1306–1308 CE
|3 years
|''[[Zuo zhuan|The Commentary of Zuo]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Hanazono]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Hanazono]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=239–241}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=278}} pp. 278–281]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|花園天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1308–1318 CE)}}
|-
|[[Enkyō (Kamakura period)|Enkyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延慶}}
|1308–1311 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Engyō'' and ''Enkei''.
|-
|[[Ōchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応長}}
|1311–1312 CE
|2 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Shōwa (1312–1317)|Shōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正和}}
|1312–1317 CE
|6 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Bunpō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文保}}
|1317–1319 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Liang]]''
|Also rendered as ''Bunhō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Daigo]]<ref>{{harvp|Varley|1980|pp=241–269}}; {{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=281}} pp. 281–286], [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=290}} 290–294]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後醍醐天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1318–1339 CE)}}
|-
|[[Gen'ō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元応}}
|1319–1321 CE
|3 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|Also rendered as ''Gennō''.
|-
|[[Genkō (first)|Genkō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元亨}}
|1321–1324 CE
|4 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Shōchū (era)|Shōchū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正中}}
|1324–1326 CE
|3 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Karyaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉暦}}
|1326–1329 CE
|4 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Gentoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元徳}}
|1329–1332 CE
|4 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'',<br/>''Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes'' (周易正義)
|
|-
|[[Genkō (second)|Genkō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元弘}}
|1331–1334 CE
|4 years
|''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|
|}

===[[Nanboku-chō period]]===
====[[Southern Court]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Daigo]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後醍醐天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1318–1339 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kenmu]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建武}}
|1334–1336 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kenbu''. Also used by the [[Emperor Kōmyō]] from 1336 CE to 1338 CE.
|-
|[[Engen]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延元}}
|1336–1340 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Liang]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Murakami]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Murakami]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後村上天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1339–1368 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kōkoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|興国}}
|1340–1347 CE
|8 years
|''[[Zuo zhuan|The Commentary of Zuo]]'',<br/>''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]'',<br/>''[[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties|New History of the Five Dynasties]]''
|
|-
|[[Shōhei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正平}}
|1347–1370 CE
|24 years
|''[[Book of Song]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Chōkei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Chōkei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長慶天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1368–1383 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kentoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建徳}}
|1370–1372 CE
|3 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Bunchū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文中}}
|1372–1375 CE
|4 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Tenju]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天授}}
|1375–1381 CE
|7 years
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōwa (Muromachi period)|Kōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘和}}
|1381–1384 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Kameyama]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Kameyama]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後亀山天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1383–1392 CE)}}
|-
|[[Genchū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元中}}
|1384–1392 CE
|9 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Genchū 9 was superseded by [[Meitoku]] 3 in 1392 CE.
|}

====[[Northern Court]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōgon]]<br/>{{nihongo2|光厳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1331–1333 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōkyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正慶}}
|1332–1333 CE
|2 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'' (周易正義)
|Also rendered as ''Shōkyō''.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōmyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|光明天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1336–1348 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kenmu]]<br/>{{nihongo2|建武}}
|1336–1338 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kenbu''. Also used by the [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] from 1334 CE to 1336 CE.
|-
|[[Ryakuō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|暦応}}
|1338–1342 CE
|5 years
|''Records of Emperors and Kings'' (帝王世紀)
|Also rendered as ''Rekiō''.
|-
|[[Kōei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康永}}
|1342–1345 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Jōwa (Muromachi period)|Jōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞和}}
|1345–1350 CE
|6 years
|''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|Also rendered as ''Teiwa''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Sukō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Sukō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|崇光天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1348–1351 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kannō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|観応}}
|1350–1352 CE
|3 years
|''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kan'ō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Kōgon]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Kōgon]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後光厳天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1352–1371 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文和}}
|1352–1356 CE
|5 years
|''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'',<br/>''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|Also rendered as ''Bunwa''.
|-
|[[Enbun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延文}}
|1356–1361 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōan (Muromachi period)|Kōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康安}}
|1361–1362 CE
|2 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' (史記正義),<br/>''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Jōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞治}}
|1362–1368 CE
|7 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Teiji''.
|-
|[[Ōan]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応安}}
|1368–1375 CE
|8 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩正義)
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-En'yū]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-En'yū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後円融天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1371–1382 CE)}}
|-
|[[Eiwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永和}}
|1375–1379 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōryaku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康暦}}
|1379–1381 CE
|3 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Eitoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永徳}}
|1381–1384 CE
|4 years
|''The Governing Principles of Ancient China'' (羣書治要)
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Komatsu]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Komatsu]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後小松天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1382–1412 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shitoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|至徳}}
|1384–1387 CE
|4 years
|''[[Classic of Filial Piety]]''
|Also rendered as ''Meitoku''
|-
|[[Kakei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉慶}}
|1387–1389 CE
|3 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩正義)
|Also rendered as ''Kakyō''.
|-
|[[Kōō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康応}}
|1389–1390 CE
|2 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Meitoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明徳}}
|1390–1394 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Rites]]''
|Meitoku 3 superseded [[Genchū]] 9 in 1392 CE.
|}

===[[Muromachi period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Komatsu]]<br/>{{nihongo2|後小松天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1382–1412 CE)}}
|-
|[[Ōei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応永}}
|1394–1428 CE
|35 years
|''[[Tang Huiyao|Institutional History of Tang]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Shōkō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Shōkō]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=327}} pp. 327–331]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|称光天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1412–1428 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōchō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正長}}
|1428–1429 CE
|2 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Book of Rites]]'' (禮記正義)
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Hanazono]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Hanazono]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=331}} pp. 331–351]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後花園天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1428–1464 CE)}}
|-
|[[Eikyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永享}}
|1429–1441 CE
|13 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Eikō''.
|-
|[[Kakitsu]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉吉}}
|1441–1444 CE
|4 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kakichi''.
|-
|[[Bun'an]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文安}}
|1444–1449 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Also rendered as ''Bunnan''.
|-
|[[Hōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|宝徳}}
|1449–1452 CE
|4 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|
|-
|[[Kyōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|享徳}}
|1452–1455 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Kōshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|康正}}
|1455–1457 CE
|3 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''
|
|-
|[[Chōroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長禄}}
|1457–1460 CE
|4 years
|''[[Han Feizi]]''
|
|-
|[[Kanshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛正}}
|1460–1466 CE
|7 years
|''[[Kongzi Jiayu|The School Sayings of Confucius]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=352}} pp. 352–364]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後土御門天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1464–1500 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文正}}
|1466–1467 CE
|2 years
|''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]''
|Also rendered as ''Monshō''.
|-
|[[Ōnin]]<br/>{{nihongo2|応仁}}
|1467–1469 CE
|3 years
|''Weicheng Dianxun'' (維城典訓)
|
|-
|[[Bunmei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文明}}
|1469–1487 CE
|19 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Chōkyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|長享}}
|1487–1489 CE
|3 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]'',<br/>''[[Zuo zhuan|The Commentary of Zuo]]'',<br/>''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Entoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延徳}}
|1489–1492 CE
|4 years
|''[[Mencius (book)|Mencius]]''
|
|-
|[[Meiō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明応}}
|1492–1501 CE
|10 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Kashiwabara]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Kashiwabara]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=364}} pp. 364–372]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後柏原天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1500–1526 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文亀}}
|1501–1504 CE
|4 years
|''[[Erya|The Literary Expositor]]''
|
|-
|[[Eishō (Muromachi period)|Eishō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永正}}
|1504–1521 CE
|18 years
|''Apocrypha of the [[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'' (周易緯)
|
|-
|[[Daiei (era)|Daiei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大永}}
|1521–1528 CE
|8 years
|''[[Tongdian|Comprehensive Institutions]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Nara]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Nara]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=372}} pp. 372–382]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後奈良天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1526–1557 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kyōroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|享禄}}
|1528–1532 CE
|5 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|
|-
|[[Tenbun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天文}}
|1532–1555 CE
|24 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenmon''.
|-
|[[Kōji (Muromachi period)|Kōji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘治}}
|1555–1558 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Northern Qi]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Ōgimachi]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Ōgimachi]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=382}} pp. 382–402]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|正親町天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1557–1586 CE)}}
|-
|[[Eiroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|永禄}}
|1558–1570 CE
|13 years
|''The Governing Principles of Ancient China'' (羣書治要)
|Also rendered as ''Yōroku''.
|-
|[[Genki (era)|Genki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元亀}}
|1570–1573 CE
|4 years
|''[[Mao Commentary]]'',<br/>''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|}

===[[Azuchi–Momoyama period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Ōgimachi]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正親町天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1557–1586 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天正}}
|1573–1592 CE
|20 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]'',<br/>''[[Tao Te Ching|Book of the Way and of Virtue]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Yōzei]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=402}} pp. 402–409]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後陽成天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1586–1611 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文禄}}
|1592–1596 CE
|5 years
|''[[Tongdian|Comprehensive Institutions]]''
|
|-
|[[Keichō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|慶長}}
|1596–1615 CE
|20 years
|''Correct Interpretation of the [[Mao Commentary]]'' (毛詩注疏)
|Also rendered as ''Kyōchō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|}

===[[Edo period]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=411}} pp. 410–411]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後水尾天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1611–1629 CE)}}
|-
|[[Genna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元和}}
|1615–1624 CE
|10 years
|[[Chinese era name|Era name]] of the [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang]]
|Also rendered as ''Genwa''.
|-
|[[Kan'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛永}}
|1624–1644 CE
|21 years
|''Collected Commentaries on the [[Classic of Poetry]]'' (詩集傳)
|Usage continued by the [[Empress Meishō]] and the [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]] upon their ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=412}} pp. 412–413]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後光明天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1643–1654 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正保}}
|1645–1648 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Keian]]<br/>{{nihongo2|慶安}}
|1648–1652 CE
|5 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kyōan''.
|-
|[[Jōō (Edo period)|Jōō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|承応}}
|1652–1655 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Jin]]''
|Also rendered as ''Shōō''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Sai]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Sai]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=413}} p. 413]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後西天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1655–1663 CE)}}
|-
|[[Meireki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明暦}}
|1655–1658 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Han]]'',<br/>''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Also rendered as ''Myōryaku'' and ''Meiryaku''.
|-
|[[Manji (era)|Manji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|万治}}
|1658–1661 CE
|4 years
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'',<br/>''The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period'' (貞觀政要)
|Also rendered as ''Manchi''.
|-
|[[Kanbun (era)|Kanbun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛文}}
|1661–1673 CE
|13 years
|''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Reigen]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Reigen]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=414}} pp. 414–415]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|霊元天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1663–1687 CE)}}
|-
|[[Enpō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延宝}}
|1673–1681 CE
|9 years
|''[[Book of Sui]]''
|Also rendered as ''Enhō''. Formerly written as "{{nihongo2|延寳}}" in [[kanji]].
|-
|[[Tenna]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天和}}
|1681–1684 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Han]]'',<br/>''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]'',<br/>''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenwa''.
|-
|[[Jōkyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|貞享}}
|1684–1688 CE
|5 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Higashiyama]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Higashiyama]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=415}} pp. 415–416]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|東山天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1687–1709 CE)}}
|-
|[[Genroku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元禄}}
|1688–1704 CE
|16 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Hōei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|宝永}}
|1704–1711 CE
|8 years
|''[[Old Book of Tang]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Nakamikado]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Nakamikado]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=416}} pp. 416–417]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|中御門天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1709–1735 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōtoku (era)|Shōtoku]]<br/>{{nihongo2|正徳}}
|1711–1716 CE
|6 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Kyōhō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|享保}}
|1716–1736 CE
|21 years
|''[[Book of Zhou]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Sakuramachi]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Sakuramachi]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=417}} pp. 417–418]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|桜町天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1735–1747 CE)}}
|-
|[[Genbun]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元文}}
|1736–1741 CE
|6 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Kanpō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛保}}
|1741–1744 CE
|4 years
|''[[Guoyu (book)|Discourses of the States]]''
|Also rendered as ''Kanhō''.
|-
|[[Enkyō (Edo period)|Enkyō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|延享}}
|1744–1748 CE
|5 years
|''[[Yiwen Leiju|Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Momozono]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Momozono]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=418}} pp. 418–419]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|桃園天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1747–1762 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kan'en]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛延}}
|1748–1751 CE
|4 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Hōreki]]<br/>{{nihongo2|宝暦}}
|1751–1764 CE
|14 years
|''The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period'' (貞觀政要)
|Also rendered as ''Hōryaku''. Usage continued by the [[Empress Go-Sakuramachi]] upon her ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Empress Go-Sakuramachi]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=419}} p. 419]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後桜町天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1762–1771 CE)}}
|-
|[[Meiwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明和}}
|1764–1772 CE
|9 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Myōwa''. Usage continued by the [[Emperor Go-Momozono]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Go-Momozono]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=419}} pp. 419–420]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|後桃園天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1771–1779 CE)}}
|-
|[[An'ei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|安永}}
|1772–1781 CE
|10 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kōkaku]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōkaku]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=420}} pp. 420–421]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|光格天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1780–1817 CE)}}
|-
|[[Tenmei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天明}}
|1781–1789 CE
|9 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Kansei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|寛政}}
|1789–1801 CE
|13 years
|''[[Zuo zhuan|The Commentary of Zuo]]''
|
|-
|[[Kyōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|享和}}
|1801–1804 CE
|4 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|
|-
|[[Bunka]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文化}}
|1804–1818 CE
|15 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'',<br/>''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Ninkō]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Ninkō]]<ref>{{harvp|Titsingh|1834}} [{{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|plain-url=yes|page=421}} p. 421]</ref><br/>{{nihongo2|仁孝天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1817–1846 CE)}}
|-
|[[Bunsei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文政}}
|1818–1830 CE
|13 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|
|-
|[[Tenpō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|天保}}
|1830–1844 CE
|15 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Also rendered as ''Tenhō''.
|-
|[[Kōka]]<br/>{{nihongo2|弘化}}
|1844–1848 CE
|5 years
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Kōmei]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Kōmei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|孝明天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1846–1867 CE)}}
|-
|[[Kaei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|嘉永}}
|1848–1854 CE
|7 years
|''[[Book of Song]]''
|
|-
|[[Ansei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|安政}}
|1854–1860 CE
|7 years
|''The Governing Principles of Ancient China'' (羣書治要)
|
|-
|[[Man'en]]<br/>{{nihongo2|万延}}
|1860–1861 CE
|2 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Bunkyū]]<br/>{{nihongo2|文久}}
|1861–1864 CE
|4 years
|''[[Book of the Later Han|Book of Later Han]]''
|
|-
|[[Genji (era)|Genji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|元治}}
|1864–1865 CE
|2 years
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]'',<br/>''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]''
|
|-
|[[Keiō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|慶応}}
|1865–1868 CE
|4 years
|''[[Wen Xuan|Selections of Refined Literature]]''
|Usage continued by the [[Emperor Meiji]] upon his ascension to the throne.
|}

===[[History of Japan#Modern Japan|Modern Japan]]===
The "one reign, one era name" ({{nihongo2|一世一元}}) system was implemented in 1868 CE.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Era name
!Period of use
!Length of use
!Derived from
!Remark
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Meiji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明治天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1867–1912 CE)}}
|-
|[[Meiji era|Meiji]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明治}}
|1868–1912 CE
|{{age in years and days|1868|01|25|1912|07|29}}
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|In 1873 Japan adopted the ''[[Gregorian calendar|Seireki]]'' (西暦), the Common Era. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar [[Chinese calendar]].
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Emperor Taishō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大正天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1912–1926 CE)}}
|-
|[[Taishō era|Taishō]]<br/>{{nihongo2|大正}}
|1912–1926 CE
|{{age in years and days|1912|07|30|1926|12|24}}
|''[[I Ching|Classic of Changes]]''
|Rejected proposals were ''Tenkō'' ({{nihongo2|天興}}), ''Kōka'' ({{nihongo2|興化}}), ''Eian'' ({{nihongo2|永安}}), ''Kentoku'' ({{nihongo2|乾徳}}), ''Shōtoku'' ({{nihongo2|昭徳}}).
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|昭和天皇}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1926–1989 CE)}}
|-
|[[Shōwa era|Shōwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|昭和}}
|1926–1989 CE
|{{age in years and days|1926|12|25|1989|01|08}}
|''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Rejected proposals were ''Jinka'' ({{nihongo2|神化}}), ''Genka'' ({{nihongo2|元化}}), ''Jinwa'' ({{nihongo2|神和}}), ''Dōwa'' ({{nihongo2|同和}}), ''Keimei'' ({{nihongo2|繼明}}), ''Junmei'' ({{nihongo2|順明}}), ''Meiho'' ({{nihongo2|明保}}), ''Kan'an'' ({{nihongo2|寛安}}), ''Gen'an'' ({{nihongo2|元安}}), ''Ryūsei'' ({{nihongo2|立成}}), ''Teigyō'' ({{nihongo2|定業}}), ''Kōbun'' ({{nihongo2|光文}}), ''Shōmei'' ({{nihongo2|章明}}), ''Kyōchū'' ({{nihongo2|協中}}).
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Akihito|Emperor Emeritus（Akihito）]]<br/>{{nihongo2|明仁}}<br/>{{small|(r. 1989–2019 CE)}}
|-
|[[Heisei era|Heisei]]<br/>{{nihongo2|平成}}
|1989–2019 CE
|{{age in years and days|1989|01|08|2019|04|30}}
|''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'',<br/>''[[Book of Documents]]''
|Rejected proposals were ''Shūbun'' ({{nihongo2|修文}}), ''Seika'' ({{nihongo2|正化}}).
|-
!colspan="5"|[[Naruhito|Emperor (Naruhito)]]<br/>{{nihongo2|徳仁}}<br/>{{small|(r. 2019 CE–present)}}
|-
|[[Reiwa era|Reiwa]]<br/>{{nihongo2|令和}}
|2019 CE–present
|{{age in years and days|2019|05|01|age=no}}
|''[[Man'yōshū]]''
|First Japanese era name extracted from [[Japanese literature]] instead of [[Chinese literature]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCurry |first1=Justin |title=Reiwa: how Japan's new era name is breaking tradition| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/01/reiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sim |first1=Walter |title=Sign of the times: Japan picks Reiwa to succeed Heisei as new imperial era from May 1| url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-to-unveil-new-imperial-era-name-in-worlds-oldest-monarchy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Osaki |first1=Tomohiro |title=Reiwa: Japan reveals name of new era ahead of Emperor's abdication}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM3Z4V6QM3ZUTFK007.html?iref=pc_extlink|title=<span lang="ja">新元号は「令和」（れいわ） 万葉集典拠、国書由来は初</span>|date=2019-04-01|work=Asahi News Digital|access-date=2019-04-02|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175450/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM3Z4V6QM3ZUTFK007.html?iref=pc_extlink|archive-date=2019-04-01|url-status=live}}</ref> Rejected proposals were ''Eikō'' ({{nihongo2|英弘}}), ''Kyūka'' ({{nihongo2|久化}}), ''Kōshi'' (also rendered as ''Kōji''; {{nihongo2|広至}}), ''Banna'' (also rendered as ''Banwa''; {{nihongo2|万和}}), ''Banpo'' (also rendered as ''Banhō''; {{nihongo2|万保}}).
|}

==Non-{{Transliteration|ja|nengō}} periods==
Unofficial non-{{Transliteration|ja|nengō}} [[periodization|periods]] ({{Transliteration|ja|shinengō}}) before 701 are called {{nihongo||逸年号|itsunengō}}. Pre-Taika chronology intervals include:
*Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC
*Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC
*Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BCE
*Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BCE– 71 CE
*Reign of Emperor Keikō, 71–131 CE
*Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192
*Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201
*Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270
*Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313
*Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400
*Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406
*Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412
*Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454
*Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457
*Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480
*Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485
*Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488
*Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499
*Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507
*Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534
*Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536
*Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540
*Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572
*Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586
*Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588
*Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593
*Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629{{efn|The [[National Diet Library]] (NDL) website explains that "Japan organized its first calendar in the 12th year of Suiko (604)", which was a pre-{{Transliteration|ja|nengō}} time frame.{{harvp|Nussbaum|2005}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/|title=The Japanese Calendar}}</ref><ref>"Jikkan Jūnishi" [{{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|plain-url=yes|page=420}} p. 420].</ref>}}
*Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645

Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the {{Transliteration|ja|nengō}} system include:
*Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (655) 斉明 Saimei</ref> ... [[Saimei (period)]]<ref name="murray402"/>
*Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (622) 天智 Tenji</ref> ... [[Tenji (period)]]<ref name="murray402"/>
*Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (672) 弘文 Kōbun</ref> ... [[Kōbun (period)]] or [[Sujaku]]<ref name="murray402"/> (or Suzaku)
*Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (673) 弘文 Tenmu</ref> ... [[Tenmu (period)]] or [[Hakuhō period]]<ref name="murray402"/><ref name=Nussbaum>Compare {{harvp|Nussbaum|2005}} "Hakuhō" [{{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|plain-url=yes|page=280}} p. 280]; {{cite web |url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hakuhoujidai.htm |title=Hakuhou jidai |website=JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System) |year=2001 |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref>
*Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (687) 持統 Jitō</ref> ... [[Jitō (period)]]<ref name="murray402"/>
*Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701<ref>{{harvp|NengoCalc}} (697) 文武 Monmu</ref> ... [[Monmu (period)]]<ref name="murray402"/>

==See also==
*[[Calendar]]
*[[Japanese calendar]]
*[[Japanese imperial year]]
*[[Sexagenary cycle|''Jikkan Jūnishi'' (sexagenary cycle)]]
*[[Regnal name]]
*[[Regnal year|Regnal years worldwide]]
*Related systems:
**[[Chinese era name]]
**[[Korean era name]]
**[[Vietnamese era name]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Bramsen |first=William. |year=1880 |title=Japanese Chronological Tables: Showing the Date, According to the Julian or Gregorian Calendar, of the First Day of Each Japanese Month, from Tai-kwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (645 AD to 1873 AD): with an Introductory Essay on Japanese Chronology and Calendars |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ |location=Tokyo |publisher=Seishi Bunsha |oclc=35728014 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Delmer M. |editor-first2=Ichirō |editor-last2=Ishida |year=1979 |title=The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the Gukanshô, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219 |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03460-0 |oclc=251325323 }}
* ''[[Daijirin]]'', 2nd edition.
* ''[[Daijisen]]'', 1st edition.
* ''[[Kōjien]]'', 5th edition.
* {{cite book |author-link=David Murray (educator) |last=Murray |first=David |year=1894 |title=The Story of Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/japan01murrgoog |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |oclc=1016340 }}
* {{cite book |url=http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm  |title=NengoCalc |ref={{harvid|NengoCalc}}}} Online conversion of Japanese dates into their Western equivalents; calculation is based on tables from {{harvp|Tsuchihashi|1952}} and {{harvp|Zöllner|2003}}.
* {{cite book |author-link=Louis-Frédéric |last=Nussbaum |first=Louis-Frédéric |translator=Käthe Roth |year=2005 |title=Japan encyclopedia |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |oclc=58053128 }}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* {{cite book |translator-link=Isaac Titsingh |translator-last=Titsingh |translator-first=Isaac |last=Titsingh |first=Isaac |year=1834 |title=Nipon o daï itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland |oclc=5850691 }} ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''
* {{cite book |author-link=Paul Tuschihashi |last=Tsuchihashi |first=Paul Yashita |year=1952 |title={{nihongo|''Japanese chronological tables from 601 to 1872''|邦曆西曆對照表: 自推古九年至明治五年|Hōreki seireki taishōhyō: Suiko kyūnen yori Meiji gonen ni itaru|}} |language=ja |location=Tokyo |publisher=Sophia University |oclc=001291275 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=H. Paul Varley |last=Varley |first=H. Paul |year=1980 |title=Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-04940-5 |oclc=59145842 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zöllner |first=Reinhard |year=2003 |title=Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch |location=Munich |publisher=Iudicium Verlag |isbn=9783891297834 |oclc=249297777 }}
* {{nihongo2|二中歴1 第一～第四（尊経閣善本影印集成）}} {{ISBN|4-8406-2314-7}}.
* {{nihongo2|二中歴2 第五～第十（尊経閣善本影印集成）}} {{ISBN|4-8406-2315-5}}.
* {{nihongo2|二中歴3 第十一～第十三（尊経閣善本影印集成）}} {{ISBN|4-8406-2316-3}}.
* {{nihongo2|所功, (1977). 日本の年号　揺れ動く＜元号＞問題の原点. 雄山閣.}}
* {{nihongo2|井上清, (1989). 元号制批判 やめよう元号を. 明石書店.}} {{ISBN|4-7503-0236-8}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm Nengō converter]

{{Japanese era names}}
{{calendars}}
{{Chronology}}

[[Category:Japanese eras| ]]
[[Category:Calendar eras]]
[[Category:Time in Japan|Era name]]