View source for Jaco Pastorius

{{short description|American jazz bassist (1951–1987)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
| name              = Jaco Pastorius
| image             = Jaco Pastorius with bass 1980.jpg
| caption           = Pastorius performing in May 1980
| landscape         = yes
| birth_name        = John Francis Anthony Pastorius III
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1951|12|01|}}
| birth_place       = [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1987|09|21|1951|12|01}}
| death_place       = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.
| genre             = {{hlist|[[Jazz]]|[[jazz fusion]]|[[post-bop]]|[[funk]]}}
| occupation        = {{hlist|Musician|composer|arranger|producer}}
| instrument        = Bass guitar
| years_active      = 1966–1987
| label             = {{hlist|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[ECM Records|ECM]]|[[Columbia Records|CBS]]|[[Elektra Records|Elektra]]}}
| associated_acts   = {{hlist|[[Pat Metheny]]|[[Paul Bley]]|[[Joni Mitchell]]|[[Weather Report]]|[[Trio of Doom]]|[[Herbie Hancock]]|[[Wayne Cochran|Wayne Cochran and the C.C. Riders]]|[[Albert Mangelsdorff]]|[[Al Di Meola]]|[[Mike Stern]]|[[Ian Hunter (singer)|Ian Hunter]]}}
| website           = {{URL|jacopastorius.com}}
}}

'''John Francis''' '''Anthony Pastorius III,''' also known as '''Jaco Pastorius''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|k|oʊ|_|p|æ|ˈ|s|t|ɔːr|i|ə|s}}; December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987),<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=1918}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] bassist, composer, and producer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential bassists of all time,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-1003022/|title=50 Greatest Bassists of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Pastorius recorded albums as a solo artist, band leader, and as a member of the [[jazz fusion]] group [[Weather Report]] from 1976 to 1981. He also collaborated with numerous artists, including [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Pat Metheny]] and [[Joni Mitchell]].<ref name="Obit">{{cite news |title=John 'Jaco' Pastorius |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114595709/jaco-pastorius-1951-1987/ |work=The Sacramento Bee |date=September 23, 1987 |location=Sacramento, CA |page=60 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison |first=Angus |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/jaco-pastorius-is-the-most-important-musician-youve-never-heard-of/ |title=Jaco Pastorius Is the Most Important Musician You Might Have Never Heard Of |website=Noisey.vice.com |date=2015-03-06 |access-date=2016-01-14}}</ref>

His bass style was influenced by [[funk]] and employed the use of [[Fretless bass guitar|fretless bass]], lyrical solos, bass [[Chord (music)|chords]] and innovative use of [[harmonic]]s. As of 2017, he was the only one of seven bassists inducted into the ''[[DownBeat]]'' Jazz Hall of Fame to have been known for their work on the electric bass,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://downbeat.com/archives/detail/downbeat-hall-of-fame|title=DownBeat Archives|website=downbeat.com|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> and he has been lauded as among the best bassists of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/rolling-stone-readers-pick-the-top-ten-bassists-of-all-time-10325/6-john-paul-jones-103049/|title=Readers Poll: Top 10 Bassists of All Time|date=March 31, 2011|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/greatest-bass-player-world-jaco-pastorius/|title=The Greatest Bass Player In The World: Jaco Pastorius|first=David|last=Johnson|website=Indianapublicmedia.org|access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref>

Pastorius suffered from [[Addiction|drug addiction]] and mental health issues and, despite his widespread acclaim, over the latter part of his life he had problems holding down jobs due to his unreliability. In frequent financial difficulties, he was often homeless in the mid-1980s. He died in 1987 as a result of injuries sustained in a beating outside a [[South Florida]] after-hours nightclub.<ref name="Obit"/><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |title=Jaco Pastorius, 35, Jazz Bassist, Dies in Florida|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-26-mn-2512-story.html |website=L.A. Times |date=September 26, 1987 |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref>

Since his death in 1987, his work has continued to be widely influential. He was elected to the [[DownBeat#Hall of Fame|''DownBeat'' Hall of Fame]] in 1988 and was the subject of the 2014 documentary film ''[[Jaco (film)|Jaco]]''.

==Early life and education==
Pastorius was born December 1, 1951, in [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]],<ref name="LarkinGE"/> the oldest of three boys born to Stephanie Catherine ({{nee}} Haapala; 1925–2001), who was of [[Finns|Finnish]] descent, and musician John Francis Pastorius Jr. (1922–2004), a singer and jazz drummer of Italian and German descent, who spent much of his time on the road. His family moved to [[Oakland Park, Florida|Oakland Park]] near [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] when he was eight.<ref name="Milkowski 2005">{{cite book|last1=Milkowski|first1=Bill|title=Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius, "The World's Greatest Bass Player"|date=1995|publisher=Miller Freeman|location=San Francisco|isbn=0-87930-361-1}}</ref> Early American abolitionist [[Francis Daniel Pastorius]] is his ancestor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestacksreader.com/who-killed-jaco-pastorius/ |title= Who Killed Jaco Pastorius? |access-date=May 17, 2022 |date= 2017}}</ref>

The origin of Pastorius' nickname, "Jaco", is disputed. There is an interview with Jaco's father, Jack Pastorius, that took place in 2001 hosted by Bob Miles. Jack says that he was given the nickname during his service in the Navy. He later began calling Pastorius by this nickname in his early childhood. In the [[Robert Trujillo]] documentary ''[[Jaco (film)|Jaco]]'', Pastorius' brother said that their mother came up with the nickname. It is also believed that the nickname was partially influenced by his love for sports as well as the umpire [[Jocko Conlan]]. In 1974, he began spelling it "Jaco" after it was misspelled by his neighbor, pianist Alex Darqui. His brother called him "[[Mowgli]]" after the wild boy in ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' because he was energetic and spent much of his time shirtless on the beach, climbing trees, running through the woods, and swimming in the ocean. He attended St. Clement's Catholic School in [[Wilton Manors, Florida]], and was an altar boy at St. Clement's Church. His [[confirmation]] name was Anthony. He was intensely competitive and excelled at baseball, basketball, and football. He played drums until he injured his wrist playing football when he was thirteen. The damage was severe enough to warrant corrective surgery and inhibited his ability to play the drums.<ref name="Milkowski 2005"/>

By age 17, Pastorius began appreciating jazz and had saved enough money to buy an [[upright bass]]. Its deep, mellow tone appealed to him, though it strained his finances. He had difficulty maintaining the instrument, which he attributed to the humidity in Florida. When he woke one day to find it had cracked, he traded it for a 1962 [[Fender Jazz Bass]].<ref>Bob Bobbing (2007), Jaco and the upright bass; Jaco Pastorius official website biography.</ref>

During his teens, he played bass guitar for [[Wayne Cochran]] and the C.C. Riders.<ref name="opens">{{cite web |title=Jaco Pastorius Opens Up in His First Guitar World Interview From 1983 |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/magazine/jaco-pastorius-opens-his-first-guitar-world-interview-1983 |website=Guitar World |access-date=August 29, 2021 |date=August 28, 2013}}</ref>

In the early 1970s, Pastorius taught bass at the [[University of Miami]], where he befriended jazz guitarist [[Pat Metheny]], who was on the school's faculty. With [[Paul Bley]] and [[Bruce Ditmas]], Pastorius and Metheny recorded an untitled album, ''[[Jaco (album)|Jaco]]'' in 1974.<ref name="With Bley">{{cite web|last1=Yanow|first1=Scott|title=Jaco| url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/jaco-mw0000759043| website=AllMusic|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> Pastorius then played on Metheny's debut album, ''[[Bright Size Life]]'' ([[ECM Records|ECM]], 1976).<ref name="Bright">{{cite web|last1=Ginell|first1=Richard S.|title=Bright Size Life|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bright-size-life-mw0000188524|website=AllMusic|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> He recorded his debut solo album, ''[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Jaco Pastorius]]'' ([[Epic Records|Epic]], 1976), with  [[Michael Brecker]], [[Randy Brecker]], [[Lenny White]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Hubert Laws]], [[Sam & Dave]], [[David Sanborn]], and [[Wayne Shorter]].<ref name="debut credits">{{cite web|title=Jaco Pastorius Credits|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/jaco-pastorius-mw0000188533/credits|website=AllMusic|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
===Weather Report===
{{Further|Weather Report}}
Before recording his debut album, Pastorius attended a concert in [[Miami]] by the jazz fusion band [[Weather Report]]. After the concert, he approached keyboardist [[Joe Zawinul]], who led the band. As was his habit, he introduced himself by saying, "I'm John Francis Pastorius III. I'm the greatest bass player in the world."<ref name="DVD">{{cite AV media |people=Trjullo, Robert (Producer) |date=2015 |title=Jaco |medium= DVD|location= Los Angeles|publisher= Slang East/West}}</ref> Zawinul admired his brashness and asked for a demo tape. After listening to the tape, Zawinul realized that Pastorius had considerable skill.<ref name="Milkowski 2005"/> They corresponded, and Pastorius sent Zawinul a rough mix of his solo album.

After bassist [[Alphonso Johnson]] left Weather Report, Zawinul asked Pastorius to join the band. Pastorius made his band debut on the album ''[[Black Market (Weather Report album)|Black Market]]'' ([[Columbia Records|Columbia]], 1976), in which he shared the bass chair with Johnson. Pastorius was fully established as sole band bass player for the recording of ''[[Heavy Weather (album)|Heavy Weather]]'' (Columbia, 1977), which contained the Grammy-nominated hit "[[Birdland (instrumental composition)|Birdland]]".<ref name="opens" />

During his time with Weather Report, Pastorius began abusing alcohol and illegal drugs,<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /> which exacerbated existing mental problems and led to erratic behavior.<ref>Tom Moon 1987</ref> He left Weather Report in 1982 because of clashes with tour commitments for his other projects, plus a growing dissatisfaction with Zawinul's synthesized and orchestrated approach to the band's music.<ref name="Milkowski 2005" />

===Word of Mouth===
{{Further|Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)}}
Warner Bros. signed Pastorius to a favorable contract in the late 1970s based on his groundbreaking skill and his star quality, which they hoped would lead to large sales. He used this contract to set up his Word of Mouth big band,<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /> which consisted of [[Chuck Findley]] on trumpet; [[Howard Johnson (jazz musician)|Howard Johnson]] on tuba; [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Michael Brecker]], and [[Tom Scott (saxophonist)|Tom Scott]] on reeds; [[Toots Thielemans]] on harmonica; [[Kenwood Dennard]], [[Peter Erskine]] and [[Jack DeJohnette]] on drums; and [[Don Alias]] on percussion. This was the group that recorded his second solo album, ''[[Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)|Word of Mouth]]'' ([[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]], 1981).<ref name="Yanow">{{cite web | last1 = Yanow | first1=Scott|title = Word of Mouth|url = http://www.allmusic.com/album/word-of-mouth-mw0000197695| website = AllMusic |access-date =1 June 2017}}</ref>

In 1982, Pastorius toured with Word of Mouth as a 21-piece big band. While in Japan, to the alarm of his band members, he shaved his head, painted his face black, and threw his bass guitar into [[Hiroshima Bay]].<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /> He was diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]] in late 1982 after the tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/28/arts/music/review-jaco-a-documentary-about-the-jazz-musician-jaco-pastorius.html|title='Jaco,' a Documentary About the Jazz Musician Jaco Pastorius|work=The New York Times |date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=September 22, 2018|last1=Chinen |first1=Nate }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/28/457384082/metallicas-robert-trujillo-on-his-hero-jaco-pastorius|title=Metallica's Robert Trujillo On His Hero, Jaco Pastorius|website=Npr.org|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref>  Pastorius had shown signs of bipolar disorder before his diagnosis, but these signs were dismissed as eccentricities, character flaws, and by Pastorius himself as a normal part of his freewheeling personality.<ref>Milkowski 2005</ref><ref>Grayson, 2003</ref>

Despite attention in the press, ''Word of Mouth'' sold poorly. Warner Bros. was unimpressed by the demo tapes from ''Holiday for Pans''.<ref name="Milkowski 2005"/> Pastorius released a third album, ''Invitation'' (1983), a live recording from the Word of Mouth tour of Japan. As alcohol and drug problems dominated his life, he had trouble finding work and wound up becoming homeless.<ref>{{YouTube|TviJ3ccaSXM|Jaco Pastorius "The lost tapes Documentary"}}</ref> In 1985, while filming an instructional video (''Modern Electric Bass''), Pastorius told the interviewer, [[Jerry Jemmott]], that although he had been praised often for his ability, he wished that someone would give him a job.<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /> However, the same year, he gave a much praised concert in [[Brussels]] ([[Belgium]]) with [[Toots Thielemans]].<ref>{{YouTube|yBhoDaS5SKQ|Jaco+Toots - Three Views of a Secret}}</ref>

===Stage presence and bass techniques===
{{Listen image
| main_image         = Portrait of Tracy 1980.jpg
| main_image_caption = Pastorius playing "[[Portrait of Tracy]]"<ref>'''[video]''' {{YouTube|fxG1YUtix_o|Portrait of Tracy}} in 1980</ref>
| main_image_alt     =
| filename           = JacoPastoriusPortraitOfTracySolo.ogg
| title              = Jaco Pastorius, "Portrait of Tracy" from ''Jaco Pastorius'' (1976)
| description        = Sample from "[[Portrait of Tracy]]" with extensive use of harmonics.
}}
Until about 1970, most jazz bassists played the upright bass, also known as the [[double bass]]. At the time, with few exceptions (such as the bass players in the trios [[Bill Evans]] led), bassists typically remained in the background with the drummer, forming the rhythm section, while the saxophonist, trumpeter, or vocalist handled the melody and led the band. Pastorius had other ideas for the bass player.  He played an electric bass from which he had removed the [[fret]]s. He played fast and loud, sang, and did flips. He spread powder on the stage so he could dance like [[James Brown]]. He joked around and talked to the crowd. A self-described Florida beach bum, he often went barefoot and shirtless. He was tall, lean, and strong, and for someone who played sports the nickname "Jocko" fit. His thumbs were [[Hypermobility (joints)|"double jointed"]] and his fingers were long and thin.<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /><ref name="DVD" />

After being taught about [[artificial harmonic]]s, he added them to his technique and repertoire. Natural [[guitar harmonic|harmonic]]s, also known as open string harmonics, are played by lightly touching the string with the fretting/fingering hand while plucking the string, resulting in a note that rings, somewhat like a bell. Artificial harmonics, also called false harmonics, involve fretting with the left hand as usual while using a finger or thumb of the right hand at the fret an octave higher,<ref name="Milkowski 2005" /> simultaneously playing and stopping the note.<ref name="artif">{{cite book|last=Stix|first=John|title=Bass Secrets: Where Today's Bass Stylists Get to the Bottom Line|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0V1dT3Q4u3AC&pg=PA46|access-date=26 June 2017|year=2000|publisher=Cherry Lane Music Company|isbn=978-1-57560-219-6|pages=46–}}</ref>) An often-cited example is the bass line on the introduction to "Birdland".

He used virtuosic bass lines which combined [[Afro-Cuban]] rhythms, inspired by the likes of [[Cachao Lopez]], with R&B to create 16th-note funk lines syncopated with [[ghost note]]s. He played these with a "movable anchor" thumb technique on the right hand, anchoring on the bridge pickup while playing on the E and A strings and muting the E string with his thumb while playing on higher strings. Examples include "Come On, Come Over" from the album ''[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Jaco Pastorius]]'' and "The Chicken" from ''[[The Birthday Concert]]''.

Another characteristic of Jaco's playing was his use of the octave technique which is very often used with [[Slapping (music)|slap bass]]. Jaco's use of the technique with fingerstyle was revolutionary at the time, since previously it had only really been used on [[Guitar|guitars]].<ref name=":0" /> This technique is demonstrated on the tracks "[[Portrait of Tracy]]" from ''[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Jaco Pastorius]]'' and on "[[Birdland (Weather Report song)|Birdland]]" from ''[[Heavy Weather (album)|Heavy Weather]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Stuart |date=October 28, 2021 |title=Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If You Can |url=https://www.jazzwise.com/features/article/jaco-pastorius-catch-me-if-you-can |website=December 6, 2022}}</ref> Another aspect of his playing was the heavy use of chromatic runs; these were played with immense speed and precision and became very characteristic of his style.<ref name=":1" /> These can be heard on "[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Opus Pocus]]" from  ''[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Jaco Pastorius]]'',  and "[[Night Passage (album)|Port of Entry]]" from ''[[Night Passage (album)|Night Passage]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Brian F. |date=2020-08-27 |title=Jaco Pastorius, the Electric Bass, and the Struggle for Jazz Credibility |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jpms/article/32/3/121/111538/Jaco-Pastorius-the-Electric-Bass-and-the-Struggle |journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=121–138 |doi=10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121|s2cid=225297422 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{Heading|Influences}}

Pastorius's influences were diverse. He was influenced by electric bassists, such as [[James Jamerson]], [[Chuck Rainey]], [[Jerry Jemmott|Jerry Jemmot]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[Tommy Cogbill|Tommy Cogsbill]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn|Duck Dunn]], [[Jack Bruce]], [[Rocco Prestia]], and [[Harvey Brooks (bassist)|Harvey Brooks]], upright bassists, such as [[Ron Carter]], [[Paul Chambers]], [[Charles Mingus]], [[Gary Peacock]], [[Dave Holland (bassist)|Dave Holland]], and [[Miroslav Vitouš]], jazz and rock soloists, such as [[John Coltrane]], [[Cannonball Adderley]], [[Miles Davis]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], and [[Charlie Parker]], jazz and classical composers, such as [[Duke Ellington]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], and [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]], and singers and bands, such as [[the Beatles]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Otis Redding]], and [[Ray Charles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazz |first=All About |date=2024-07-27 |title=Jaco Pastorius Musician - All About Jazz |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/jaco-pastorius/#:~:text=Influences,album%20entitled%20Bright%20Size%20Life. |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=All About Jazz Musicians |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering The Late Jazz Bass Player Jaco Pastorius On The 25th Anniversary Of His Death |url=https://geeksofdoom.com/2012/09/21/remembering-the-late-jazz-bass-player-jaco-pastorius-on-the-25th-anniversary-of-his-death |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cliff Engel {{!}} Interviews - Jeff Berlin |url=https://www.cliffengel.com/interviews/jeff_berlin/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.cliffengel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Interview: Miroslav Vitous (solo, Weather Report) {{!}} Hit Channel |url=https://hit-channel.com/interview-miroslav-vitous-solo-weather-report-97843/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Erskine on Jaco {{!}} Jaco Pastorius |url=http://jacopastorius.com/features-2/perspectives-on-jaco/peter-erskine-on-jaco/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Equipment==
===Bass of Doom===
[[File:Bass of Doom replica.jpg|thumb|A replica of Pastorius' "Bass of Doom"]]
Pastorius played a number of [[Fender Jazz Bass|Fender Jazz Basses]] over the years, but the most famous was a 1962 Jazz Bass that he called the Bass of Doom. When he was 21, Pastorius acquired the bass, which was modified by [[Fretless bass|removing the frets]]. It is unclear when the frets were removed, as his recollections varied over the years. One story is that he used a common [[butter knife]] to remove the frets, and sealed the fretboard with epoxy resin.<ref name="life">{{cite web|title=The Life of Jaco |url=http://jacopastorius.com/life/|website=jacopastorius.com|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Duffy">{{cite web|last1=Duffy|first1=Mike|title=Metallica's Trujillo Rescues Jaco Pastorius' Bass of Doom|url=http://www2.fender.com/experience/artists/metallicas-trujillo-rescues-jaco-pastorius-bass-of-doom/|website=Fender News|access-date=20 June 2017|date=21 June 2010|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612083006/http://www2.fender.com/experience/artists/metallicas-trujillo-rescues-jaco-pastorius-bass-of-doom/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1986, the bass was repaired by luthiers Kevin Kaufman and Jim Hamilton, after it had been broken into many pieces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reverb.com/au/news/remembering-jaco-pastorius-a-tribute-to-his-favorite-gear|title=Remembering Jaco Pastorius: A Tribute to His Favorite Gear|website=reverb.com|date=September 21, 2017|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref> After the repair Pastorius recorded a session with [[Mike Stern]], then the bass was stolen from a park bench in Manhattan in 1986. It was found in a guitar shop in 2006, but the shop owner refused to give it up. The Pastorius family enlisted lawyers to help but nearly went bankrupt in 2010. [[Robert Trujillo]], bassist for [[Metallica]], considers Pastorius to be one of his heroes, and he felt that the family ought to have the bass. Trujillo helped pay to have it returned to them. He has used the instrument to record and perform and is its legal custodian.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Kevin|title=Robert Trujillo Helps Pastorius Family Reclaim Jaco's "Bass of Doom"|url=http://www.notreble.com/buzz/2010/05/31/robert-trujillo-helps-pastorius-family-reclaim-jacos-bass-of-doom/ | website = No Treble|access-date=11 June 2017|date=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Bradman">{{cite web|last1=Bradman|first1=E.E.|title=Jaco! The Story Behind Robert Trujillo's Intense New Documentary | url= http://www.bassplayer.com/artists/1171/jaco-the-story-behind-robert-trujillos-intense-new-documentary/56024| website= BassPlayer.com |access-date=11 June 2017|date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

Fender began offering a fretless version of its standard Jazz Bass in the mid-1980s, and in 1999 began offering the "Fender Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass" in its Artist series, and Custom Shop series. These instruments were modelled on the Bass of Doom, with the Custom Shop version featuring a fretboard sealed with epoxy resin.<ref>Bacon, Tony; Moorhouse, Barry. (2008). ''The bass book: a complete illustrated history of bass guitars''. Hal Leonard Corporation, second edition. p. 101-103. {{ISBN|0-87930-924-5}}</ref> In the 2000s Fender's budget brand [[Squier]] offered the "Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Bass" which was also reminiscent of Jaco's instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zzounds.com/productreview--SQU326608|title=Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz User Reviews &#124; zZounds|website=Zzounds.com|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>

Since the 1980s, other companies have offered fretless basses similar to, or modelled on, the Bass of Doom, such as [[Tōkai Gakki|Tokai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brochures.yokochou.com/guitar-and-amp/tokai/1981/en_04.html|title=The World of Musical Instruments Brochures - Tokai guitar catalog 1981|website=Brochures.yokochou.com|access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref> and Edwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reverb.com/au/item/30352616-2007-edwards-by-esp-jaco-pastorius-fretless-jazz-bass-guitar-made-in-japan|title=2007 Edwards (by ESP) Jaco Pastorius Fretless Jazz Bass Guitar (Made in Japan) &#124; Mojo Stompboxes &#124; Reverb|website=Reverb.com|access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref>

===Amplification and effects===
Pastorius used the "Variamp" EQ (equalization) controls on his two Acoustic 360 [[Bass amp|amplifiers]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acoustic.homeunix.net/twiki/bin/view/Acoustic/BassPreamp360 |title=Acoustic 360 amplifiers |publisher=Acoustic.homeunix.net |access-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723144727/http://acoustic.homeunix.net/twiki/bin/view/Acoustic/BassPreamp360 |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> (made by the [[Acoustic Control Corporation]]) to boost the midrange frequencies, thus accentuating the natural growling tone of his fretless passive Fender Jazz Bass and [[roundwound|roundwound string]] combination. He also controlled his tone color with a rackmount [[MXR]] [[digital delay]] unit that fed a second Acoustic amp rig.

During the final three years of his life he used Hartke cabinets because of the character of aluminum speaker cones (as opposed to paper speaker cones). These provided a bright, clear sound. He typically used the delay in a [[chorus effect|chorus]]-like mode, providing a shimmering stereo doubling effect. He often used the [[fuzz bass|fuzz]] control built into the Acoustic 360. For the bass solo "Slang/Third Stone From the Sun" on [[Weather Report]]'s live album ''[[8:30]]'' (1979), Pastorius used the MXR digital delay to layer and [[tape loop|loop]] a chordal figure and then soloed over it; the same technique, with a looped bass riff, can be heard during his solo on the Joni Mitchell concert video ''[[Shadows and Light (Joni Mitchell album)|Shadows and Light]]''.

==Guest appearances==
Pastorius appeared as a guest on many albums by other artists, including [[Ian Hunter (singer)|Ian Hunter]] of [[Mott the Hoople]], and recorded a solo on the title track of his album ''[[All American Alien Boy]]'' in 1976. He can be heard on [[Airto Moreira]]'s album ''I'm Fine, How Are You?'' (1977). His signature sound is prominent on [[Flora Purim]]'s ''Everyday Everynight'' (1978), on which he played the bass melody for a [[Michel Colombier]] composition entitled "The Hope", and performed bass and vocals on one of his own compositions, entitled "Las Olas". Other recordings included work on four [[Joni Mitchell]] albums between 1976 and 1980 (''[[Hejira (album)|Hejira]]''; ''[[Don Juan's Reckless Daughter]]''; ''[[Mingus (Joni Mitchell album)|Mingus]]''; and ''[[Shadows and Light (Joni Mitchell album)|Shadows and Light]]'') and [[Al Di Meola]]'s ''[[Land of the Midnight Sun (album)|Land of the Midnight Sun]]'', released in 1976. Near the end of his career, he worked often with guitarist [[Mike Stern]], guitarist [[Biréli Lagrène]], and drummer Brian Melvin.

==Awards and honors==
Pastorius received two Grammy Award nominations in 1977 for his self-titled debut album: one for [[Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Group|Best Jazz Performance by a Group]] and one for [[Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist|Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist]] ("Donna Lee").<ref>{{citation| work = Awards and Shows| title = Grammy Awards 1977| url = http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1977-225.html| access-date = July 1, 2013}}</ref>  In 1978, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist for his work on Weather Report's album ''Heavy Weather''.<ref>{{citation| work = Awards and Shows| title = Grammy Awards 1978| url = http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1978-226.html| access-date = July 1, 2013}}</ref>

''[[Bass Player (magazine)|Bass Player]]'' magazine gave him second place on a list of the one hundred greatest bass players of all time, behind [[James Jamerson]].<ref name="greatest">{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time | url= http://www.bassplayer.com/artists/1171/the-100-greatest-bass-players-of-all-time/61989 | website = BassPlayer.com | access-date =11 June 2017|date=24 February 2017}}</ref> After his death in 1987, he was voted, by readers of ''[[DownBeat]]'' magazine, to its [[DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]], joining bassists [[Jimmy Blanton]], [[Ray Brown (musician)|Ray Brown]], [[Ron Carter]], [[Charles Mingus]], [[Charlie Haden]], and [[Milt Hinton]].<ref>{{citation| work = DownBeat| title = DownBeat Hall of Fame| url = http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=1020| access-date = July 1, 2013}}</ref>

Marcus Miller said "Jaco's composing was as unique as his playing."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-05|title=JacoPastorius.com : Guest Artists : Marcus Miller|url=http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/guestartists/marcusmiller.asp|access-date=2020-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305053240/http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/guestartists/marcusmiller.asp|archive-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref>

Many musicians have composed songs in his honour, such as Pat Metheny's "Jaco" on the album ''[[Pat Metheny Group (album)|Pat Metheny Group]]'' (1978),<ref name="songbook">{{cite book|last1=Metheny|first1=Pat|title=Pat Metheny Song Book | date=2000|publisher=Hal Leonard Corp.|location=Milwaukee, WI | isbn=0-634-00796-3 | page = 439 | edition=Songbook}}</ref> "Mr. Pastorius" by [[Marcus Miller]] on [[Miles Davis]]'s album ''[[Amandla (album)|Amandla]]'', and Rod Argent's "Pastorius Mentioned" on his 1978 album ''Moving Home''. Others who have dedicated compositions to him include [[Randy Brecker]], [[Eliane Elias]], [[Chuck Loeb]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], [[Bob Moses (musician)|Bob Moses]], [[Ana Popović]], [[Dave Samuels]], and the [[Yellowjackets (band)|Yellowjackets]].<ref name="Milkowski 2005" />

On December 2, 2007, the day after his birthday, a concert called "20th Anniversary Tribute to Jaco Pastorius" was held at [[Broward Center for the Performing Arts]] in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with performances by the Jaco Pastorius Big Band and appearances by Randy Brecker, [[Dave Bargeron]], Peter Erskine,  [[Jimmy Haslip]], [[Bob Mintzer]], [[Gerald Veasley]], Pastorius's sons John and Julius Pastorius, Pastorius's daughter Mary Pastorius, [[Ira Sullivan]], [[Robert Thomas Jr.|Bobby Thomas Jr.]], and Dana Paul. Almost twenty years after his death, Fender released the Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass, a fretless instrument in its Artist Series.

He has been called "arguably the most important and ground-breaking electric bassist in history" and "perhaps the most influential electric bassist today".<ref name="directions">{{cite book|last1=Belew|first1=Adrian|last2=Di Meloa | first2 = Al | last3 = Fripp | first3 =Robert|last4=McLaughlin|first4=John|editor1-last=Casabona|editor1-first=Helen|title=New directions in modern guitar|date=1986|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, WI|isbn=0881884235}}</ref><ref name="everything">{{cite book|last1=Starr|first1=Eric|last2=Starr|first2=Nelson|title=Everything Bass Guitar Book|date=2008|publisher=F+W Media | location = Holbrook, MA|isbn=9781605502014}}</ref>

William C. Banfield, director of Africana Studies, Music and Society at [[Berklee College]], described Pastorius as one of the few original American virtuosos who defined a musical movement, in addition to [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Charlie Christian]], [[Bud Powell]], [[Charlie Parker]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[John Coltrane]], [[Sarah Vaughan]], [[Bill Evans]], [[Charles Mingus]], and [[Wes Montgomery]].<ref name="banfield">{{cite book|last1=Banfield|first1=William C.| title = Cultural codes : Makings of a Black Music Philosophy| date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham | isbn = 9780810872868| page =161}}</ref>

A public park is named for, and dedicated to, Jaco in the city he grew up in, [[Oakland Park, Florida]].

==Death==
On September 11, 1987, Pastorius snuck onto the stage at a [[Santana (band)|Santana]] concert at the [[Sunrise Musical Theater]] in [[Sunrise, Florida]]. Weather Report was an associated act of Santana in the mid-seventies. After being ejected from the premises, he made his way to the Midnight Bottle Club in [[Wilton Manors, Florida|Wilton Manors]].<ref name="Stanton">{{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=Scott|title=The Tombstone Tourist|date=2003|publisher=Pocket Books|location=New York|isbn=0-7434-6330-7|edition=2nd|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tombstonetourist00stan_0}}</ref> After reportedly kicking in a glass door, having been refused entrance to the club, he became involved in a violent confrontation with Luc Havan, a club employee who was a [[martial arts]] expert.<ref name="LAT"/><ref name="stratton">{{cite web|last1=Stratton|first1=Jeff|title=Jaco Incorporated|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/jaco-incorporated-6343952|website=New Times Broward-Palm Beach|access-date=19 July 2011|date=30 November 2006}}</ref> Pastorius was hospitalized for multiple facial fractures and injuries to his right eye and left arm, and fell into a coma.<ref name="noted">{{cite web|last1=Krause|first1=Renee|title=Noted Musician Listed As Critical After Altercation|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-09-16/news/8703140076_1_jaco-pastorius-police-probation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042855/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-09-16/news/8703140076_1_jaco-pastorius-police-probation|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 22, 2014|website=Sun Sentinel|access-date=15 February 2014|date=16 September 1987}}</ref> There were encouraging signs that he would come out of the coma and recover, but they soon faded. A [[brain hemorrhage]] a few days later led to [[brain death]]. He was taken off life support and died on September 21, 1987,<ref name="LarkinGE"/><ref name="Obit"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/09/23/john-jaco-pastorius-iii-jazz-musician-dies-at-35/334cdee4-a9ab-4fc4-b5ae-aa1ea2a3688f/|title=JOHN (JACO) PASTORIUS III, JAZZ MUSICIAN, DIES AT 35|newspaper=Washington Post|date=September 22, 1987}}</ref> at the age of 35, at [[Broward Health|Broward General Medical Center]] in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]].<ref name="Stanton" /> His funeral was held at St. Clement's Catholic Church, Wilton Manors, Florida. Pastorius was buried at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in [[North Lauderdale]], [[Broward County]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-obituary-for/53700316/ | title=Obituary for John Francis PASTORIUS (Aged 35) | newspaper=South Florida Sun Sentinel | date=September 23, 1987 | page=10 }}</ref>

Havan faced a charge of [[second-degree murder]]. He pleaded guilty to [[manslaughter]] and was sentenced to twenty-two months in prison and five years' probation. After serving four months in prison, he was paroled for good behavior.<ref name="birthday">{{cite web|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Lee|title=Happy Birthday, Jaco Pastorius!|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/music/happy-birthday-jaco-pastorius-6429418|website=New Times Broward-Palm Beach|access-date=12 June 2017|date=1 December 2011}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The legacy of Jaco Pastorius is one of the most impactful in the world of [[Bass guitar|electric bass]] in [[jazz]] and in general for every genre, despite his flawed and controversial latter years,<ref name=":1"/> although as time passed, his work began to be more appreciated by musicians. Known for his solo career with the self titled album [[Jaco Pastorius (album)|''Jaco Pastorius'']], the track "[[Donna Lee]]" is remembered as showcasing his incredible feel and speed on the [[Bass guitar|electric bass]],<ref name=":0"/> a level of skill which had not been seen before. In his contributions to [[Weather Report]], he is remembered for his incredibly precise and fast bass lines, played with flash and gusto.<ref name=":0" /> The fact that he entered the music scene at the age of only 16 has inspired future musicians such as [[Victor Wooten]] and Kinga Głyk. Jaco's legacy, while having some aspects that many find to be negative, overwhelmingly shows his unmatched skill and trailblazing in the world of [[jazz]] and [[Bass guitar|electric bass]] performance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mikowski |first=Bill |title=Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2005 |edition=Deluxe |location=United States of America |language=English}}</ref>

Many [[rock music|rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|metal]] bassists have expressed their admiration for Pastorius, or have cited him as an influence or inspiration to their playing. These bass players include [[Jeff Ament]] ([[Pearl Jam]]),<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wells|first=Nick|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/jeff-ament-pearl-jam-evenflow|title="So that harmonic, I'm kind of ripping The Firm's Radioactive": How Jeff Ament discovered a slide harmonic on Pearl Jam's Even Flow|magazine=[[Guitar World]]|date=July 15, 2023|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]] ([[Van Halen]], [[Chickenfoot]] and [[Sammy Hagar and the Circle]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=Obrecht|first=Jas|url=https://www.vhlinks.com/pages/interviews/ma/gp1081.php|title=Van Halen's Michael Anthony|magazine=[[Guitar Player]]|date=October 1981}}</ref> [[Frank Bello]] ([[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/anthraxs_frank_bello_once_i_tried_the_bass_it_was_a_natural_click_and_just_all_made_sense_after_that.html|title=Anthrax's Frank Bello: 'Once I Tried the Bass, It Was a Natural Click and Just All Made Sense After That'|website=[[Ultimate Guitar]]|date=May 26, 2014|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Rex Brown]] ([[Pantera]] and [[Down (band)|Down]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/panteras-rex-brown-credits-abbott-brothers-with-inspiring-him-to-improve-his-bass-playing-skills|title=PANTERA's REX BROWN Credits ABBOTT Brothers With Inspiring Him To Improve His Bass-Playing Skills|website=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|date=November 30, 2022|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Chris Chaney]] ([[AC/DC]], [[Jane's Addiction]] and [[Slash (musician)|Slash]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bravewords.com/news/is-this-ac-dc-s-new-touring-bassist|title=Is This AC/DC's New Touring Bassist?|website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles|Bravewords.com]]|date=February 9, 2024|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Tim Commerford]] ([[Rage Against the Machine]] and [[Audioslave]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Briony|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/prophets-of-rage-tim-commerfords-guide-to-life|title=Prophets Of Rage: Tim Commerford's Guide To Life|website=loudersound.com|date=November 19, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Steve Di Giorgio]] ([[Testament (band)|Testament]], [[Sadus]] and [[Death (metal band)|Death]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bravewords.com/news/bass-legend-steve-digiorgio-talks-fretless-bass|title=Bass Legend STEVE DIGIORGIO Talks Fretless Bass|website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles|Bravewords.com]]|date=March 28, 2007|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[David Ellefson]] ([[Megadeth]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/megadeths-david-ellefson-steve-harris-really-opened-my-eyes-to-what-a-bass-player-could-do|title=MEGADETH's DAVID ELLEFSON: 'STEVE HARRIS Really Opened My Eyes To What A Bass Player Could Do'|website=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|date=January 28, 2015|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Flea (musician)|Flea]] ([[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=Kessler|first=John|url=https://www.knkx.org/jazz-and-blues/2020-04-29/there-was-one-world-before-jaco-pastorius-and-another-after-he-forever-changed-electric-bass|title=There was one world before Jaco Pastorius, and another after. He forever changed electric bass.|website=[[KNKX|KNKX.com]]|date=April 29, 2020|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Tony Franklin (musician)|Tony Franklin]] ([[The Firm (rock band)|The Firm]] and [[Blue Murder (band)|Blue Murder]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dmme.net/interviews/franklin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216120316/http://dmme.net/interviews/franklin.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-12-16|title=LET IT ROCK - Tony FRANKLIN interview|website=dmme.net|date=September 2000|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[John Myung]] ([[Dream Theater]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=Freeman|first=Phil|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/news/dream-theater-myung-20120629|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702104000/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/news/dream-theater-myung-20120629|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-02|title=Exclusive: John Myung Speaks!|website=[[Roadrunner Records|roadrunnerrecords.com]]|date=June 28, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Paulo Jr.]] ([[Sepultura]]),<ref>{{cite web|last=Renato Faria|first=João|url=https://www.uai.com.br/app/noticia/musica/2011/11/20/noticias-musica,106360/paulo-jr-baixista-do-sepultura-fala-sobre-vontade-de-voltar-a-morar-em-bh.shtml|title=Paulo Jr., baixista do Sepultura, fala sobre vontade de voltar a morar em BH|website=uai.com.br|date=November 20, 2011|access-date=September 15, 2024|language=pt}}</ref> [[Billy Sheehan]] ([[The Winery Dogs]], [[David Lee Roth]], [[Mr. Big (American band)|Mr. Big]] and [[Sons of Apollo]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wheatblog.com/2023/11/an-interview-with-billy-sheehan/|title=An Interview with Billy Sheehan|website=wheatblog.com|date=November 27, 2023|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Jeroen Paul Thesseling]] ([[Pestilence (band)|Pestilence]] and [[Obscura (band)|Obscura]]),<ref name="notreble">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Corey|url=https://www.notreble.com/buzz/2012/09/21/25-years-later-the-continued-influence-of-jaco-pastorius/|title=25 Years Later: The Continued Influence of Jaco Pastorius|website=notreble.com|date=September 21, 2012|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Robert Trujillo]] ([[Metallica]]),<ref name="notreble" /> [[Joey Vera]] ([[Armored Saint]], [[Fates Warning]] and [[Mercyful Fate]]),<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/armored-saint-joey-vera|title=Armored Saint's Joey Vera: "I heard Kiss's Alive! and that was about it for me. I just wanted to play an instrument"|magazine=[[Guitar World]]|date=May 20, 2021|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> and [[Alex Webster]] ([[Cannibal Corpse]]).<ref name="notreble" />

His nephew is [[David Pastorius]].

==Discography==
{{Main|Jaco Pastorius discography}}

* ''[[Jaco (album)|Jaco]]'' <small>(with [[Pat Metheny]], [[Bruce Ditmas]], [[Paul Bley]])</small> (1976)
* ''[[Jaco Pastorius (album)|Jaco Pastorius]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)|Word of Mouth]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Invitation (Jaco Pastorius album)|Invitation]]'' (1983)
* ''Stuttgart Aria'' <small>(with [[Biréli Lagrène]])</small> (1986)

==Further reading==
*[[Peter Erskine|Erskine, Peter]]. ''No Beethoven: An Autobiography & Chronicle of Weather Report''. 2013, Alfred Music. Autobiography
*[[Sean Malone|Malone, Sean]]. ''A Portrait of Jaco: The Solos Collection''. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
*[[Bill Milkowski|Milkowski, Bill]]. ''Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius''. 1995, Backbeat Books. Biography
*Pastorius, Jaco. ''The Essential Jaco Pastorius''. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
*Seligman, Adam Ward. ''Requiem for Orpheus''. 1996, Echolalia Press. Poetry book
*Uchiyama, Shigeru. ''Jaco''. 2017, Published in Japan. Photo book

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite web
  | url = http://www.jacopastorius.co.uk/index2.html
  | title = Jacopastorius.co.uk
  | access-date = June 27, 2007
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118070458/http://www.jacopastorius.co.uk/index2.html
  | archive-date = January 18, 2008
  | url-status = dead
  }}
*{{cite news
  | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14578299&sc=nl&cc=mn-20071007
  | title = Jaco Pastorius: 20 Years Later
  | newspaper = NPR.org
 | access-date =March 4, 2008
  | publisher=[[NPR]]}}
*{{cite web
  | author=United Press
  | date = September 22, 1987
  | title = Jazz Musician Jaco Pastorius Dies
  | url = http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1094
  | publisher=JoniMitchell.com
  | access-date =June 4, 2009
}}
*{{cite web
  | author=Moon, Tom 
  | date = September 20, 1987
  | title = Dark Days for a Jazz Genius
  | work=Miami Herald
  | url = http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=924
  | publisher=JoniMitchell.com
  | access-date =June 4, 2009}}
*{{Cite book
  | last = Cole
  | first = George
  | title = The Last Miles: The Music of Miles Davis, 1980–1991
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5r-mzXMJfEC
  | year = 2005
  | publisher=University of Michigan Press
  | location = Michigan
  | isbn = 978-0-472-03260-0}}
*{{cite web
  | last = Currin
  | first = Grayson
  | date = August 6, 2003
  | title = Continuum
  | url = http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A19967
  | publisher = IndyWeek.com
  | access-date = June 3, 2009
  | archive-date = January 16, 2016
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116012725/http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:19967
  | url-status = dead
  }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.jacopastorius.com/biography/life.asp |title=The Life and Music of Jaco Pastorious |last=Metheny |first=Pat |year=2000 |work=Liner Notes to Jaco's eponymous debut album |access-date=May 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305053221/http://www.jacopastorius.com/biography/life.asp |archive-date=March 5, 2009 }} 
*{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Marcus |year=2002 |title=Perspectives on Jaco |url=http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/guestartists/marcusmiller.asp |publisher=JacoPastorius.com |access-date=June 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305053240/http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/guestartists/marcusmiller.asp |archive-date=March 5, 2009 }} 
*{{cite journal
  | last = Milkowsi
  | first = Bill
  | year = 1984
  | title = Bass Revolutionary: Jaco Pastorius Interview
  | journal=Guitar Player
  | issue = August 1984
}}
*{{cite web|last=Prasad |first=Anil |year=1997 |title=Joe Zawinul, Man of the people |publisher=Innerviews |url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/zawinul.html |access-date=June 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615171022/http://www.innerviews.org/inner/zawinul.html |archive-date=June 15, 2009 }} 
*{{cite web|last=Rosen |first=Steve |date=1978 |title=Portrait of Jaco |publisher=JacoPastorius.com |access-date=June 12, 2009 |url=http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/interviews/portrait.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923185540/http://www.jacopastorius.com/features/interviews/portrait.asp |archive-date=September 23, 2009 }} 
*{{cite journal
  | last = Salloum
  | first = I.M.
  |author2=Thase, M.E.
  | year = 2000
  | journal=Bipolar Disorders
  | volume = 2
  | pages = 269–80
  | title = Impact of substance abuse on the course and treatment of bipolar disorder
  | doi = 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.20308.x
  | pmid = 11249805
  | issue = 3 Pt 2
}}

=== External links ===
{{Commons category|Jaco Pastorius}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{official website|http://www.jacopastorius.com|Jaco Pastorius}} – official site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706133936/http://www.jacop.net/HomePage0.html Pastorius] family site
* [http://www.ricksuchow.com/music-15.html ''Jaco Pastorius 1978 radio interview'']
* ''[[Jaco (film)|Jaco]]'', a 2014 documentary produced by [[Robert Trujillo]] of [[Metallica]] and directed by [[Paul Marchand]] and [[Stephen Kijak]]. With [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Flea (musician)|Flea]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Marcus Miller]] and [[Carlos Santana]] among others. Available for free on [[Tubi]] at [https://tubitv.com/movies/557388/jaco?start=true Jaco (2015)]
*{{YouTube|TviJ3ccaSXM|Jaco Pastorius "The lost tapes Documentary"}}. A French documentary by Marc Renault, Chris Reynaud, François Loubeyre and Nicolas Clabault.
* [https://www.oaklandparkfl.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Jaco-Pastorius-Park-36 Jaco Pastorius Park]
{{Jaco Pastorius}}
{{Weather Report|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pastorius, Jaco}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American jazz bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American manslaughter victims]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Finnish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Blood, Sweat & Tears members]]
[[Category:Jazz fusion bass guitarists]]
[[Category:American male bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:People from Oakland Park, Florida]]
[[Category:University of Miami faculty]]
[[Category:Weather Report members]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Trio of Doom members]]
[[Category:Improvising Artists Records artists]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:American homeless people]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music faculty]]
[[Category:DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame members]]