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{{Short description|Slovene writer and political activist (1876–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Ivan Cankar
| image            = Ivan Cankar 1915.jpg
| caption          = 
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1876|5|10}}
| birth_place      = [[Vrhnika]], [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1918|12|11|1876|5|10}}
| death_place      = [[Ljubljana]], [[Kingdom of SHS]]
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* essayist
* playwright
* poet
* political activist
}}
| genre            = plays, short stories, [[short novel]]s, essays
| movement         = [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], [[Modernism]]
| magnum_opus      = 
| website          = 
| footnotes        = 
| education        = [[University of Vienna]]
}}

'''Ivan Cankar''' ({{IPA|sl|ˈíːʋan ˈtsàːŋkaɾ|pron}}, {{Audio|Sl-Ivan Cankar.oga|pronunciation}}) (10 May 1876 – 11 December 1918) was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] writer, playwright, essayist, poet, and political activist. Together with [[Oton Župančič]], [[Dragotin Kette]], and [[Josip Murn]], he is considered as the beginner of [[modernism]] in [[Slovene literature]]. He is regarded as the greatest writer in [[Slovene language|Slovene]], and has sometimes been compared to [[Franz Kafka]] and [[James Joyce]].<ref name="Pirjevec1964">{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Cankar hiša.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Cankar's birthplace in [[Vrhnika]]]]

Ivan Cankar was born in the [[Carniola]]n town of [[Vrhnika]] near [[Ljubljana]]. He was one of the many children of a poor artisan who immigrated to [[Bosnia]] shortly after Ivan's birth.<ref name="Kos 1983 p=230">{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|p=230}}</ref> He was raised by his mother, [[Neža Cankar|Neža Cankar née Pivk]], with whom he established a close, but ambivalent relationship.<ref>{{Harvnb|Doležal-Jenstrle|2003}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Košiček|2001}}</ref> The figure of a self-sacrificing and submissively repressive mother would later become one of the most recognizable features of Cankar's prose.<ref>{{Harvnb|Puhar|1982}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Žižek|1987}}</ref> After finishing grammar school in his hometown, he studied at the Technical High School (''Realka'') in Ljubljana (1888–1896).<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">{{cite book |author=Milorad Živančević |editor = Živan Milisavac |date=1971 |title=Jugoslovenski književni leksikon |trans-title=Yugoslav Literary Lexicon |publisher=[[Matica srpska]] |language=sh |location= [[Novi Sad]] ([[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|SAP Vojvodina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]]) |pages=57–59 }}</ref>

During this period, he started writing literature, mostly poetry, under the influence of Romantic and post-Romantic poets such as [[France Prešeren]], [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Simon Jenko]] and [[Simon Gregorčič]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1982|pp=41–42}}</ref> In 1893, he discovered the [[epic poetry]] of [[Anton Aškerc]], which had a huge influence on the development of his style and ideals. Under Aškerc's influence, Cankar rejected the sentimental post-Romantic poetry and embraced [[literary realism]] and [[national liberalism]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|p=317}}</ref>

In 1896, he enrolled at the [[University of Vienna]], where he studied engineering, but later switched to Slavic philology.<ref name="Kos 1983 p=230"/> In Vienna, he soon started to lead a [[Bohemian style|bohemian lifestyle]]. He came under the influence of contemporary [[European literature]], especially [[decadentism]], [[symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and [[naturalism (literature)|naturalism]]. He became friends with [[Fran Govekar]], a young Slovene writer and intellectual living in Vienna, who introduced him to [[positivism]] and [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|pp=317–318}}</ref> Between 1897 and 1899, Cankar's core ideas were essentially [[positivist]]ic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|p=176}}</ref> In the spring of 1897 he moved back to Vrhnika. After his mother's death in autumn of the same year, he moved to [[Pula]] and in 1898 back to Vienna, where he lived until 1909.

During his second stay in Vienna, Cankar's worldview underwent a deep and rapid change. In a famous letter to the Slovene feminist author [[Zofka Kveder]] in 1900 he rejected positivism and naturalism.<ref>Janko Kos, ''Pregled slovenske književnosti'', 235</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|pp=317–324}}</ref> He embraced [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualism]], symbolism and [[idealism]], and later publicly broke with Fran Govekar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|pp=317}}</ref> At the same time, he became highly critical of [[Liberalism in Slovenia|Slovene liberalism]], published a devastating criticism of Anton Aškerc's poetry and gradually moved towards socialism. He was strongly influenced by the Slovene [[Roman Catholic]] priest and thinker [[Janez Evangelist Krek]], who advocated radical social activism on a Christian basis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pirjevec|1964|pp=324}}</ref> He nevertheless continued to oppose the [[clericalism]] and [[conservativism]] of [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Austrian Christian socialists]] in general and Krek's [[Slovene People's Party (historical)|Slovene People's Party]] in particular. He joined the [[Yugoslav Social Democratic Party]], an [[Austro-Marxist]] party active in the [[Slovene Lands]] and in [[Istria]].<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> In the first general elections to the [[Reichsrat (Austria)|Austrian Parliament]] in 1907, he ran as a candidate for the party in the largely working-class electoral district of [[Zagorje ob Savi|Zagorje]]–[[Litija]] in Carniola, but lost to a candidate of the Slovene People's Party.<ref name="Harvnb|Zver|1996">{{Harvnb|Zver|1996}}</ref> 
[[Image:Cankar Smrekar.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Ivan Cankar as a martyr: [[caricature]] by [[Hinko Smrekar]], 1913]]

In 1909, he left Vienna and moved to [[Sarajevo]] in [[Bosnia and Hercegovina]], where his brother Karlo worked as a priest. During his stay in Sarajevo, he gradually turned away from his previous militant [[anti-clericalism]], becoming more receptive to Christian spirituality. The same year, he settled in the [[Rožnik District|Rožnik]] district of Ljubljana. Although he remained an active member of the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party, he rejected the party's view on Yugoslav [[nation-building]]: in a resolution in 1909, the party favoured a gradual unification of [[Culture of Slovenia|Slovene culture]] and language with the [[Serbo-Croatian]] ones in order to create a common [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]] cultural nation. Cankar, on the other hand, strongly defended the national and linguistic individuality of Slovenes. Together with [[Mihajlo Rostohar]], he became the most vocal defender of Slovene individuality within a South Slavic political framework. Already after his electoral defeat in 1907, Cankar had started to publish numerous essays explaining his political and aesthetic views and opinions. After his return to Carniola in 1909, he began travelling throughout the Slovene Lands, delivering lectures and conferences.  The most famous of these lectures were "The Slovene people and the Slovene culture" (''Slovensko ljudstvo in slovenska kultura''), delivered in [[Trieste]] in 1907, and "Slovenes and Yugoslavs" (''Slovenci in Jugoslovani''), delivered in Ljubljana in 1913. In the latter, Cankar expressed a favourable opinion on the political unification of all [[South Slavs]], but rejected a cultural merger of South Slavic peoples.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cankar|1968}}</ref> Because of the lecture, he was sentenced to one week in prison for defamation of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]. 
After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was again imprisoned in [[Ljubljana Castle]] for supposed pro-[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] attitudes, but was soon released.<ref name="Kos 1983 p=230" /> 
In 1917, he was drafted in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], but was demobilized due to poor health. In his last lecture, delivered in the [[National Club, Trieste|National Club]] of Trieste just after the end of the War, he called for a moral purification and rejuvenation of Slovene politics and culture. He moved from Rožnik to the center of Ljubljana, where he died in December 1918, from [[pneumonia]], a complication of the [[Spanish flu]] pandemic which was raging at the time.<ref>[Historical Dictionary of Slovenia (Third edition, 2018) by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj, Gregor Kranjc, Žarko Lazarević, Carole Rogel] Page 67</ref> His funeral was attended by a huge crowd and highest representatives from the cultural and political life in Slovenia. In 1936, his grave was moved to the [[Žale]] cemetery in Ljubljana, where he was buried next to his youth friends and fellow authors [[Dragotin Kette]] and [[Josip Murn]].

==Work==
[[File:Ivan Cankar - Pohujšanje v dolini šentflorjanski.pdf|150px|thumb|''Pohujšanje v dolini Šentflorjanski'' (Scandal in St. Florian Valley, 1908)]]
Ivan Cankar wrote around 20 books and is considered one of the primary exponents of Slovene [[modernist literature]], alongside [[Oton Župančič]], Dragotin Kette and Josip Murn. Cankar is also considered one of Europe's most important [[fin de siècle]]. He dealt with social, national and moral themes.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> In Slovenia, his best-known works are the play ''Hlapci'' ("Serfs"), the satire ''Pohujšanje v dolini Šentflorijanski'' (Scandal in St. Florian Valley) and the novel ''Na klancu'' (On the Hill). However, his importance for Slovene and European literature probably lies in his [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] sketches and other short stories, which, in their mixture of symbolism, modernism and even [[expressionism]], convey a high degree of originality.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
[[File:Ivan Cankar - Erotika.pdf|thumb|left|150px|''Erotika'' (Eroticism, 1899)]]

Cankar started as a poet. He published his first poems already as a teenager in the liberal literary magazine ''[[Ljubljanski zvon]]''. In Vienna, he frequented a group of young Slovene artists and authors, among whom were Oton Župančič, [[Fran Eller]] and [[Fran Govekar]], who introduced him to the modernist currents of European literature. In 1899, Cankar published his first collection of poetry under the title ''Erotika''. [[Decadentism|Decadentist]] and [[sensualism|sensualist]] influences were evident and the then bishop of Ljubljana [[Anton Bonaventura Jeglič]] was so scandalized by the book that he bought all the copies and ordered their destruction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|p=240}}</ref> Another edition was issued three years later, but by that time Cankar had already abandoned poetry and moved to politically-engaged literature.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> In 1902, he wrote his first play ''Za narodov blagor'' (For the Welfare of the Nation), which was a violent parody of the liberal nationalist elite in the Slovene Lands, especially in Carniola.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|pp=254–255}}</ref> The same year, he published the short novel ''Na klancu'' (On the Hill), in which he described the misery of the small rural [[proletariat]] and the poor material and spiritual conditions of the common people. The novel, which still showed strong naturalistic features, combined with allegorical symbolism and an unusual, biblically inspired style, gained him widespread recognition.

In the novels ''Gospa Judit'' (Madame Judit) and ''[[Hiša Marije Pomočnice]]'' (The Ward of [[Mary Help of Christians]]) and ''Križ na gori'' (Cross on the Mountain), all published in 1904, he turned to spiritualism and idealism, maintaining as central theme the oppressed people and their yearning for a better life. In 1906, he wrote the short novel ''Martin Kačur'' with the subtitle "The Life Story of an Idealist", which is a ruthless analysis and self-analysis of the failure of an abstract idealist. During the general elections of 1907, he published the short story ''Hlapec Jernej in njegova pravica'' (The Servant Jernej and His Justice), in which he describes a clash between the individual worker and both the capitalist and traditional society, the laws of which he cannot understand. Following the electoral victory of the [[Slovene People's Party (historical)|Slovene People's Party]], he wrote his most influential play, the satire ''Hlapci'' (Serfs), in which he satirized the conformism of the former progressive and agnostic [[civil service|public servants]] who embraced [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] after the defeat of the [[National Progressive Party (Slovenia)|liberal party]]. Both the liberal and the Catholic conservative parties in the Slovene Lands reacted acrimoniously against the play: its staging was delayed until after Austria-Hungary's dissolution in Autumn 1918.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|pp=258–259}}</ref>

In the play ''Pohujšanje v dolini Šentflorjanski'' (Scandal in St. Florian Valley, published in 1908), Cankar made fun of the moral rigidness and culturally backward mentality of Carniola's small semi-urban society.

Cankar was also famous for his essays, most of which were published between 1907 and 1913, where he showed stylistic mastery and great [[irony]].

His last collection of short stories, entitled ''Podobe iz sanj'' (Images from Dreams), which were published posthumously in 1920, is a [[magic realism|magically realistic]] and allegorical depiction of the horrors of World War I. It shows a clear move from symbolism to expressionism and it has been regarded as the finest example of Cankar's poetic prose.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1982|p=44}}</ref>

== Personality and world view==
[[File:Ivan Cankar v družbi na Rožniku med letoma 1900 in 1910.jpg|230px|thumb|right|Ivan Cankar with some female friends in [[Rožnik, Ljubljana]]]]

Cankar was a relatively fragile personality, both emotionally and physically, but showed an unusually strong and persistent intellectual vigour.<ref name="Kos 1983 p=230"/> He was a sharp thinker, who was capable of poignant criticism of both his environment and himself. He was also full of paradoxes and loved irony and sarcasm. He had an unusually sentimental and somehow ecstatic nature, intensely sensitive to ethical issues.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|p=235}}</ref> He was very introspective: his works, which are to a large extent autobiographic, became famous for the ruthless analysis of his own deeds and misdeeds.

Cankar was raised as a [[Roman Catholic]]. In his high school years, he became a typical liberal [[Freethought|freethinker]].{{Clarify|reason="typical liberal freethinker" needs seems vague and potentially POV|date=April 2021}} He rejected the religious dogmas and embraced the rational explanations provided by contemporary natural and social sciences.<ref name="Kos 1983 262">{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|p=262}}</ref> Between 1898 and 1902, he fell under the influence of the thinkers [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]. In the writings of the Belgian poet [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] Cankar found the idea of the existence of a [[Anima mundi|world soul]] with which the individual souls are connected, an idea he employed in his own works.<ref name="Kos 1983 262"/> Already around 1903, however, he turned to an original, slightly anarchist interpretation of [[Marxism]]. His later life was marked by a gradual evolution towards orthodox Christianity, which became evident after 1910 and especially in the last year of his life.<ref name="Kos 1983 263">{{Harvnb|Kos|1983|p=263}}</ref> Although he never officially rejected his Roman Catholic faith, he was generally considered agnostic, albeit sympathetic to some elements of traditional Catholic devotion.<ref name="Pirjevec1964" /><ref name="Harvnb|Zver|1996"/><ref name="Kos 1983 263"/>

== Influence ==

Cankar was an influential author already during his lifetime. His works were widely read and Cankar was the first author in Slovene who could make a living exclusively from writing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dović| 2006}}</ref> He became even more influential after his death. Due to his insistence on the cultural and national specificity of the Slovene people, Cankar became the referential figure for the young generations of Slovene intellectuals who rejected the centralistic and unitaristic policies of the [[Serbs|Serb]] political elite in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. In the early 1920s, a group of young Catholics, mostly of [[Christian Socialist]] convictions, took the title of one of Cankar's minor novels, ''[[Križ na gori]]'' (Cross on the Mountain), as the name of their journal. The group, known as the "Crusaders" ({{lang|sl|Križarji}}), became the focal point in the emergence of the [[Christian left]] in Slovenia in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{Harvnb| Hribar|2005|pp=25–70}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Gradišnik|2004|pp=38–52}}</ref>

Cankar's work and his personal world view influenced all three major literary trends in [[Slovene literature]] between 1918 and 1945: the [[expressionism]] of Catholic authors such as [[Ivan Pregelj]], [[Stanko Majcen]], and [[France Bevk]], the [[social realism]] of the liberal left and Marxist authors (particularly [[Miško Kranjec]], [[Prežihov Voranc]], [[Ciril Kosmač]], and [[Mile Klopčič]]) and the [[avantgarde|avantgardism]] of [[Srečko Kosovel]]. During the same period, Cankar's political ideas influenced the Slovene [[social democracy|social-democratic]] ideologist [[Etbin Kristan]], the [[Christian Democratic]] political theorist [[Andrej Gosar]] and the democratic thinkers [[Albin Prepeluh]] and [[Dragotin Lončar]]. Cankar's psychological introspections became a major source of [[Edvard Kocbek]]'s and [[Anton Trstenjak (theologian)|Anton Trstenjak]]'s inquiry in the Slovene [[National Character Studies|national character]].

During the dictatorship of [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] (1929–1934), Cankar's works were removed from the school curriculum, because he was considered a dangerous advocate of Slovene [[Political particularism|particularism]] and nationalism. After 1935, his status as one of the greatest Slovene writers was never put under serious question. In 1937, the first integral collection of Cankar's work was published, edited and annotated by his cousin and conservative literary historian and critic [[Izidor Cankar]]. After World War II, the publishing house ''[[Cankarjeva založba]]'' (literally, 'Cankar Press') was established, which took care of the edition of his collected works.

Cankar was especially influential as a playwright. He is considered the father of modern Slovene theatre and has had a major influence on almost all Slovene playwrights that have come after him, starting from the expressionist theatre of the 1920s ([[Slavko Grum]], [[Stanko Majcen]]). Between the 1950s and 1970s, most of the modernizers of Slovene theatre, such as [[Jože Javoršek]], [[Dominik Smole]], [[Marjan Rožanc]], [[Primož Kozak]], and [[Bojan Štih]], were influenced by Cankar's plays. The works of many contemporary Slovene playwrights and screenwriters, including [[Drago Jančar]], [[Dušan Jovanović (theatre director)|Dušan Jovanović]], [[Tone Partljič]] and [[Žarko Petan]], continue to show a clear influence of Cankar's concepts.

Many prominent Slovene thinkers reflected on Cankar's works, including [[Dušan Pirjevec Ahac]], [[Milan Komar]], and [[Slavoj Žižek]].

Already during his lifetime, his works were translated into German, [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and Russian. His work has also been translated into French, English, Italian, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. Cankar's influence outside the Slovene-speaking area has been small, although his work did influence some non-Slovene authors, such as the French [[Henry Bordeaux]], who published an essay on Cankar in the 1920s, the Austrian [[Josef Friedrich Perkonig]] and the Italian [[Fulvio Tomizza]]. According to the testimony of the literary critic [[Josip Vidmar]], Cankar's novel ''[[Hiša Marije Pomočnice]]'' was well-received by the famous German writer [[Thomas Mann]], who helped to publish a German edition in 1930.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vidmar|1962}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
To this day, Cankar's prose is regarded as one of the finest examples of Slovene style. His influence as a novelist has faded since the 1960s, but his plays are still among the most popular theatre pieces in Slovene theatres.

Numerous streets, squares, public buildings, and institutions have been named after Ivan Cankar. During World War II, two military units of the [[Slovene Partisans]], the Cankar Brigade and the legendary [[Cankar Battalion]], were named after him. Since the 1980s, Slovenia's largest congress centre, [[Cankar Hall]] in Ljubljana, has borne his name. Between June 1994 and January 2007, Cankar was portrayed on the 10,000 [[Slovenian tolar]] bill. The [[Cankar Award]] was established in 2019 by the Slovenian PEN, [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the [[University of Ljubljana]].

== Bibliography ==
[[File:Ivan Cankar - Hlapec Jernej in njegova pravica.pdf|150px|thumb|''Hlapec Jernej in njegova pravica'' (The Servant Jernej and His Justice, 1907)]]
{{div col}}
*''Erotika'' (Eroticism, 1899)
*''Jakob Ruda'' (1900)
*''Knjiga za lahkomiselne ljudi'' (A Book for Thoughtless People, 1901)
*''Tujci'' (Strangers, 1901)
*''Za narodov blagor'' (For the Wealth of the Nation, 1901)
*''Na klancu'' (On the Hill, 1902)
*''Kralj na Betajnovi'' (The King of Betajnova, 1902)
*''Ob zori'' (At Dawn, 1903)
*''Križ na gori'' (The Cross on the Mountain, 1904)
*''Gospa Judit'' (Madame Judit, 1904)
*''[[Hiša Marije Pomočnice]]'' (The Ward of Mary Help of Christians, 1904)
*''Potepuh Marko in Kralj Matjaž'' (The Vagabond Marko and [[Kralj Matjaž]] 1905)
*''V mesečini'' (In the Moonlight, 1905)
*''Nina'' (1906)
*''Martin Kačur'' (1906)
*''Aleš iz razora'' (Aleš from the Furrow, 1907)
*''Hlapec Jernej in njegova pravica'' (The Servant Jernej and His Justice, 1907)
*''Krpanova kobila'' ([[Martin Krpan|Krpan]]'s Mare, 1907)
*''Zgodbe iz doline šentflorjanske'' (Tales from the St. Florian Valley, 1908)
*''Pohujšanje v dolini Šentflorjanski'' (Scandal in St. Florian Valley, 1908)
*''Novo življenje '' (New Life, 1908)
*''Kurent'' (1909)
*''Za križem'' (After the Cross, 1909)
*''Hlapci'' ([[The Serfs (book)|The Serfs]], 1910)
*''Bela krizantema'' (The White Chrysanthemum, 1910)
*''Volja in moč'' (Will and Power, 1911)
*''Troje povesti'' (Three Stories, 1911)
*''Lepa Vida'' (Beautiful Vida, 1912)
*''Milan in Milena'' (Milan and Milena, 1913)
*''Moje življenje'' (My Life, 1914, published in 1920)
*''Podobe iz sanj'' (Images from Dreams, written in 1917–1918, published in 1920)
*''Mimo življenja'' (Passing Past Life, written in 1904, published in 1920)
*''Romantične duše'' (Romantic Souls, written in 1897, published in 1922)
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

== References ==
*{{citation|last=Cankar|first=Ivan|title=Bela krizantema| place=Ljubljana|publisher=DZS |year=1968}}.
*{{citation|last= Doležal-Jenstrle|first=Alenka |title= Mitologizacija ženske v Cankarjevi prozi | place=Ljubljana |publisher= Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani |year=2003}}.
*{{citation|last= Dović|first=Marijan |title=Cankar kot utemeljitelj profesionalnega pisatelja – umetnika| place= Ljubljana |publisher= Slavistično društvo Slovenije|year= 2006}}.
*{{citation|last=Gradišnik|first=Janez |author-link=Janez Gradišnik |title=Spomini na Dejanje |journal=Nova revija| issue=269/270| year= 2004}}.
*{{citation|last= Hribar|first=Spomenka| title=Slovenska khatarsis|journal=Revija 2000|issue=174/176| year =2005|pages= 25–70}}.
*{{citation|last=Kos | first=Janko|title=Slovenska književnost|place=Ljubljana |publisher= Cankarjeva založba |year=1982|display-authors=etal}}.
*{{citation|last=Kos | first=Janko | author-link=Janko Kos | title=Pregled slovenskega slovstva |place=Ljubljana|publisher= DZS |year= 1983}}.
*{{citation|last=Kos|first=Janko|title=Pregled slovenske književnosti}}.
*{{citation|last= Košiček|first=Marijan |title=Ženska in ljubezen v očeh Ivana Cankarja| place=Ljubljana | publisher=Tangram |year=2001}}.
*{{citation|last=Pirjevec | first=Dušan | author-link=Dušan Pirjevec|title=Ivan Cankar in evropska literatura |place=Ljubljana |publisher= Cankarjeva založba |year=1964}}.
*{{citation|last=Puhar |first=Alenka |author-link=Alenka Puhar |title=Prvotno besedilo življenja |place=Zagreb |publisher=Globus |year=1982}}.
*{{citation|last=Vidmar| first=Josip|author-link=Josip Vidmar |title=Drobni eseji |place=Maribor|publisher= Obzorja |year= 1962}}.
*{{citation|last= Žižek|first=Slavoj |author-link=Slavoj Žižek |title=Jezik, ideologija, Slovenci| place=Ljubljana |publisher= Delavska enotnost |year=1987}}.
*{{citation|last=Zver|first=Milan|author-link=Milan Zver |title=Sto let socialdemokracije na Slovenskem|place=Ljubljana |publisher= Nova obzorja|year= 1996}}.

== Further reading ==
*[[Izidor Cankar]], Preface to "Ivan Cankar, ''Zbrani spisi''" (Ljubljana: [[Blasnikova tiskarna]], 1937)
*[[France Bernik]], ''Ivan Cankar: monografska študija'' (LJubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1987)
*Arnaldo Bressan, ''Le avventure della parola: saggi sloveni e triestini'' (Milan: Il saggiatore, 1985)
*Andrej Inkret, ''Romantične duše: razmišljanja ob dramatiki Ivana Cankarja'' (Ljubljana: Prosvetni servis, 1966)
*[[Dušan Kermauner]], ''Ivan Cankar in slovenska politika leta 1918'' (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1968)
*[[Taras Kermauner]], ''Dolina i nebo: eseji o Cankaru'' (Belgrade: Vuk Karadžić, 1979)
*[[Alojz Kraigher]], ''Ivan Cankar: študije o njegovem delu in življenju, spomini nanj'' (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1954)
*Matevž Kos, ''Cankar in Nietzsche'' (Ljubljana: društvo za primerjalno književnost, 2001)
*[[Primož Kozak]], ''Temeljni konflikti Cankarjevih dram'' (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1980)
*[[Filip Kumbatovič Kalan]], ''Trois précurseurs du théǎtre contemporain en Yougoslavie: Branislav Nušić, Ivan Cankar, Miroslav Krleža'' (Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1963)
*Marija Mitrović, ''Cankar in kritika'' (Koper: Lipa, 1976)
*[[Boris Paternu]], ''Ivan Cankar in slovenska literarna tradicija'' (Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije, 1969)
*[[Dušan Pirjevec Ahac]], ''Hlapci, heroji, ljudje'' (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1968)
*[[Jože Pogačnik]], ''Ivan Cankar und Oton Župančič'' (Munich: Selbstverlag der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1991)
*[[Dimitrij Rupel]], ''Svobodne besede : od Prešerna do Cankarja: sociološka študija o slovenskem leposlovju kot glasniku in pobudniku'' (Koper: Lipa, 1976)
*[[Anton Slodnjak]], ''Ivan Cankar in Slovene and world literature'' (London: Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 1981)
*Miran Štuhec, ''Esejistika Ivana Cankarja'' (Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije, 2006)
*[[Josip Vidmar]], ''Ivan Cankar'' (Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije, 1969)
*[[Božo Vodušek]], ''Ivan Cankar'' (Ljubljana: Hram, 1937)
*Dimitrije Vučenov, ''Ivan Cankar'' (Belgrade: Rad, 1962)
*[[Boris Ziherl]], ''Ivan Cankar i njegovo doba'' (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1949)

==External links==
*{{Commons and category-inline}}
*{{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=36802| name=Ivan Cankar}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Cankar}}

{{Vrhnika |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cankar, Ivan}}
[[Category:Ivan Cankar| ]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic]]
[[Category:People from Vrhnika]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Slovenian essayists]]
[[Category:Slovenian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Slovenian satirists]]
[[Category:Satirical dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Slovenian novelists]]
[[Category:Slovenian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Slovenian short story writers]]
[[Category:Slovenian poets]]
[[Category:Slovenian male poets]]
[[Category:Slovenian politicians]]
[[Category:Slovenian socialists]]
[[Category:Slovenes in Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Burials at Žale]]
[[Category:Writers from Austria-Hungary]]