View source for Ivan Aivazovsky

{{Short description|Russian-Armenian marine painter (1817–1900)}}
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{{Family name hatnote|Konstantinovich|Aivazovsky|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
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{{Infobox artist
| name             = Ivan Aivazovsky
| native_name      = {{nobold|Иван Айвазовский}}
| image            = Aivazovsky - Self-portrait 1874 (cropped).jpg
| image_upright    = 1.1
| caption          = Self-portrait, 1874, oil on canvas, {{convert|70.5|×|62.5|cm|abbr=on}}, [[Uffizi]], [[Florence]] (not in exhibition)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Markina|first1=Lyudmila|title=The Many Faces of Ivan Aivazovsky|journal=[[Tretyakov Gallery|Tretyakov Gallery Magazine]]|date=2017|volume=54|issue=1|url=https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/many-faces-ivan-aivazovsky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130045830/https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/many-faces-ivan-aivazovsky |archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajvazovskij Ivan Kontantinovic, firma |url=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/inv1890/scheda.asp?position=1&ninv=2099 |website=polomuseale.firenze.it |publisher=Polo Museale Fiorentino |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226204248/http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/inv1890/scheda.asp?position=1&ninv=2099 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
| birth_date       = Hovhannes Aivazian<br/>{{OldStyleDate|29 July|1817|17 July}}
| birth_place      = [[Feodosia]], [[Taurida Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| resting_place    = St. Sargis Armenian Church, Feodosia
| death_date       = {{OldStyleDate|2 May|1900|19 April}} (aged&nbsp;82)
| death_place      = [[Feodosia]], [[Taurida Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]])
| nationality      = <!--See MOS:INFONAT-->
| field            = Painting, drawing
| education        = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Alumni|1839}}
| movement         = Late [[Romanticism]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Вера Бодунова: Айвазовский — свой среди чужих|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3052362|work=[[Kommersant]]|date=30 July 2016|issue=137|page=4|language=ru|quote=Это художник, который считается поздним романтиком. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125221249/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3052362 |archive-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
| awards           = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Medal|1837}}<br />''[[#Ranks|See below]]''
| spouse           = {{ubl|{{marriage|Julia Graves|1848|1877|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Anna Burnazian|1882}}}}
| children         = 4
}}
[[File:Aivazovsky signature 1850.jpg|thumb|Aivazovsky's signature in Russian, 1850]]
[[File:Armenian Signature of Aivazovsky.jpg|thumb|Aivazovsky's signature in Armenian on oil painting from 1899]]

'''Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky''' ({{langx|ru|Иван Константинович Айвазовский}}; {{OldStyleDate|29 July|1817|17 July}}{{spaced ndash}}{{oldStyleDate|2 May|1900|19 April}}) was a Russian [[Romanticism|Romantic]] painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]]. Baptized as '''Hovhannes Aivazian''',{{efn|His [[Armenian language|Armenian]] name was given as Յօհաննես Այվազեան, ''Yohannes Aivazian'' in baptismal records,{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|p=89}} but the standard spelling would be ''Hovhannes Aivazian'' (Յովհաննէս Այվազեան in [[Classical Armenian orthography|classical spelling]] and Հովհաննես Այվազյան in [[Reformed Armenian orthography|reformed spelling]]). He is now usually called Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի, ''Hovhannes Ayvazovski'', not Aivazian.}} he was born into an [[Armenians|Armenian]] family in the [[Black Sea]] port of [[Feodosia]] in [[Crimea]] and was mostly based there.

Following his education at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and lived briefly in Italy in the early 1840s. He then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the [[Russian Navy]]. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the [[Russian Empire]] and often attended military maneuvers. He was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush", popularized by [[Anton Chekhov]], was used in Russia for describing something lovely. He remains highly popular in Russia in the 21st century.<ref name="2017poll"/>

One of the most prominent [[List of Russian artists|Russian artists]] of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside the Russian Empire. He held numerous [[solo exhibition]]s in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, making him one of the most prolific artists of his time.{{sfn|Leek|2012|p=178}}<ref name="Lang"/> The vast majority of his works are [[seascape]]s, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovsky's works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, and Turkish museums as well as private collections.

==Life==
[[File:Aivazovsky sketch.jpg|thumb|A self-portrait, 1830s–1840s<ref name="km.ru"/>]]

===Background===
Ivan Aivazovsky was born on {{OldStyleDate|29 July|1817|17 July}} in the city of [[Feodosia]] (Theodosia), [[Crimea]], Russian Empire.<ref name="Ghazarian"/> In the baptismal records of the local St. Sargis [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] Church, Aivazovsky was listed as ''Hovhannes, son of Gevorg Aivazian'' ({{langx|hy|Գէորգ Այվազեանի որդի Յօհաննեսն}}).{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|p=89}} During his study at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]], he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky (Иванъ Гайвазовскій in the pre-1918 spelling).<ref>{{cite book|last=Petrov|first=Pyotr|title=Указатель к Сборнику матеріалов для исторіи Императорской С.-Петербургской Академіи художеств за сто лѣт ея существованія [Index to the collection of materials for the history of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Arts for 100 years of its existence]|year=1887|publisher=[[:ru:Стасюлевич, Михаил Матвеевич|M. M. Stasulevich]]|location=St. Petersburg|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51 51]|author-link=:ru:Петров, Пётр Николаевич|language=ru}}</ref> He became known as Aivazovsky since {{circa|1840}}, while in Italy.{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|p=93}} He signed an 1844 letter with an [[Italianization|Italianized]] rendition of his name: "Giovani Aivazovsky".<ref>{{cite web|title=AIVAZOVKSY, Ivan (1817–1900). Autograph letter signed ('Giovani Aivazovsky') to Auguste Vecchy, St Petersburg, 28 August 1844, in eccentric Italian|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/aivazovksy-ivan-autograph-letter-signed-5625851-details.aspx|publisher=[[Christie's]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829153810/https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-aivazovksy-ivan-autograph-letter-signed-5625851/ |archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>

His father, Konstantin, ({{circa|1765}}–1840),{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=69}} was an Armenian merchant from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] region of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]. His family had migrated to Europe from [[Western Armenia]] in the 18th century. After numerous familial conflicts, Konstantin left Galicia for [[Moldavia]], later moving to [[Bukovina]], before settling in Feodosia in the early 1800s.{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=25}} He was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian (Haivazian or Haivazi), but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Slavic suffix "-sky". Aivazovsky's mother, Ripsime, was a Feodosia Armenian. The couple had five children—three daughters and two sons.{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=25}} Aivazovsky's elder brother, [[Gabriel Aivazovsky|Gabriel]], was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia's in Venice to Highlight Save Venice 2004|url=http://asbarez.com/49660/armenias-in-venice-to-highlight-save-venice-2004/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=23 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319185316/https://asbarez.com/armenias-in-venice-to-highlight-save-venice-2004/ |archive-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Aivazovsky Sternberg Italian.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Aivazovsky in Italian costume, by [[Vasily Sternberg]], 1842]]

===Education===
The young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosia's St. Sargis Armenian Church.{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=59}} He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch, a local architect. Aivazovsky moved to [[Simferopol]] with [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida Governor]] Alexander Kaznacheyev's family in 1830 and attended the city's [[Simferopol gymnasium №1|Russian gymnasium]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bobkov|first=V. V.|journal=Учёные записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского|title=Феодосийский Градоначальник Александр Иванович Казначеев: Основные Вехи Административной Деятельности [Feodosia Mayor Alexander Ivanovich Kaznacheyev: Major Milestones In Administrative Activities]|pages=39–40|url=http://sn-histor.crimea.edu/arhiv/2010/uch_23_1h/04.pdf|publisher=[[Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University]]|location=Simferopol|language=ru|year=2010|access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215749/http://sn-histor.crimea.edu/arhiv/2010/uch_23_1h/04.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1833, Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts in [[Maxim Vorobiev]]'s landscape class. In 1835, he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter {{ill|Philippe Tanneur|fr}}.<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/> In September 1836, Aivazovsky met Russia's national poet [[Alexander Pushkin]] during the latter's visit to the Academy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexander Pushkin: a celebration of Russia's best-loved writer|year=1999|publisher=Hazar Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-874371-14-8|page=219|editor=Briggs, A.D.P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sotheby's Russian Art Evening sale|url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L08112.html/f/6/L08112-6.pdf|publisher=[[Sotheby's]]|date=9 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001183906/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L08112.html/f/6/L08112-6.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> In 1837, Aivazovsky joined the [[Military art|battle-painting]] class of [[Alexander Sauerweid]] and participated in [[Baltic Fleet]] exercises in the [[Gulf of Finland]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In October 1837, he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Arts with a gold medal, two years earlier than intended.{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=140}}{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=59}}{{sfn|Leek|2012|p=178}} Aivazovsky returned to Feodosia in 1838 and spent two years in his native Crimea.{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=25}}<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In 1839, he took part in military exercises in the shores of Crimea, where he met Russian admirals [[Mikhail Lazarev]], [[Pavel Nakhimov]] and [[Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov|Vladimir Kornilov]].<ref name="Ghazarian"/>{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=141}}

===First visit to Europe===
[[File:Portrait of Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1841.png|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Aivazovsky by [[Alexey Tyranov]], 1841]]
In 1840, Aivazovsky was sent by the Imperial Academy of Arts to study in Europe.{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=140}}<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} He first traveled to [[Venice]] via [[Berlin]] and [[Vienna]] and visited [[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]], where an important [[Armenian Catholic]] congregation was located and his brother Gabriel lived at the time. Aivazovsky studied Armenian manuscripts and became familiar with Armenian art.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> He met Russian novelist [[Nikolai Gogol]] in Venice. He then headed to [[Florence]], [[Amalfi]] and [[Sorrento]]. In Florence, he met painter [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} He remained in [[Naples]] and [[Rome]] between 1840 and 1842. Aivazovsky was heavily influenced by Italian art and their museums became the "second academy" for him.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> According to Rogachevsky the news of successful exhibitions in Italy reached Russia.{{sfn|Leek|2012|p=178}} [[Pope Gregory XVI]] awarded him with a golden medal.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> He then visited Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Britain. In an international exhibition at [[the Louvre]], he was the only representative from Russia.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> In France, he received a gold medal from the [[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture]]. He then returned to Naples via Marseille and again visited Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Malta in 1843. Aivazovsky was admired throughout Europe.{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=141}} He returned to Russia via Paris and Amsterdam in 1844.{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=141}}

===Return to Russia and first marriage===
[[File:Aivazovsky wife and daughters.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Photograph of Aivazovsky with his first wife, Julia, and their four daughters]]

Upon his return to Russia, Aivazovsky was made an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts and was appointed the "official artist of the Russian Navy to paint seascapes, coastal scenes and naval battles."<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/><ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In 1845, Aivazovsky traveled to the [[Aegean Sea]] with [[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia|Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich]] and visited the Ottoman capital, [[Constantinople]], and the Greek islands of [[Patmos]] and [[Rhodes]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1845, Aivazovsky settled in his hometown of Feodosia, where he built a house and studio.<ref name="Ghazarian"/><ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} He isolated himself from the outside world, keeping a small circle of friends and relatives.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> Yet the solitude played a negative role in his art career. By the mid-nineteenth century, Russian art was moving from [[Romanticism]] towards a distinct Russian style of [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], while Aivazovsky continued to paint Romantic seascapes and attracted heavy criticism.<ref name="Khachatrian"/>

In 1845 and 1846, Aivazovsky attended the maneuvers of the [[Black Sea Fleet]] and the Baltic Fleet at [[Petergof]], near the [[Peterhof Palace|imperial palace]]. In 1847, he was given the title of professor of seascape painting by the Imperial Academy of Arts and elevated to the rank of nobility. In the same year, he was elected to the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1848, Aivazovsky married Julia Graves, an English governess. They had four daughters: Elena (1849), Maria (1851), Alexandra (1852) and Joanne (1858). They separated in 1860 and divorced in 1877 with permission from the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]], since Graves was a [[Lutheran]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=63}}

===Rise to prominence===
[[File:Ayvaz sredy voln.jpg|thumb|left|alt=painting of whitecaps on the sea|The vast majority of his works depict the sea. Pictured is an 1898 painting titled ''Among the Waves'', Aivazovsky National Art Gallery, Feodosia]]
In 1851, traveling with the Russian emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], Aivazovsky sailed to [[Sevastopol]] to participate in military maneuvers. His archaeological excavations near Feodosia lead to his election as a full member of the [[Russian Geographical Society]] in 1853. In that year, the [[Crimean War]] erupted between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and he was evacuated to [[Kharkiv]]. While safe, he returned to the besieged fortress of Sevastopol to paint battle scenes.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> His work was exhibited in Sevastopol while it was under Ottoman siege.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

Between 1856 and 1857, Aivazovsky worked in Paris and became the first Russian<ref name="Gomtsyan"/> (and the first non-French) artist to receive the [[Legion of Honour]]. In 1857, Aivazovsky visited Constantinople and was awarded the [[Order of the Medjidie]]. In the same year, he was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Art Society. He was awarded the Greek [[Order of the Redeemer]] in 1859 and the Russian [[Order of St. Vladimir]] in 1865.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

Aivazovsky opened an art studio in Feodosia in 1865 and was awarded a salary by the Imperial Academy of Arts the same year.<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Aivazovsky 1870 photo.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A man facing left with whiskers|A photograph of Aivazovsky, 1870]]

===Travels and accolades: 1860s–1880s===
In the 1860s, the artist produced several paintings inspired by Greek nationalism and the [[Italian unification]].<ref name="Ghazarian"/><ref name="Rogachevsky"/> In 1868, he once again visited Constantinople and produced a series of works about the Greek resistance to the Turks, during the [[Cretan Revolt (1866–69)|Great Cretan Revolution]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In 1868, Aivazovsky traveled in the [[Caucasus]] and visited the [[Russian Armenia|Russian part of Armenia]] for the first time. He painted several mountainous landscapes and in 1869 held an exhibition in [[Tiflis]].<ref name="Ghazarian"/> Later in the year, he made a trip to Egypt and took part in the opening ceremony of the [[Suez Canal]]. He became the "first artist to paint the Suez Canal, thus marking an epoch-making event in the history of Europe, Africa and Asia."<ref name="Rogachevsky"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Shaljyan|first=Emma|title=Walter and Laurel Karabian Speak on Artist Aivazian (Aivazovsky)|url=http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/hye_sharzhoom/vol33/march12/1_karabians.html|publisher=Hye Sahrzoom, Armenian Studies Program [[California State University, Fresno]]|access-date=10 January 2014|date=March 2012|quote=Aivazovsky, in fact, was the first painter to paint the Suez Canal.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203153459/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/hye_sharzhoom/vol33/march12/1_karabians.html|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

In 1870, Aivazovsky was made an [[Table of Ranks|Actual Civil Councilor]], the fourth highest civil rank in Russia.<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In 1871, he initiated the construction of the archaeological museum in Feodosia.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> In 1872, he traveled to Nice and Florence to exhibit his paintings.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> In 1874, the [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze]] (Florence Academy of Fine Art) asked him for a self-portrait to be hung in the [[Uffizi Gallery]].<ref name="rutgers"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bird|first=Alan|title=A history of Russian painting|year=1987|publisher=G.K. Hall|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-8161-8911-3|page=162}}</ref> The same year, Aivazovsky was invited to Constantinople by [[Sultan Abdülaziz]] who subsequently bestowed upon him the Turkish [[Order of Osmanieh]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}} In 1876, he was made a member of the Academy of Arts in Florence and became the second Russian artist (after [[Orest Kiprensky]]) to paint a self-portrait for the [[Palazzo Pitti]].<ref name="Khachatrian"/><ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

Aivazovsky was elected an honorary member of [[State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart|Stuttgart's Royal Academy of Fine Arts]] in 1878. He made a trip to the Netherlands and France, staying briefly in [[Frankfurt]] until 1879. He then visited [[Munich]] and traveled to [[Genoa]] and Venice "to collect material on the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus."<ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

In 1880, Aivazovsky opened an art gallery in his Feodosia house; it became the third museum in the Russian Empire, after the [[Hermitage Museum]] and the [[Tretyakov Gallery]].<ref name="Khachatrian"/><!-- "Тогда же (1880) Айвазовский построил при своем доме картинную галерею - третий по счету музей в Российской империи"--><ref name="Rogachevsky"/> Aivazovsky held an 1881 exhibition at London's [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]], attended by English painter [[John Everett Millais]] and [[Edward VII]], [[Prince of Wales]].<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

===Second marriage and later life===
{{multiple image|align=left|caption_align=center|direction=horizontal|image1=Aivazovsky by Bolotov, 1876.jpg|width1=150|caption1=Portrait of Aivazovsky by Dmitry Bolotov (1876)|image2=Aivazovsky - Portret of wife, Anna Burnazyan-Sarkisova.jpg|width2=163|caption2=Aivazovsky's painting of his second wife Anna Burnazian (1882)}}

Aivazovsky's second wife, Anna Burnazian, was a young Armenian widow 40 years his junior.<ref name="Obukhovska"/> Aivazovsky said that by marrying her in 1882, he "became closer to [his] nation", referring to the Armenian people.{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=63}} In 1882, Aivazovsky visited Moscow and St Petersburg and then toured the countryside of Russia by traveling along the [[Volga River]] in 1884.<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

In 1885, he was promoted to the rank of [[Table of Ranks|Privy Councilor]]. The next year, the 50th anniversary of his creative labors, was celebrated with an exhibition in St Petersburg, and an honorary membership in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/><ref name="Rogachevsky"/>

In 1887, as part of a jubilee celebration of his career, Aivazovsky hosted a dinner for 150 friends. Each guest received a miniature painting by Aivazovsky set into a studio photograph of the artist at work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286403 |title=Ivan Constantinovich Aivasovski, The Met Museum |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121203011/http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286403 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After meeting Aivazovsky in person, [[Anton Chekhov]] wrote a letter to his wife on 22 July 1888 describing him as follows:<ref name=Chekhov>{{cite book|last=Karlinsky|first=Simon|title=Anton Chekhov's Life and Thought: Selected Letters and Commentary|year=1999|publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]]|location=Evanston, Illinois|isbn=0-8101-1460-7|pages=310–311|edition=2nd|others=Heim, Michael Henry; Karlinsky, Simon}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vasyanin|first=Andrey|title=Айвазовский на ладони|journal=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=10 August 2016|issue=178|url=https://rg.ru/2016/08/10/ivan-samarin-ajvazovskij-byl-spilbergom-xix-veka.html|language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103010603/https://rg.ru/2016/08/10/ivan-samarin-ajvazovskij-byl-spilbergom-xix-veka.html |archive-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Aivazovsky himself is a hale and hearty old man of about seventy-five, looking like an insignificant Armenian and a bishop; he is full of a sense of his own importance, has soft hands and shakes your hand like a general. He's not very bright, but he is a complex personality, worthy of a further study. In him alone there are combined a general, a bishop, an artist, an Armenian, an naive old peasant, and an Othello.}}

[[File:Дом, в котором жил художник И. К. Айвазовский 1845-1892.JPG|thumb|The house in Feodosia, where Aivazovsky lived between 1845 and 1892. It is now an [[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery|art gallery]].]]

After traveling to Paris with his wife, in October 1892 he made a trip to the United States, visiting [[Niagara Falls]] in New York and Washington D.C.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/><ref name=Novosti18062019>{{cite news |last=Вакуленко |first=Алексей (Vakulenko, Alexey) |url=https://crimea.ria.ru/20190618/1116865203.html |title=За что Айвазовский благодарил США: картинная дипломатия без запретов |trans-title=What Aivazovsky Thanked the US for: Picture Diplomacy Without Prohibitions |language=ru |work=[[RIA Novosti|«Россия сегодня»]] |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911215942/https://crimea.ria.ru/20190618/1116865203.html |archive-date=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=Svoboda23122022>{{cite news |last=Легалов |first=Евгений (Legalov, Evgeniy) |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/sama-rodila-sama-i-syem-v-prage-proshel-pokaz-filma-golod/32190900.html |title="Сама родила – сама и съем". В Праге прошёл показ фильма "Голод" |trans-title="I gave birth to her myself - I'll eat her myself." The film "Hunger" was screened in Prague |language=ru |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|«Радио Свобода»]] |date=23 December 2022 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911220759/https://www.svoboda.org/a/sama-rodila-sama-i-syem-v-prage-proshel-pokaz-filma-golod/32190900.html |archive-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> During this trip, he performed an act of diplomacy by donating to the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art|Corcoran Museum]] two of his paintings, which he had painted in "Russia, Crimea, Feodosia", ''Relief Ship'' ({{langx|ru|Корабль помощи}}) and ''Food Distribution'' ({{langx|ru|Раздача продовольствия}}) which commemorated the arrival of American aid to Russia during the [[Russian famine of 1891–1892|Tsar's famine of 1891-1892]] but the Tsar barred these paintings in Russia because of their [[Criticism of monarchy|anti-monarchist]] unpatriotic themes.<ref name=Novosti18062019/><ref name=Svoboda23122022/><ref>{{cite news |last=Алекин |first=Алексей (Alekin, Alexey) |url=https://xn--j1akbb.xn--p1acf/2022/11/28/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE/ |title="НЕПАТРИОТИЧНАЯ" КАРТИНА АЙВАЗОВСКОГО И ЗАБЫТАЯ ДАТА |trans-title="UNPATRIOTIC" PAINTING BY AIVAZOVSKY AND A FORGOTTEN DATE |language=ru |work=[[Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Российская коммунистическая рабочая партия]] |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911221800/https://xn--j1akbb.xn--p1acf/2022/11/28/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE/ |archive-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> In 1896, at 79, Aivazovsky was promoted to the rank of full privy councillor.<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

Aivazovsky was deeply affected by the [[Hamidian massacres]] that took place in the Armenian-inhabited areas of the Ottoman Empire between 1894 and 1896. He painted a number of works on the subject such as ''The Expulsion of the Turkish Ship'', and ''The Armenian Massacres at Trebizond'' (1895). He threw the medals given to him by the Ottoman Sultan into the sea and told the Turkish consul in Feodosia: "Tell your bloodthirsty master that I've thrown away all the medals given to me, here are their ribbons, send it to him and if he wants, he can throw them into the seas painted by me."{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|pp=90–91|ps=: "Բռնակալության դեմ ի նշան բողոքի, նա բոլոր շքանշանները նետում է ծովը և ապա երիտասարդի աշխուժությամբ դնում է թուրքական հյուպատոսի մոտ ու զայրացած ասում. «Արյունակզակ տիրոջդ ինձի տված պատվանշանները ծովր նետեցի, ահավասիկ անոնց ժապավենները, իրեն ղրկել եթե կուզե թող ինքն ալ իմ պատկերներս ծովը նետե, բայց հոդս չէ, վասն զի անոնց փոխարժեքը ստացուած եմ»։ Ու կը մեկնի։}} He created several other paintings capturing the events, such as ''Lonely Ship'' and ''Night. Tragedy in the Sea of Marmara'' (1897).{{sfn|Koorghinian|1967|p=190}}{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=31}}

{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|image1=Ajwazowski grob.jpg|width=255|image2=Feodosiya tomb of Ivan Aivazovsky IMG 2968 1725.jpg|footer_align=center|footer=Tomb of Aivazovsky}}

He spent his final years in Feodosia. In the 1890s, thanks to his efforts a commercial port ([[:ru:Феодосийский морской торговый порт|ru]]) was established in Feodosia and linked to the railway network of the Russian Empire.<ref name="Obukhovska"/><ref name="Whitmore"/> The railway station, opened in 1892, is now called {{ill|Ayvazovskaya|ru|Айвазовская (станция)}} and is one of the two stations within the city of Feodosia. Aivazovsky also supplied Feodosia with drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|last=Novouspensky |first=Nikolay |title=Ivan Aivazovsky |work=artsstudio.com |url=http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/new_aivazovsky-biography.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910211018/http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/new_aivazovsky-biography.htm |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Моря пламенный поэт. Иван Айвазовский|url=http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/32708/|publisher=[[Russia-K]]|language=ru|date=2007|quote=Благодаря ему в Феодосии был создан водопровод, построены морской торговый порт, железная дорога, возведено здание археологического музея и многое другое. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084619/http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/32708/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

===Death===
Aivazovsky died on 19 April (2 May in New Style) 1900 in Feodosia.<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> In accordance with his wishes, he was buried at the courtyard of St. Sargis Armenian Church.<ref name="artrenewal"/> A white marble [[sarcophagus]] was made by Italian sculptor L. Biogiolli in 1901.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yefremova|first=Svetlana|script-title=ru:Оставил о себе бессмертную память|url=http://rk.crimea.ua/17/18/article_290.htm|newspaper=Respublika Krym|date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319025025/http://rk.crimea.ua/17/18/article_290.htm|archive-date=19 March 2014|language=ru}}</ref> A quote from [[Movses Khorenatsi]]'s ''[[History of Armenia (book)|History of Armenia]]'' in [[Classical Armenian]] is engraved on his tombstone: {{transliteration|hy|Mahkanatsu tsneal anmah ziurn yishatak yetogh}} ({{lang|hy|Մահկանացու ծնեալ անմահ զիւրն յիշատակ եթող}}),<ref name="gallery.am">{{cite web|title=Այվազովսկի Հովհաննես Կոստանդնի [Aivazovsky Hovhannes Konstandni]|url=http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/authors/18/|publisher=[[National Gallery of Armenia]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319025051/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/authors/18/|archive-date=19 March 2014|language=hy}}</ref> which translates: "He was born a mortal, left an immortal legacy"<ref name="artrenewal"/> or "Born as a mortal, left the immortal memory of himself".<ref name="Minasyan">{{cite book|title=How Did I Survive?|first1=Artavazd M.|last1=Minasyan|last2=Gevorkyan|first2=Aleksadr V.|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84718-601-0|oclc=318443997|page=56|quote=Aivazovsky, Ivan Konstantionvich (real name: Hovannes Gevorgovich Aivazyan) (1817–1900) – grand Russian artist-painter of seascapes, ethnic Armenian. Aside from his artwork, I.A. was also known for his valuable contributions to the developments of the Russian and Armenian cultures of the 19th century. He lived and worked in Feodosia, Crimea. He was buried there according to his will. A sign on his tombstone, written in ancient Armenian, has a quote from the 5th century "History of Armenia" by Moses Khorenatsi says: "Born as a mortal, left the immortal memory of himself."}}</ref> The inscription beneath reads: "Professor Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817–1900" ({{lang|ru|Профессоръ Иванъ Константиновичъ АЙВАЗОВСКIЙ 1817–1900}}).

After his death, his wife Anna led a generally secluded life, living in several rooms she had retained after nationalization, until 1941.<ref name="estates"/> She died on 25 July 1944 and was buried next to Aivazovsky.<ref name="Obukhovska"/> Two of his daughters (Maria and Alexandra) left Russia following the Revolution of 1917, while the other two died shortly thereafter: Yelena in 1918 and Zhanna in 1922.<ref name="estates"/>

==Art==
[[File:Hovhannes Aivazovsky - The Ninth Wave - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[The Ninth Wave]]'' (1850, [[Russian Museum]], [[Saint Petersburg]]) is considered Aivazovsky's most famous work.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ninth Wave|url=http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/05/hm5_9_0_32_1.html|publisher=[[Hermitage Museum]]|access-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104185704/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/05/hm5_9_0_32_1.html|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aivazovsky, I. K. The Ninth Wave. 1850|url=http://www.auburn.edu/~mitrege/russian/art/target.php?file=00166|publisher=[[Auburn University]] |quote=Detail from "The Ninth Wave" "The Ninth Wave," painted in 1850, is Aivazovsky's most famous work and is an archetypal image for the artist.  |last1=Mitrevski |first1=George |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229123606/http://www.auburn.edu/~mitrege/russian/art/target.php?file=00166 |archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Amirzyanova|first=Guzel|script-title=ru:Семь знаменитых картин Айвазовского|url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/26111/3007117/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319041859/http://www.kp.ru/daily/26111/3007117/|archive-date=19 March 2014|newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]|date=28 July 2013|language=ru|quote=Бесспорно, популярнейшей картиной мариниста является «Девятый вал» (1850 г.), сейчас это полотно хранится в Русском музее. Пожалуй, в нем сильнее всего передана романтическая натура художника.}}</ref>]]

During his 60-year career, Aivazovsky produced around 6,000 paintings<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/><ref name="Rogachevsky"/>{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=26}} of, what one online art magazine describes, "very different value&nbsp;... there are masterpieces and there are very timid works".<ref name="athenaeum"/> However, according to one count as many as 20,000 paintings are attributed to him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nechayev|first=Sergey|title="Стахановец" Айвазовский|url=http://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/id/4932/|work=[[:ru:Совершенно секретно (газета)|Sovershenno sekretno]]|volume=26|issue=355|date=25 July 2015|language=ru|quote=Считается, что кисти Айвазовского принадлежит более 6000 полотен. А приписывают ему и того больше – около 20 000 картин. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918064719/https://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/stakhanovets-ayvazovskiy/ |archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> The vast majority of Aivazovsky's works depict the sea.{{sfn|Leek|2012|pp=178–180}} He rarely drew dry-landscapes and created only a handful of portraits.<ref name="athenaeum"/> According to [[Rosa Newmarch]] Aivazovsky "never painted his pictures from nature, always from memory, and far away from the seaboard."{{sfn|Newmarch|1917|p=192}} Rogachevsky wrote that "His artistic memory was legendary. He was able to reproduce what he had seen only for a very short time, without even drawing preliminary sketches."<ref name="Rogachevsky"/> Bolton praised "his ability to convey the effect of moving water and of reflected sun and moonlight."{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=140}}

===Exhibitions===
He held 55 solo exhibitions (an unprecedented number)<ref name="rusmuseum.ru"/> over the course of his career. Among the most notable were held in Rome, Naples and Venice (1841–42), Paris (1843, 1890), Amsterdam (1844), Moscow (1848, 1851, 1886), Sevastopol (1854), Tiflis (1868), Florence (1874), St. Petersburg (1875, 1877, 1886, 1891), Frankfurt (1879), Stuttgart (1879), London (1881), Berlin (1885, 1890), Warsaw (1885), Constantinople (1888), New York (1893), Chicago (1893), San Francisco (1893).<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

He also "contributed to the exhibitions of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1836–1900), [[Salon (Paris)|Paris Salon]] (1843, 1879), Society of Exhibitions of Works of Art (1876–83), Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts (1880), Pan-Russian Exhibitions in Moscow (1882) and Nizhny Novgorod (1896), World Exhibitions in Paris ([[Exposition Universelle (1855)|1855]], [[International Exposition (1867)|1867]], [[Exposition Universelle (1878)|1878]]), [[1862 International Exhibition|London (1863)]], Munich (1879) and [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago (1893)]] and the international exhibitions in [[Centennial Exposition|Philadelphia (1876)]], Munich (1879) and [[Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin|Berlin (1896)]]."<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

===Style===
[[File:Stormy sea at night.jpg|thumb|''Stormy Sea at Night'', 1849, [[Pavlovsk Palace]], Saint Petersburg]]

[[Souren Melikian]] described his style as "highly [[Academic art|academic]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melikian |first1=Souren |author1-link=Souren Melikian |title=Bursts of creativity on the Russian plain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/07/style/bursts-of-creativity-on-the-russian-plain.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 August 2004 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725070037/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/07/style/bursts-of-creativity-on-the-russian-plain.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A primarily Romantic painter, Aivazovsky used some Realistic elements.{{sfn|Koorghinian|1967|p=189}} Leek argued that Aivazovsky remained faithful to [[Romanticism]] throughout his life, "even though he oriented his work toward the Realist genre."{{sfn|Leek|2012|p=178}} His early works are influenced by his Academy of Arts teachers Maxim Vorobiev and [[Sylvester Shchedrin]].<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/> Classic painters like [[Salvator Rosa]], [[Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael]] and [[Claude Lorrain]] contributed to Aivazovsky's individual process and style.<ref name="Ghazarian"/> [[Karl Bryullov]], best known for his ''[[The Last Day of Pompeii]]'', "played an important part in stimulating Aivazovsky's own creative development," according to Bolton.{{sfn|Bolton|2010|p=140}}<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/> Aivazovsky's best paintings in the 1840s–1850s used a variety of colors and were both epic and romantic in theme.<ref name="Ghazarian"/> Newmarch suggested that by the mid-19th century the romantic features in Aivazovsky's work became "increasingly pronounced."<ref name="athenaeum"/> She, like most scholars, considered his ''Ninth Wave'' his best piece of art and argued that it "seems to mark the transition between fantastic color of his earlier works, and the more truthful vision of the later years."{{sfn|Newmarch|1917|p=191}} By the 1870s, his paintings were dominated by delicate colors; and in the last two decades of his life, Aivazovsky created a series of silver-toned seascapes.<ref name="Ghazarian"/>

The distinct transition in Russian art from Romanticism to Realism in the mid-nineteenth century left Aivazovsky, who would always retain a Romantic style, open to criticism. Proposed reasons for his unwillingness or inability to change began with his location; Feodosia was a remote town in the huge Russian empire, far from Moscow and Saint Petersburg. His mindset and worldview were similarly considered old-fashioned and did not correspond to the developments in Russian art and culture.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> [[Vladimir Stasov]] only accepted his early works, while [[Alexandre Benois]] wrote in his ''The History of Russian Painting in the 19th Century'' that despite being Vorobiev's student, Aivazovsky stood apart from the general development of the Russian landscape school.<ref name="Khachatrian"/>

Aivazovsky's later work contained dramatic scenes and was usually done on a larger scale. He depicted "the romantic struggle between man and the elements in the form of the sea (''The Rainbow'', 1873), and so-called "blue marines" (''The Bay of Naples in Early Morning'', 1897, ''Disaster'', 1898) and urban landscapes (''Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus'', 1894)."<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/>

===Works===

====Landscapes====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125px">
File:Aivazovsky - Look to the Large Cascade and Large Petergof Palace.jpg|''View of a Fountain and [[Peterhof Palace]]'' (1837)
File:Лазоревый грот. Неаполь.jpg|''Azure Grotto, Naples'' (1841)
File:Галатская башня в лунном свете.jpg|''The [[Galata Tower]] by Moonlight'' (1845)
File:Aivazovsky - View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus.jpg|''View of Constantinople'', with the [[Nusretiye Mosque]] (1856)
File:Иван Константинович Айвазовский - Широкий пейзаж с поселенцами.jpg|''Landscape with Settlers'' (1856)
File:Иван К. Айвазовский - От Млеты до Гудаури (1868).jpg|''From Mleta to [[Gudauri]]'' (1868)
File:Tiflis by aivazovsky.jpg|''View of [[Tiflis]] from Seid-Abaz'' (1868)
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Moscow in Winter from the Sparrow Hills.JPG|''[[Moscow]] in Winter from the [[Sparrow Hills]]'' (1872)
</gallery>

====Seascapes====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125px">
File:Иван Константинович Айвазовский - Ночь в Гурзуфе.jpg|''Night at [[Gurzuf]]''
File:Russians at navarino.jpg|''[[Battle of Navarino]]'' (1848)
File:Battle-of-sinope.jpg|''Russian-Turkish Sea [[Battle of Sinop]] on 18th November 1853'' (1853)
File:Aivazovsky, Brig Mercury Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 1892.jpg|''[[Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships]]'' (1892)
File:Иван К. Айвазовский - Бриг Меркурий после победы над двумя турецкими кораблями (1848).jpg|''The brig [[Russian brig Merkurii|Mercury]] encounter after defeating two Turkish ships of the Russian squadron'' (1848)
File:Смотр Черноморского флота в 1849 году.jpg|''Parade of the [[Black Sea Fleet]]'' (1886)
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - The Russian Squadron on the Sebastopol Roads.jpg|''The Russian Squadron on the [[Sebastopol]] [[Roadstead|Roads]]'' (1846)
File:Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich Bracing The Waves.jpg|''Bracing The Waves''
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Battle of Çesme at Night.JPG|''[[Battle of Chesma|Battle of Çeşme]] at Night'' (1856)
File:Battle of Revel.jpg|''Sea [[Battle of Reval|battle at Revel]]'' (1846)
File:Ivan Aivazovsky Bucht von Neapel 1842.jpg|''[[Bay of Naples]]'' (1842)
File:Aivazovsky gibraltar.jpg|''American Shipping off the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]'' (1873)
File:Айвазовский (Гайвазовский) Иван (Оганес) Константинович Радуга.jpg|''Rainbow'' (1873)
<!-- File:Pushkin farewell to the sea.jpg|''Pushkin's Farewell to the Sea'' by Aivazovsky and [[Ilya Repin]] (1877) -->
File:Aivasovsky I C Ship "Twelve Apostles".jpg|''Ship [[Russian ship Dvienadsat Apostolov (1841)|"Twelve Apostles"]]'' (1878)
File:Aivazovsky - Sea coast at night. Near the beacon.jpg|''Sea coast at night. Near the beacon'' (1837)
Image:The Burning of the Turkish Flagship by Kanaris - Ivan Aivazovsky, 1881.png|''The burning of the Turkish flagship by [[Konstantinos Kanaris|Kanaris]]'' (1881)
File:Aivazovsky Seascape with a steamer.jpg|''Seascape with a steamer'' (1886)
File:Ivan Aivazovsky - Fog on the sea.jpg|''Fog over the Sea'' (1895)
File:File-Ivan Aivazovsky - Tempset by Sounion.jpg|Tempest by [[Sounion]] (1856)
File:Picture "anger of the seas" by Aivasovsky.jpg|''[[The Wrath Of The Seas]]'' (1886)
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Lake Maggiore in the Evening.JPG|''[[Lake Maggiore]] in the Evening'' (1892)
File:Кронштадтский рейд Айвазовского.jpg|''The [[Kronstadt]] [[roadstead]]'' (1840)
File:Петр I при Красной горке Айвазовский.jpg|''[[Peter the Great|Peter I]] at [[Krasnaya Gorka fort|Krasnaya Gorka]] Lighting a Fire on the Shore to Signal to his Sinking Ships'' (1846)
File:Буря над Евпаторией Айвазовский.jpg|''Storm over [[Yevpatoria]]'' (1861)
File:Russian victory vyborg.jpg|''The [[Battle of Vyborg Bay (1790)|Battle of Vyborg Bay]] in 1790'' (1846)
</gallery>

====Religious paintings====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125px">
File:Aivazovsky Chaos 1841.jpg|''Chaos'' (1841)
File:Po vodam 1888.jpg|''[[Jesus walking on water]]'' (1888)
File:Po vodam.jpg|''Jesus walking on water'' (1890)
File:Aivazovsky Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea.jpg|''[[Crossing the Red Sea|Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea]]'' (1891)
</gallery>

====Orientalist themes====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125px">
File:Aivazovsky Bosporus.jpg|''[[Bosphorus]]''
File:Айвазовский (Гайвазовский) Иван (Оганес) Константинович Лунная ночь на Босфоре.jpg|''A Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus'', featuring [[Ortaköy Mosque]]
File:Constantinople la mosquée de Top-Kahné-Ivan Aivazovski mg 8270.jpg|''Top-Kahne Mosque'' ([[Nusretiye Mosque]])
File:View of constantinople by evening light.jpg|''View of [[Constantinopole]] by Evening Light''
File:Aivazovsky - Scenes from Cairo's life.jpg|''Scenes from [[Cairo|Cairo's]] Life''
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Boat Ride by Kumkapi in Constantinople.JPG|''Boat Ride by [[Kumkapı]] in Constantinople''
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Sunset over the Golden Horn.JPG|''Sunset over the [[Golden Horn]]''
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Dusk on the Golden Horn.JPG|''Dusk on the Golden Horn''
File:Ivan Aivazovsky Trebizond 1887.jpg|''[[Trabzon|Trebizond]]''
File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - Coffee-house by the Ortaköy Mosque in Constantinople.JPG|''Coffee-house by the [[Ortaköy Mosque]] in Constantinople''
File:Иван К. Айвазовский - Великая Пирамида в Гизе (1871).jpg|''The [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]''
File:Башни на скале у Босфора Айвазовского.jpg|''Towers on the cliff near the Bosphorus (1859)''
</gallery>

====Armenian themes====
Aivazovsky's early works incorporated Armenian themes. The artist's longstanding wish to visit his ancestral homeland was fulfilled in 1868. During his visit to Russian (Eastern) Armenia (roughly corresponding to the modern [[Armenia]], as opposed to [[Western Armenia]] under Ottoman rule), Aivazovsky created paintings of [[Mount Ararat]], the [[Ararat plain]], and [[Lake Sevan]]. Although Mt. Ararat has been depicted in paintings of many non-native artists (mostly European travelers), Aivazovsky became the first Armenian artist to illustrate the two-peaked biblical mountain.<!-- Մինչ այդ հայ նկարիչներից ոչ ոք չէր տվել Արարատը և Արարատյան դաշտը պատկերող կտավներ։ -->{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=28}}<ref name="Khachatrian"/>

He resumed the creation of Armenian-related paintings in the 1880s: ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' (1882), ''Ararat'' (1887), ''Descent of Noah from Ararat'' (1889).{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=28}} ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' contains his signature in Armenian: "Aivazian" ({{lang|hy|Այվազեան}}).{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=28}}{{sfn|Mikaelian|1991|p=63}} In a panorama of Venice expressed by ''Byron's Visit to the Mekhitarists on St Lazarus Island in Venice'' (1898); the foreground of the picture contains members of the Armenian Congregation of [[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]] giving an enthusiastic welcome to [[Lord Byron]].{{sfn|Cardwell|2005|p=402}} His other themed works from this period include rare portraits of notable Armenians, such as his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky ([[:File:Gabriel Aivazovsky.jpg|1882]]), Count [[Mikhail Loris-Melikov]] ([[:File:LorisMelikov Aivazovsky.jpg|1888]]), Catholicos [[Mkrtich Khrimian]] ([[:File:Aivazovsky - Catholicos Khrimyan Airik near Echmiadzin.jpg|1895]]), [[Nakhichevan-on-Don]] Mayor Аrutyun Khalabyan and others.{{sfn|Sarkssian|1963|p=28}}<ref name="Khachatrian"/> ''The Baptism of Armenians'' and ''Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr'' (both 1892) depict the two memorable events of ancient Armenia: the [[Christianization]] via baptism of King [[Tiridates III of Armenia|Tiridates III]] by [[Gregory the Illuminator]] (early 4th century) and the [[Battle of Avarayr]] of 451, respectively.<ref name="Khachatrian"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="125px">
File:Valley of Mount Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky (1882).jpg|''Valley of Mount Ararat'' (1882)
File:Aivazovsky - Descent of Noah from Ararat.jpg|''Descent of Noah from Ararat'' (1889). [[National Gallery of Armenia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից (1889) [Descent of Noah from Ararat (1889)]|url=http://www.gallery.am/hy/database-egov/item/296/|publisher=[[National Gallery of Armenia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123165331/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database-egov/item/296/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |language=hy}}</ref>
File:Gregory the Illuminator.jpg|''The Baptism of the Armenian People''
File:Aivazovsky - Oath befory Battle of Avarayr.jpg|''Oath Before the [[Battle of Avarayr]]'' (1892)
File:Bayron's visit to San Lazzaro by Aivazovsky (1899).jpg|''[[Lord Byron]]'s Visit to [[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]]'' (1899)<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Բայրոնի այցը Մխիթարյաններին Սբ. Ղազար կղզում (1899)|url=http://www.gallery.am/hy/database-egov/item/298/|publisher=National Gallery of Armenia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020163419/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database-egov/item/298/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |language=hy}}</ref>
File:Aivazovsky - Catholicos Khrimyan Airik near Echmiadzin.jpg|[[Mkrtich Khrimian]] near [[Echmiadzin]]
</gallery>

==Aivazovsky and archaeology==
[[File:Музей древностей Айвазовского на горе Митридат (Феодосия).jpg|thumb|The Museum of Antiquities founded by Aivazovsky in Feodosia]]

Aivazovsky took an interest in [[archaeology]] since the 1850s. He employed farmers to conduct archaeological excavations in the Feodosia area. In 1853 some 22 burial mounds were excavated on Mount Tepe-Oba, which mostly contained broken [[amphorae]] and bones, but also golden necklaces, earrings, a female head, a chain with a sphinx, a sphinx with woman's head, the head of an ox, slabs; silver bracelets; clay statuettes, medallions, various vessels, a sarcophagus; silver and bronze coins. The site has been dated to the 5th to 3rd centuries BC when there was an ancient Greek settlement of Theodosia. The best finds were sent by Aivazovsky to the [[Hermitage Museum|Imperial Hermitage]] in Petersburg.<ref name="feodos"/> In 1871 he founded the construction of a new Museum of Antiquities on [[Mount Mitridat (Feodosia)|Mount Mitridat]] modeled after a typical [[Ancient Greek temple]] of the [[Doric order]]. It was destroyed during World War II.<ref name="feodos"/>

==Aivazovsky's estates==
[[File:Aivazovsky’s Shakh-Mamai estate.jpg|thumb|Aivazovsky's Shakh-Mamai estate in the 1890s]]

Aivazovsky was a major landowner with numerous estates in eastern Crimea, mostly in the vicinity of Feodosia. These estates delivered him significant income; more than the sale of his paintings. His earliest major estate, bestowed by the [[Emperor of All Russia|Emperor]] in 1848 along with a personal noble title, was the one at Shakh-Mamai (now called {{ill|Ayvazovskoye|ru|Айвазовское (Крым)}}). Located some {{convert|25|km}} from Feodosia, it initially covered an area of 2,500 [[Obsolete Russian units of measurement#Area|diasiatins]] (around {{convert|2725|ha}}). The estate had an Eastern-style house, and one of its most prominent visitors, [[Anton Chekhov]], wrote that "It is an extravagant, fairy-tale estate of the kind you must probably find in Persia." By the end of his life, the estate had grown to include some 6,000 diasiatins of land, a dairy farm, and a steam-powered mill.<ref name="estates"/>

The second major estate, located in Subash (now [[Zolotoy Klyuch]]), contained some 2,500 diasiatins of land. The site contained several natural springs, which Aivazovsky acquired in 1852 from the Lansky family. The latter also sold Aivazovsky 2,362 diasiatins of land. Later, Aivazovsky supplied Feodosia with water from Subash. In both estates, vegetables were grown. He had small estates in Romash-Eli (now Romanovka), with 338 diasiatins of land covered with orchards, and the Sudak Valley, with 12 diasiatins of vineyard, along with a [[dacha]] (summer house).<ref name="estates"/>

In Feodosia, Aivazovsky possessed a house and a vineyard. He also owned houses elsewhere in Crimea, such as [[Stary Krym]] and [[Yalta]]. The estates inherited by his heirs were lost in the early Soviet period when they were nationalized.<ref name="estates"/>

==Influence==
Aivazovsky was the most influential seascape painter in nineteenth-century Russian art.<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/> According to the [[Russian Museum]], "he was the first and for a long time the only representative of seascape painting" and "all other artists who painted seascapes were either his own students or influenced by him."<ref name="rusmuseum.ru"/>

[[Arkhip Kuindzhi]] (1842–1910) is sometimes cited as having been influenced by Aivazovsky.<ref>{{cite web|title=Куинджи, Архип Иванович|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/kultura_i_obrazovanie/izobrazitelnoe_iskusstvo/KUINDZHI_ARHIP_IVANOVICH.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=Испытал особое влияние И.К.Айвазовского.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127072313/https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/kuindzhi-arhip-ivanovich |archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> In 1855, at age 13–14, Kuindzhi visited Feodosia to study with Aivazovsky, however, he was engaged merely to mix paints<ref name="Bowlt"/> and instead studied with Adolf Fessler, Aivazovsky's student.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manin|first1=Vitaly|author-link1=:ru:Манин, Виталий Серафимович|title=Архип Куинджи|date=2000|publisher=Belyĭ gorod|location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-7793-0219-7|page=6|language=ru|quote=в Феодосию к знаменитому Айвазовскому. Куинджи прибыл в тихую Феодосию, по-видимому, летом 1855 года.&nbsp;... Устройством Куинджи занялся Адольф Фесслер, ученик и копиист Айвазовского. Жил Архип во дворе под навесом в&nbsp;...}}</ref> A 1903 encyclopedic article stated: "Although Kuindzhi cannot be called a student of Aivazovsky, the latter had without doubt some influence on him in the first period of his activity; from whom he borrowed much in the manner of painting."<ref>{{cite book|title=Russian Biographical Dictionary|contribution=Куинджи Архип Иванович|date=1903|publisher=[[Imperial Russian Historical Society]]|location=Saint Petersburg|language=ru|quote=Хотя Куинджи и нельзя назвать учеником Айвазовского, но последний имел на него, несомненно, некоторое влияние в первый период его деятельности; от него он заимствовал многое в манере писать, в выборе тем, в любви к широким пространствам.|title-link=Russian Biographical Dictionary}} [http://rulex.ru/01110969.htm online view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127100011/http://rulex.ru/01110969.htm |date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> English art historian [[John Ellis Bowlt|John E. Bowlt]] wrote that "the elemental sense of light and form associated with Aivazovsky's sunsets, storms, and surging oceans permanently influenced the young Kuindzhi."<ref name="Bowlt">{{cite journal|last1=Bowlt|first1=John E.|author-link1=John Ellis Bowlt|title=A Russian Luminist School? Arkhip Kuindzhi's "Red Sunset on the Dnepr"|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|date=1975|volume=10|pages=123–125|doi=10.2307/1512704|jstor=1512704|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|s2cid=192949837}}</ref>

[[Vartan Makhokhian]], an [[Trabzon]]-born Armenian painter, who was later based in France, met Aivazovsky in Crimea in 1894. The latter had a major influence on his work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Մախոխյան Վարդան (1869 - 1937) [Makhokhyan Vardan (1869 - 1937)] |url=http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/authors/34/ |website=gallery.am |publisher=[[National Gallery of Armenia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924082153/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/authors/34/ |archive-date=24 September 2022 |language=hy}}</ref> Aivazovsky also influenced Russian painters [[Lev Lagorio]], {{ill|Mikhail Latri|ru|Латри, Михаил Пелопидович}}, and {{ill|Aleksey Ganzen|ru|Ганзен, Алексей Васильевич}} (the latter two were his grandsons).<ref name="Gomtsyan"/>

==Recognition==
Aivazovsky was one of the few Russian artists to achieve wide recognition during his lifetime,{{efn|"Aivazovsky is one of the few Russian masters who received fame and recognition during his lifetime"<ref name="tretyakovgallery"/><br>"Indeed, those who reach such fame in their lifetime are rare"{{sfn|Leek|2012|p=178}}<br>"He [Aivazovsky] was famous during his lifetime"<ref>According to Aleksey Savinov, an art expert at the [[Pushkin Museum]], see {{cite news|last=Smirnov|first=Dmitriy|title=Олигархи покупают Айвазовского по квадратным сантиметрам [Oligarchs buying Aivazovsky's painting by square centimeters]|url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/24275.3/470324/?geo=61 |newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]|date=9 April 2009|language=ru|quote=Он был знаменит еще при жизни, он был любимым художником Николая II. He [Aivazovsky] was famous during his lifetime, he was the favorite artist of Nicholas II. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808093222/https://www.kp.ru/daily/24275.3/470324/?geo=61 |archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>}} and gain recognition outside Russia.{{efn|[[Rosa Newmarch]] in 1917: "one of the few Russian artists whose talent was generally recognized abroad."{{sfn|Newmarch|1917|pp=193–194}} In 1892 ''[[The New York Times]]'' described him as a "celebrated Russian marine painter".<ref>{{cite news|title=Literary and Art Notes|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/07/03/104138968.pdf|newspaper=New York Times|date=3 July 1892|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828173710/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/07/03/104138968.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}} In 1898, ''[[Munsey's Magazine]]'' wrote that Aivazovsky is "better known to the world at large than any other artist of his nationality, with the exception of the sensational [[Vasily Vereshchagin|Verestchagin]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Artists and Their Work|journal=[[Munsey's Magazine]]|date=January 1898|volume=XVIII|issue=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcLNAAAAMAAJ&q=Aivazovsky&pg=PA488|page=488|publisher=[[Frank Munsey]]|location=New York <!--|quote=One of the famous living veterans of the brush is Aivazovsky, the Russian marine painter, whose eightieth birthday was recently celebrated at his native town, Feodosia, the ancient seaport in the Crimea. Aivazovsky, who visited America some years ago, is better known to the world at large than any other artist of his nationality, with the exception of the sensational Verestchagin.-->|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309080301/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcLNAAAAMAAJ&q=Aivazovsky&pg=PA488|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Aivazovsky has not been incorporated into the mainstream Western history of art,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Blakesley|first1=Rosalind P.|author-link1=Rosalind Polly Blakesley|title=Reviewed Work: Seas, Cities and Dreams: The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky by Gianni Caffiero, Ivan Samarine, Ivan Aivazovsky|journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]|date=2003|volume=81|issue=3|pages=548–549|doi=10.1353/see.2003.0064 |jstor=4213759|s2cid=247620555 }}</ref> and he remains relatively unknown in the West.<ref name="Whitmore"/> Nevertheless, he is considered one of the most prominent marine artists of the 19th century,{{refn|<ref name="artrenewal">{{cite web|title=Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky|url=https://www.artrenewal.org/Artist/Index/212 |publisher=[[Art Renewal Center]]|quote=One of the greatest seascape painters of his time, Aivazovsky conveyed the movement of the waves, the transparent water, the dialogue between sea and sky with virtuoso skill and tangible verisimilitude. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115144627/https://www.artrenewal.org/Artist/Index/212 |archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Russian Art Sale|url=http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4384|date=18 November 2010|agency=[[Christie's]]|quote=Lauded by many as the greatest maritime artist of his time, Aivazovsky's genius lay above all in his capacity for capturing light. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214310/https://www.christies.com/about-us/press-archive/details?PressReleaseID=4384&lid=1&mob-is-app=false |archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Three centuries of Russian painting|year=2003|publisher=Kitezh Art Publishers|location=St. Petersburg|isbn=978-5-86263-019-0|author1=Chekhonin, O. |author2=Chekhonina, Svetlana |author3=Matafonov, Vadim Stepanovich |author4=Ivashevskaya, Galina |edition=2nd|quote=The traditions of the genre were brilliantly developed by Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900), the most popular artist of the 19th century.}}</ref>}} and, overall, one of the finest masters of seascape.{{refn|<ref name="rutgers">{{cite web|title=Ivan Aivazovsky, Seascape at Sunset, 1841|publisher=[[Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey]]|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~seell/Fall_2007/Readings/Aivazovsky_blurb.pdf|access-date=10 December 2013|quote=Ivan Aivazovsky was the best known Russian painter of seascapes.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122929/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~seell/Fall_2007/Readings/Aivazovsky_blurb.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="paulfrasercollectibles"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Lang|first=David Marshall|author-link1=David Marshall Lang|title=Armenia: Cradle of Civilization|date=1970|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|page=245|quote=Aivazovsky is one of the world's most thrilling masters of the marine picture...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ayvazovskiy (Gayvazovskiy), Ivan (Oganes) Konstantinovich|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/image/_id/176|publisher=[[The State Tretyakov Gallery]]|access-date=13 December 2013|quote=Aivazovsky was the best known and most celebrated Russian artist of marine paintings.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225236/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/image/_id/176|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bowater|first=Marina|title=Collecting Russian art & antiques|year=1990|publisher=[[Hippocrene Books]]|isbn=978-0-87052-897-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/collectingrussia00mari/page/38 38]|quote=I. Aivazovsky (1817–1900), the greatest Russian land- and waterscapist — best known for his renderings of the Black Sea.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/collectingrussia00mari/page/38}}</ref>}}

{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=275|image1=Aivazovsky Russian Museum.jpg|caption1=Six Aivazovsky paintings displayed at the State [[Russian Museum]] in Saint Petersburg|image2=Айвазовский И.К. Волна.jpg|caption2=''Wave'' (1889), one of the paintings exhibited}}

===Russia===
In 1890 the ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'' described him as the "best Russian marine painter".<ref>{{cite book|title=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume I|contribution=[[:ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Айвазовский, Гавриил Константинович|Айвазовский]]|date=1890|pages=242–243|language=ru|title-link=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary}}</ref> He was praised by contemporary artists [[Ivan Kramskoi]],<!--"Айвазовский, кто бы и что ни говорил, есть звезда первой величины во всяком случае, не только у нас, а и в истории искусства вообще."--><ref name="km.ru"/><ref name="feodos"/> [[Alexandre Benois]],<ref name="rusmuseum.ru"/> and the novelist [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kalugina|first1=Natalya|title=Reporting Aivazovsky in 19th century Russian Periodicals|journal=[[Tretyakov Gallery|Tretyakov Gallery Magazine]]|date=2017|volume=54|issue=1|url=http://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/reporting-aivazovsky-19th-century-russian-periodicals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417235755/https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/reporting-aivazovsky-19th-century-russian-periodicals |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> In nineteenth-century Russia, his name became a synonym for art and beauty. The phrase "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush" was the standard way of describing something ineffably lovely. It was first used by Anton Chekhov in his 1897 play ''[[Uncle Vanya]]''.<ref name="Chekhov"/>{{efn|In response to Marina Timofeevna's (the old nurse) query about the fight between Ivan Voynitsky ("Uncle Vanya") and Aleksandr Serebryakov, Ilya Telegin says that it was "A sight worthy of Aivazovsky's brush." ({{lang|ru|Сюжет, достойный кисти Айвазовского}}; {{transliteration|ru|Syuzhet, dostoyniy kisti Ayvazovskovo}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Сюжет, достойный кисти Айвазовского|url=http://language.edu.ru/catalog.asp?cat_ob_no=39667&ob_no=39861|publisher=Russian Educational Portal, [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Education and Science]]|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319043600/http://language.edu.ru/catalog.asp?cat_ob_no=39667&ob_no=39861|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> Alternatively translated as "scene",<ref>{{cite book|last=Chekhov|first=Anton|title=Five Plays|year=2010|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Palo Alto|isbn=978-0-8047-7574-8|chapter=Act Four|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Uj709jbpvUC&pg=PT184|others=Brodskaya, Marina (translator)}}</ref> "subject",<ref>{{cite book|last=Frayn|first=Michael|title=Plays|year=1988|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|page=361|author-link=Michael Frayn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Whyman |first1=Rose |title=Anton Chekhov |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-91364-8 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzpZBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> or "picture".<ref>''Soviet Literature'', (Moscow: [[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]]), issues 7–12, p. 575</ref>
}}

A street in [[Moscow]] {{bracket|[[:ru:Улица Айвазовского (Москва)|ru]]}} was named after Aivazovsky in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=улица Айвазовского |url=https://www.mrm.ru/info/uzao/yasenevo/street/195 |website=mrm.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804002600/https://www.mrm.ru/info/uzao/yasenevo/street/195 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |language=ru |quote=Название утверждено: 11.10.1978}}</ref> His first Aivazovsky statue in Russia was erected in 2007 in [[Kronstadt]], near Saint Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news|title=В Кронштадте откроют первый в России памятник Ивану Айвазовскому [First statue of Ivan Aivazovsky in Russia to be opened in Kronstadt|url=http://www.1tv.ru/news/culture/93099|access-date=13 December 2013|date=15 September 2007|agency=[[Channel One Russia]]|language=ru|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225500/http://www.1tv.ru/news/culture/93099|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Simferopol International Airport]] in Crimea, after [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation]], was voted to be named after Aivazovsky in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koteneva |first1=Olga |title=Аэропорт Симферополя получит имя художника Айвазовского |url=https://rg.ru/2018/12/01/reg-ufo/aeroport-simferopolia-poluchit-imia-hudozhnika-ivana-ajvazovskogo.html |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |date=1 December 2018 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126221128/https://rg.ru/2018/12/01/reg-ufo/aeroport-simferopolia-poluchit-imia-hudozhnika-ivana-ajvazovskogo.html |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> It was officially renamed according to a decree signed by President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 31 May 2019, and ceremonially renamed on [[Russia Day]] (12 June).<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin signs executive order on naming Simferopol airport after Hovhannes Aivazovsky |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/976827.html |agency=[[Armenpress]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629093907/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/976827.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Аэропорту Симферополя торжественно присвоено имя Ивана Айвазовского |url=https://www.1tv.ru/news/2019-06-12/366764-aeroportu_simferopolya_torzhestvenno_prisvoeno_imya_ivana_ayvazovskogo |agency=[[1tv.ru]] |date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615050555/https://www.1tv.ru/news/2019-06-12/366764-aeroportu_simferopolya_torzhestvenno_prisvoeno_imya_ivana_ayvazovskogo |archive-date=15 June 2019 |language=ru}}</ref> A bust of Aivazovsky was erected in front of the airport in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Памятник Ивану Айвазовскому открыли на привокзальной площади аэропорта Симферополь [Monument to Ivan Aivazovsky opened on the forecourt of Simferopol airport] |url=https://new.sipaero.ru/presscenter/news/2020/524/ |work=new.sipaero.ru |agency=[[Simferopol International Airport]] |date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014140756/https://new.sipaero.ru/presscenter/news/2020/524/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>

In a 2017 [[Russian Public Opinion Research Center|VTsIOM]] poll, Aivazovsky ranked first as the most favorite artist of Russians, with 27% of respondents naming him as their favorite, ahead of [[Ivan Shishkin]] (26%) and [[Ilya Repin]] (16%). Overall, 93% of respondents said they were familiar with his name (26% knew him well, 67% have heard his name) and 63% of those who know him said they liked his works, including 80% of those 60 or older and 35% of 18 to 24 year olds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Айвазовский – к 200-летию! |url=https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/ajvazovskij-k-200-letiyu |website=wciom.ru |publisher=[[Russian Public Opinion Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150130/https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/ajvazovskij-k-200-letiyu |archive-date=15 January 2021 |language=ru |date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="2017poll"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Самым известным среди россиян живописцем оказался Иван Шишкин |url=https://www.interfax.ru/culture/572504 |agency=[[Interfax]] |date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150957/https://www.interfax.ru/culture/572504 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>

===Armenia===
[[File:Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The statue of Aivazovsky in central [[Yerevan]], Armenia, was erected in 2003.]]

In Armenia, Aivazovsky has been considered an Armenian painter,<ref name="Khachatrian"/> and exclusively referred to by his Armenian name, Hovhannes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hovannes Aivazovsky (A Biographical Sketch)|journal=[[The New Armenia]]|year=1915|volume=8|pages=362–363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMk-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362|editor1-first=Arshag D.|editor1-last=Mahdesian|publisher=New Armenia Publishing Company|location=New York}}</ref>{{efn|Virtually all Armenian, some Russian<ref>The [[State Russian Museum]], where many of his works are located, published an album in 2000 titled "Hovhannes Aivazovsky"; see {{cite web|title=Publications / Catalogues and Albums / 2000/ |url=http://rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhib/lenta/exhibition2000/exhibition636/ |publisher=The State Russian Museum |url-status=dead |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221101449/http://rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhib/lenta/exhibition2000/exhibition636/ |archive-date=21 December 2010 }}</ref> and English<ref name="Lang"/> sources, refer to him by that name: Hovhannes Ayvazovski ({{langx|hy|Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի}}; {{langx|ru|Ован(н)ес Айвазовский}}, {{transliteration|ru|Ovan(n)es Aivazovsky}})<ref name="km.ru">{{cite web|title=Иван Айвазовский – великий маринист [Ivan Aivazovsky – great marinist]|url=http://www.km.ru/referats/334716-ivan-aivazovskii-%E2%80%93-velikii-marinist|publisher=[[Kommersant]] Papers|access-date=4 January 2014|language=ru|date=30 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713172455/http://www.km.ru/referats/334716-ivan-aivazovskii-%E2%80%93-velikii-marinist |archive-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1991–2011 – Национальная галерея Армении [1991–2011 National Gallery of Armenia]|url=http://www.gallery.am/ru/History/1991-2011/|publisher=[[National Gallery of Armenia]]|access-date=4 January 2014|language=ru|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103121520/http://www.gallery.am/ru/History/1991-2011/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} He has been described as the "most remarkable" Armenian painter of the 19th century and the first-ever Armenian marine painter.<ref name="Lang">{{cite book|last=Lang|first=David Marshall|title=Armenia: Cradle of Civilization|year=1970|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-04-956007-9|page=245|edition=1st|author-link=David Marshall Lang}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarkissian|1967|p=70}} He signed some of his paintings and letters in [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]].{{sfn|Adamian|1958|p=89}}{{efn|For instance, his signatures in both Armenian ({{lang|hy|Այվազեան}}, {{transliteration|hy|Ayvazean}}) and Russian ({{lang|ru|Айвазовскій}}, {{transliteration|ru|Ayvazovskiy}}) appear on ''Valley of Mount Ararat'' (1882).{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|p=93}}}}

He was born outside Armenia, and like his contemporary Armenian painters,{{efn|such as [[Gevorg Bashinjaghian]], [[Panos Terlemezian]], and [[Vardges Sureniants]]}} Aivazovsky drew primary influences from European and Russian schools of art. According to Sureniants, he sought to create a union which would have brought together all Armenian artists around the world.<ref name="Khachatrian"/> The prominent Armenian poet [[Hovhannes Tumanyan]] wrote a short poem titled "In Front of an Aiazovsky painting" in 1893, inspired by a seascape.<ref>{{citation|last=Tumanyan|first=Hovhannes|author-link=Hovhannes Tumanyan|year=1893|title=Այվազովսկու նկարի առջև (In front of Aiazovsky's painting)|language=hy|title-link=:hy:s:Այվազովսկու նկարի առջև}}. Reproduced in {{cite book|title=Հովհաննես Թումանյան Երկերի Լիակատար Ժողովածու. Հատոր Առաջին. Քննադատություն և Հրապարակախոսություն 1887–1912 [Anthology of Hovhannes Tumanyan Volume 1: Criticism and Oration 1887–1912]|date=1994|publisher=[[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]]|location=Yerevan|page=[https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B5%D4%BC%D4%BA_%D5%B01.djvu/141 139]|language=hy}}</ref> It was translated into English in 1917 by [[Alice Stone Blackwell]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blackwell|first=Alice Stone|author-link=Alice Stone Blackwell|title=Armenian Poems|date=1917|publisher=Atlantic Printing Company|location=Boston|url=http://armenianhouse.org/blackwell/armenian-poems/toumanian.html|page=[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.45524/2015.45524.Armenian-Poems#page/n193/mode/2up/search/Toumanian+ 187]|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614124022/http://armenianhouse.org/blackwell/armenian-poems/toumanian.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As early as 1876, a sea painting by Aivazovsky was hanging at the residence of the [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] at the [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral|monastery of Etchmiadzin]], the center of the Armenian Church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Telfer |first1=J. Buchan |title=The Crimea and Transcaucasia, being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric Range. Volume I |date=1876 |publisher=Henry S. King & Co. |location=London |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8zEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA228 228] |quote=...on its walls a series of portraits of kinds and warriors, a sea-piece by the marine painter Aivazoffsky...}}</ref> The [[National Gallery of Armenia]] in Yerevan holds around 100 works of Aivazovsky, including 65 paintings.<ref name="ArmAivaz"/> Several paintings from the National Gallery now hang in the [[Presidential Palace, Yerevan|Presidential Palace]] in Yerevan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demonstration Areas|url=http://www.president.am/en/gallery/#!prettyPhoto|website=president.am|publisher=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821070429/http://www.president.am/en/gallery/#!prettyPhoto|url-status=live}}</ref>

A statue of Aivazovsky was inaugurated in central [[Yerevan]] in 2003<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keshishyan|first1=A.|title=Այվազովսկին՝ Երեւանում|url=http://www.aravot.am/2003/05/02/799094/|work=[[Aravot]]|date=2 May 2003|language=hy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403002915/https://www.aravot.am/2003/05/02/799094/ |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Երեւանում բացվեց Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու արձանը|url=https://armenpress.am/arm/news/392735/erevanum-bacvec-hovhannes-ayvazovsku-ardzany.html|publisher=[[Armenpress]]|language=hy|date=1 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101402/https://armenpress.am/arm/news/392735/erevanum-bacvec-hovhannes-ayvazovsku-ardzany.html |archive-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> and a bust was erected in [[Stepanakert]], the capital of [[Republic of Artsakh|Nagorno-Karabakh]], in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=The bust of Hovhannes Aivazovsky erected in the capital |url=https://artsakhpress.am/eng/news/154819/the-bust-of-hovhannes-aivazovsky-erected-in-the-capital.html |work=Artsakhpress.am |date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211209141053/https://artsakhpress.am/eng/news/154819/the-bust-of-hovhannes-aivazovsky-erected-in-the-capital.html |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aivazovsky is depicted on the 20,000 [[Armenian dram]] banknotes issued in 2018.<ref name="cba"/>

[[File:Aivazovsky bust, Melkonian Educational Institute, Nicosia.jpg|thumb|A bust of Aivazovsky at the [[Melkonian Educational Institute]] in [[Nicosia]], Cyprus]]

===Turkey===
Aivazovsky's paintings were popular in 19th century Ottoman court.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=İnci Kuyulu Ersoy|title=Kırım, Feodosiya (Kefe) Ayvazovsky Çeşmesi|journal=Sanat Tarihi Dergisi|date=April 2005|volume=14|issue=1|pages=193–204|url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/152341|publisher=[[Ege University]]|language=tr|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606205643/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/152341|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'', 30 paintings of Aivazovsky are on display in Turkish museums as of 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naval Museum hosts leading marine artist Aivazovsky|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/naval-museum-hosts-leading-marine-artist-aivazovsky.aspx?pageID=238&nID=60566&NewsCatID=432|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095110/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/naval-museum-hosts-leading-marine-artist-aivazovsky.aspx?pageID=238&nID=60566&NewsCatID=432 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> According to {{ill|Bülent Özükan|tr}}, an organizer of an Aivazovsky exhibition in Istanbul, there are 60 Aivazovsky paintings in Turkey, including 41 in Turkish public institutions: 21 in former Ottoman palaces, 10 in various marine and military museums, 10 at the presidential residence, and 10 in private collections in Istanbul.<ref name="Sputnik">{{cite news |title=Why does Erdogan love paintings by Aivazovsky? |url=https://tgme.org/2017/03/why-does-erdogan-love-paintings-by-aivazovsky-video/ |work=tgme.org |agency=The Greater Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150522/https://tgme.org/2017/03/why-does-erdogan-love-paintings-by-aivazovsky-video/ |archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> In 2007, when [[Abdullah Gül]] became president of Turkey, he brought paintings by Aivazovsky up from the basement to hang in his office during redecoration of the presidential palace, the [[Çankaya Mansion]] in Ankara.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marchand|first1=Laure|last2=Perrier|first2=Guillaume|title=Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide|date=2015|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-4549-6|page=129}}</ref> Pictures of official meetings of [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] at the new [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Complex]] in Ankara show that the walls of the rooms at the presidential residence are decorated with Aivazovsky's artwork.<ref name="Sputnik"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abramson |first1=Scott |title=Aivazovsky at 200: Turkey's Love Affair with a Russian-Armenian Painter |url=https://asbarez.com/165220/turkeys-love-affair-with-a-russian-armenian-painter-aivazovsky-at-200/ |work=[[Asbarez]] |date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109073058/http://asbarez.com/165220/turkeys-love-affair-with-a-russian-armenian-painter-aivazovsky-at-200/ |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

===Ukraine===
In Ukraine, Aivazovsky is sometimes considered a Ukrainian painter.{{efn|He was included in a 2001 book titled ''100 Greatest Ukrainians''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gnatiuk|first=Mikhail A.|title=Сто великих украинцев [100 Greatest Ukrainians]|year=2001|publisher=Orfey|language=ru|location=Kiev|isbn=5-7838-1077-0|oclc=50599356|display-authors=etal}}</ref> In a 2012 poll in Ukraine, Aivazovsky placed 67 in the list of greatest Ukrainians of all time, receiving the same points as [[Olha Kobylianska]], [[Ani Lorak]], [[Marko Vovchok]], [[Yevhen Konovalets]] (they were named by 0.3% of respondents as one of the three greatest Ukrainians).<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Ukrainians of all times |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/vydayuschiesya_ukraincy_vseh_vremen.html |website=ratinggroup.ua |publisher=[[Rating (sociological group)|Rating]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626054356/https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/vydayuschiesya_ukraincy_vseh_vremen.html |archive-date=26 June 2022 |date=28 May 2012|page=5}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220518031343/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_top_ukrainian_052012.pdf archived PDF])</ref> }} He painted numerous Ukrainian landscapes, including of the [[Dnieper]], the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Ukrainian steppe]], [[Odesa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aivazovsky, Ivan|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CI%5CAivazovskyIvan.htm|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|access-date=16 January 2014|year=1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017155040/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CI%5CAivazovskyIvan.htm |archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> An alley in [[Kyiv]] (''{{lang|uk|[[:uk:Провулок Айвазовського (Київ)|Провулок Айвазовського]]}}'') was named after him in 1939 and a [[:File:Памятник братьям Айвазян.jpg|statue]] of Aivazovsky and his brother Gabriel was erected in Simferopol, Crimea in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Приказ Министерства культуры Республики Крым [Decree of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Crimea] |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/9101202203100011?rangeSize=10 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru |publisher=Official Internet portal of legal information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014141233/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/9101202203100011 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |language=ru |date=3 March 2022 |quote=Памятник братьям Айвазовским (скульпторы Левон Токмаджян и его сыновья, архитектор В. Кравченко), 1999 год}}</ref>

Works by Aivazovsky, among others, are presumed to have been destroyed in an airstrike attack on the [[Kuindzhi Art Museum]] in [[Mariupol]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cascone |first1=Sarah |title=A Mariupol Museum Dedicated to One of Ukraine's Most Important Realist Painters Has Reportedly Been Destroyed by Russian Airstrikes |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/russian-airstrike-destroys-mariupols-kuindzhi-art-museum-2088890 |agency=[[Artnet]] |date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916234401/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/russian-airstrike-destroys-mariupols-kuindzhi-art-museum-2088890 |archive-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> According to Ukrainian authorities, Russian forces looted a number of original works by Aivazovsky from [[Mariupol]] museums to Russian-controlled [[Donetsk]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Invaders steal over 2,000 exhibits from Mariupol museums |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3469803-invaders-steal-over-2000-exhibits-from-mariupol-museums.html |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924082529/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3469803-invaders-steal-over-2000-exhibits-from-mariupol-museums.html |archive-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Paintings by Aivazovsky were also taken from [[Kherson]] before Russian forces were forced out of the city in late 2022. The painting ''The Storm Subsides'' from the 1870s was among works taken from the [[Kherson Art Museum]] to the {{ill|Central Taurida Museum|ru|Центральный музей Тавриды}} in Russian-controlled [[Simferopol]], Crimea.<ref name="HRW">{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Russians Pillage Kherson Cultural Institutions |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/20/ukraine-russians-pillage-kherson-cultural-institutions |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230041816/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/20/ukraine-russians-pillage-kherson-cultural-institutions |archive-date=30 December 2022 |date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

==Dispute over identity==
[[File:Aivazovsky Met photo with oil painting.jpg|thumb|An 1893 photograph of Aivazovsky with an inset oil painting.<ref name="Met">{{cite web |title=Ivan Constantinovich Aivasovski |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286403 |website=metmuseum.org |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230213171347/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286403 |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>]]

In June 2017 Ukrainian President [[Petro Poroshenko]] claimed that Aivazovsky is "part of Ukrainian heritage",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Budjurova |first1=Lilia |last2=Shylenko |first2=Olga |title=Ukraine and Russia fight over Crimean heritage |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-russia-fight-over-crimean-heritage-025538531.html |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713134014/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-russia-fight-over-crimean-heritage-025538531.html |archive-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Порошенко об Айвазовском: почтим наше наследие |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2017/07/30/7150890/ |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=30 July 2017 |language=ru  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203003351/https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2017/07/30/7150890/ |archive-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> which prompted Russian media to accuse him of [[cultural appropriation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Украина присвоила Айвазовского |url=https://www.gazeta.ru/culture/2017/07/30/a_10811624.shtml |agency=[[gazeta.ru]] |date=30 July 2017 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713194023/https://www.gazeta.ru/culture/2017/07/30/a_10811624.shtml |archive-date=13 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Мой друг Иван Айвазовский: Порошенко нашел еще одного "украинца" |url=https://ria.ru/20170731/1499476299.html |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=31 July 2017 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920021421/https://ria.ru/20170731/1499476299.html |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

As part of [[derussification in Ukraine]] in the wake of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Aivazovsky streets were renamed in several Ukrainian cities, including [[Lviv]]<ref>Renamed [[:uk:Вулиця Софії Караффи-Корбут|Вулиця Софії Караффи-Корбут]] in September 2022; {{cite news |title=У Львові дерусифікували ще вісім вулиць [Eight more streets were de-Russified in Lviv] |url=https://portal.lviv.ua/news/2022/09/29/u-lvovi-derusyfikuvaly-shche-visim-vulyts |work=portal.lviv.ua |date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219152403/https://portal.lviv.ua/news/2022/09/29/u-lvovi-derusyfikuvaly-shche-visim-vulyts |archive-date=19 February 2023 |language=uk |quote=Вул. Івана Айвазовського – вул. Софії Караффи-Корбут}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Пропозиції для перейменування вулиць [Proposals for renaming streets] |url=https://city-adm.lviv.ua/renaming-streets |website=city-adm.lviv.ua |publisher=Lviv City Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040128/https://city-adm.lviv.ua/renaming-streets |archive-date=5 December 2022 |language=uk |date=1 August 2022 |quote=На цьому етапі нові назви обиратимуть для теперішніх вулиць: ... Івана Айвазовського...}}</ref> and [[Rivne]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bondareva |first1=Yulia |title=У Рівному перейменували понад 10 вулиць та площу [More than 10 streets and squares were renamed in Rivne] |url=https://rivne.online/archives/64100 |work=rivne.online |date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218092907/https://rivne.online/archives/64100 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |language=uk |quote=вулицю Айвазовського – на вулицю Василя Авраменка}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Жодних Ювілейних і Костромських у Рівному більше не буде: комісія затвердила на перейменування 60 вулиць [There will be no more Jubilee and Kostroma streets in Rivne: the commission approved the renaming of 60 streets] |url=https://radiotrek.rv.ua/news/zhodnih-yuvileynih-ta-kostromskih-i-rivnomu-bilshe-ne-bude-komisiya-zatverdila-60-vulic-pid-pereymenuvannya_289407.html |work=radiotrek.rv.ua |date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218092907/https://radiotrek.rv.ua/news/zhodnih-yuvileynih-ta-kostromskih-i-rivnomu-bilshe-ne-bude-komisiya-zatverdila-60-vulic-pid-pereymenuvannya_289407.html |archive-date=18 February 2023 |language=uk |quote=Айвазовського — на вулицю Василя Авраменка}}</ref> while [[Sumy]] chose to keep his name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Дерусифікували, але не все: сумські депутати ухвалили рішення про перейменування вулиць [They de-Russified, but not everything: Sumy deputies decided to rename streets] |url=https://sts.sumy.ua/society/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF.html |work=sts.sumy.ua |date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219154344/https://sts.sumy.ua/society/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF.html |archive-date=19 February 2023 |language=uk |quote=Однак зробили й винятки: залишили проспект Лушпи, вулицю 8-го березня, Айвазовського.}}</ref>

In February 2023, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] was reported to have classified Aivazovsky, along with [[Arkhip Kuindzhi]] and [[Ilya Repin]], as Ukrainian artists.<ref name="Met"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenberger |first1=Alex |title=Met Museum Reclassifies Three Painters Formerly Labeled Russians as Ukrainians |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/met-museum-relabels-ukrainian-artists-arkhyp-kuindzhi-ilya-repin-1234657129/ |work=[[ARTnews]] |date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223132616/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/met-museum-relabels-ukrainian-artists-arkhyp-kuindzhi-ilya-repin-1234657129/ |archive-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Музей Metropolitan в Нью-Йорке признал художников Илью Репина, Архипа Куинджи и Ивана Айвазовского украинцами |url=https://twitter.com/dw_russian/status/1624457306460110848 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] in Russian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212020304/https://twitter.com/dw_russian/status/1624457306460110848 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |language=ru}}</ref> It was welcomed by Ukraine's Culture Minister [[Oleksandr Tkachenko (journalist)|Oleksandr Tkachenko]] and the ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', with both describing it as [[decolonization]] of [[Ukrainian art]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tkachenko |first1=Oleksandr |author1-link=Oleksandr Tkachenko (journalist) |title=Decolonization of Ukrainian art is gaining momentum. |url=https://twitter.com/otkachenkoua/status/1625071243643744256 |publisher=Twitter |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230226173458/https://twitter.com/otkachenkoua/status/1625071243643744256 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Met Museum Recognizes Aivazovsky, Kuindzhi, Repin as Ukrainian Artists |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/12054 |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |agency=(via [[UkrInform]]) |date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213094130/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/12054 |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> It prompted wide criticism in Russia, both by the government and art specialists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova |url=https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1854675/?lang=en |website=mid.ru |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230226180018/https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1854675/?lang=en |archive-date=26 February 2023 |date=17 February 2023 <!-- |quote=Just the other day, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York decided to rebrand great Russian painters Ivan Aivazovsky, Ilya Repin, and Arkhip Kuindzhi as Ukrainian artists. [...] They said many times (people used to have the right to talk about facts, but the West is now seeking to cancel that) during their lifetimes that they viewed themselves as Russians and only Russians. -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Эксперты возмутились, что Айвазовского и Куинджи назвали в США украинцами [Experts outraged that Aivazovsky and Kuindzhi were called Ukrainians in the USA] |url=https://ria.ru/20230216/khudozhniki-1852363297.html |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222080751/https://ria.ru/amp/20230216/khudozhniki-1852363297.html |archive-date=22 February 2023 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goncharov |first1=Alexey |title=Заразная болезнь: в Крыму оценили "украинизацию" Айвазовского и Репина [Contagious disease: in the Crimea assessed the "Ukrainization" of Aivazovsky and Repin] |url=https://crimea.ria.ru/20230213/zaraznaya-bolezn-v-krymu-otsenili-ukrainizatsiyu-ayvazovskogo-i-repina-1126948767.html |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213172302/https://crimea.ria.ru/20230213/zaraznaya-bolezn-v-krymu-otsenili-ukrainizatsiyu-ayvazovskogo-i-repina-1126948767.html |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> [[Andrey Kovalchuk]], chairman of the {{ill|Union of Artists of Russia|ru|Союз художников России}}, called it "political insinuation and provocation."<ref name="Ria2022"/> The head of Russian-annexed Crimea, [[Sergey Aksyonov]] accused Kyiv and its "Western patrons" of "theft."<ref name="Meduza">{{cite news |title=Иван Айвазовский, Илья Репин и Архип Куинджи — украинцы. Так считает Метрополитен-музей |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/02/15/ivan-ayvazovskiy-ilya-repin-i-arhip-kuindzhi-ukraintsy-tak-schitaet-metropoliten-muzey |work=meduza.io |agency=[[Meduza]] |date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224104154/https://meduza.io/feature/2023/02/15/ivan-ayvazovskiy-ilya-repin-i-arhip-kuindzhi-ukraintsy-tak-schitaet-metropoliten-muzey |archive-date=24 February 2023 |language=ru}}</ref> He said if Aivazovsky lived today, he would be declared a Kremlin agent and be [[Cancel culture|cancelled]] in the West.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vinnik |first1=Sergey |title=В Крыму отреагировали на причисление Айвазовского к "украинским живописцам" [In Crimea, reacted to the reckoning of Aivazovsky to the "Ukrainian painters"] |url=https://rg.ru/2023/02/13/reg-ufo/v-krymu-otreagirovali-na-prichislenie-ajvazovskogo-k-ukrainskim-zhivopiscam.html |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093552/https://rg.ru/2023/02/13/reg-ufo/v-krymu-otreagirovali-na-prichislenie-ajvazovskogo-k-ukrainskim-zhivopiscam.html |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> The Russian satirical website ''[[Panorama (Russian satirical website)|Panorama]]'' joked about Lviv returning the name of the derussified Aivazvosky Street.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mrachnopyosov |first1=Evgen |title=Теперь он украинец: во Львове вернули имя Айвазовского дерусифицированной улице [Now he is Ukrainian: in Lviv, the name of Aivazovsky was returned to a de-Russified street] |url=https://panorama.pub/news/teper-on-ukrainec-vo-lvove |website=[[Panorama (Russian satirical website)|panorama.pub]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217110234/https://panorama.pub/news/teper-on-ukrainec-vo-lvove |archive-date=17 February 2023 |language=ru |date=17 February 2023}}</ref>

Tatyana Gaiduk, director of the [[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery]] in Feodosia, argued that Aivazovsky was an Armenian and the "bearer of Armenian and Russian culture. Armenian traditions reigned in the house, in everyday life, but for everyone Aivazovsky is a representative of the large [[Russian world]]. All over the world he became known as a Russian artist, one of those who glorified Russian art. He was very patriotic, in his paintings he sang all the outstanding victories of the Russian navy."<ref name="Ria2022"/> She also noted that the Ukrainian poet [[Taras Shevchenko]], a classmate of Aivazovsky at the Peteresburg Academy of Arts, did not consider him a compatriot.<ref name="Ria2022"/> Armenian-born Russian activist [[Arshak Makichyan]] criticized the Met's move, saying "Western decolonization is colonization."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Makichyan |first1=Arshak |author1-link=Arshak Makichyan |title=Met Museum recognizes the most famous Armenian painter Aivazovsky as Ukrainian. Western decolonization is colonization. |url=https://twitter.com/MakichyanA/status/1625056726784348161 |website=[[Twitter]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230215071549/https://twitter.com/MakichyanA/status/1625056726784348161 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Meduza"/> [[Vartan Matiossian]] called it "misplaced decolonization efforts" and argued for listing Aivazovsky as Armenian first.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Matiossian |first1=Vartan |author1-link=Vartan Matiossian |title=The Met Shouldn't Have Reclassified Ivan Aivazovsky as "Ukrainian" |url=https://hyperallergic.com/802391/met-museum-shouldnt-have-reclassified-ivan-aivazovsky-as-ukrainian/ |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223085311/https://hyperallergic.com/802391/met-museum-shouldnt-have-reclassified-ivan-aivazovsky-as-ukrainian/ |archive-date=23 February 2023 |date=22 February 2023}}</ref> In early March 2023, the Metropolitan Museum of Art changed Aivazovsky's label to "Armenian, born Russian Empire [now Ukraine]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ship by Moonlight |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437979 |website=metmuseum.org |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230303081826/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437979 |archive-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pogrebin |first1=Robin |author1-link=Robin Pogrebin |title=Museums Rename Artworks and Artists as Ukrainian, Not Russian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/arts/design/museums-relabel-art-ukraine-russian.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318073228/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/arts/design/museums-relabel-art-ukraine-russian.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Феодосия. Пам'ятник І. К. Айвазовському..JPG|thumb|upright|Aivazovsky's monument in front of his house ([[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery|now an art gallery]]) in Feodosia]]
[[File:20000 dram 2018 Obverse.jpg|thumb|Aivazovsky on a 20,000 Armenian dram banknote<ref name="cba">{{cite web |title=Banknotes in Circulation – 20000 dram |url=https://www.cba.am/en/sitepages/detailsncbrabanknotescirculated3.aspx?nominal=5 |website=cba.am |publisher=[[Central Bank of Armenia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131817/https://www.cba.am/en/SitePages/detailsncbrabanknotescirculated3.aspx?nominal=5 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |quote=20000 dram banknote of 2018 year of issue was put into circulation on November 22, 2018.}}</ref>]]

Aivazovsky's house in Feodosia, where he had founded an art museum in 1880, is open to this day as the [[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery]]. It remains a central attraction in the city<ref name="Whitmore"/> and holds the world's largest collections (417) of Aivazovsky paintings.<ref name="Obukhovska"/> A statue of the artist, by [[:ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич|Ilya Ginzburg]], was erected in front of the museum in 1930.<ref name="cityfather">{{cite journal |last1=Losev |first1=Dmitry |title=ОТЕЦ ГОРОДА. Иван Айвазовский и Феодосия: история взаимоотношений [FATHER OF THE CITY. Ivan Aivazovsky and Feodosia: the history of relationships] |journal=The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine |date=2017 |url=https://www.tg-m.ru/articles/1-2017-54/otets-goroda-ivan-aivazovskii-i-feodosiya-istoriya-vzaimootnoshenii |publisher=[[Tretyakov Gallery]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123100354/https://www.tg-m.ru/articles/1-2017-54/otets-goroda-ivan-aivazovskii-i-feodosiya-istoriya-vzaimootnoshenii |archive-date=23 January 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>

===Posthumous honors===
The [[Soviet Union]] ([[:File:Stamp of USSR 1586.jpg|1950]]), [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] (1971),<ref name="ukrweekly"/> Armenia (first in 1992),<ref>[http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2532.jpg 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174342/http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2532.jpg |date=2 February 2014 }}, [http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-4763.jpg 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174446/http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-4763.jpg |date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> Russia (first in 1995),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2533.jpg|title=1995 stamp|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174335/http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2533.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> Ukraine (1999),<ref>[http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2534.jpg 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174331/http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2534.jpg |date=2 February 2014 }}, [http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2535.jpg 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174339/http://content.foto.mail.ru/mail/maleyev2004/_blogs/i-2535.jpg |date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> and other countries have issued postage stamps depicting Aivazovsky or his works.<ref name="ukrweekly">{{cite news|last=Kuzych|first=Ingert|title=Focus on Philately: Aivazovsky stamps|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/320021.shtml|newspaper=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|date=6 August 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319025844/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/320021.shtml|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> The [[minor planet]] [[3787 Aivazovskij]], named after Aivazovsky, was discovered by Soviet astronomer [[Nikolai Chernykh]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|author-link=Lutz D. Schmadel|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&dq=3787+Aivazovskij&pg=PA300 300]|edition=6th|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-29718-2}}</ref>

In 2016 and 2017 the 200th anniversary of Aivazovsky was celebrated with major exhibitions in Russia, Ukraine, and Armenia. An exhibition featuring 120 paintings and 55 etchings of Aivazovsky was held at the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] on [[Krymsky Val]] in Moscow from 29 July to 20 November 2016 dedicated to his 200th anniversary of birth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Иван Айвазовский. К 200-летию со дня рождения [Ivan Aivazovsky. 200 years since birth]|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/calendar/exhibitions/exhibitions6134/|website=tretyakovgallery.ru|publisher=[[Tretyakov Gallery]]|language=ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813095034/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/calendar/exhibitions/exhibitions6134/|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tretyakov Gallery celebrates Aivazovsky's 200th birthday with exhibition|url=http://rbth.com/news/2016/07/29/tretyakov-gallery-celebrates-aivazovskys-200th-birthday-with-exhibition_616413|work=[[Russia Beyond the Headlines]]|date=29 July 2016|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713172645/https://www.rbth.com/news/2016/07/29/tretyakov-gallery-celebrates-aivazovskys-200th-birthday-with-exhibition_616413|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the first 2 weeks, the exhibition had around 55,000 visitors, a record number.<ref>{{cite news|last=Medvedeva|first=Maria|title=Выставка Айвазовского побила рекорд посещаемости выставки Серова|url=https://life.ru/t/%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0/889071/vystavka_aivazovskogho_pobila_riekord_posieshchaiemosti_vystavki_sierova|agency=[[LifeNews]]|date=11 August 2016|language=ru|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812200527/https://life.ru/t/%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0/889071/vystavka_aivazovskogho_pobila_riekord_posieshchaiemosti_vystavki_sierova|url-status=live}}</ref> 38 of the works were moved from the [[Aivazovsky National Art Gallery]] in Feodosia, which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]], prompting Ukraine to call for an international boycott of the Tretyakov Gallery.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kishkovsky|first1=Sophia|title=Moscow's Tretyakov Gallery under fire over Crimean loans in blockbuster show|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/moscow-s-tretyakov-gallery-under-fire-over-crimean-loans-in-blockbuster-show-/|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|date=19 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211721/http://theartnewspaper.com/news/moscow-s-tretyakov-gallery-under-fire-over-crimean-loans-in-blockbuster-show-/|archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> Exhibitions were also held at the [[National Art Museum of Ukraine]] in Kiev,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exhibition dedicated to 200th anniversary of Hovhannes (Ivan) Aivazovsky opened at National Art Museum of Ukraine |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/906278/exhibition-dedicated-to-200th-anniversary-of-hovhannes%C2%A0ivan%C2%A0aivazovsky-opened-at-national%C2%A0art.html |agency=[[Armenpress]] |date=22 September 2017 |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713134914/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/906278/exhibition-dedicated-to-200th-anniversary-of-hovhannes%C2%A0ivan%C2%A0aivazovsky-opened-at-national%C2%A0art.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[National Gallery of Armenia]] in Yerevan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exhibition dedicated to Aivazovsky's 200th birth anniversary attracts thousands of visitors within one week |url=https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2017/09/23/Exhibition-Aivazovsky/1839066 |work=panorama.am |date=23 September 2017 |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713141720/https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2017/09/23/Exhibition-Aivazovsky/1839066 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Auctions===
Aivazovsky's paintings began appearing in auctions (mostly in London) in the early 2000s. Many of his works are being bought by [[Russian oligarch]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Oligarts: How Russia's very rich are buying up the World's very best art|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/the-oligarts-how-russias-very-rich-are-buying-up-the-worlds-very-best-art-944076.html|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=27 September 2008|archive-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330222517/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/the-oligarts-how-russias-very-rich-are-buying-up-the-worlds-very-best-art-944076.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His works have risen steadily in auction value.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Smale|first1=Alison|author-link1=Alison Smale|title=Paradise in Russia, Plus Trouble|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/world/europe/paradise-in-russia-plus-trouble.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 August 2015|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143337/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/world/europe/paradise-in-russia-plus-trouble.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, his ''[[Saint Isaac's Cathedral]] On A Frosty Day'', a rare cityscape, sold for around £1 million ($2.1 million).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moonan|first1=Wendy|title=Taking Russian Art to the Motherland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/16/arts/design/taking-russian-art-to-the-motherland.html?_r=0&mtrref=www.google.am&mtrref=www.nytimes.com|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 September 2005|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232455/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/16/arts/design/taking-russian-art-to-the-motherland.html?_r=0&mtrref=www.google.am&mtrref=www.nytimes.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Айвазовский идет на новый рекорд|url=http://izvestia.ru/news/297055|access-date=17 January 2014|newspaper=[[Izvestia]]|date=30 November 2004|language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920180529/https://iz.ru/news/297055 |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> In 2006 ''The Varangians on the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]]'' sold for $3.2 million at [[Sotheby's]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Carol |title=The Dahesh Wants a Home of Its Own |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/02/arts/design/02voge.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725070037/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/02/arts/design/02voge.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007 his painting ''American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar'' auctioned at £2.71 million, "more than four times its top estimate".<ref>{{cite news|last=Varoli|first=John|title=Russian Sale Sets Record, 'Crazy' Prices at Christie's, London|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aM2sa1q3U_XY&refer=home|access-date=13 December 2013|date=14 June 2007|author-link=John Varoli|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111145513/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aM2sa1q3U_XY&refer=home|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> In April 2012, his 1856 work ''[[:File:Aivazovsky - View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus.jpg|View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus]]'' was sold at [[Sotheby's]] for a record $5.2 million (£3.2 million),<ref>{{cite news|title=Aivazovsky Painting Sold for Record $5.2 mln|url=http://en.ria.ru/art_living/20120425/173050051.html|access-date=13 December 2013|date=25 April 2012|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921054544/https://en.ria.ru/art_living/20120425/173050051.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a tenfold increase since it was last at an auction in 1995.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adam|first=Georgina|title=The Art Market: Munch and more|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/386d44d6-8eb9-11e1-aa12-00144feab49a.html#axzz2oEwi8K8R|access-date=22 December 2013|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=28 April 2012|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202102549/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/386d44d6-8eb9-11e1-aa12-00144feab49a.html#axzz2oEwi8K8R|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020 his 1878 painting ''The Bay of Naples'' sold for $2.8 million, a record for a painting at an online-only auction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reyburn |first1=Scott |title=As the Art World Goes Online, a Generation Gap Opens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/arts/design/buying-art-online.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725113807/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/arts/design/buying-art-online.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Stolen paintings===
In January 2011 a number of paintings, including those of Aivazovsky, were stolen from the country house of Aleksandr Tarantsev, an owner of a chain of jewelry stores in Russia, outside Moscow.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kramer|first1=Andrew E.|title=Russia: $50 Million Art and Gem Theft|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/europe/15briefs-Russia.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232348/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/europe/15briefs-Russia.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zheglov |first1=Aleksandr |title=Художественный налет: Преступники унесли галерею Александра Таранцева |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1568516 |work=[[Kommersant]] |date=15 January 2011 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409102638/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1568516 |archive-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> In 2017 it was reported that a fake of one of the paintings stolen from Tarantsev's house was presented to Armenian president [[Serzh Sargsyan]] by the Pyunik foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muradyan |first1=Tirayr |title="Փյունիկ" հիմնադրամը Սերժ Սարգսյանին Այվազովսկու գողացված նկարն է նվիրել |url=https://armtimes.com/hy/article/104404 |work=The Armenian Times |date=15 February 2017 |language=hy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221185659/http://www.armtimes.com/hy/article/104404 |archive-date=21 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Muradyan |first1=Tirayr |title=Սերժ Սարգսյանին նվիրել են Այվազովսկու կեղծ նկարը. "Փյունիկ"-ն իր հայտարարությունը ջնջել է |url=https://armtimes.com/hy/article/104759 |work=The Armenian Times |date=17 February 2017 |language=hy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221091634/http://www.armtimes.com/hy/article/104759 |archive-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

In February 2011 an 1875 Aivazovsky painting ''A Storm on Rocky Shores'' was discovered at a Moscow auction after having been stolen from Armenia in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mikayelyan |first1=Meri |title=21 տարի անց. Այվազովսկու գողացված նկարը գտել են Մոսկվայի աճուրդատանը [21 years later. Aivazovsky's stolen painting was found at a Moscow auction house] |url=https://hetq.am/hy/article/50656 |work=[[Hetq]] |date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702124535/https://hetq.am/hy/article/50656 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |language=hy}}</ref> It was returned to Armenia's [[National Gallery of Armenia|National Gallery]] by the Armenian-born Russian [[Federation Council (Russia)|Senator]] {{ill|Oganes Oganyan|ru|Оганян,_Оганес_Арменакович}} (Hovhannes Ohanyan), its last owner.<ref name="ArmAivaz"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Похищенный холст Айвазовского вернулся в Армению [Aivazovsky's stolen canvas returned to Armenia] |url=https://ria.ru/20110603/383902039.html |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319163250/https://ria.ru/20110603/383902039.html |archive-date=19 March 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>

In June 2015 [[Sotheby's]] withdrew from auction an 1870 Aivazovsky painting ''Evening in Cairo'', which was estimated at £1.5–2 million ($2–$3 million), after the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Russian Interior Ministry]] claimed that it was stolen in 1997 from a private collection in Moscow.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sotheby's Removes Allegedly Stolen Russian Painting from Sale |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/06/02/sothebys-removes-allegedly-stolen-russian-painting-from-sale-a47050 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508083451/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/06/02/sothebys-removes-allegedly-stolen-russian-painting-from-sale-a47050 |archive-date=8 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Golubkova|first1=Katya|title=Sotheby's withdraws sale of Russian painting alleged stolen|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-painting/sothebys-withdraws-sale-of-russian-painting-alleged-stolen-idUKKBN0OI1FA20150602?edition-redirect=in|work=Reuters|date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115144843/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-painting/sothebys-withdraws-sale-of-russian-painting-alleged-stolen-idUKKBN0OI1FA20150602?edition-redirect=in |archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> In 2017 ''View on Revel'' (1845), stolen from the {{ill|Dmitrov Kremlin Museum|ru|Дмитровский кремль (музей-заповедник)}} in 1976, was found at [[Koller (auctioneers)|Koller]] auction house in [[Zürich]], Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aivazovsky painting, stolen in 1976, found at auction in Switzerland|url=http://tass.com/society/968058|publisher=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207103139/http://tass.com/society/968058|archive-date=7 December 2017|date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
! scope="col" | Country
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Award<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}
! scope="col" | Year
|-
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Second French Empire|French Empire]] || [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|alt=red ribbon of Legion Honneur|50x50px]] || [[Legion of Honor]] (Chevalier) || 1857<ref name="Whitmore"/>
|-
| {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || [[File:Order of the Medjidie - Ribbon bar.svg|alt=red ribbon with green stripe of Order of the Medjidie lenta|50x50px]] || [[Order of the Medjidie]]{{efn|name="medals-sea"|Aivazovsky threw his Ottoman medals into the sea in protest of the [[Hamidian massacres]].{{sfn|Harutiunian|1965|pp=90–91|ps=: "Բռնակալության դեմ ի նշան բողոքի, նա բոլոր շքանշանները նետում է ծովը և ապա երիտասարդի աշխուժությամբ դնում է թուրքական հյուպատոսի մոտ ու զայրացած ասում. «Արյունակզակ տիրոջդ ինձի տված պատվանշանները ծովր նետեցի, ահավասիկ անոնց ժապավենները, իրեն ղրկել եթե կուզե թող ինքն ալ իմ պատկերներս ծովը նետե, բայց հոդս չէ, վասն զի անոնց փոխարժեքը ստացուած եմ»։ Ու կը մեկնի։}}}} || 1858
|-
| {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]] || [[File:Order of the Redeemer Ribbon bar.svg|alt=blue ribbon with white stripes Order Redeemer|50x50px]] || [[Order of the Redeemer]] || 1859
|-
| {{flag|Russian Empire}} || [[File:Saint vladimir (bande).png|alt=black and red ribbon of Saint vladimir|50x50px]] || [[Order of St. Vladimir]] || 1865
|-
| {{flagu|Ottoman Empire}} || [[File:Order of the Osmanie lenta.png|alt=green ribbon with red stripe of Order of the Osmanie lenta|50x50px]] || [[Order of Osmanieh]]{{efn|name="medals-sea"}} || 1874
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg}} [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] || [[File:POL Order Orła Białego BAR.svg|alt=blue ribbon Order Orła Białego|50x50px]] || [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]] || 1893
|-
| {{flagu|Russian Empire}} || [[File:Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png|alt=red ribbon of Order St Alexander Nevsky|50x50px]] || [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] || 1897 
|-
|}

===Ranks===
[[Table of Ranks|Russian Table of Ranks]]:<ref name="RusArtNet"/>{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}

* 1870 – Actual Civil Councilor ({{lang|ru|Действительный статский советник}})
* 1885 – Privy Councilor ({{lang|ru|Тайный советник}})
* 1896 – Actual Privy Councilor ({{lang|ru|Действительный тайный советник}})

==See also==
* [[Armenian culture]]
* [[Armenians in Crimea]]
* [[Russian culture]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Ghazarian">{{harvnb|Ghazarian|1974||pp=350–351}}</ref>

<ref name="Khachatrian">{{harvnb|Khachatrian "The Sea Poet"}}</ref>

<ref name="Rogachevsky">{{cite web|last=Rogachevsky|first=Alexander|title=Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900)|url=http://www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm|publisher=[[Tufts University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030420/http://www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="tretyakovgallery">{{cite web|title=Ayvazovskiy (Gayvazovskiy), Ivan (Oganes) Konstantinovich|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/author/_id/5|publisher=[[Tretyakov Gallery]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000916/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/author/_id/5|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="RusArtNet">{{cite web|title=Hovhannes Aivazovsky|url=http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/19th-century/late-19th-century/national-romantic/hovhannes-aivazovsky|publisher=RusArtNet.com The Premier Site for Russian Culture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030156/http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/19th-century/late-19th-century/national-romantic/hovhannes-aivazovsky|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="rusmuseum.ru">{{cite web|title=Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817–1900)|url=http://www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhib/lenta/exhibition2000/exhibition636/|publisher=[[Russian Museum]]|access-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114324/http://www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhib/lenta/exhibition2000/exhibition636/|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="athenaeum">{{cite web|title=Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky|url=http://www.the-athenaeum.org/people/detail.php?ID=2159|publisher=The Athenaeum: Interactive Humanities Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030255/http://www.the-athenaeum.org/people/detail.php?ID=2159|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Gomtsyan">{{cite web|last=Gomtsyan|first=Natalia|title=Айвазовский и его окружение|url=http://www.golosarmenii.am/article/32461/ajvazovskij-i-ego-okruzhenie|website=[[Golos Armenii]]|language=ru|date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071122/https://www.golosarmenii.am/article/32461/ajvazovskij-i-ego-okruzhenie |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Obukhovska">{{cite news|last=Obukhovska|first=Liudmyla|title=To a good genius&nbsp;... Feodosiia marked the 195th anniversary of Ivan Aivazovsky's birth|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/time-out/good-genius|work=[[The Day (Kyiv)]]|date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307040001/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/time-out/good-genius |archive-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Whitmore">{{cite web|last1=Whitmore|first1=Janet|title=Ivan K. Aivazovsky|url=http://www.rehs.com/Ivan_K_Aivazovsky_Bio.html|publisher=[[Rehs Galleries]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829153654/https://rehs.com/eng/default-19th20th-century-artist-bio-page/?fl_builder=&artist_no=317&sold=1 |archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="paulfrasercollectibles">{{cite news|title=Aivazovsky's View of Venice leads Russian art auction at $1.6m |url=http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/Aivazovsky's-View-of-Venice-leads-Russian-art-auction-at-$1.6m/12440.page#.UqvV3tJDtzl |date=29 November 2012 |agency=[[Paul Fraser|Paul Fraser Collectibles]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030556/http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/Aivazovsky%27s-View-of-Venice-leads-Russian-art-auction-at-%241.6m/12440.page |archive-date=19 March 2014 |quote=Aivazovsky (1817–1900) is widely regarded as one of the greatest seascape artists in history...|url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="2017poll">{{cite web|title=Poll reveals Russians enjoy Aivazovsky's paintings more than other artists' works|url=http://tass.com/society/958159|publisher=[[TASS]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145421/https://tass.com/society/958159 |archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="estates">{{cite journal |last1=Pogrebetskaya |first1=Irina |title=Aivazovsky's Estates and Lands |journal=Tretyakov Gallery Magazine |date=2017 |volume=54 |issue=1 |url=https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/aivazovsky-estates-and-lands |publisher=[[Tretyakov Gallery]] |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225161654/https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/aivazovsky-estates-and-lands |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="feodos">{{cite journal |last1=Losev |first1=Dmitry |title=Father of the Town: Ivan Aivazovsky and Feodosia: A Lifelong Attachment |journal=Tretyakov Gallery Magazine |date=2017 |volume=54 |issue=1 |url=https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/father-town-ivan-aivazovsky-and-feodosia-lifelong-attachment |publisher=[[Tretyakov Gallery]] |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225163638/https://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/1-2017-54/father-town-ivan-aivazovsky-and-feodosia-lifelong-attachment |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ArmAivaz">{{cite news |title=Aivazovsky's "Storm at Rocky Shores" Canvas Handed to National Gallery |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/654578 |agency=[[Armenpress]] |date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627072047/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/654578 |archive-date=27 June 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Ria2022">{{cite news |title=Галерея Айвазовского прокомментировала признание художника в США украинцем [Aivazovsky Gallery commented on the recognition of the artist in the United States as a Ukrainian] |url=https://ria.ru/20230214/ayvazovskiy-1851865327.html |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215092303/https://ria.ru/20230214/ayvazovskiy-1851865327.html |archive-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book|last=Aral|first=Guillaume|title=Aïvasovsky : Un peintre russe sur la Riviera|url=https://www.academia.edu/44830730|year=2020|publisher=Editions de Nicephore|location=Nice|isbn=978-2-9545266-2-1|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309080236/https://www.academia.edu/44830730|url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal|last=Sarkssian|first=M. S.|title=Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ մշակույթը [Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture]|journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]|year=1963|issue=4|pages=25–38|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/551/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104021/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/551/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal|last=Koorghinian|first=K. N.|title=Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի (Ծննդյան 150-ամյակի առթիվ) [Hovhannes Ayvazovsky]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|year=1967|issue=2–3|pages=187–194|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/1067/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195353/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/1067/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1151/|journal=[[Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri]]|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|title=Հովհ. Այվազովսկու տեղը և նշանակությունը հայ նկարչության մեջ [The Place and Importance of Aivazovsky in the History of the Armenian Painting of the 19th century]|last=Sarkissian|first=M.|year=1967|issue=10|pages=70–81|language=hy|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080907/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1151/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|last=Harutiunian|first=Gr.|title=Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու տոհմի ծագումնաբանությունը և ազգանվան փոփոխումը [Hovhannes Aivazovsky family genealogy and family name change]|journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences|year=1965|issue=2|pages=89–94|url=http://basss.asj-oa.am/2596/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=hy|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142332/http://basss.asj-oa.am/2596/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ghazarian|first=Manya|encyclopedia=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]|volume=1|language=hy|location=Yerevan|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|article=Այվազովսկի [Aivazovsky]|year=1974|pages=350–351}}
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*{{cite journal|last=Mikaelian|first=V. A.|title=И. К. Айвазовский и его соотечественники [H. K. Ayvazovsky and his compatriots]|journal=Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri|year=1991|issue=1|pages=59–70|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/3201/|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|language=ru|issn=0320-8117|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193448/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/3201/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|title=Reception of Byron in Europe|last=Cardwell|first=Richard|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8264-6844-4|oclc=646740691}}
*{{cite book|last=Bolton|first=Roy|title=Views of Russia & Russian Works on Paper|year=2010|publisher=Sphinx Fine Art|location=London|isbn=978-1-907200-05-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Russian Painting|series=Temptis|last=Leek|first=Peter|publisher=Parkstone International|location=New York|year=2012|isbn=978-1-85995-939-8|oclc=795320658}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Khachatrian "The Sea Poet"}}|last=Khachatrian|first=Shahen|title="Поэт моря" ["The Sea Poet"]|url=http://www.smr.ru/centre/win/artists/aivaz/biogr_aivaz.htm|publisher=Center of Spiritual Culture, [[:ru:Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет|Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University]]|author-link=Shahen Khachatrian|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319042232/http://www.smr.ru/centre/win/artists/aivaz/biogr_aivaz.htm|archive-date=19 March 2014}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Books and articles on Aivazovsky===
*{{cite book|title=Айвазовский И.К. Документы и материалы [I. K. Aivazovsky: Documents and Materials]|location=Yerevan|year=1967|publisher=Hayastan Publishing|language=ru}}
*{{cite book|last=Barsamov|first=Nikolay|author-link=:ru:Барсамов, Николай Степанович|title=Иван Константинович Айвазовский, 1817—1900 [Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, 1817–1900]|language=ru|location=Moscow|publisher=[[Iskusstvo (publisher)|Iskusstvo]]|year=1962}}
*{{cite book|editor=Novouspensky, Nikolai|title=Aivazovsky|publisher=Aurora Art Publishers|location=Leningrad|year=1989|isbn=978-5-7300-0030-8|oclc=21599603}}
*{{cite book|last=Khachatrian|first=Shahen|title=Aivazovsky: Well-Known and Unknown|year=2000|publisher=Agni|location=Samara|author-link=Shahen Khachatrian}}
*{{cite book|last=Caffiero|first=Gianni|title=Seas, Cities & Dreams, The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky|year=2000|publisher=Alexandria Press|location=London|isbn=1-85669-232-9|author2=Samarine, Ivan}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bulkeley|first=Rip|title=Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery|journal=[[Polar Record]]|date=March 2015|volume=51|issue=2|pages=212–215|doi=10.1017/S0032247414000047|bibcode=2015PoRec..51..212B |s2cid=131719003}}
*{{cite book|last=Lyall|first=Sutherland|title=Waters of Life: The Russian Painters of Water|date=2005|publisher=New Line Books|isbn=978-1-59764-041-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tuğlacı |first1=Pars |author-link1=:tr:Pars Tuğlacı |title=Ayvazovski Türkiye'de |date=1983 |publisher=İnkılap ve Aka |location=Istanbul |language=tr}}

===Articles analyzing Aivazovsky's works===
*{{cite thesis|last=Yan|first=Zhao|title=Painterly Shading Ocean Surface|url=http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/156385|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|format=Master's thesis|date=2015|type=Thesis }}
*{{cite journal|last=Bulkeley|first=Rip|title=Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery|journal=[[Polar Record]]|date=2015|volume=51|issue=2|pages=212–215|doi=10.1017/S0032247414000047|bibcode=2015PoRec..51..212B |s2cid=131719003}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_sum_of_all_paintings/Creator/Ivan_Aivazovsky Chronological List of paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky] at Wikidata

===Galleries of Aivazovsky's paintings===
*{{cite web |title=Aivazovskiy, Ivan |url=http://rmgallery.ru/en/589}} at the [[Russian State Museum]]
*[http://www.gallery.am/hy/database-egov/?d_l=0&d_s=0&d_a=18&kyw=&p=2&s_b=0 National Gallery of Armenia]
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.ru/ajvazovskij_ivan_konstantinovich.htm Russian Art Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/list.php?s=yu&m=a&aid=2159 The Athenaeum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140618150109/http://oia.net/2013/12/17/ivan-aivazovskis-old-istanbul-paints/ Old Istanbul paints] at [[Organization of Istanbul Armenians]]
*[http://ofam.od.ua/pdf/album/aivazovskiy.pdf Ivan Aivazovsky in collection of the Odessa Art Museum. Album. Odessa, Astroprint, 2012.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aivazovsky, Ivan}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Armenian people from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Awarded with a large gold medal of the Academy of Arts]]
[[Category:Ethnic Armenian academics]]
[[Category:Ethnic Armenian painters]]
[[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Landscape painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Male painters from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian marine artists]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts]]
[[Category:Orientalist painters]]
[[Category:People from Feodosia]]
[[Category:Romantic painters]]