View source for Isotopes of titanium

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox titanium isotopes}}
Naturally occurring [[titanium]] (<sub>22</sub>Ti) is composed of five stable [[isotope]]s; <sup>46</sup>Ti, <sup>47</sup>Ti, <sup>48</sup>Ti, <sup>49</sup>Ti and <sup>50</sup>Ti with <sup>48</sup>Ti being the most abundant (73.8% [[natural abundance]]). Twenty-one [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, with the most stable being <sup>44</sup>Ti with a [[half-life]] of 60 years, <sup>45</sup>Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, <sup>51</sup>Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and <sup>52</sup>Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.<ref name="EnvChem">{{cite web |url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti-pg2.html#Nuclides |title=Periodic Table of Elements: Ti - Titanium |access-date=2006-12-26 |last=Barbalace |first=Kenneth L. |year=2006}}</ref>

The isotopes of titanium range in [[atomic mass]] from 39.00&nbsp;[[Dalton (unit)|Da]] (<sup>39</sup>Ti) to 64.00&nbsp;Da (<sup>64</sup>Ti). The primary [[radioactive decay|decay mode]] for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes (lighter than <sup>46</sup>Ti) is [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] and the primary mode for the heavier ones (heavier than <sup>50</sup>Ti) is β<sup>−</sup>; their respective [[decay product]]s are [[isotopes of scandium|scandium isotopes]] and the primary products after are [[isotopes of vanadium|vanadium isotopes]].<ref name="EnvChem" />

Two [[stable isotopes]] of titanium (<sup>47</sup>Ti and <sup>49</sup>Ti) have non-zero [[nuclear spin]] of 5/2− and 7/2−, respectively, and thus are [[NMR]]-active.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/bs.arnmr.2015.10.001 |title=Reviewing 47/49Ti Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy |series=Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy |date=2016 |last1=Lucier |first1=Bryan E.G. |last2=Huang |first2=Yining |volume=88 |pages=1–78 |isbn=978-0-12-804713-2 }}</ref>

== List of isotopes ==
{{Anchor|Titanium-37|Titanium-38|Titanium-65}}

<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table
|symbol=Ti
|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II<!-- updated 2024-10-13 -->
|notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, EC
}}
|-id=Titanium-39
| rowspan=3|<sup>39</sup>Ti
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 17
| rowspan=3|39.00268(22)#
| rowspan=3|28.5(9)&nbsp;ms
| [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]], [[proton emission|p]] (93.7%)
| <sup>38</sup>Ca
| rowspan=3|3/2+#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (~6.3%)
| <sup>39</sup>Sc
|-
| β<sup>+</sup>, 2p (?%)
| <sup>37</sup>K
|-id=Titanium-40
| rowspan=2|<sup>40</sup>Ti
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 18
| rowspan=2|39.990345(73)
| rowspan=2|52.4(3)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (95.8%)
| <sup>39</sup>Ca
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (4.2%)
| <sup>40</sup>Sc
|-id=Titanium-41
| rowspan=2|<sup>41</sup>Ti
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19
| rowspan=2|40.983148(30)
| rowspan=2|81.9(5)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (91.1%)
| '''<sup>40</sup>Ca'''
| rowspan=2|3/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (8.9%)
| <sup>41</sup>Sc
|-id=Titanium-42
| <sup>42</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 20
| 41.97304937(29)
| 208.3(4)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>42</sup>Sc
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-43
| <sup>43</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 21
| 42.9685284(61)
| 509(5)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>43</sup>Sc
| 7/2−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-43m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>43m1</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 313.0(10)&nbsp;keV
| 11.9(3)&nbsp;μs
| [[isomeric transition|IT]]
| <sup>43</sup>Ti
| (3/2+)
|
|
|-id=Titanium-43m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>43m2</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3066.4(10)&nbsp;keV
| 556(6)&nbsp;ns
| IT
| <sup>43</sup>Ti
| (19/2−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>44</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| 43.95968994(75)
| 59.1(3)&nbsp;y
| [[electron capture|EC]]
| <sup>44</sup>Sc
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-45
| <sup>45</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 23
| 44.95812076(90)
| 184.8(5)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>45</sup>Sc'''
| 7/2−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-45m
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>45m</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 36.53(15)&nbsp;keV
| 3.0(2)&nbsp;μs
| IT
| <sup>45</sup>Ti
| 3/2−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-46
| <sup>46</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 24
| 45.952626356(97)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 0+
| 0.0825(3)
|
|-id=Titanium-47
| <sup>47</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 25
| 46.951757491(85)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 5/2−
| 0.0744(2)
|
|-id=Titanium-48
| <sup>48</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| 47.947940677(79)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 0+
| 0.7372(3)
|
|-id=Titanium-49
| <sup>49</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| 48.947864391(84)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 7/2−
| 0.0541(2)
|
|-id=Titanium-50
| <sup>50</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 28
| 49.944785622(88)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| 0+
| 0.0518(2)
|
|-id=Titanium-51
| <sup>51</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 29
| 50.94660947(52)
| 5.76(1)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>51</sup>V'''
| 3/2−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-52
| <sup>52</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| 51.9468835(29)
| 1.7(1)&nbsp;min
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>52</sup>V
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-53
| <sup>53</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| 52.9496707(31)
| 32.7(9)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>53</sup>V
| (3/2)−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-54
| <sup>54</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| 53.950892(17)
| 2.1(10)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>54</sup>V
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-55
| <sup>55</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 33
| 54.955091(31)
| 1.3(1)&nbsp;s
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>55</sup>V
| (1/2)−
|
|
|-id=Titanium-56
| <sup>56</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 55.95768(11)
| 200(5)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>56</sup>V
| 0+
| 
| 
|-id=Titanium-57
| <sup>57</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 56.96307(22)
| 95(8)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>57</sup>V
| 5/2−#
| 
| 
|-id=Titanium-58
| <sup>58</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 57.96681(20)
| 55(6)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>58</sup>V
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-59
| <sup>59</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 58.97222(32)#
| 28.5(19)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>59</sup>V
| 5/2−#
|
|
|-id=Titanium-59m
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>59m</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 108.5(5)&nbsp;keV
| 615(11)&nbsp;ns
| IT
| <sup>59</sup>Ti
| 1/2−#
|
|
|-id=Titanium-60
| <sup>60</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 59.97628(26)
| 22.2(16)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>60</sup>V
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-61
| <sup>61</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 60.98243(32)#
| 15(4)&nbsp;ms
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>61</sup>V
| 1/2−#
| 
| 
|-id=Titanium-61m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>61m1</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 125.0(5)&nbsp;keV
| 200(28)&nbsp;ns
| IT
| <sup>61</sup>Ti
| 5/2−#
|
|
|-id=Titanium-61m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>61m2</sup>Ti
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 700.1(7)&nbsp;keV
| 354(69)&nbsp;ns
| IT
| <sup>61</sup>Ti
| 9/2+#
|
|
|-id=Titanium-62
| <sup>62</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 61.98690(43)#
| 9#&nbsp;ms<br>[>620&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Titanium-63
| <sup>63</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 62.99371(54)#
| 10#&nbsp;ms<br>[>620&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 1/2−#
|
|
|-id=Titanium-64
| <sup>64</sup>Ti
| style="text-align:right" | 22
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 63.99841(64)#
| 5#&nbsp;ms<br>[>620&nbsp;ns]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
{{Isotopes table/footer}}

== Titanium-44 ==
Titanium-44 (<sup>44</sup>Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes [[electron capture]] to an [[nuclear isomer|excited state]] of [[scandium-44]] with a half-life of 60 years, before the ground state of <sup>44</sup>Sc and ultimately <sup>44</sup>Ca are populated.<ref name="sn1987">{{cite journal|last1=Motizuki|first1=Y.|last2=Kumagai|first2=S.|title=Radioactivity of the key isotope <sup>44</sup>Ti in SN 1987A|date=2004|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=704|issue=1|pages=369–374|doi=10.1063/1.1737130|arxiv=astro-ph/0312620 |bibcode=2004AIPC..704..369M }}</ref> Because titanium-44 can only decay through electron capture, its half-life increases with its ionization state and it becomes stable in its [[fully ionized]] state (that is, having a charge of +22).<ref name="ti44">{{cite journal|last1=Mochizuki|first1=Y.|last2=Takahashi|first2=K.|last3=Janka|first3=H.-Th. |last4=Hillebrandt|first4=W.|last5=Diehl|first5=R.|date=2008|title=Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=346|issue=3|pages=831–842|arxiv=astro-ph/9904378}}</ref>

Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the [[alpha process]] in [[stellar nucleosynthesis]] and the early stages of [[supernova]] explosions.<ref name="laur">{{cite report |last1=Fryer |first1=C. |last2=Dimonte |first2=G. |last3=Ellinger |first3=E. |last4=Hungerford |first4=A. |last5=Kares |first5=B. |last6=Magkotsios |first6=G. |last7=Rockefeller |first7=G. |last8=Timmes |first8=F. |last9=Woodward |first9=P. |last10=Young |first10=P. |title=Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding <sup>44</sup>Ti |date=2011 |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |work=ADTSC Science Highlights |pages=42–43 |url=https://www.lanl.gov/orgs/adtsc/publications/science_highlights_2011/docs/2CosmoPDFs/fryer.pdf}}</ref> It is produced when [[calcium-40]] fuses with an [[alpha particle]] ([[helium-4]] nucleus) in a star's high-temperature environment; the resulting <sup>44</sup>Ti nucleus can then fuse with another alpha particle to form chromium-48. The age of supernovae may be determined through measurements of [[gamma ray|gamma-ray]] emissions from titanium-44 and its abundance.<ref name="ti44" /> It was observed in the [[Cassiopeia A]] supernova remnant and [[SN 1987A]] at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions.<ref name="sn1987" /><ref name="ti44" />

== See also ==
'''Daughter products other than titanium'''
* [[Isotopes of vanadium]]
* [[Isotopes of scandium]]
* [[Isotopes of calcium]]
* [[Isotopes of potassium]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Isotope masses from:
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
**{{CIAAW2003}}
**{{CIAAW 2005}}
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
**{{NUBASE 2003}}
**{{NNDC}}
**{{CRC85|chapter=11}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of titanium| ]]
[[Category:Titanium]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Titaniun]]