View source for Islam in Spain

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{{confused|IslamInSpanish}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group         = Islam in Spain
| flag          =[[File:Allah-green.svg|25px]] 
| flag_caption  =
| flag_size     = 45px
| image         = Mosque of El Morabito in Jardines de Colón, Córdoba 2017-5.jpg
| image_caption = 
| image_size    = 200px

| population    = 2.5 million{{increase}} (2024), 5.32% of the population{{increase}}
| founder       = 
| regions       = In absolute frequencies: [[Catalonia]], [[Andalusia]], [[Community of Madrid]], [[Valencian Community]], [[Region of Murcia]]
| tablehdr      =
| religions     = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|13px|link=]]  [[Islam]],  [[Sunni Islam]] <small>(majority)</small>, [[Shia Islam]] <small>(minority)</small>
| scriptures    = 
| languages     = Main: [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Urdu]] and others...
| related-c     = 
| website       =
| notes         = 
}}
{{Islam by country}}
{{Islam in Europe by country}}
[[Spain]] is a [[Christian]] majority country, with [[Islam]] being a minority religion, practised mostly by immigrants from [[List of countries by Muslim population|Muslim majority]] countries, and their descendants.

Islam was a major religion on the [[Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula]], beginning with the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] and ending (at least overtly) with [[forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|its prohibition by the modern Spanish state]] in the mid-16th century and the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] in the early 17th century, an ethnic and religious minority of around 500,000 people.<ref>Dadson, Trevor J. (15 October 2018). "Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava". Boydell & Brewer Ltd – via Google Books.</ref> Although a significant proportion of the Moriscos returned to Spain, or avoided expulsion, the practice of Islam had faded into obscurity by the 19th century<ref name="Vinculos"/> after many years of [[Crypto-Islam|crypto-Muslims]] practicing their faith in secret. {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

While the 2022 official estimation of [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ]] (CIS) indicates that 2.8% of the population of Spain has a religion other than Catholicism,<ref name="Barómetro de enero 2022">[[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]].[http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3347marMT_A.pdf "Barómetro de Enero de 2022"], 3,777 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?".</ref> according to an unofficial estimation of 2020 by the [[Union of Islamic Communities of Spain]] (UCIDE) the Muslim population in Spain represents the 4.45% of the total Spanish population as of 2019, of whom 42% were Spanish citizens (most of them with foreign family origins), 38% [[Moroccans]], and 20% of other nationalities.<ref name="estademograf.pdf">{{cite journal |publisher=Observatorio Andalusí |title=Estudio demográfico de la población musulmana Explotación estadística del censo de ciudadanos musulmanes en España referido a fecha 31/12/2019 |journal=Unión de Comunidades Islámicas de España |date=2020 |url=http://observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/estademograf.pdf |page=14 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Seeking peace’: Why Islam is becoming popular in southern Spain">{{cite journal |publisher=TRTWORLD |title=Seeking peace’: Why Islam is becoming popular in southern Spain | date=2024 |url=https://www.trtworld.com/europe/seeking-peace-why-islam-is-becoming-popular-in-southern-spain-13744334 |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

==History ==
[[File:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The [[Great Mosque of Córdoba]] one of the [[List of former mosques in Spain|former mosques]] turned into churches after the [[Reconquista]]]]

===Conquest===
{{Main|Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}
Hispania was the [[Latin]] name which was given to the whole [[Iberian Peninsula]], and after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] (476) the Germanic<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fulk |first=Robert Dennis|title=A comparative grammar of the early Germanic languages |date=2018 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-6312-4 |series=Studies in Germanic linguistics (SiGL) |location=Amsterdam Philadelphia |pages=19 |quote="[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals."}}</ref> tribe of [[Visigoths]], who adopted Christianity, ended up ruling the whole peninsula until the Islamic conquest (during that time they pushed another Germanic tribe out—the [[Vandals]] – and conquered another one—the [[Suevi]]). It is frequently stated in historical sources that Spain was one of the former Roman provinces where the Latin language and culture grew deep roots. After the fall of the Empire, the Visigoths continued the tradition by becoming what was probably the most Romanized Teutonic tribe. Under Visigothic rule Spain was filled with extreme instability due to lack of communication between the native Spaniards and the new rulers, who followed the Germanic notion of kingship. [[Visigothic king]]s were considered the first among equals (the nobility), and they could easily be overthrown if they did not keep the different factions happy.

News of the political unrest which existed from the late 6th century through the early 8th century was eventually received by the rulers of the growing Islamic empire which existed along the North African coast. Several historical sources state that the Islamic caliphate had not actually targeted the Visigothic Kingdom for conquest, but political divisions within it created an opportunity which was successfully exploited by an army which was led by the Muslim general [[Tariq ibn Ziyad|Tariq ibn-Ziyad]]. The last Visigoth king, [[Roderic]]k, was not considered a legitimate ruler by all of the inhabitants of the Spanish Kingdom, and some Visigothic nobles aided the Islamic conquest of Spain. One name frequently mentioned is [[Julian, Count of Ceuta|Count Julian of Ceuta]] who invited Tariq ibn-Ziyad to invade southern Spain because [[Florinda la Cava|his daughter]] had been raped by King Roderick.
[[File:Caliphate 740-en.svg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 750]]
On April 30, 711, Muslim General [[Tariq ibn-Ziyad]] landed at [[Gibraltar]] and by the end of the campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula (except for small areas in the north-west such as [[Asturias]] and the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque]] territory) were brought under Islamic rule.<ref name="Bouchard, Constance Brittain 2009. Page 202">Bouchard, Constance Brittain, Chief Consultant. (Distinguished Professor of Medieval History, University of Akron) "Knights in History and Legend" Firefly Books Ltd..  2009. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-480-8}} . Page 202</ref> This campaign's turning point was the [[battle of Guadalete]], where the last Visigothic king, [[Roderic]]k, was defeated by general Tariq ibn-Ziyad. Roderick ceases the throne in the year 711, and is later executed by Tariq ibn-Ziyad. After the defeat of Roderick, the Visigoth dominion over the Iberian peninsula folded and fell apart from the Northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and the province of [[Septimania]] (an area of France going from the Pyrenees to Provence), all areas previously under the rule of the Visigoths were now under Islamic rule. Muslim forces attempted to move north-east across the [[Pyrenees]] Mountains toward France, but were defeated by the [[Franks|Frankish]] Christian [[Charles Martel]] at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.
[[File:Califato de Córdoba - 1000-en.svg|thumb|left|The [[Caliphate of Cordoba]] in c. 1000]]
Islamic rule of the Iberian peninsula lasted for varying periods of time, which ranged from only 28 years in the extreme northwest (Galicia) to 781 years in the area which surrounded the city of Granada in the southeast. This Empire added contributions to society such as libraries, schools, public bathrooms, literature, poetry, and architecture. This work was mainly developed through the unification of people of all faiths.<ref name="bbc spain_1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Muslim Spain (711–1492)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151217/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml|archive-date=2017-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> While the three major monotheistic religious traditions certainly did borrow from one another in [[Al-Andalus]], benefiting especially by the blooming of philosophy and the medieval sciences in the Muslim Middle East, recent scholarship has brought into question the notion that the peaceful coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians — known as the {{lang|es|[[convivencia]]}} — could be defined as "pluralistic."<ref>{{cite book|title=Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World|url=https://archive.org/details/seaoffaithislamc00oshe|url-access=registration|last=O'Shea|first=Stephen|publisher=Walker & Company|year=2006|location=New York|isbn=9780802714985 }}</ref>  People of other religions could contribute to society and the culture developed in this time. 
One of the reasons for such great success under this empire was the legal terms offered to the public, which differed from the conditions which were implemented by the Visigoth kingdom which preceded it.<ref name="bbc spain_1" />

Moreover, the [[History of Sufism|appearance of Sufism on the Iberian peninsula]] is especially important because Sufism's "greatest shaykh," [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn 'Arabi]], was himself from [[Murcia]]. Nakshbandi Sufi order is the widely followed Sufi order in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sánchez Alonso|first=Fernando |date=2015-01-30|title=The quiet devotion of Spain's Sufis|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/01/28/inenglish/1422461803_942945.html|access-date=2020-10-17|website=EL PAÍS|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Almohad Expansion.png|thumb|Expansion of the [[Almohad Caliphate]] in the 12th century]]
The topic of {{lang|es|Convivencia}} remains a very hotly debated topic among scholars, with some of them believing that Spain was pluralistic under Muslim rule while others believe it was a very difficult place for non-Muslims to live in. Those who believe that Muslim ruled Spain was pluralistic point to the audio narration in the Museum of The Three Cultures in Cordoba, Spain, where the audio narration says that "when the East was not separated from the West, Muslims were not separated from Jews or Christians".<ref name="Rothstein">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/27/arts/was-the-islam-of-old-spain-truly-tolerant.html|title=Was the Islam Of Old Spain Truly Tolerant?|last=Rothstein|first=Edward|date=2003-09-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103193720/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/27/arts/was-the-islam-of-old-spain-truly-tolerant.html|archive-date=2019-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Another scholar argues that "It became possible to be a pious Jew who could recite a pre-Islamic ode or take the [[peripatetic school|peripatetic]] tradition seriously, in great measure because pious Muslims did it".<ref name="Rothstein"/> The Muslim ruler [[Abd-al-Rahman III]] "worked directly with the [[Mozarab]]s, a controversial term which is generally used to refer to Christians who lived under Muslim rule, and placed them in positions of power. Furthermore, the Jews and Christians could practice their religions without fear of harassment or persecution."<ref name="Thomas">{{Cite web|url=https://fountainmagazine.com/2013/issue-94-july-august-2013/the-convivencia-july-2013|title=The Convivencia in Islamic Spain|last=Thomas|first=Sarah-Mae|website=fountainmagazine.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103193721/https://fountainmagazine.com/2013/issue-94-july-august-2013/the-convivencia-july-2013|archive-date=2019-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim rulers of Spain "relied on the Jews for diplomacy and public administration who were inaugurated into posts of commerce and played important roles in cities such as Toledo and Cordoba".<ref name="Thomas"/>

On the other side of the debate, many scholars believe that Muslim rule of Spain was far from a utopian society where all religions treated each other with respect. In fact, "Uprisings in Cordoba in 805 and 818 were answered with mass executions and the destruction of one of the city's suburbs".<ref name="Rothstein"/> In addition, in regard to Jews and Christians in Andalusia, "one 11th-century legal text called them members of "the devil's party" and they "were subject to special taxes and, often, dress codes".<ref name="Rothstein"/> Many scholars believe that this more benign view of {{lang|es|convivencia}} "masks the very presence of institutional fundamentalism in medieval Spain – both its Jewish and Muslim manifestations in the nature of forced conversions, exile, lower standards of citizenship, higher taxation and violence".<ref name="Thomas"/> It seems that class distinctions also played a role in {{lang|es|convivencia}}. In fact, "many of the lower echelons of Jewish and Christian society remained segregated or in conflict with their Abrahamic counterparts".<ref name="Thomas"/> Other scholars believe that Christians and Jews were treated as second class citizens where "Under Muslim rule, especially following the arrival of the [[Almoravids]] and the [[Almohades]], both Christianity and Judaism were scarcely tolerated and regarded as decidedly "inferior" religions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?sec_id=4205|title=The Myth of the Golden Age of Tolerance in Medieval Muslim Spain|website=www.newenglishreview.org|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2021-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928033512/https://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?sec_id=4205|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rule===
{{History of al-Andalus}}
{{Main|Al-Andalus}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2010}}
In time Islamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to [[Yemen]] and [[Syria]] and [[Iran]] invaded territories in the Iberian peninsula. The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al-Andalus".

For a time, Al-Andalus was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summit with the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliphate]] in the 10th century. Al-Andalus<ref name="Bouchard, Constance Brittain 2009. Page 202"/> had the following chronological phases:

*The Al-Andalus province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in Damascus (711–756)
*The Independent Umayyad [[Emirate of Cordoba]] (756–929)
*The Umayyad [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (929–1031)
*The first [[Taifa]]s (1031–c. 1091)
*The [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] rule (c. 1091–c. 1145)
*The second Taifas (c. 1145–c. 1151)
*The [[Almohad dynasty|Almohad]] rule (c. 1151–1212)
*The third Taifas (1212–1238) 
*The [[Kingdom of Granada]] (1238–1492)
*The late [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)|Alpujarras revolt]] (1568–1571), with two monarchs appointed successively by the [[Morisco]] rebels 
(Note: the dates when the different taifa kingdoms were annexed by Almoravids and Almohads vary)

The [[Madrasah of Granada]] was founded by the [[Nasrid dynasty]] monarch [[Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada]] in 1349 and housed many of the most greatest prominent scholars of the period.<ref name="RobinsonPinet2008">{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Cynthia|last2=Pinet|first2=Simone|title=Courting the Alhambra: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Hall of Justice Ceilings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=10 December 2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2688-2|page=52|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071754/https://books.google.com/books?id=GBewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reconquista===
{{Main|Reconquista}}
[[File:MoorandChristianBattle.png|thumb|Moorish and Christian Reconquista battle, taken from ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria|The Cantigas de Santa María]]'']]
After the disintegration of the Caliphate, Islamic control was gradually eroded by the Christian [[Reconquista]]. The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the process by which the Catholic Kingdoms of northern Spain eventually managed to succeed in defeating and conquering the Muslim states of the Iberian Peninsula.  The first major city to fall to Catholic powers was Toledo in 1085,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_5.shtml |work=[[BBC]] |title=Muslim Spain (711–1492): Decline and fall |access-date=13 August 2008 |date=4 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222111747/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_5.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> which prompted the intervention of Almoravids. After the battle of [[Las Navas de Tolosa]] in 1212, most of Al-Andalus fell under control of the Catholic kingdoms, the only exception being the [[Nasrid dynasty]] Emirate of Granada. The [[Granada War]] (''Guerra de Granada'') of the Reconquista began in 1482 against the [[Emirate of Granada]]. It was not until 1492 that the Emirate of Granada with city of [[Granada]] and the [[Alhambra]] and [[Generalife]] Palaces, the last remaining Muslim territory in al-Andalus, fell in the [[Battle of Granada]] to forces of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] ''(los Reyes Catolicos)'', Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]] and her husband King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]].

===After the Reconquista===
{{Further|Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|Mudejar|Morisco}}
The conquest was accompanied by the [[Treaty of Granada (1491)|Treaty of Granada]] signed by Emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada]], allowing the Spanish crown's new Muslim subjects a large measure of religious toleration.  They were also allowed the continuing use of their own language, schools, laws and customs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} But the interpretation of the royal edict was largely left to the local Catholic authorities. Hernando de Talavera, the first [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Granada|Archbishop of Granada]] after its Catholic conquest, took a fairly tolerant view.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

However 1492 started the monarchy's reversal of freedoms beginning with the [[Alhambra Decree]]. This continued when Archbishop Talavera was replaced by the intolerant [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros|Cardinal Cisneros]], who immediately organised a drive for mass [[forced conversion]]s and burned publicly thousands of Arabic books (manuscripts).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eisenberg |first=Daniel |year=1992 |title=Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos |journal=[[Journal of Hispanic Philology]] |issue=16 |pages=107–124 |url=http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Other_Hispanic_Topics/Cisneros_y_la_quema_de_los_manuscritos_granadinos.htm |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015222845/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/DEISENBE/Other_Hispanic_Topics/Cisneros_y_la_quema_de_los_manuscritos_granadinos.htm |archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> Outraged by this breach of faith, in 1499 the [[Mudéjar]]s rose in the [[First Rebellion of the Alpujarras]], which was unsuccessful and only had the effect of giving [[Catholic Monarchs|Ferdinand and Isabella]] a pretext to revoke the promise of toleration. That same year, the Muslim leaders of Granada were ordered to hand over almost all of the remaining books in Arabic, most of which were burned. (Only medical manuscripts were spared; those manuscripts are in the [[Escorial]] library.) Beginning in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in 1502, Muslims were offered the choice of baptism or exile. The option of exile was often not feasible in practice because of the difficulty in uprooting one's family and making the journey to Muslim lands in North Africa, the inability to pay the fee required by the authorities for safe passage, and the general tendency by the authorities to discourage and hinder such exodus.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=48}}

[[File:Jaume I, Cantigas de Santa Maria, s.XIII.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Moors]] request permission from [[James I of Aragon]]]]
The majority therefore are forced to accept conversion, becoming known as "New Christians". Many of the New Christians (also called "Moriscos"), though outwardly Catholic, continued to adhere to their old beliefs in private as crypto-Muslims.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=270}} Responding to a plea from his co-religionists in Spain, in 1504 [[Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah]], an Islamic scholar in North Africa, issued [[Oran fatwa|a fatwa]], commonly named the "[[Oran fatwa]]", saying that Muslims may outwardly practice Christianity, as well as drink wine, eat pork and other forbidden things, if they were under "compulsion" to conform or "persecution".{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=60}}

[[File:Coat of Arms of Vélez-Málaga.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of [[Vélez-Málaga]], Andalusia]]

The clandestine practice of Islam continued well into the 16th century.  In 1567, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] finally made the use of the Arabic language illegal, and forbade the Islamic religion, dress, and customs, a step which led to the [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)|Second Rebellion of Alpujarras]], involving acts of brutality from the Muslim rebels, against Christian locals. The Moriscos of Granada were as a result dispersed across Spain.  'Edicts of Expulsion' for the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] were finally issued by [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] in 1609 against the remaining Muslims in Spain. The expulsion was particularly efficient in the eastern region of Valencia where they made up 33% of the population and ethnic tensions between Muslim and non-Muslim populations were high, as locals came under harassment by Muslim brigands. The corresponding expulsion of Muslims from the [[Kingdom of Castille]] and [[Andalusia]] was officially completed in 1614. Unlike the Kingdom of Aragon and Valencia, Moriscos were highly integrated in the rest of Spain significant number of them avoided expulsion or returned en masse, with the protection of non-morisco neighbours and local authorities.

The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices occurred in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. Some of the Morisco community including these final convicts were said to have kept their identity alive at least through the late eighteenth century.<ref name="Vinculos">{{cite journal |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4040221 |title=Los moriscos que se quedaron. La permanencia de la población de origen islámico en la España Moderna: Reino de Granada, siglos XVII-XVIII |trans-title=The Moriscos who remained. The permanence of Islamic origin population in Early Modern Spain: Kingdom of Granada, XVII-XVIII centuries |first=Enrique |last=Soria Mesa |date=1 January 2012 |journal=Vínculos de Historia |issue=1 |pages=205–230 |via=[[Dialnet (bibliographic database)|Dialnet]] |issn=2254-6901 |language=es |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715004718/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4040221 |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live |hdl=10396/11147 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Nevertheless, communities of Moorish freed slaves known as "moros cortados" continued to be present throughout various parts of Spain, many of which had been freed as a result of a reciprocal deal with Morocco in 1767. Such former slaves, although baptised continued to discreetly practice their religion. As a result of a second Treaty with Morocco in 1799, the King of Spain formally guaranteed the right of Moroccans in Spain to practice their religion in exchange for Spanish Catholics being granted the same rights in Morocco.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.glossae.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Martinez-Almira-Comunidad-moros-en-Cartagena-PUB.pdf |journal=Glossae. European Journal of Legal History |publisher=Institute for Social, Political and Legal Studies |title=El intercambio de moros cortados entre España y Marruecos tras la firma del Tratado de 1767. La Comunidad de Musulmanes de Cartagena |trans-title=The Rescue of Moors (Moros Cortados) Between Spain and Marocco after the 1767 Treaty. The Case of Moorish Community Cartagena |access-date=18 May 2019 |first=Magdalena |last=Martínez Almira |year=2013 |pages=226–252 |issue=10 |editor-first=Aniceto |editor-last=Masferrer |editor-first2=Juan A. |editor-last2=Obarrio Moreno |editor-first3=Isabel |editor-last3=Ramos Vázquez |editor-first4=José |editor-last4=Franco Chasán |editor-first5=Anna |editor-last5=Aitslin |editor-first6=Juan B. |editor-last6=Cañizares |editor-first7=Matthew |editor-last7=Mirow |editor-first8=Andrew |editor-last8=Simpson |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923072725/http://www.glossae.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Martinez-Almira-Comunidad-moros-en-Cartagena-PUB.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demography and ethnic background ==
The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] declares in Art. 16 that “''No one may be compelled to make statements regarding his religion, beliefs or ideologies''”<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=The Spanish Constitution |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> which means that all data on religious beliefs is approximated.
The evolution of the Muslim population has been linked to the increase of immigration in the last two decades, which began with the entry of Spain in the [[European Economic Community]] (1986), following the economic growth and the closure of European borders to third countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Planet Contreras |first1=Ana I. |title=La organización del Islam en España |date=2013 |publisher=Orozco de la Torre, Olivia and Alonso García, Gabriel (eds.), El Islam y los musulmanes hoy. Dimensión internacional y relaciones con España. Cuadernos de la Escuela Diplomática, No. 48. |pages=265–280 (p.266) |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/Documents/el_islam_y_los_musulmanes_hoy%2048.pdf |access-date=2020-05-07 |archive-date=2021-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702061122/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/Documents/el_islam_y_los_musulmanes_hoy%2048.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Official estimations by the Centro de Investigaciones sociológicas (CIS) say there are 2.9% believers in other religions, of whom around 2% would be Muslims.

The [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Communities]] with the highest Muslim population, in absolute terms, are [[Catalonia]], [[Andalusia]], the [[Community of Madrid]], and the [[Region of Murcia]]. However, in relation to the overall population within the Autonomous Communities, the cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] stand out with the highest percentages of Muslims, following the Region of Murcia, Catalonia, and [[La Rioja, Spain|La Rioja]]. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the Muslim population in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, which has close ties to the Moroccan population, has been active in the creation of associations and pioneer in the implementation of Islam related measures in different political fields.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Planet Contreras |first1=Ana I. |title=La organización del Islam en España |date=2013 |publisher=Orozco de la Torre, Olivia and Alonso García, Gabriel (eds.), El Islam y los musulmanes hoy. Dimensión internacional y relaciones con España. Cuadernos de la Escuela Diplomática, No. 48. |pages=265–280 (p.267) |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/Documents/el_islam_y_los_musulmanes_hoy%2048.pdf |access-date=2020-05-07 |archive-date=2021-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702061122/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/Documents/el_islam_y_los_musulmanes_hoy%2048.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unofficial sources for the subsequent tables and graphics:<ref name="estademograf.pdf" /><ref name="estadistica_p">{{cite web|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|title=Demografía y población|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/categoria.htm?c=Estadistica_P&cid=1254734710984|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
|title = Muslim Population
|source = <ref>{{cite web |publisher=Observatorio Andalusí |title=Informes Anuales |url=http://observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/cifras.html |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The information regarding Muslim population will be found on the first page of each Annual Report (e.g., ''Informe 2003''). For this purpose, the Annual Reports must be downloaded. 
|2003	| 525,000	
|2004	| 801,284
|2005	| 1,064,904	
|2006	| 1,080,478	
|2007	| 1,145,424	
|2008	| 1,310,148	
|2009	| 1,446,939	
|2010	| 1,498,707	
|2011	| 1,595,221	
|2012	| 1,671,629	
|2013	| 1,732,191	
|2014	| 1,858,409	
|2015	| 1,887,906	
|2016	| 1,919,141	
|2017	| 1,946,300	
|2018	| 1,993,675	
|2019	| 2,091,656	
|2020	| 2,216,513	
|2021	| 2,250,486	
|2022	| 2,349,288
|2024   | 2,542,906
}}
[[File:Evolution of muslims in Spain 2003-2019.png|250px|thumb|right|Evolution of the total and Muslim population from 2003 to 2019.  Note that the X-axis starts at 39 million, so it only shows around 1/6th of the population but it includes all the Muslims.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Autonomous  <br /> Communities !! Muslim  <br /> population 2019 !!	Percentage 
|-
|{{flag|Melilla}}	||style="text-align:right;" |44,958  ||style="text-align:right;" |51.98
|-
|{{flag|Ceuta}}	                ||style="text-align:right;" |36,822  ||style="text-align:right;" |43.43
|-
|{{flag|Region of Murcia}}	||style="text-align:right;" |112,527|| style="text-align:right;" |7.53
|-
|{{flag|Catalonia}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |564,055|| style="text-align:right;" | 7.35
|-
|{{flag|La Rioja (Spain)}}	||style="text-align:right;" |19,462||style="text-align:right;" | 6.14
|-
|{{flag|Balearic Islands}}	||style="text-align:right;" |59,418 ||style="text-align:right;" |5.17
|-
|{{flag|Aragon}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |59,821 ||style="text-align:right;" |4.53
|-
|{{flag|Navarre}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |29,563||style="text-align:right;" |4.52
|-
|{{flag|Community of Madrid}}	||style="text-align:right;" |299,311||style="text-align:right;" |4.49
|-
|{{flag|Valencian Community}}	||style="text-align:right;" |221,355||style="text-align:right;" |4.42
|-
|{{flag|Andalusia}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |341,069 ||style="text-align:right;" |4.05
|-
|{{flag|Canary Islands}}        ||style="text-align:right;" |75,662||style="text-align:right;" |3.51
|-
|{{flag|Castile-La Mancha}}     ||style="text-align:right;" |69,914 ||style="text-align:right;" |3.44
|-
|{{flag|Basque Country}}	||style="text-align:right;" |62,466 ||style="text-align:right;" |2.83
|-
|{{flag|Extremadura}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |19,858 ||style="text-align:right;" |1.86
|-
|{{flag|Castile and León}}	||style="text-align:right;" |41,275 ||style="text-align:right;" |1.72
|-
|{{flag|Cantabria}}		||style="text-align:right;" |5,526   ||style="text-align:right;" |0.95
|-
|{{flag|Asturias}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |8,623 ||style="text-align:right;" |0.84
|-
|{{flag|Galicia	}}		||style="text-align:right;" |19,971 ||style="text-align:right;" |0.74
|-
!style="text-align:left;"|Spain	||style="text-align:right;|2,091,656||style="text-align:right;|4.45
|}

The ethnic background of the Spanish Muslim population has two main nationalities: Spanish and Moroccan, followed by the Pakistani and Senegalese nationalities. Within the foreign-born Muslim population, four geographic zones can be highlighted: the [[Maghreb]], [[Sahel]], the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and the [[Middle East]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country of origin !! Population 
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} || style="text-align:right;" |879,808
|-
| {{flag|Morocco}} || style="text-align:right;" |812,412
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}|| style="text-align:right;" |88,783
|-
| {{flag|Senegal}} || style="text-align:right;" |70,879
|-
| Others  || style="text-align:right;" |63,286
|-
| {{flag|Algeria}} || style="text-align:right;" |63,051
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria}} || style="text-align:right;" |39,241
|-
| {{flag|Mali}}   || style="text-align:right;" |24,965
|-
| {{flag|Gambia}} || style="text-align:right;" |20,354
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ||style="text-align:right;" | 18,093
|-
| {{flag|Guinea}} || style="text-align:right;" |10,784
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| Total population || style="text-align:right;"| 2,091,656
|}

In “''Others''” we can find the following countries: 
[[Mauritania]] (8,165), [[Syria]] (7,321), [[Cameroon]] (6,232), [[Iran]] (5,913), [[Turkey]] (5,000), [[Guinea-Bissau]] (4,413), [[Ivory Coast]] (4,249), [[Egypt]] (4,020), [[Albania]] (3,004), [[Kazakhstan]] (2,438), [[Tunisia]] (2,287), [[Lebanon]] (2,116), [[Indonesia]] (1,764), [[Iraq]] (1,554), [[Jordan]] (1,315), [[Burkina Faso]] (1,276), [[Saudi Arabia]] (745), [[Sierra Leone]] (685), [[Togo]] (451), [[Benin]] (338).

== Islamic organisations ==
The creation of Islamic communities as legal entities has been an instrument for Muslims to organize themselves in order to communicate with public institutions and achieve the rights established in the legal arrangements. Since the signature of the Cooperation Agreement between the State and the [[Islamic Commission of Spain]] in 1992 and the increase of migratory flows, there has been a significant growth of organisations in form of religious communities, associations, and federations.
The local communities and associations can incorporate themselves directly within the Islamic Commission or through an already integrated federation. In 2019, there were 49 Islamic federations, 1,704 communities, and 21 associations registered in the Religious Entities Office of the [[Ministry of Justice (Spain)|Ministry of Justice]] (RER). A total of 365 religious entities remained outside the Islamic Commission.

[[File:Spain map islamic communities x10k muslim inhabitants.jpg|410px|thumb|Map showing the distribution of Islamic religious entities per 10k Muslim inhab. among the Autonomous Communities of Spain in 2019]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Autonomous <br /> Communities !! Islamic <br /> entities (IE) <br />2019!! IE rate <br /> (per 10k <br />Muslim inhab.)
|-
| {{flag|Ceuta}} || style="text-align:right;" |67 || style="text-align:right;" |18.20
|-
| {{flag|Castile-La Mancha}}|| style="text-align:right;" |116 || style="text-align:right;" |16.59
|-
| {{flag|Navarre}}|| style="text-align:right;" |46 || style="text-align:right;" |15.56
|-
| {{flag|Extremadura}} || style="text-align:right;" |28 || style="text-align:right;" |14.10
|-
| {{flag|Aragon}} || style="text-align:right;" |80 || style="text-align:right;" |13.37
|-
| {{flag|La Rioja (Spain)}} || style="text-align:right;" |26 || style="text-align:right;" |13.36
|-
| {{flag|Castile and Leon}} || style="text-align:right;" |53 || style="text-align:right;" |12.84		
|-
| {{flag|Asturias}} ||  style="text-align:right;" |11 || style="text-align:right;" |12.76
|-
|{{flag|Galicia}} ||style="text-align:right;" |25  || style="text-align:right;" |12.52
|-
| {{flag|Basque Country}}|| style="text-align:right;" |77 || style="text-align:right;" |12.33
|-
| {{flag|Region of Murcia}} || style="text-align:right;" |128 || style="text-align:right;" |11.38
|-
| {{flag|Valencian Community}} || style="text-align:right;" |235 || style="text-align:right;" |10.62
|-
| {{flag|Balearic Islands}} || style="text-align:right;" | 62 ||style="text-align:right;" |10.43
|-
| {{flag|Cantabria}} || style="text-align:right;" |5  || style="text-align:right;" |9.05
|-
| {{flag|Andalusia}} || style="text-align:right;" |265 || style="text-align:right;" |7.77
|-
| {{flag|Canary Islands}} ||  style="text-align:right;" |54 || style="text-align:right;" |7.14
|-
| {{flag|Catalonia}} || style="text-align:right;" |340 || style="text-align:right;" |6.03
|-
| {{flag|Community of Madrid}} || style="text-align:right;" |142 || style="text-align:right;" |4.74
|-
| {{flag|Melilla}} || style="text-align:right;" |14 || style="text-align:right;" |3.11
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| Total !!  style="text-align:right;"|1.774 !! style="text-align:right;"|8.48
|-
| colspan="3" | Source: Observatorio Andalusí<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Observatorio Andalusí |title=Estudio demográfico de la población musulmana Explotación estadística del censo de ciudadanos musulmanes en España referido a fecha 31/12/2019. |journal=Unión de Comunidades Islámicas de España |date=2020 |url=http://observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/estademograf.pdf}}</ref>
|}

== Relations between Islam and the State ==
In Spain, Islam is considered a minority though "deep-rooted" religion together with [[Judaism]], the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelic Church]], the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Buddhism]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso |title=Notorio Arraigo |url=http://www.observatorioreligion.es/diccionario-confesiones-religiosas/glosario/notorio_arraigo.html |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> In this sense, the Spanish state established a legal framework for the accommodation of those remarkable religions within the legal framework of cooperative church-state relations. Until now, just the [[Jewish community of Spain|Jewish]], the [[Spanish Evangelical Church|Evangelic]] and the Muslim communities have signed a formal Agreement with the state.

=== Muslims and the state in the 20th century ===
[[File:Francisco Franco escoltado por la Guardia Mora visita San Sebastián una vez finalizada la guerra (8 de 8) - Fondo Marín-Kutxa Fototeka.jpg|thumb|Francisco Franco arriving in San Sebastián in 1939, escorted by the [[Guardia Mora|Moorish Guard]]]]
The colonialist policy conducted by the Spanish state during the 19th and the 20th century mostly in North-Africa shaped also the politics toward the Islamic religion in the metropole. After the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939) the dictator [[Francisco Franco]] rewarded the engagement of Moroccan troops in his army with the construction of the first modern mosque in the Iberian Peninsula since the Muslim presence in [[Al-Ándalus]] during the [[Middle Ages]], namely the [[Al-Morabito Mosque]] in Córdoba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moreras |first1=Jordi |title=Musulmanes en Barcelona. Espacios y dinámicas comunitarias |date=1999 |publisher=CIDOB editions |location=Barcelona |pages=86 |url=https://www.cidob.org/es/publicaciones/serie_de_publicacion/monografias/monografias/musulmanes_en_barcelona_espacios_y_dinamicas_comunitarias}}</ref> Furthermore, at the beginning of the civil war, it was assigned a place within the San Fernando Cemetery in Sevilla [[:es:Cementerio de San Fernando (Sevilla)|(Cementerio de San Fernando)]] to bury Muslim soldiers, which was closed after the conflict.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valencia |first1=Rafael |title=El cementerio musulmán de Sevilla |journal=ILU, Revista de ciencias de las religiones |date=1995 |pages=263–270 |url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/51417/EL%20CEMENTERIO%20MUSULM%c3%81N%20DE%20SEVILLA.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> However, the Spanish State during Franco's dictatorship was defined as a Catholic confessional state and did not recognise any public expression of other religions until the Law of Religious Liberty in 1967,<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Ley 22/1967, de 28 de junio, regulando el ejercicio del derecho civil a la libertad en materia religiosa |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1967-10949 |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> which means that from 1939 to 1967 Muslims could only exercise their religion in the private sphere. From then on, the Muslim community began to organise itself in associations. In 1971, [[Riay Tatary|Riay Tatary Bakr]], the later president of the Islamic Commission of Spain, helped to create the Association of Muslims in Spain (AME) based in Madrid, which constructed the [[Madrid Central Mosque]] or Abu Bakr Mosque with private funds mostly from [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moreras |first1=Jordi |title=Musulmanes en Barcelona. Espacios y dinámicas comunitarias |date=1999 |publisher=CIDOB editions |location=Barcelona |pages=87–88 |url=https://www.cidob.org/es/publicaciones/serie_de_publicacion/monografias/monografias/musulmanes_en_barcelona_espacios_y_dinamicas_comunitarias}}</ref>

=== Legal framework of religious diversity ===
In the Spanish case, the legal framework for the governance of religious diversity has its foundations in the historical church-state model. In political science, the theory explaining how historical patterns can influence new policy outcomes is called [[path dependency]]. Similarly, there have been many studies linking the governance of Islam in European countries to pre-existing church-state models.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuess |first1=Albrecht |title=Islam in Europa und Amerika |date=2016 |publisher=Brunner, Rainer (ed.), Islam: Einheit und Vielfalt einer Weltreligion |pages=550–573 |url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/content/titleinfo/4890543}}</ref> During Franco's dictatorship, the Spanish state signed the [[Concordat of 1953]] with the Vatican, which granted the [[Catholic Church]] with some privileges such as state funding and the exemption from government taxation. In the [[Spanish transition to democracy]], the government replicated the same model by signing new agreements in 1976<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Instrumento de Ratificación de España al Acuerdo entre la Santa Sede y el Estado Español, hecho en la Ciudad del Vaticano el 28 de julio de 1976 |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1976/09/24/pdfs/A18664-18665.pdf |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> and 1979,<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Instrumento de Ratificación del Acuerdo entre el Estado español y la Santa Sede sobre asuntos económicos, firmado en Ciudad del Vaticano el 3 de enero de 1979 |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1979/12/15/pdfs/A28782-28783.pdf |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> which gave the concordat the status of an [[international treaty]].

[[File:Mezquita central Melilla.jpg|thumb|Mosque in [[Melilla]], a Spanish enclave in North Africa]]
The [[Constitution of Spain|Constitution of 1978]] stipulated in Article 16 that all beliefs within the Spanish society will be taken into account and the state will maintain cooperative relations with the Catholic Church as well as with other religious denominations.<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín oficial del Estado |title=The Spanish Constitution |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, The [[Organic Law (Spain)|Organic Law]] of [[Freedom of religion|Religious Liberty]] (LOLR) of 1980 specified in Article 7 that the state should establish Cooperation Agreements with those “''Churches, Confessions and Communities''” that had achieved 'deep-rootedness' ([[:es:Notorio arraigo|Notorio arraigo]]) in Spanish society, due to their scope and the number of believers.<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Ley Orgánica 7/1980, de 5 de julio, de Libertad Religiosa |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1980/BOE-A-1980-15955-consolidado.pdf |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The criteria were the following ones:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jiménez-Aybar |first1=Iván |title=El Islam en España: aspectos institucionales de su estatuto jurídico |date=2004 |publisher=Navarra Gráfica Ediciones}}</ref>

* A sufficient number of members, referred to the federation or organism gathering the different churches or denominations of the requesting confession. 
* An appropriate and binding juridical organisation for all entities gathered within the organisation. 
* Historical roots in Spain, both legal and clandestinely, since a certain time that is deemed appropriate. 
* Importance of the social, care and cultural activities conducted by the requesting confession. 
* Confession's scope assessed by his territorial extension, the number of local churches, worship places, etc. 
* Institutionalisation of the ministers of religion, i.e., proportionality in relation to the members of the confession, study certificate, stability...

This law allowed the state to sign Cooperation Agreements with the [[Jewish community of Spain|Jewish]], the [[Spanish Evangelical Church|Evangelic]] and the Muslim communities, which were previously recognised as "deep-rooted" religions. The definition of the requirements and procedure for obtaining "deep-rootedness" was reformulated in the Royal Decree 593/2015.<ref>{{cite web |website=Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España |title=Notorio Arraigo [deep-rootedness] |url=http://www.observatorioreligion.es/diccionario-confesiones-religiosas/glosario/notorio_arraigo.html |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> In 1984, the Advisory Commission of Religious Liberty (CARL), an administrative organ within the [[Ministry of Justice (Spain)|Ministry of Justice]], recognised both the Evangelic and the Jewish confessions, and in 1989 the Islamic religion achieved his recognition as well.<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Real Decreto 593/2015, de 3 de julio, por el que se regula la declaración de notorio arraigo de las confesiones religiosas en España |pages=66716–66720 |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2015/07/03/593 |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Cooperation Agreement between the Spanish State and the Islamic Commission of Spain ===
Following the church-state model, the agreement would be signed by two parties: on the one side, the [[Ministry of Justice (Spain)|Ministry of Justice]] representing the Spanish State, and on the other side, one representative body for each religious denomination. This obligated the different religious communities to organise themselves in a centralised and hierarchal way within a short period of time. Moreover, this model did not take into account the heterogeneous nature of the communities, especially for the Islamic religion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astor |first1=Avi |last2=Griera |first2=Mar |title=La gestion de la diversidad religiosa. The management of religious diversity |journal=Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración 2015–2016 |date=2016 |pages=248–270 (p.254)|doi=10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2016.248 |url=https://www.cidob.org/es/articulos/anuario_cidob_de_la_inmigracion/2015_2016/la_gestion_de_la_diversidad_religiosa_en_la_espana_contemporanea|doi-access=free }}</ref> 
In 1989, after the recognition of the Islam as "deep-rooted" religion, the Spanish Federation of Islamic Religious Entities (FEERI) was created with 15 federated associations in order to serve as the single interlocutor with the state. However, in 1991 a group of communities left the Federation to form a new one under the name [[Union of Islamic Communities of Spain]] (UCIDE). So far, there were two competing Islamic federations, which wanted to monopolise the communication with the state. The request for a Cooperation Agreement should be carried out by the religious confession and then reviewed by the public administration. Both federations started to draft an agreement in parallel. Finally, the solution was found in the creation of the Islamic Commission of Spain, founded by the FEERI and the UCIDE and established on 18 February 1992.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiménez Estévez |first1=Jennifer |title=La problemática de la Comisión islámica de España. The difficulties from the Islamic Commission of Spain |journal=Trabajos Académicos. |date=2016 |volume=Universidad de Cantabria, Facultad de Derecho. p.21|url=http://repositorio.unican.es:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10902/9884/JIMENEZESTEVEZJENNIFER.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Its raison d'être was the "''negotiation, signature and follow- up on the Cooperation Agreement with the state''" as it is written in the first article of his statutes.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Comisión Islámica de España |title=Estatutos de la CIE 2015 |url=http://www.hispanomuslim.es/panya/estatutos_cie_2015.pdf |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

1992 was chosen as the year for the signature of the Cooperation Agreements, due to the 500th anniversary regarding the conquest of the [[Nasrid Kingdom of Granada]] and the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain]]. Because of that, many scholars have seen the Agreements as a symbolic act rather than as an instrument for the management of religious diversity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astor |first1=Avi |last2=Griera |first2=Mar |title=La gestion de la diversidad religiosa. The management of religious diversity |journal=Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración 2015–2016 |date=2016 |pages=248–270 (p.253)|doi=10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2016.248 |url=https://www.cidob.org/es/articulos/anuario_cidob_de_la_inmigracion/2015_2016/la_gestion_de_la_diversidad_religiosa_en_la_espana_contemporanea|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nevertheless, the agreements aimed to equate the one signed with the Catholic Church and so to accommodate the religions mentioned within public institutions and the school system, to guarantee the exemption from taxation and the involvement of the religious communities in the preservation of their related cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mantecón |first1=Joaquín |title=España: Los acuerdos del estado con la Santa Sede y las Confesiones Minoritarias |journal=Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho y Religión |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–32 (p.7)|doi=10.7764/RLDR.3.28 |hdl=10902/9310 |url=http://www.revistalatderechoyreligion.com/ojs/ojs-2.4.6/index.php/RLDR/article/view/36|doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> 
The Cooperation Agreement between the State and the Islamic Commission of Spain includes 14 articles and three additional provisions that can be summarised in 9 topics: legal affairs, [[Place of worship|worship places]], [[imams]], [[Islamic marriage contract|marriage]] and [[Islamic holidays|festivities]], religious assistance, religious education, fiscal benefits, cultural heritage, and [[Halal|halal products]]. In the following sections, a summary with relevant facts is provided:<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Ley 26/1992, de 10 de noviembre, por la que se aprueba el Acuerdo de Cooperación del Estado con la Comisión Islámica de España |pages=38214–38217 |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1992/11/10/26 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
#''' Legal affairs''' (arts. 1, 6): the Islamic Commission of Spain shall validate the incorporation of communities and federations within its body. The communities must be also registered in the Religious Entities Office of the [[Ministry of Justice (Spain)|Ministry of Justice]]. The certification of religious purposes for the creation of religious entities can be issued by their belonging federation in accordance with the Islamic Commission of Spain or directly by the commission. 
#''' Worship places''' (art. 2): mosques or places of worship will be certified by the respective community in conformity with the CIE. Those worship places enjoy inviolability according to the terms established by law. Moreover, this topic comprises the right of those Islamic communities, which are integrated within the CIE, to the granting of plots in public cemeteries or the ownership of private ones. 
#''' Imams''' (arts. 3, 4, 5): on the one side, the Islamic Commission of Spain is the organ that can certify imams and Islamic religious leaders. On the other side, the Ministry of Justice must first recognise those centres for religious instruction. Furthermore, those persons who meet the requirements will be covered by the [[Social security in Spain|General Social Security Plan]].

# '''Marriage and festivities''' (arts. 6, 12): the marriage celebrated under [[Islamic Law]] will be effective if the applicants meet the criteria demanded by the Civil Code. Moreover, the members of the Islamic communities belonging to the Islamic Commission of Spain can apply for the interruption of their work every Friday, the day of collective compulsory prayer, from 1:30 pm till 4 pm, and the cessation of the working day one hour before sunset during the month of [[Ramadan]].
# '''Religious assistance''' (arts. 8, 9): the religious assistance is recognised as a right for Muslims within the [[Armed Forces]] and in public centres such as [[hospitals]], [[Prison|penitentiary centres]] and [[Immigration detention|Alien Internment Centres]] (CIES). Those public centres are responsible for covering the costs of religious assistance. 
# '''Religious education''' (art. 10): the [[Education in Spain|Spanish school system]] integrates already the possibility to course catholic religion as an optative subject. Article 10 opens thus the possibility for Muslims to request Islamic religious teaching in the levels of preschool, primary and secondary education. The communities belonging to the Islamic Commission of Spain will appoint the teachers in conformity with their own federation. 
#'''Fiscal benefits''' (art. 11): the Islamic Commission of Spain as well as the communities, among other fiscal benefits, will be exempt from [[property taxes]] and other special contributions, from [[corporate income taxes]] and [[Transfer tax|taxes on asset transfers]] and legal documents. 
# '''Cultural heritage''' (art. 13): both the state and the Islamic Commission of Spain commit themselves to cooperate in order to conserve and promote the historical, cultural, artistic, Islamic heritage, which will continue to serve society for its contemplation and study. 
# '''Halal products''' (art. 14): the Islamic Commission of Spain will elaborate a specific label for halal products in order to guarantee that those have been produced in accordance with Islamic Law. Nevertheless, the [[animal sacrifice]] should meet the health regulations in force. On the matter of food supplies in public centres and military units, it will be sought to adapt food and schedule to Islamic precepts.

=== Implementation of the Cooperation Agreement ===
[[File:Mezquita Abu Bakr de Madrid (España) 03.jpg|thumb|[[Madrid Central Mosque]]]]
The implementation of the Cooperation Agreement has been a long process that has not been yet completed. When the Agreement was signed in 1992, no other regulations regarding the concrete implementation nor financial means were determined directly afterwards. Moreover, since Spain is a semi-federal state, the competencies over the agreed measures correspond to different administrative levels: the Central Government, the Autonomous Communities, and the Municipal councils. The Agreement did not include, however, any references regarding the jurisdiction of the measures.

==== Places of worship ====
The Cooperation Agreement identifies mosques and cemeteries as Islamic places of worship. In Spain, there are 13 big mosques in the cities of [[Madrid]] (2), [[Valencia]] (1), [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] (2), [[Granada]] (1), [[Ceuta]] (2), [[Melilla]] (2), [[Fuengirola]] (1), [[Marbella]] (1) and [[Málaga]] (1). [See: [[List of mosques in Spain|List of Mosques in Spain]]]. However, in practice, most common places of worship are small oratories established in commercial premises, garages, and private apartments. The religious communities are mostly renting these establishments, just a minority are private property. A study from 2009 about the religious situation in [[Castile-La Mancha]] identified 46 religious communities of which only 4 had a private property. At the autonomic level, the [[Community of Madrid]] signed an agreement with the [[UCIDE]] in 1998,<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=1998 |title=Convenio de Colaboración entre la Comunidad de Madrid y la Unión de comunidades Islámicas de España |url=https://boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-E-1998-10089500897 |publisher=Anuario de Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado. |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> which referred in the third clause to the promotion of transfer of land to construct mosques and places of worship in Madrid. In [[Catalonia]], on the other side, a law was adopted in 2009 to deal with the granting of licenses by municipal councils.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |first1=DOGC |title=LLEI 16/2009, del 22 de juliol, dels centres de culte |url=https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/ca/pjur_ocults/pjur_resultats_fitxa/?action=fitxa&mode=single&documentId=477241&language=ca_ES |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> Especially in Catalonia, there have been many cases of social opposition to mosques. In a study conducted by Avi Stor 41 cases were reported in Catalonia between 1990 and 2013, the total cases in Spain was 74 from 1985 to 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astor |first1=Avi |title=Social Position and Place-Protective Action in a New Immigration Context: Understanding Anti-Mosque Campaigns in Catalonia |journal=International Migration Review |date=2016 |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=95-132 (p.131-132) |doi=10.1111/imre.12115|s2cid=145806179 }}</ref>

[[File:Social Opposition to Mosques in Spain.jpg|410px|thumb|Social Opposition to Mosques in Spain 1985- 2013]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Autonomous  <br /> Communities !! Worship  <br /> places in 2019 !! Cemeteries  <br /> in 2019
|-
|{{flag|Catalonia}}	||style="text-align:right;" |324 ||style="text-align:right;" |5
|-
|{{flag|Andalusia}}	                ||style="text-align:right;" |271 ||style="text-align:right;" |11
|-
|{{flag|Valencian Community}}	||style="text-align:right;" |227||style="text-align:right;" |4
|-
|{{flag|Community of Madrid}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |131||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Region of Murcia}}	||style="text-align:right;" |121||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Castile-La Mancha}}	||style="text-align:right;" |109 ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Basque Country}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |78||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Aragon}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |75||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Ceuta}}	||style="text-align:right;" |63 ||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Balearic Islands}}	||style="text-align:right;" |57 ||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Canary Islands}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |53 ||style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|{{flag|Castile and León}}        ||style="text-align:right;" |51 ||style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|{{flag|Navarre}}     ||style="text-align:right;" |45||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Extremadura}}	||style="text-align:right;" |28 ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|La Rioja (Spain)}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |25||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Galicia}}	||style="text-align:right;" |23 ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Melilla}}		||style="text-align:right;" |14 ||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Asturias}}	        ||style="text-align:right;" |10 ||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Cantabria}}		||style="text-align:right;" |5 ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
!style="text-align:left;"|Spain	||style="text-align:right;|1710 ||style="text-align:right;" |36
|-
| colspan="3" |Source: Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España<ref>{{cite web |website=Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España |title=Directorio de lugares de culto |url=http://www.observatorioreligion.es/buscador/search_comunidades.srv?ccaa=&prov=&pob=&conf=Musulmanes |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

==== Religious assistance ====
The competence over religious assistance varies across the institutions involved. For instance, the central government is responsible for the religious assistance in penitentiary centres except in [[Catalonia]]. For the religious assistance in [[Immigration detention|Alien Internment Centres]] (CIES) has also the Spanish government, under the [[Directorate-General of the Police]] (DGP), the jurisdiction. On the other side, the [[Autonomous Communities]] have the competencies in the area of healthcare, thus they have to manage the religious assistance in hospitals and other healthcare centres. In 2006, a decree was adopted to regulate the religious assistance in penitentiary centres, and in 2007 an economic agreement was signed for its financing.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Observatorio Andalusí |title=Informe especial 2018. Institución para la observación y seguimiento de la situación del ciudadano musulmán y la islamofóbia en España |journal=Union de Comunidades Islámicas de España |date=2019 |url=http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/isj18-rev.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] signed in 2008 a collaboration agreement with the Islamic and Cultural Council of Catalonia ([[:ca:Consell Islàmic i Cultural de Catalunya|''Consell Islàmic i Cultural de Catalunya'']]) to guarantee the religious assistance in Catalan penitentiary centres through the Directorate General of Religious Affairs (DGAR).<ref>{{cite web |title=Conveni de Col·laboració entre l'Administració de la Generalitat de Catalunya, mitjançant el Departament de Justícia i el Departament de la Vicepresidència, i el Consell Islàmic Cultural de Catalunya, per tal de garantir el dret de l'assistència religiosa dels interns als centres penitenciaris de Catalunya |url=http://justicia.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/departament/convenis_i_acords/2008/sp_cvicepresid_musulmans.pdf |publisher=2008 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> This collaboration agreement was updated in 2015 and in 2019, this time with the involvement of the Federation Islamic Council of Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conveni de col·laboració entre el Departament de Justícia i la Federación Consell Islàmic de Catalunya per garantir el dret al desenvolupament espiritual i l'assistència religiosa dels interns als centres penitenciaris de Catalunya en el marc de la seva rehabilitació |url=http://justicia.gencat.cat/web/.content/home/departament/convenis_i_acords/2019/conv-fed-consell-islamic.pdf |publisher=2019 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> Until 2019, there were 20 imams for the religious assistance in penitentiary centres in Spain, 8 of them engaged in Catalan prisons. Regarding the religious assistance in CIES, 7 imams were reported in 2019.<ref name="estademograf.pdf" /> Moreover, there is no available data for the employment of imams in health care centres. Finally, the religious assistance in the Armed forces, under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defence]], has not been implemented yet.

==== Religious education ====
Education is a complex matter since there is no exact distribution of competencies between the state and the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Communities]]. The state establishes some basic rules for applying Article 27 of the [[Spanish Constitution|Constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=The Spanish Constitution |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> while the communities have to develop the legislative framework and execute the educational programmes. While the education competencies have been transferred to most of the Autonomous Communities, the Education Ministry remains responsible for the competencies in [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[Cantabria]], [[Ceuta]], and [[Melilla]].

Regarding the regulatory framework, the Spanish government signed an agreement about the designation and economic regime of the Islamic religion teachers that went into effect for the 1996–1997 school year.<ref>{{cite web |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |title=Resolución de 23 de abril de 1996, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se dispone la publicación del Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros, de 1 de marzo de 1996, y el Convenio sobre designación y régimen económico de las personas encargadas de la enseñanza religiosa islámica, en los centros docentes públicos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1996/05/03/pdfs/A15597-15598.pdf |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> This agreement referred just to public schools in primary and secondary education, although the Cooperation Agreement explicitly mentioned the semi-private schools, which are co-funded by the Public Administration. In 2000, 20 teachers were designated for the cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] and in 2005 another 20 teachers would cover the Islamic religious teaching in the communities whose competencies remained by the Spanish State.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mantecón |first1=Jaoquín |title=El status legal del Islam en España |journal=Derecho y Religión |date=2006 |issue=1 |pages=165–208 (p.189)}}</ref> Since then, the Islamic Commission of Spain has signed different agreements with the remaining Autonomous Communities for the implementation of Islamic religious teaching. However, there was not always the need for an agreement at the autonomic level, since some communities introduced Islamic religious teaching in their school systems on the basis of the Cooperation Agreement of 1992 as in the case of islamic religious teaching in the primary school for Andalusia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramajo |first1=Javier |title=Andalucía no ve oportuno ofertar religión islámica en Secundaria y Bachillerato pese a que las leyes lo garantizan |url=https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/religion-islamica_1_3418152.html |website=Eldiario.es |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> In 2019, a total of 80 Islamic religious teachers were reported.<ref name="estademograf.pdf" /> On the following table, the Autonomous Communities are listed with the respective year of implementation of the Islamic religion subject and the total number of teachers for each one in 2019. While [[Navarre]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and [[Asturias]] opened the opportunity to take the subject if the requirements are fulfilled, the [[Region of Murcia]] has not yet answered the petitions of the Islamic Commission of Spain.<ref>{{cite news |website=La Opinión de Murcia |date=2019 |title=En la Región de Murcia no se imparte religión islámica pese a su reconocimiento legal |url=https://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2019/11/27/region-6-comunidades-imparte-religion/1071545.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> [[Catalonia]] began a pilot program for the school year 2020–2021.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=El País |title=Catalunya implanta un pla pilot per impartir religió islàmica aquest curs |date=2 September 2020 |url=https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2020/09/02/catalunya/1599062524_618350.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Autonomous  <br /> Communities !! Year of  <br /> implementation !! Islamic religious <br /> teachers in 2019<ref name="estademograf.pdf" />
|-
|{{flag|Ceuta}}	||style="text-align:right;" |2000<ref name="rodin.uca.es 33194725">{{cite journal |last1=Jiménez Gámez |first1=Rafael |title=La enseñanza del Islam en los centros educativos de Ceuta |journal=Universidad de Cádiz |date=2006 |pages=52 |url=https://rodin.uca.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/7784/33194725.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |14
|-
|{{flag|Melilla}} ||style="text-align:right;"|2000<ref name="rodin.uca.es 33194725" /> ||style="text-align:right;" |10
|-
|{{flag|Andalusia}}||style="text-align:right;" |2005<ref name="hesperia 1 5 p251">{{cite journal |last1=Jiménez Aybar |first1=Iván |title=Diagnóstico sobre la integración jurídica social del Islam en España bajo la sombra del 11-M |journal=Hesperia Culturas del Mediterráneo |date=2006 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=235–256 (p.251)}}</ref>||style="text-align:right;" |23
|-
|{{flag|Basque Country}} ||style="text-align:right;"|2005<ref name="hesperia 1 5 p251" />||style="text-align:right;" |5
|-
|{{flag|Aragon}}||style="text-align:right;" |2005<ref name="hesperia 1 5 p251" />||style="text-align:right;" |5
|-
|{{flag|Canary Islands}}||style="text-align:right;" |2005<ref>{{cite web |website=Ministerio de Justicia |date=2015 |title=Informe anual sobre la situación de la libertad religiosa en España 2014 |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/Portal/1292428077926?blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=Grupo&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3DInforme_anual_sobre_la_situacion_de_la_libertad_religiosa_en_Espana_2014.PDF&blobheadervalue2=Docs_Llibertad+religiosa |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |1
|-
|{{flag|Cantabria}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2005<ref name="hesperia 1 5 p251" />||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Castile and León}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2016<ref>{{cite news |website=Heraldo |date=2016 |title=Soria será pionera en impartir religión islámica en CyL el próximo curso |url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/soria-sera-pionera-impartir-religion-islamica-castilla-leon-proximo-curso-734462-102.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>||style="text-align:right;" |6
|-
|{{flag|Community of Madrid}}||style="text-align:right;" |2016<ref>{{cite web |website=Radioya |date=2017 |title=El Gobierno del PP acuerda la enseñanza del Islam en las escuelas |url=https://www.radioya.es/631140686/El-Gobierno-del-PP-acuerda-la-ensenanza-del-Islam-en-las-escuelas.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>||style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|{{flag|La Rioja (Spain)}}||style="text-align:right;" |2018<ref>{{cite web |website=Comisión Islámica de España |date=2018 |title=Firmado el Convenio de la Enseñanza Religiosa Islámica en La Rioja |url=http://comisionislamicadeespana.org/firmado-el-convenio-de-la-ense%C3%B1anza-religiosa-isl%C3%A1mica-en-la-rioja |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |5
|-
|{{flag|Valencian Community}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2018<ref>{{cite web |website=Comisión Islámica de España |date=2017 |title=Enseñanza islámica en colegios valencianos a partir del próximo curso |url=http://comisionislamicadeespana.org/ense%C3%B1anza-isl%C3%A1mica-en-colegios-valencianos-partir-del-pr%C3%B3ximo-curso |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|{{flag|Extremadura}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2018<ref>{{cite web |website=Comisión Islámica de España |date=2018 |title=Firmado el Convenio de la enseñanza islámica con la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Extremadura |url=http://comisionislamicadeespana.org/firmado-el-convenio-de-la-ense%C3%B1anza-isl%C3%A1mica-con-la-consejer%C3%ADa-de-educaci%C3%B3n-de-la-junta-de |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |3
|-
|{{flag|Castile-La Mancha}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2018<ref>{{cite web |website=Islam España |date=2018 |title=Reunión entre la Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla La Mancha y la Comisión Islámica de España |url=http://islamhispania.blogspot.com/2018/08/ |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>||style="text-align:right;" |2
|-
|{{flag|Balearic Islands}}||style="text-align:right;" |2020<ref>{{cite news |website=Ferragut |date=March 2019 |title=La comunidad islámica prevé una respuesta masiva a la oferta de Islam en los colegios de Baleares |url=https://www.diariodeibiza.es/pitiuses-balears/2019/10/07/comunidad-islamica-preve-respuesta-masiva/1096421.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Navarre}}||style="text-align:right;" |opened<ref>{{cite web |website=Comisión Islámica de España |date=2018 |title=Boletín Informativo, Abril 2018 |url=http://comisionislamicadeespana.org/sites/default/files/descargas/boletin_abril_2018_.pdf |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Galicia}}||style="text-align:right;" |opened<ref name="mjusticia.gob.es libertad">{{cite web |website=Ministerio de Justicia |date=2018 |title=Informe anual sobre la situación de la libertad religiosa en España 2017 |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/Portal/es/areas-tematicas/libertad-religiosa/informe-anual-sobre-situacion |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Asturias}}||style="text-align:right;" |opened<ref name="mjusticia.gob.es libertad" /> ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Catalonia}} ||style="text-align:right;" |2020 ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
|{{flag|Region of Murcia}}||style="text-align:right;" |denial ||style="text-align:right;" |0
|-
!style="text-align:left;"|Spain	 || ||style="text-align:right;" |80
|}

==== Support for Integration Programmes ====

The Cooperation Agreement established fiscal benefits and tax exemptions for the Islamic religious communities but did not stipulate a financial mechanism similar to the one for the Catholic Church. However, in the aftermath of the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid bombings of 2004]], the Spanish government saw the need for integrating Muslims in Spanish society besides of formulating policies to ensure national security.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astor |first1=Avi |title=Religious Governance and the Accommodation of Islam in Contemporary Spain |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |date=2014 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1716–1735 (p.1725)|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2013.871493 |s2cid=144977412 }}</ref> In December 2004, the [https://www.pluralismoyconvivencia.es/ Foundation for Pluralism and Coexistence] (FPC) was created to support programmes related to cultural, educative, and social integration for those religions with "deep-rootedness", i.e. the Evangelic Church, Judaism, and Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mantecón |first1=Jaoquín |title=El status legal del Islam en España |journal=Derecho y Religión |date=2006 |issue=1 |pages=165–208 (p.191)}}</ref> Catalonia's regional government had already in 2000 created the [[:ca:Direcció General d'Afers Religiosos|Directorate General of Religious Affairs]] (DGAR) and in 2004, this public agency launched a programme to provide access to public funding for activities regarding the integration of minority religions, which was developed before the creation of the FPC at the national level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=García-Romeral |first1=Gloria |last2=Griera |first2=Maria del Mar |title=La Construcción de l'Islam Com a Objecte de Polítiques Públiques a Catalunya [The Construction of Islam as an Object of Public Policies in Catalonia] |journal=Societat Catalana 2011 |date=2011 |pages=231–253 (p.248) |url=https://uab.academia.edu/MarGriera}}</ref>

==== Halal products ====
The Agreement stipulated that the Islamic Commission of Spain would be the organization responsible for obtaining the Halal guarantee mark from the Industrial Property Registry. In practice, it was the Islamic Committee of Spain ([[:es:Junta Islámica de España|''Junta Islámica de España'']]), one of the communities integrated within the FEERI, that created a Halal Institute in 2003 to regulate and certify food and products in line with the requirements of Islamic rituals under the trademark "Halal Guarantee Distinction of the Islamic Committee" (''Marca de Garantía Halal de Junta Islámica'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mantecón |first1=Jaoquín |title=El status legal del Islam en España |journal=Derecho y Religión |date=2006 |issue=1 |pages=165–208 (p.194)}}</ref> Their claim to be the only official Institution in Spain that guarantees the halal production, however, has not been accomplished since it can be found so far 45 national trademarks in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office website<ref>{{cite web |website=Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas |title=Marcas y Nombres Comerciales |url=https://www.oepm.es/es/signos_distintivos/index.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> which refer to the same product categories ([[International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services|Nice Classification]]: 1, 5, 29–33, 39, 43), without counting the European and international products commercialised in Spain. Furthermore, one of these trademarks was registered by the Islamic Commission of Spain in 2018, claiming its official mandate established in the Cooperation Agreement.<ref>{{cite web |website=Europa Press |date=2018 |title=La Comisión Islámica registra la Marca Halal España y trabaja con Gobierno y CCAA para que llegue a los colegios |url=https://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-comision-islamica-registra-marca-halal-espana-trabaja-gobierno-ccaa-llegue-colegios-20180719144716.html |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

== Radicalization and terrorism ==
{{Main|Terrorism in Spain|Islamic terrorism}}Jihadists entered in Spain from 1994, when an al-Qaeda cell was established. In 1996, the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA), an organisation affiliated with al-Qaeda, founded a cell in the province of [[Valencian Community|Valencia]]. In the 1995–2003 period, slightly over 100 people were arrested for offences related to militant [[Salafi movement|salafism]], an average of 12 per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean Comparing Challenges and Approaches|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf}}</ref>

In 2004, Madrid commuters suffered the [[2004 Madrid train bombings]], which were perpetrated by remnants of the first al-Qaeda cell, members of the [[Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group]] (GICM) plus a gang of criminals turned into jihadists.<ref name=":0" />

In the period 2004–2012, there were 470 arrests, an average of 52 per year and four times the pre-Madrid bombings average which indicated that the jihadist threat persisted after the Madrid attack. In the years after the Madrid attack, 90% of all jihadists convicted in Spain were foreigners, mainly from [[Moroccans in Spain|Morocco]], [[Pakistanis in Spain|Pakistan]] and Algeria, while 7 out of 10 resided in the metropolitan areas of Madrid or Barcelona. The vast majority were involved in cells linked to organisations such as al-Qaeda, the [[Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group|GICM]], the Algerian Salafist group [[Group for Preaching and Combat]] which had replaced the GIA, and [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" />

In the period 2013, jihadism in Spain transformed to be less overwhelmingly associated with foreigners. Arrests 2013–2017 show that 4 out of 10 arrested were Spanish nationals and 3 out of 10 were born in Spain. Most others had Morocco as a country of nationality or birth with its main focus among Moroccan descendants residing in the North African cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]. The most prominent jihadist presence was the province of Barcelona. In 2013 and 2014 there were cells associated with [[Al-Nusra Front]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].

== Attitudes towards Muslims ==
Survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 54% of Spaniards had a favourable view of Muslims, whereas 42% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism – 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spain|Islam}}
*[[Islam in Europe]]
*[[Turks in Spain]]
*[[List of mosques in Spain]]
*[[Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands]]
*[[Ahmadiyya in Spain]]
*[[List of former mosques in Spain]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=L. P.|title=Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinspain1500lple|url-access=registration|date=16 May 2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31963-6}}
* W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, ''A History of Islamic Spain.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
* Brian A. Catlos, ''Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain'' Hurst/Basic Books, 2018. Review: Nicola Clarke: "Abraham's Descendants in Love, Life and War". ''History Today'' Vol. 68/10, October 2018, pp.&nbsp;98–99.
* López García, Bernabé and Planet Contreras, Ana I.: ''Islam in Spain'' Hunter, Shireen T.  (ed.), Islam, Europe's Second Religion. The new social, cultural and political landscape. Connecticut London: Praeger, 2002.

{{Islam in Europe}}
{{World topic|prefix=Islamophobia in|noredlinks=y|title=Islamophobia by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islam in Spain| ]]