View source for Internment

{{short description|Imprisonment or confinement of groups of people without trial}}
{{hatnote group|{{For|the TV episode|Internment (The Walking Dead)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[burial|interment]] (burial) or [[extermination camp]]}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|[[Boers|Boer]] women and children in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camp]] in South Africa (1899–1902)|270x270px]]
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'''Internment''' is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without [[Criminal charge|charges]]<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=27879033|title=Human Rights Vol. 5, No. 3 "INTERNMENT: {{sic|hide=n|nolink=y|reason=error in source|DENTENTION}} WITHOUT TRIAL IN NORTHERN IRELAND"|journal=Human Rights|volume=5|issue=3|last=Lowry|first=David|publisher=ABA Publishing|year=1976|location=American Bar Association|pages=261–331|quote=The essence of internment lies in incarceration without charge or trial.}}</ref> or [[Indictment|intent to file charges]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kenney |first=Padraic |author-link=Padraic Kenney |title=Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4c0DwAAQBAJ&q=without&pg=PA47 |quote=A formal arrest usually comes with a charge, but many regimes employed internment (that is, detention without intent to file charges |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |page=47 |isbn=978-0-19-937574-5}}</ref> The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in [[war]]time or of [[terrorism]] suspects".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/internment|title=the definition of internment|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> Thus, while it can simply mean [[imprisonment]], it tends to refer to preventive confinement rather than confinement ''after'' having been convicted of some crime. Use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities.<ref name=euph>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2012/02/10/146691773/euphemisms-concentration-camps-and-the-japanese-internment|title=Euphemisms, Concentration Camps And The Japanese Internment|website=npr.org|date=10 February 2012 |last1=Schumacher-Matos |first1=Edward |last2=Grisham |first2=Lori}}</ref> The word ''internment'' is also occasionally used to describe a [[neutral country]]'s practice of detaining [[belligerent]] [[Military|armed forces]] and equipment on its territory during times of war, under the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1907|Hague Convention of 1907]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Second Hague Convention, 1907 |publisher=Yale.edu |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague05.htm |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019114853/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/lawwar.asp |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref>

Interned persons may be held in [[prison]]s or in facilities known as '''internment camps''' or '''[[Concentration camp|concentration camps]]'''. The term ''concentration camp'' originates from the Spanish–Cuban [[Ten Years' War]] when Spanish forces detained Cuban civilians in camps in order to more easily combat guerrilla forces. Over the following decades the British during the [[Second Boer War]] and the Americans during the [[Philippine–American War]] also used concentration camps.

The terms ''concentration camp'' and ''internment camp'' are used to refer to a variety of systems that greatly differ in their severity, mortality rate, and architecture; their defining characteristic is that inmates are held outside the [[rule of law]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Stone (historian) |title=Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879070-9 |pages=122–123|quote=Concentration camps throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are by no means all the same, with respect either to the degree of violence that characterizes them or the extent to which their inmates are abandoned by the authorities... The crucial characteristic of a concentration camp is not whether it has barbed wire, fences, or watchtowers; it is, rather, the gathering of civilians, defined by a regime as de facto ‘enemies’, in order to hold them against their will without charge in a place where the rule of law has been suspended.}}</ref> <!-- He also refers to "internment camps" on page 123. --> [[Extermination camp]]s or death camps, whose primary purpose is killing, are also imprecisely referred to as ''concentration camps''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nazi Camps |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-camps?series=10 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] restricts the use of internment, with Article 9 stating, "No one shall be subjected to [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]], [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]] or [[exile]]."<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a9 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9], United Nations</ref>

== Defining internment and concentration camp ==
[[Image:Fort Marr.JPG|thumb|Fort Marr is the last surviving remnant of the American forts used to intern the [[Cherokee removal|Cherokee]] in preparation for their [[Indian removal|removal]] to Indian Territory, months prior the "[[Trail of Tears]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter III |first1=Samuel |date=1976 |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart|location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart/page/232 232] |isbn=978-0385067355}}</ref>]]
[[File:Weyler reconcentrados.png|thumb|Cuban victims of [[Reconcentration policy|Spanish reconcentration policies]], 1896.]]

The ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'' defines the term ''concentration camp'' as: "A camp where persons are confined, usually without hearings and typically under harsh conditions, often as a result of their membership in a group which the government has identified as dangerous or undesirable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concentration camp |url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=concentration+camp&submit.x=-664&submit.y=-210 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=American Heritage Dictionary}}</ref>

Although the first example of civilian internment may date as far back as the 1830s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=James L. Dickerson |title=Inside America's Concentration Camps: Two Centuries of Internment and Torture |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55652-806-4 |page=29}}</ref> the English term ''concentration camp'' was first used in order to refer to the [[Reconcentration policy|reconcentration camps]] (Spanish:''reconcentrados'')  which were set up by the [[Spain under the Restoration|Spanish military]] in [[Cuba]] during the [[Ten Years' War]] (1868–1878).<ref name="Columbia">{{Cite book |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia: Concentration Camp |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=Sixth}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2017 |title=Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/concentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049/}}</ref> The label was applied yet again to camps set up by the United States during the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Storey |first1=Moorfield |url=https://archive.org/stream/secretaryrootsr00codmgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |title=Secretary Root's record. "Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root |last2=Codman |first2=Julian |publisher=George H. Ellis Company |year=1902 |location=Boston |pages=89–95 |author-link=Moorfield Storey |author-link2=Julian Codman}}</ref> And expanded usage of the ''concentration camp'' label continued, when the [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British set up camps]] during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) in South Africa for interning [[Boer]]s during the same time period.<ref name="Columbia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Documents re camps in Boer War |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/boers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609212833/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/boers.html |archive-date=9 June 2007 |publisher=sul.stanford.edu}}</ref>

During the 20th century, the arbitrary internment of civilians by the state reached its most extreme forms in the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[List of Gulag camps|Gulag system of concentration camps]] (1918–1991)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Gulag: A History, by Anne Applebaum (Doubleday) |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/anne-applebaum |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> and the [[Nazi concentration camps]] (1933–1945). The Soviet system was the first applied by a government on its own citizens.<ref name=":0" /> The Gulag consisted in over 30,000 camps for most of its existence (1918–1991) and detained some 18 million from 1929 until 1953,<ref name=":1" /> which is only a third of its 73-year lifespan. The Nazi concentration camp system was extensive, with as many as 15,000 camps<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web |title=Concentration Camp Listing |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html |publisher=Editions Kritak |location=Belgium |quote=Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo ''Le livre des Camps''}} and {{cite book | author = Gilbert, Martin | title = Atlas of the Holocaust | location = New York | publisher= William Morrow| year =  1993| isbn = 0-688-12364-3}}. In this online site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.</ref> and at least 715,000 simultaneous internees.<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |title=The Third Reich in Power |publisher=Penguin Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-303790-3 |location=New York}}</ref> The total number of casualties in these camps is difficult to determine, but the deliberate policy of [[extermination through labor]] in many of the camps was designed to ensure that the inmates would die of starvation, untreated disease and [[summary execution]]s within set periods of time.<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski">{{cite book |last=Marek Przybyszewski |url=http://www.historia.terramail.pl/opracowania/nowozytna/zamek_centrum_administracji.html |title=IBH Opracowania – Działdowo jako centrum administracyjne ziemi sasińskiej |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022004220/http://www.historia.terramail.pl/opracowania/nowozytna/zamek_centrum_administracji.html |archive-date=2010-10-22 |language=pl |trans-title=Działdowo as the centre of local administration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Moreover, Nazi Germany established six [[extermination camp]]s, specifically designed to kill millions of people, primarily by [[Extermination camp#Gassing|gassing]].<ref name="Gellately2001">{{Cite book |last1=Robert Gellately |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1toqgWg8ROUC&q=forced+labor |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |last2=Nathan Stoltzfus |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-691-08684-2 |page=216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Anne Applebaum |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2001/oct/18/a-history-of-horror |title=A History of Horror{{!}} Review of ''Le Siècle des camps'' by Joël Kotek and Pierre Rigoulot |date=18 October 2001 |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]]}}</ref>
[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|Jewish slave laborers at the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] near [[Weimar]] photographed after their liberation by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 16 April 1945]]

As a result, the term "concentration camp" is sometimes conflated with the concept of an "[[extermination camp]]" and historians debate whether the term "concentration camp" or the term "internment camp" should be used to describe other examples of civilian internment.<ref name=euph/>

The "concentration camp" label continues to see expanded use for cases post-[[World War II]], for instance in relation to [[List of British detention camps during the Mau Mau Uprising|British camps in Kenya]] during the [[Mau Mau rebellion]] (1952–1960),<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2019 |title=Museum of British Colonialism releases online 3D models of British concentration camps in Kenya |work=Morning Star |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/museum-british-colonialism-releases-online-3d-models-british}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1989 |title=The Mau Mau Rebellion |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/12/31/the-mau-mau-rebellion/186d8bdf-1d95-4b63-9147-c67f20d7eb0f/}}</ref> and camps set up in [[Chile]] during the [[military dictatorship]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]] (1973–1990).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2013 |title=Chilean coup: 40 years ago I watched Pinochet crush a democratic dream |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/07/chile-coup-pinochet-allende}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of Defense]] as many as 3 million [[Uyghurs]] and members of other [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority groups are being held in [[China]]'s [[Xinjiang re-education camps|re-education camps]] which are located in the [[Xinjiang]] region and which American news reports often label as ''concentration camps''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2019 |title=As the U.S. Targets China's 'Concentration Camps', Xinjiang's Human Rights Crisis is Only Getting Worse |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/xinjiang-uyghur-crisis-muslim-china-1398782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=Uighurs and their supporters decry Chinese 'concentration camps', 'genocide' after Xinjiang documents leaked |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/17/uighurs-their-supporters-decry-chinese-concentration-camps-genocide-after-xinjiang-documents-leaked/}}</ref> The camps were established in the late 2010s under [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist Party general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[China under Xi Jinping|administration]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Buckley |first2=Chris |date=2019-11-16 |title='Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html |access-date=2019-11-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kate O'Keeffe and Katy Stech Ferek |date=14 November 2019 |title=Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000}}</ref>

==Impact==
Scholars have debated the efficacy of internment as a [[counterinsurgency]] tactic. A 2023 study found that internment during the [[Irish War of Independence|Irish war of independence]] led to greater grievances among Irish rebels and led them to fight longer in the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huff |first=Connor |date=2023 |title=Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/counterinsurgency-tactics-rebel-grievances-and-who-keeps-fighting/33AE2D679AFED94755E0D6CE5AAAB483 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=118 |pages=475–480 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000059 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Examples==
{{main|List of concentration and internment camps}}

===Active===
[[File:Xinjiang Internment Map, US-Aus Gov Assessment.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Xinjiang internment camps]] in China based on data collected by the US [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]]]
*[[Prisons in North Korea#Internment camps for political prisoners|North Korean prison camps]] (1948–present)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-forced-labour-survivor-camp-15-hermit-kingdom-kim-jong-un-a7971926.html|title=Life inside a North Korea labour camp: 'We were forced to throw rocks at a man being hanged'|date=28 September 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Political_Prison_Camp_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf|title=Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today|date=2013-10-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019141624/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Political_Prison_Camp_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2013|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>
*[[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] (2002–present)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/guantanamo-files-qahtani-salahi-torture|title=Guantánamo Bay files: Torture gets results, US military insists|last=Leigh|first=David|date=2011-04-25|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ama.com.au/sites/default/files/Prof_David_Isaacs_Speech.pdf|title=Professor David Isaacs Speech}}</ref>
*[[Slavery in Libya#Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era|Refugee detention centres]] in Libya (2011–present)<ref>{{citation|title=EXCLUSIVE: Italian doctor laments Libya's 'concentration camps' for migrants| date=15 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTgAdth2jmk&list=PLSyY1udCyYqCACdN9kIuTYlcsJhVqf2At&index=29|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/aTgAdth2jmk| archive-date=2021-10-30|access-date=2019-12-18}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/13832/europe-s-apathy-toward-humanitarian-rescue-outrages-ngos|title=Europe's apathy toward humanitarian rescue outrages NGOs|date=2018-12-11|website=InfoMigrants|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/11/25/what-the-danish-lawrence-learned-in-libya/|title=What the 'Danish Lawrence' Learned in Libya (5th paragraph from the last one)|last=Wehrey|first=Frederic|date=2019-11-25|website=The New York Review of Books|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.5198437/detained-migrants-killed-in-libya-airstrike-used-as-human-shields-doctors-without-borders-1.5198498|title=Detained migrants killed in Libya airstrike used as 'human shields'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/en/journal/international/021219/france-cancels-speedboats-delivery-libyan-coastguard|title=France cancels speedboats delivery to Libyan coastguard|last=Mediapart|first=La Rédaction De|website=Mediapart|date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>
*[[Xinjiang re-education camps|Uyghur re-education camps]] in China (2017–present)<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=China is creating concentration camps in Xinjiang. Here's how we hold it accountable |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/china-is-creating-concentration-camps-in-xinjiang-heres-how-we-hold-it-accountable/2018/11/23/93dd8c34-e9d6-11e8-bbdb-72fdbf9d4fed_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi crown prince defends China's right to put Uighur Muslims in concentration camps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/22/saudi-crown-prince-defends-chinas-right-put-uighur-muslims-concentration/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/22/saudi-crown-prince-defends-chinas-right-put-uighur-muslims-concentration/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[Anti-gay purges in Chechnya|Anti-gay detention camps]] in Chechnya (2017–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/europe/at-least-100-gay-men-have-been-rounded-up-and-thrown-in-concentration-camps-in-chechnya/news-story/89553c2517a227ff20c57bef35cd78b3|title=The persecution of gay men in Chechnya has chilling similarities to the Third Reich|date=2017-04-19|website=NewsComAu|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/01/15/russian-lgbt-network-reports-arrests-torture-and-deaths-part-chechnya-gay-purge-accusation|title=Is there a 'gay purge' in Chechnya? Rights group fears the worst|last=Stefanello|first=Viola|date=2019-01-15|website=euronews|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2017/04/11/chechnya-concentration-camp-homosexuals/|title=Report: Chechnya Opens 'Concentration Camp for Homosexuals'|website=Snopes.com|date=11 April 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2017-003094_EN.pdf|title=Question to the EU Commission by Matt Carthy}}</ref>
*[[Trump administration migrant detentions|Migrant detentions]] as part of [[immigration detention in the United States]] (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movement to call migrant detention centers 'concentration camps' swells online |url=https://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/migrant-detention-centers-concentration-camps-tx-12994549.php |last=Ramirez |first=Fernando |date=2018-06-14 |work=[[Houston Chronicle|Chron]] |quote=The practice of separating migrant families began in April when Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced a new "zero-tolerance" policy prosecuting 100 percent of illegal border crossings.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hignett |first1=Katherine |title=Academics rally behind Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez over concentration camp comments: 'She is completely historically accurate' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-concentration-camps-immigrants-detention-centers-southern-border-experts-1445483 |website=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=23 August 2019 |date=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a27813648/concentration-camps-southern-border-migrant-detention-facilities-trump/|title=An Expert on Concentration Camps Says That's Exactly What the U.S. Is Running at the Border|last=Holmes|first=Jack|date=2019-06-13|website=Esquire|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Beorn |first1=Waitman Wade |title=Yes, you can call the border centers 'concentration camps,' but apply the history with care |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/06/20/yes-you-can-call-the-border-detention-centers-concentration-camps-but-apply-the-history-with-care |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=30 August 2019 |date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[Internment camps in Ethiopia]] during the [[Tigray War]] and the [[War in Amhara]] (2020–present).<ref name="Salon_eyewitness_Tigrayan_children">{{cite Q|Q125771844|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GlobeMail_they_just_vanished">{{cite Q|Q125771289|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_warning_signs_genocide">{{cite news | last1= Clark | first1= Helen |author1-link=Helen Clark (British politician) | last2= Lapsley | first2= Michael |author2-link=Michael Lapsley|last3=Alton |first3=David |author3-link=David Alton | title= The warning signs are there for genocide in Ethiopia – the world must act to prevent it | date= 2021-11-26 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |access-date=2021-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127031651/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |archive-date= 2021-11-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ECLJ_silent_suffering_Amhara">{{cite Q|Q125791341|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|Russian filtration camps in Ukraine]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/thousands-of-mariupol-survivors-being-detained-and-e2-80-98tortured-e2-80-99-in-russia-controlled-prisons-in-occupied-ukraine/ar-AAXrRjm  | title=Thousands of Mariupol survivors being detained and 'tortured' in Russian-controlled prisons | website=[[MSN]] | publisher=[[The i Paper]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-25 |title='You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/831791.html | title=Ukraine calls on UNSC, UN Secretary General to ensure evacuation of wounded from Azovstal }}</ref>
*[[Sde Teiman detention camp]] in [[Israel]] during the [[Gaza war]] (2024–present)
*[[Immigration to Italy|Italian migrant detention camps]] in [[Albania]] (2024–present)<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/09/europe/italy-migrants-albania-centers-intl-cmd/index.html Italy’s hard-right government set to send sea migrants to Albania in bid to curb arrivals]. CNN</ref><ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-offshore-detention-centers-albania-migration-asylum-processing-giorgia-meloni/ Italy’s offshore detention centers in Albania open for business]. Politico</ref>

===Closed===
*[[Abercorn Barracks]], [[Northern Ireland]] (sometimes referred to as Ballykinlar Barracks) (1919–1921, 1971)
*[[Reconcentration policy]] during Cuba's War of Independence from Spain (1896–1898)
*[[Second Boer War concentration camps|Second Boer War in South Africa]] (1900–1902)
*[[Curragh Camp]] in Ireland (1939–1946, 1957–1959). Curragh Camp was by far the largest, at least 30 other prisons and camps were used throughout the country.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date=2017 |title=Civil War Internment Collection |url=https://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/reading-room-collections/civil-war-internment-collection-1922-1925 |publisher=Defense Forces of Ireland |page= |docket= |access-date=22 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
*[[Cyprus internment camps]] (1946–1949)
*[[Reconcentrados]] "Zones of Protection" 1901, [[Philippine-American War]]
*[[Herero and Namaqua genocide#Concentration camps|Herero and Namaqua genocide]] (1904–1907)
*[[Deir ez-Zor Camps|Concentration of Armenians during the Armenian Genocide]] (1915–1916)
* [[Internment camps in France]] and its colonies (1910s-1960s)
*[[Finnish Civil War prison camps|Finnish Civil War]] (1918)
*[[Frongoch internment camp]] British camp used for WWI and Irish 1916 [[Easter Rising]] prisoners 
*[[Gormanston Camp]] in the [[Irish Free State]] (1922–1923)
*Malayan [[New village]]s as part of the [[Briggs Plan]] during the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1950–1960)
*[[List of Italian concentration camps|Italian concentration camps in Africa and Europe]] (1930–1944)
*[[HM Prison Maze]] in Northern Ireland (1971–1975), previously known as Long Kesh Detention Centre, and known colloquially as the Maze or H-Blocks)
*[[Nazi concentration camps|German concentration camps before and during World War II]] (1933–1945)
*[[List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II|Japanese internment of prisoners of war and civilians]] during [[World War II]] (ended 1945)
*[[Internment of German Americans|German-American internment camps in World War II]] (1941–1948)
*[[Internment of Italian Americans|Italian-American internment camps in World War II]] (1941–1943)
*[[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese-American internment camps in World War II]] (1942–1946)
*[[Japanese Canadian internment]] (1942–1949)
*[[Deoli internment camp]] [[Internment of Chinese-Indians|in India]] (1962–1967)
*[[Omarska camp]] in Bosnia, 1992
*[[Dretelj camp]] (1992–1995)
*[[Camp Bucca]] in Iraq (2003–2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/0422detention.pdf|title=Open Letter to Members of the Security Counsel Concerning Detentions in Iraq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/7674-largest-american-internment-camp-iraq-shuts-down|title=Largest American Internment Camp in Iraq Shuts Down {{!}} The Takeaway|website=WNYC Studios|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ritholtz.com/2014/12/how-u-s-torture-led-to-the-rise-of-isis/|title=How U.S. Torture Led to the Rise of ISIS|date=2014-12-23|website=The Big Picture|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>
*[[Abu Ghraib prison]] in Iraq (1980–2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108388925325204831|title=Excerpts From Red Cross Report|date=2004-05-07|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/breaking-out-of-abu-ghraib|title=Breaking Out of Abu Ghraib|last=Anderson|first=Jon Lee|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2013-07-26|access-date=2019-12-17|issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26496|title=Defense.gov News Article: Abuse Resulted From Leadership Failure, Taguba Tells Senators|website=archive.defense.gov|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521223835/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26496|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="115" style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%">
File:Armrefugees.jpg|Armenian refugees collected near the body of a dead horse at [[Deir ez-Zor camps|Deir ez-Zor]], during the [[Armenian genocide]]
File:Tampere prison camp women.jpg|Women at the [[Kalevankangas camp|Kalevankangas concentration camp]] of [[Tampere]] in 1918, several months after the [[Finnish Civil War]]
File:Vorkuta a.jpg|Aerial view of the [[Vorkutlag]], a major Russian [[gulag]]
File:Al-Magroon Concentration Camp.jpg|Inmates at [[El Agheila]], one of the [[Italian concentration camps in Libya|Italian concentration camps]] during the [[Italian colonization of Libya]]
File:Boven-Digoel.jpg|Indonesian prisoners being exiled to the Dutch camp of [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp|Boven-Digoel]], 1927
File:"Persons of Japanese ancestry arrive at the Santa Anita Assembly Center from San Pedro. Evacuees lived at this center at - NARA - 539960.jpg|[[Manzanar]] internment camp for Japanese-Americans in 1942
File:New Village in Malaya, 1950s.jpg|A British model [[new village]], designed as part of the [[Briggs Plan]] to separate the largely Chinese Malaysian rural populace from communist guerrillas during the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
File:Photo de l'infirmerie et des locaux disiplinaire du camp de Thol.jpg|Camp de Thol, one of the [[Internment camps in France|French concentration camps]] for Algerians used during the [[Algerian War]]<ref>{{cite journal |language=fr |author=Arthur Grosjean |title=Internement, emprisonnement et guerre d'indépendance algérienne en métropole : l'exemple du camp de Thol (1958-1965) |journal=Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines |date=10 March 2014 |doi=10.4000/criminocorpus.2676 |s2cid=162123460 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/criminocorpus/2676 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107072404/https://journals.openedition.org/criminocorpus/2676 |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Civilian internee]]
*[[Extermination through labor]]
*[[Extrajudicial detention]]
*[[Gulag]]
*[[New village]]
*[[Bantustan]]
*[[House arrest]]
*[[Labor camp]]
*[[Kwalliso]] (North Korean political penal labour colonies)
*[[Laogai]] (Chinese, "reform through labor")
*[[Military Units to Aid Production]]
*[["Polish death camp" controversy]]
*[[Prison overcrowding]]
*[[Prisoner-of-war camp]]
*[[Prisons in North Korea]]
*[[Quasi-criminal]]
*{{annotated link|Reductions}}
*[[Re-education camp (Vietnam)]]
*[[Re-education through labor]]
*[[Remand (detention)]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Pitzer |first=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |year=2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-316-30359-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Dan |title=Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-879070-9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Iain R. |last2=Stucki |first2=Andreas |title=The Colonial Development of Concentration Camps (1868–1902) |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/44298/1/WRAP_Smith_Andreas%27s_and_Iain%27s_revised_version_of_JICH_article_%28completed%29.pdf |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=September 2011 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=417–437 |s2cid=159576119 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2011.598746}}
*{{cite book|title=Le siècle des camps|last=Kotek|first=Joël|year=2000|isbn=978-2-7096-1884-7|pages=805|publisher=Lattès |language=fr}} Exhaustive history of the internment camps. Also available in German ({{cite book|title=Das Jahrhundert der Lager|isbn=978-3-549-07143-4|last1=Kotek |first1=Joël |last2=Rigoulot |first2=Pierre |year=2001|publisher=Propyläen }})

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Incarceration}}
{{Segregation by type}}{{Discrimination}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Internments| ]]
[[Category:Total institutions]]