View source for International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

{{Short description|International non-governmental organization that assists in worldwide physics development}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
| image = International Union of Pure and Applied Physics logo.png
| image_size = 160px
| size = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| abbreviation = IUPAP
| motto = 
| formation = {{start date and age|1922}}
| extinction = 
| type = [[International organization|International]]
| status = Active
| purpose = To stimulate and facilitate international cooperation in physics and the worldwide development of science <ref name="Kerwin1969">{{cite journal|last1=Kerwin|first1=Larkin|title=The international union of pure and applied physics|journal=Physics Today|volume=22|issue=5|year=1969|pages=53–55|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3035575|bibcode=1969PhT....22e..53K|s2cid=122968286 }}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Geneva]], with an administrative office in [[Trieste]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Central Secretariat of IUPAP is moving to Trieste |url=https://www.sissa.it/news/central-secretariat-iupap-moving-trieste |website=Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati |access-date=24 April 2022 |language=en |date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
| location = [[Switzerland]]<ref>{{cite web |website=IUPAP |title=Contact us |date=26 February 2021 |url=http://iupap.org/contact-us/}}</ref>
| region_served = Worldwide
| membership = [[International Science Council]]
| language = English
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Silvina Ponce Dawson]]
| key_people =
| main_organ = Executive Council
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| num_staff = 
| num_volunteers = 
| budget = 
| website = {{URL|http://iupap.org/}}
| remarks = 
}}

The '''International Union of Pure and Applied Physics''' ('''IUPAP'''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|juː|p|æ|p|,_|ˈ|juː|-}}) is an international [[non-governmental organization]] whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of [[physics]], to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity.<ref name="Kerwin1969" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/58182 |title=Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics |date=2024-07-09 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |isbn=978-0-19-887868-1 |editor-last=Lalli |editor-first=Roberto |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198878681.001.0001 |editor-last2=Navarro |editor-first2=Jaume}}</ref><ref name="Nilsson1996">{{cite journal|last1=Nilsson|first1=Jan|title=What can IUPAP do for you?|journal=Physics World|volume=9|issue=12|year=1996|pages=13–14|issn=0953-8585|doi=10.1088/2058-7058/9/12/12}}</ref> It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris.<ref name="IUPAP50">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Sanborn C |date=September 1972 |title=Physics 50 Years Later: [Papers] as Presented to the XIV General Assembly of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics on the Occasion of the Union's Fiftieth Anniversary |location=Washington, DC |publisher=The National Academies Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/physics50yearsla00brow/page/436 436] |isbn=978-0-309-02138-8 |doi=10.17226/20232 |url=https://archive.org/details/physics50yearsla00brow/page/436 }}</ref> The Union is domiciled in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UID-Register@BFS, UID CHE-494.244.310 (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)) |url=https://www.uid.admin.ch/Detail.aspx?uid_id=CHE-494.244.310 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.uid.admin.ch}}</ref>

IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists;<ref name="Kerwin1973">{{cite journal |last1=Kerwin |first1=Larkin |title=IUPAP on freedom |journal=Physics Today |volume=26 |issue=12 |year=1973 |page=11 |issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.3128352|bibcode=1973PhT....26l..11K }}</ref><ref name="Davis1972">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Harold L. |title=IUPAP–A union for all physicists |journal=Physics Today |volume=25 |issue=9 |year=1972 |page=88 |issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.3071031|bibcode=1972PhT....25i..88D }}</ref> promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards;<ref name="Fleuryde Boer1962">{{cite journal |last1=Fleury |first1=P. |last2=de Boer |first2=J. |title=Symbols units and nomenclature in physics |journal=Physics Today |volume=15 |issue=6 |year=1962 |pages=20–30 |issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.3058223|bibcode=1962PhT....15f..20F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=IUPAP handbook on symbols and units |journal=Physics Today |volume=35 |issue=9 |year=1982 |page=21 |issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.2915257|bibcode=1982PhT....35i..21. }}</ref> and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.Therefore it is very important .<ref name="BacherHavens1972">{{cite journal |last1=Bacher |first1=Robert F. |last2=Havens |first2=William W. |last3=Koch |first3=H. William |last4=Marshak |first4=Robert E. |last5=Seitz |first5=Frederick |title=IUPAP–Past and future|journal=Physics Today |volume=25 |issue=9 |year=1972 |pages=23–28 |issn=0031-9228 |doi=10.1063/1.3070995|bibcode=1972PhT....25i..23B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iupap.org/about-us/ |website=IUPAP |title=About Us|date=28 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Soviet Oppression: IUPAP Retaliates |journal=Nature |volume=245 |issue=5419 |year=1973 |page=3 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/245003b0|bibcode=1973Natur.245R...3. |s2cid=38836278 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

IUPAP is a member of the [[International Science Council]].

IUPAP is the lead organization promoting the adoption of the [[International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.iybssd2022.org/en/home/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=International Year of Basic Sciences for Development|language=en-GB}}</ref> a proposal to be considered by the 76th session of the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].

== History==
In 1919 was formed the International Research Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iupap.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/history.pdf|title=History of IUPAP|website=iupap.org|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2019-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101101919/http://iupap.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/history.pdf}}</ref> "was largely through the representatives of the [[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences, Washington]], and of the [[Royal Society]], [[London]], to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences, under whose aegis international associations or unions in different branches of science could be formed".

By this principle, the 1922 General Assembly of the IRC convened at [[Brussels]] and a number of physicists present decided that the formation of a Physics Union was imperative.

Thirteen countries ([[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Netherlands]], [[Empire of Japan]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Union of South Africa]]) immediately announced their adherence to the new Union.

An Executive committee was formed which undertook to prepare rules, regulations, and activities of the organization. The committee consisted of ten distinguished physicists: [[William Henry Bragg|W.H. Bragg]], [[Marcel Brillouin|M. Brillouin]], [[Orso Mario Corbino|O.M. Corbino]], M. Knudsen, M. Leblanc, [[Robert Andrews Millikan|R.A. Millikan]], H. Nagaoka, E. Van Aubel, and [[Henri Abraham|H. Abraham]]. The committee had Bragg as President, Van Aubel as Vice-President, and Abraham as Secretary. This was the birth of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

The year 2022 marked the centenary of IUPAP, organized and run by the physics communities of the world. In this context, IUPAP sponsored the publication of ''Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics'', edited by Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro. This anthology brings together contributions to the history of IUPAP since its foundation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro |url=https://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/academic/pdf/openaccess/9780198878681.pdf |title=Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-887868-1}}</ref>

== Committees and governance ==
The Union is governed by its General Assembly, which meets every three years. The Council is its top executive body, supervising the activities of the nineteen specialized International Commissions and the four Affiliated Commissions – it typically meets once or twice per year. The Union is composed of Members representing identified physics communities. At present 60 Members adhere to IUPAP. The Members are represented by Liaison Committees.  Members of the Council and Commissions are elected by the General Assembly, based on nominations received from Liaison Committees and existing Council and Commission members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iupap.org/about%2Dus/statutes/ |title=The Statues of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (as adopted by the General Assembly, 2011) |date=2011 |publisher=IUPAP |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143613/http://iupap.org/about-us/statutes/ }}</ref>

'''The IUPAP specialised Commissions are:'''

* C1. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c1-commission-on-finance/ Commission on Policy and Finance]
* C2. [https://iupap.org/commissions/commission-on-symbols-units-nomenclature-atomic-masses-and-fundamental-constants/ Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses & Fundamental Constants]
* C3. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c3-commission-on-statistical-physics/ Commission on Statistical Physics]
* C4. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c4-commission-on-astroparticle-physics/ Commission on Astroparticle Physics]. The commission was previously known as the Commission on Cosmic Rays.
* C5. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c5-low-temperature-physics/ Commission on Low Temperature Physics]
* C6. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c6-biological-physics/ Commission on Biological Physics]
* C8. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c8-semiconductors/ Commission on Semiconductors]
* C9. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c9-magnetism/ Commission on Magnetism]
* C10. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c10-structure-and-dynamics-of-condensed-matter/ Commission on the Structure and Dynamics of Condensed Matter]
* C11. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c11-particles-and-fields/ Commission on Particles and Fields]
* C12. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c12-nuclear-physics/ Commission on Nuclear Physics]
* C13. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c13-physics-for-development/ Commission on Physics for Development]
* C14. [https://iupap.org/commissions/physics-education/ Commission on Physics Education]
* C15. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c15-atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics/ Commission on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics]
* C16. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c16-plasma-physics/ Commission on Plasma Physics]
* C17. [http://iupap.org/commissions/c17-laser-physics-and-photonics/ Commission on Laser Physics and Photonics]
* C18. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c18-mathematical-physics/ Commission on Mathematical Physics]
* C19. [https://iupap.org/commissions/c19-astrophysics/ Commission on Astrophysics]
* C20. [https://iupap.org/commissions/computational-physics/ Commission on Computational Physics]

'''The Affiliated Commissions are:'''

AC1. [[International Commission for Optics]]

AC2. [[International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation|International Commission on General Relativity and Gravitation]]

AC3. [[International Commission for Acoustics]]

AC4. [[International Organization for Medical Physics|International Commission on Medical Physics]]

AC5. [[International Association of Physics Students]]

AC6. [https://iupap.org/who-we-are/internal-organization/affiliated-commissions/ac6-affiliated-commission-on-the-history-and-philosophy-of-physics/ History and Philosophy of Physics]

In addition IUPAP has established a number of Working Groups, among others the [[International Committee for Future Accelerators]] (WG1)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metropolis |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFjEqvEc0D4C&dq=icfa+accelerators+iupap&pg=PA93 |title=New Directions In Physics |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-323-14131-4 |page=93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sugawara |first=Hirotaka |title=High Energy Physics, Past, Present and Future |work=Memorial Volume on Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday |page=416 |year=2017 |url=http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789813144873_0022 |access-date=2024-03-04 |place=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |language=en |doi=10.1142/9789813144873_0022 |bibcode=2017mvas.book..411S |isbn=978-981-314-486-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Working Group on Women in Physics|Women in Physics]] (WG5),<ref>{{Citation |last1=Schopper |first1=Herwig |title=From Science to Science Diplomacy. See section "IUPAP Looks into the Role of Women in Physics" |date=2024 |work=Herwig Schopper: Scientist and Diplomat in a Changing World |pages=175–176 |editor-last=Schopper |editor-first=Herwig |series=Springer Biographies |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7_8 |isbn=978-3-031-51042-7 |last2=Gillies |first2=James |editor2-last=Gillies |editor2-first=James|doi-access=free }}</ref> to provide an overview of important areas of international collaboration in physics.

== Sponsored conferences ==
Each year, IUPAP endorses approximately 30 international conferences and awards grants to the majority of them. Applications for sponsorship can be made via the IUPAP website.

Sponsored conferences fall into four categories:

'''General Conferences - Type A'''

These provide a broad overview of an entire field (typically the field of interest to a Commission), and normally occur at two- or three-year intervals, as advances in the field warrant. Attendance in the range of 750–1000 would be anticipated.

'''Topical Conferences - Type B'''

These concentrate on broad sub-fields (e.g. nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, heavy ion physics, are possible sub-fields in the field of Nuclear Physics). They would normally be scheduled in the years between the corresponding Type A General conferences. Attendance in the range of 300-600 individuals would be anticipated.

'''Special Conferences - Type C'''

These concentrate on much more specialised topics than in the case of Type B Conferences (e.g. angular correlations, lifetime measurements, neutron resonance studies in the field of Nuclear Physics). Attendance in the range of 50-200 would be anticipated.

'''Workshops in Developing Countries - Type D'''

These concentrate on meeting the needs of a developing region. Unlike the Type A, B and C conferences, they do not need to be truly international, but should involve neighbouring countries, and they should address the needs of the region. One Type D conference will be approved each year. All applications for Type-D Conferences must be submitted to the Commission on Physics for Development (C13).

== Sponsored awards ==
IUPAP commissions sponsor various awards for scientists. These include:
[[File:Iupap award.jpg|thumb|150x150px|IUPAP Young Scientist Medal.]]
* The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=iupap |date=2021-02-26 |title=Early Career Scientist Prizes - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics |url=https://iupap.org/awards/young-scientist-prizes/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2) 
* The [[Boltzmann Medal]], awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3) 
* [https://www.bartol.udel.edu/wwwroot/BriefHist_ShaktiDuggalAward2023.pdf The Shakti Duggal Award], established in 1983, to recognize outstanding work by a young scientist in the field of cosmic ray physics, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4), on behalf of the Bartol Research Institute.
* The [[Yodh Prize]], awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4) on behalf of the [[University of California Irvine]] Foundation 
* The [[Fritz London Memorial Prize]], given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5)  
* The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe 
* ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9) 
* The [[Kennedy J. Reed|Kennedy Reed]] Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13) 
* The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14) 
* Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the Commission on Plasma Physics (C16)
* ICO Prize, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)  
* ICO Galileo Galilei Award, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)

== Sponsored symposiums and conferences==
* C3: [[STATPHYS]]
* C4: [[International Cosmic Ray Conference]]
* C5: [[International Conference on Low Temperature Physics]]
* C11: [[International Conference on High Energy Physics]]
* C17: [[Symposium on Laser Physics]]

== Territorial members ==

IUPAP was founded in 1922 with 13 members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and South Africa. Since, then many new members have joined the union. Today, IUPAP consists of 56 territorial member.

Below is the list of IUPAP territorial members: 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |List of the Current and Former  Territorial Members of IUPAP<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iupap.org/about-us/history-of-membership/|title=History of Membership {{!}} IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|website=iupap.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>
|-
!
!Country
!Shares

(2015)
!Votes

(2015)
!Year of
Joining
!Year of
ceasing to

be a member
!Rejoining
(1)
!Rejoining
(2)
|-
|1
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|1
|1
|2009
|
|
|
|-
|2
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|1
|1
|1951
|
|1984
|
|-
|3
|{{flag|Australia}}
|4
|3
|1925
|
|
|
|-
|4
|{{flag|Austria}}
|2
|2
|1957
|
|
|
|-
|5
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|4
|3
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|6
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|8
|4
|1951
|
|
|
|-
|7
|{{flag|Canada}}
|8
|4
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|8
|{{flag|Chile}}
|1
|1
|1984
|
|
|
|-
|9
|{{flag|CHN|name=China-Beijing}} (PRC)
|15
|5
|1984
|
|
|
|-
|10
|{{flag|TWN|name=China-Taipei}} (Taiwan)
|5
|3
|1984
|
|
|
|-
|11
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|1
|1
|2009
|2017
|
|
|-
|12
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|1
|1
|1993
|
|
|
|-
|13
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|1
|1
|2003
|
|
|
|-
|14
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|4
|3
|1993
|
|
|
|-
|15
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|3
|2
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|16
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|1
|1
|2002
|
|
|
|-
|17
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|1
|1
|2009
|No Voting rights<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iupap.org/about-us/history-of-membership/|title=History of Membership {{!}} IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|website=iupap.org|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|18
|{{flag|Finland}}
|3
|2
|1947
|
|
|
|-
|19
|{{flag|France}}
|15
|5
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|20
|{{flag|Germany}}
|15
|5
|1954
|
|
|
|-
|21
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|1
|1
|?
|
|
|
|-
|22
|{{flag|Greece}}
|1
|1
|2009
|
|
|
|-
|23
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|3
|2
|1948
|
|
|
|-
|24
|{{flag|India}}
|8
|4
|1948
|
|
|
|-
|25
|{{flag|Iran}}
|1
|1
|?
|
|
|
|-
|26
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|1
|1
|1966
|
|
|
|-
|27
|{{flag|Israel}}
|2
|2
|1951
|
|
|
|-
|28
|{{flag|Italy}}
|12
|5
|1923
|
|
|
|-
|29
|{{flag|Japan}}
|15
|5
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|30
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|2
|1
|2018
|
|
|
|-
|31
|{{flag|KOR|name=Korea}} (ROK)
|10
|5
|1969
|
|
|
|-
|32
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|1
|1
|2002
|
|
|
|-
|33
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|1
|1
|2002
|
|
|
|-
|34
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|2
|2
|1925
|
|
|
|-
|35
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|4
|3
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|36
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|1
|1
|1954
|
|
|
|-
|37
|{{flag|Norway}}
|3
|2
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|38
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|0
|0
|1951
|
|2017
|
|-
|39
|{{flag|Peru}}
|1
|1
|2009
|
|
|
|-
|40
|{{PHL}}
|1
|1
|2009
|
|
|
|-
|41
|{{flag|Poland}}
|4
|3
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|42
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|1
|1
|1984
|
|
|
|-
|43
|{{flag|Romania}}
|1
|1
|1947
|
|1960-87
|2009
|-
|44
|{{flag|Russia}}
|18
|6
|1992
|
|
|
|-
|45
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|1
|1
|1990
|
|
|
|-
|46
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|1
|1
|?
|No voting rights
|
|
|-
|47
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|2
|2
|2009
|
|
|
|-
|48
|{{SVK}}
|1
|1
|1993
|
|
|
|-
|49
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|1
|1
|1993
|
|
|
|-
|50
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|3
|2
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|51
|{{flag|Spain}}
|8
|4
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|52
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|8
|4
|1923
|
|
|
|-
|53
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|4
|3
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|54
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|1
|1
|2005
|
|
|
|-
|55
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|15
|5
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|56
|{{flag|United States}}
|18
|6
|1922
|
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|0
|0
|1963
|
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|0
|0
|1957
|
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|1
|1
|2009
|2017
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|1
|1
|2009
|2017
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|1
|1
|1969
|No voting rights
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|1
|1
|1948
|2017
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|East Germany}}
|
|
|1960
|
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|1
|1
|1995
|2017
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|0
|0
|1990
|
|
|
|-
|
|{{Flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=Republic of China}}
<small>(membership renewed as China-Taipei)</small>
|
|
|1934
|1984
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
<small>(succeeded by Russia)</small>
|18
|6
|1957
|1991
|
|
|-
|
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
|0
|0
|1954
|1992
|
|
|}

== List of IUPAP Presidents ==

The IUPAP President is the head of the Executive Council. IUPAP Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. During the election of the Executive Council, the future President is also elected to the post of President-Designate. Thus in every Executive Council the current President-Designate will succeed the incumbent President.

Below is the list of IUPAP Presidents since its inception in 1922.

{| class="wikitable"
!Term!!President!!Nationality
|-
|1922–1931||[[William Henry Bragg|Sir William Henry Bragg]]<ref name="Nilsson1996" />||{{UK}}
|-
|1931–1934||[[Robert Andrews Millikan]]<ref name="BacherHavens1972" />||{{USA}}
|-
|1934–1947||[[Manne Siegbahn|Mann Siegbahn]]<ref name="IUPAP50" />||{{SWE}}
|-
|1947–1951||[[Hans Kramers|Hendrik Anthony Kramers]]<ref name="Wheeler1951">{{cite journal|last1=Wheeler|first1=John A.|title=7th IUPAP Assembly|journal=Physics Today|volume=4|issue=11|year=1951|pages=30–33|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3067089|bibcode=1951PhT.....4k..30W}}</ref> ||{{NLD}}
|-
|1951–1957||[[Nevill Francis Mott|Sir Nevill Francis Mott]]<ref name="Slater1952">{{cite journal|last1=Slater|first1=J. C.|title=IUPAP Executive Committee|journal=Physics Today|volume=5|issue=9|year=1952|pages=32–33|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3067746|bibcode=1952PhT.....5i..32S}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler1954">{{cite journal|last1=Wheeler|first1=John A.|title=IUPAP Assembly|journal=Physics Today|volume=7|issue=9|year=1954|pages=28–29|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3061774|bibcode=1954PhT.....7i..28W}}</ref>||{{UK}}
|-
|1957–1960||[[Edoardo Amaldi]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=IUPAP 9th General Assembly|journal=Physics Today|volume=11|issue=1|year=1958|pages=46–47|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.3062393|bibcode=1958PhT....11a..46.}}</ref>||{{ITA}}
|-
|1960–1963||[[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Jehangir Bhabha]]<ref name="IUPAP50" />||{{IND}}
|-
|1963–1966||[[Louis Néel|Louis Eugène Félix Néel]]<ref name="IUPAP50" />||{{FRA}}
|-
|1966–1969||[[Dmitry Blokhintsev|Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev]]<ref name="Mayer1979">{{cite journal|last1=Mayer|first1=Meinhard E.|title=Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev|journal=Physics Today|volume=32|issue=7|year=1979|pages=62–63|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.2995633|bibcode=1979PhT....32g..62M}}</ref>||{{USSR}}
|-
|1969–1972||[[Robert Bacher|Robert Fox Bacher]]<ref name="BacherHavens1972" />||{{USA}}
|-
|1972–1975||[[Heinz Maier-Leibnitz]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=New honorary fellow|journal=Physics Bulletin|volume=30|issue=4|year=1979|page=141|issn=0031-9112|doi=10.1088/0031-9112/30/4/003}}</ref>||{{GER}}
|-
|1975–1978||[[Clifford Charles Butler|Sir Clifford Charles Butler]]<ref name="Butterworth2001">{{cite journal|last1=Butterworth|first1=Ian|title=Sir Clifford Charles Butler. 20 May 1922 – 30 June 1999|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=47|year=2001|pages=39–54|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2001.0003|s2cid=71004018}}</ref>||{{UK}}
|-
|1978–1981||Leonard Sosnowski <ref>{{cite journal|title=IUPAP chooses new officers|journal=Physics Today|volume=32|issue=6|year=1979|page=79|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.2995605}}</ref>||{{POL}}
|-
|1981–1984||[[Kai Siegbahn|Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn]]||{{SWE}}
|-
|1984–1987||[[D. Allan Bromley|David Allan Bromley]]<ref name="Sweet1985">{{cite journal|last1=Sweet|first1=William|title=IUPAP President Bromley Worries About "Isolation" of US Physicists|journal=Physics Today|volume=38|issue=4|year=1985|page=79|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.2814526|bibcode=1985PhT....38R..79S}}</ref>||{{CAN}}/{{USA}}
|-
|1987–1990||[[Larkin Kerwin]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duckworth|first=Henry E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFqYGaKzhq8C&q=%22Larkin+Kerwin%22+iupap+president&pg=PA166|title=One version of the facts: My life in the ivory tower|date=2000-10-12|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-352-3|location=Winnipeg, MB|page=166|language=en}}</ref>||{{CAN}}
|-
|1990–1993||[[Yuri Osipyan|Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan]]<ref name="AlferovAndreev1991">{{cite journal|last1=Alferov|first1=Zhores I|last2=Andreev|first2=Aleksandr F|last3=Borovik-Romanov|first3=A S|last4=Vaĭnshteĭn|first4=B K|last5=Gantmakher|first5=Vsevolod F|last6=Keldysh|first6=Leonid V|last7=Nikitenko|first7=V I|last8=Ponyatovskiĭ|first8=E G|last9=Timofeev|first9=Vladislav B|last10=Khalatnikov|first10=I M|last11=Shekhtman|first11=V Sh|last12=Shchegolev|first12=I F|title=Yuriĭ Andreevich Osip'yan (on his sixtieth birthday)|journal=Soviet Physics Uspekhi|volume=34|issue=2|year=1991|pages=202–203|issn=0038-5670|doi=10.1070/PU1991v034n02ABEH002340}}</ref>||{{RUS}}
|-
|1993–1996||Yasatuka Yamaguchi <ref name="Sakai2017">{{cite journal|last1=Sakai|first1=Norisuke|title=Yoshio Yamaguchi|journal=Physics Today|volume=70|issue=7|year=2017|page=72|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/PT.3.3636|bibcode=2017PhT....70g..72S|doi-access=free}}</ref>||{{JPN}}
|-
|1996–1999||Jan S. Nilsson <ref name="Feder1996">{{cite journal|last1=Feder|first1=Toni|title=IUPAP General Assembly Held in Sweden|journal=Physics Today|volume=49|issue=11|year=1996|page=74|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.881552}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.ictp.it/pio/words/news/2010/in-memoriam-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014145117/https://portal.ictp.it/pio/words/news/2010/in-memoriam-2/ |archive-date=2019-10-14 |title=In Memoriam: Jan S. Nilsson, 1932 - 2010 |date=2010-06-16 |publisher=ICTP |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>||{{SWE}}
|-
|1999–2002||[[Burton Richter]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=IUPAP Elects New Officers|journal=Physics Today|volume=52|issue=7|year=1999|page=48|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.882721|bibcode=1999PhT....52R..48.}}</ref><ref name="Richter*1999">{{cite journal|last1=Richter*|first1=B.|title=Megascience Forum: Valuable from IUPAP's Perspective|journal=Science|volume=286|issue=5442|year=1999|pages=1089b–1089|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.286.5442.1089b|s2cid=153748589}}</ref>||{{USA}}
|-
|2002–2005
|[[Yves Petroff|Yves Pierre Petroff]]||{{FRA}}
|-
|2005–2008
|[[Alan Astbury]]<ref name="van OersCrabb2009">{{cite journal|last1=van Oers|first1=Willem T. H.|last2=Crabb|first2=Donald G.|last3=Prok|first3=Yelena|last4=Poelker|first4=Matt|last5=Liuti|first5=Simonetta|author5-link=Simonetta Liuti|last6=Day|first6=Donal B.|last7=Zheng|first7=Xiaochao|title=Introductory Remarks on Behalf of IUPAP|year=2009|pages=3–8|doi=10.1063/1.3215675|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=1149|issue=1|bibcode=2009AIPC.1149....3V}}</ref>||{{CAN}}
|-
|2008–2011
|Sukekatsu Ushioda||{{JPN}}
|-
|2011–2014
|[[Cecilia Jarlskog]]<ref name="McKellar2017">{{cite journal|last1=McKellar|first1=Bruce H. J.|title=Commentary: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and you|journal=Physics Today|volume=70|issue=10|year=2017|pages=10–11|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/PT.3.3707|bibcode=2017PhT....70j..10M|doi-access=free}}</ref>||{{SWE}}
|-
|2014–2017
|[[Bruce McKellar]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=NEWS|journal=Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter|volume=01|issue=1|year=2012|pages=4–12|issn=2251-158X|doi=10.1142/S2251158X12000021}}</ref>||{{AUS}}
|-
|2017–2020
|[[Kennedy J. Reed]]<ref name="McKellar2017" />||{{USA}}
|-
|2020–2024||[[Michel Spiro]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13|title=Spiro appointed IUPAP president|url=https://cerncourier.com/a/spiro-appointed-iupap-president/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=CERN Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref>||{{FRA}}
|-
|2025-2027||Silvina Ponce Dawson<ref>{{Cite web |last=iupap |date=2024-10-28 |title=Silvina Ponce Dawson IUPAP new President - IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics |url=https://iupap.org/2024/10/28/silvina-ponce-dawson-iupap-new-president/ |language=en-US}}</ref>||{{ARG}}
|}

== IUPAP reactions to sanctions in science ==
IUPAP, whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of [[physics]], to foster international cooperation, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity, has throughout its history defended the stand that no scientists should be barred from participating in conferences or events on the basis of their nationality or their affiliation.<ref name="Nilsson1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lalli |first1=Roberto |last2=Navarro |first2=Jaume |date=2024-09-19 |title=When physicists strove for peace: past lessons for our uncertain times |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02997-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=633 |issue=8030 |pages=515–517 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02997-z |pmid=39284891 |bibcode=2024Natur.633..515L |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, IUPAP issued a statement against the military offensive, while advocating for continued international scientific cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakada |first=Tatsuya |title=IUPAP Statement on the events occurring in Ukraine {{!}} ILC Newsline |url=https://newsline.linearcollider.org/2022/03/22/iupap-statement-on-the-events-occurring-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chetty |first=Nithaya |title=Scientific diplomacy and cooperation in this time of war |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220309104524206 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=University World News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Altarelli |first1=Monica Pepe |last2=Vigen |first2=Jens |date=2022-11-08 |title=100 years of international collaboration in physics |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/100-years-of-international-collaboration-in-physics/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=CERN Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref> To alleviate [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Science|sanctions in science]] and to promote principles and policies for international scientific collaboration,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Principles and policies for international scientific collaboration |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/international/research-collab.cfm |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=American Physical Society |language=en}}</ref> IUPAP offers physicists, including students, from any country around the world, who feel excluded from academic exchange  based exclusively on their affiliation and/or country of origin, to apply to use the IUPAP as their affiliation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feder |first1=Toni |date=2022-08-03 |title=IUPAP celebrates a century and strives to meet new challenges |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/online/30348 |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=4 |article-number=30348 |doi=10.1063/PT.6.4.20220803a|bibcode=2022PhT..2022d.803. |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adherence to IUPAP policies |url=https://icap28.com/iupap/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=ICAP 28 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Use of IUPAP affiliation in academic papers |url=https://iupap.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/resolution-8.pdf |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=IUPAP position papers, statements and declarations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Albrecht |first1=M. |last2=Ali |first2=A. |last3=Barone |first3=M. |last4=Brentjes |first4=S. |last5=Bona |first5=M. |last6=Ellis |first6=J. |last7=Glazov |first7=A. |last8=Jung |first8=H. |last9=Mangano |first9=M. |last10=Neuneck |first10=G. |last11=Raicevic |first11=N. |last12=Scheffran |first12=J. |last13=Spiro |first13=M. |last14=van Mechelen |first14=P. |last15=Vigen |first15=J. |date=2023 |title=Beyond a Year of Sanctions in Science |class=physics.soc-ph |eprint=2311.02141}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iupap.org/ International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]
* [http://metrology.wordpress.com/measurement-process-index/iupap-red-book/ IUPAP 'Red Book']

{{International Science Council}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:IUPAP]]
[[Category:Members of the International Council for Science]]
[[Category:International scientific organizations]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Physics organizations]]
[[Category:International learned societies]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1922]]
[[Category:Members of the International Science Council]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]