View source for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

{{Short description|International organization representing chemists}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
| logo                     = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry logo.svg
| image                    = IUPAC.svg
| image_border             = 
| size                     = 
| alt                      = 
| caption                  = 
| map                      = 
| msize                    = 
| malt                     = 
| membership               = [[International Science Council]]
| mcaption                 = 
| abbreviation             = IUPAC
| formation                = {{start date and age|1919}}
| extinction               = 
| type                     = [[International non-governmental organization]], [[standards organization]]
| status                   = 
| purpose                  = 
| headquarters             = [[Research Triangle Park]], [[North Carolina]], [[United States]]
| location                 = 
| region_served            = [[World]]wide
| language                 = [[English language|English]]
| sec_gen                  = 
| leader_title             = President
| leader_name              = {{flagicon|Israel}} Ehud Keinan<ref name=OurLeadership>{{cite web|title=Our Leadership|url=https://iupac.org/who-we-are/our-leadership/|website=IUPAC|access-date=15 November 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829120659/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/our-leadership/}}</ref>
| leader_title2            = Vice President
| leader_name2             = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Mary Garson]]<ref name=OurLeadership/>
| leader_title3            = Secretary General
| leader_name3             = {{flagicon|Canada}} Zoltán Mester<ref name=OurLeadership/>
| main_organ               = 
| parent_organization      = 
| affiliations             = 
| num_staff                = 
| num_volunteers           = 
| budget                   = 
| website                  = {{Official URL}}
| remarks                  = 
}}

The '''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry''' ('''IUPAC''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|juː|p|æ|k|,_|ˈ|juː|-}}) is an international federation of [[National Adhering Organizations]] working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the [[International Science Council]] (ISC).<ref name="nao">{{cite web |url=https://www.iupac.org/nao |title=IUPAC National Adhering Organizations |publisher=Iupac.org |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035551/https://www.iupac.org/nao |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> IUPAC is registered in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], and its administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in [[Research Triangle Park]], [[North Carolina]], [[United States]]. The executive director of the administrative office<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Council Agenda Book |url=https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144448/https://old.iupac.org/symposia/conferences/ga09/Council_Agenda_Book_2009.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=IUPAC}}</ref>{{asof|2025|lc=y}} is Fabienne Meyers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretariat |url=https://iupac.org/who-we-are/secretariat/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

IUPAC was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of [[chemistry]]. Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national [[List of chemistry societies|chemistry societies]], national [[Academy of Sciences|academies of sciences]], or other bodies representing chemists. There are fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations.<ref name="nao" /> IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols ([[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature|IUPAC nomenclature]]) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for naming the [[chemical elements]] and [[chemical compounds|compounds]]. Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities.<ref name="governing committees">[https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees IUPAC Committees list]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104051402/https://www.iupac.org/Organization/Committees |date=4 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> These committees run different projects which include standardizing [[nomenclature]],<ref name="Interdivisional Committee on Terminology">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/027 Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009162038/https://iupac.org/web/ins/027 |date=9 October 2010 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> finding ways to bring chemistry to the world,<ref name="CHEMRAWN activities">[https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf Chemdrawn]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706145611/https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/44th_council/Item_12-2_2007.pdf |date=6 July 2008 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> and publishing works.<ref name="Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/030 Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009154125/https://iupac.org/web/ins/030 |date=9 October 2010 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref><ref name="Project Committee">{{cite web |url=https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013 |title=Project Committee web page |publisher=Iupac.org |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013 |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Evaluation Committee">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/014 Evaluation Committee page]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009160325/https://iupac.org/web/ins/014 |date=9 October 2010 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref>

IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry, but IUPAC has publications in many science fields including chemistry, biology, and physics.<ref name="History of IUPAC">{{Cite book |last= Fennel |first= R.W. |title= History of IUPAC, 1919–1987 |publisher= Blackwell Science |year= 1994 |isbn= 0-86542-878-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofiupac1900fenn }}</ref> Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing [[nucleotide]] base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science.<ref name="History of IUPAC" /><ref name="IYC">[https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction IYC: Introduction]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032234/https://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction |date=8 October 2011 }}. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> IUPAC is also known for standardizing the atomic weights of the elements through one of its oldest standing committees, the [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]] (CIAAW).

== Creation and history ==
[[File:Frkekulé.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white image of a bald man in a dark outfit, with a bushy white beard and mustache |Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz]]

The need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist [[Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz]]. This [[working group|committee]] was the first international conference to create an international naming system for [[organic compounds]].<ref name="History of IUPAC" /> The ideas that were formulated at that conference evolved into the official [[IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry]].<ref name="History of IUPAC" /> IUPAC is a legacy of this meeting, making it one of the most important historical international collaborations of [[list of chemistry societies|chemistry societies]].<ref name="History of IUPAC" /> IUPAC as such was established in 1919.<ref>[https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214015935/https://www.iupac.org/home/about.html|date=14 December 2012}}. IUPAC. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref>Since this time, IUPAC has been the official organization  with the responsibility of updating and maintaining official [[organic nomenclature]].<ref name="Chemistry The Central Science">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Theodore L. |author2=H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten |title=Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition |publisher=Pearson Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-109686-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistry00theo_0}}</ref>  

One notable country excluded from  early IUPAC was  Germany. Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards it by the Allied powers after [[World War I]].<ref name="Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik">{{Cite book|last= Kaderas |first= Brigitte |title= Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts|language=de |publisher= Franz Steiner Verlag |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-3-515-08111-5}}</ref> Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC in 1929. However, [[Nazi Germany]] was removed from IUPAC during [[World War II]]. At this time, IUPAC was affiliated with the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]], but had little involvement with the war effort itself. [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]] were only readmitted to IUPAC in 1973.<ref name="Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik" /><ref name="osullivan">{{cite journal |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dermot A. |date=1973 |title=IUPAC raises dues, ponders industry's role |journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] |volume=51 |issue=38 |pages=10 |doi=10.1021/cen-v051n038.p010 }}</ref> Since World War II, IUPAC has  focused on standardizing nomenclature and methods in science.

In 2016, IUPAC denounced the use of [[chlorine]] as a [[chemical weapon]]. In a letter to Ahmet Üzümcü,  director of the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW),  the organization pointed out their concerns in regards to  chlorine weapon usage in the [[Syrian civil war]] and other places
. The letter stated, "Our organizations deplore the use of chlorine in this manner. The indiscriminate attacks, possibly carried out by a member state of the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] (CWC), are of concern to chemical scientists and engineers around the globe and we stand ready to support your mission of implementing the CWC." According to the CWC, "the use, stockpiling, distribution, development or storage of any chemical weapons is forbidden by any of the 192 state party signatories."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/bioterrorism/20344-international-chemical-industry-condemns-use-chlorine-weapon/|title=International chemical industry condemns the use of chlorine as a weapon|date=1 December 2016|newspaper=Homeland Preparedness News|language=en-US|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014921/https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/bioterrorism/20344-international-chemical-industry-condemns-use-chlorine-weapon/|archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

== Committees and governance ==
IUPAC is governed by several committees that all have different responsibilities. The committees are as follows: Bureau, CHEMRAWN (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) Committee, Committee on Chemistry Education, Committee on Chemistry and Industry, Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications, Evaluation Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols, Project Committee, and Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board.<ref name="governing committees" /> Each committee is made up of members of different National Adhering Organizations from different countries.<ref name="nao" />

The steering committee hierarchy for IUPAC is as follows:<ref name="Project committee">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013 IUPAC Project Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130338/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/013 |date=29 June 2011 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
* All committees have an allotted budget to which they must adhere.
* Any committee may start a project.
* If a project's spending becomes too much for a committee to continue funding, it must take the issue to the Project Committee.
* The project committee either increases the budget or decides on an external funding plan.
* The Bureau and Executive Committee oversee operations of the other committees.

{| class="wikitable"
|+IUPAC committees
! width=350|Committee name (abbreviation)
! Responsibilities
|-
| '''Bureau'''
|
* Discussing and making changes to which committee has authority over a specific project
* Controlling finances for all other committees and IUPAC as a whole
* Discussing general governance of IUPAC<ref name="bureau meeting">[https://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/84_bureau.html IUPAC news and references] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171812/https://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2007/84_bureau.html |date=26 July 2011 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division''' (Division I)
|
* Organizing and promoting the international collaboration between scientists in physical and biophysical chemistry and related fields
|-
| '''[[IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division|Inorganic Chemistry Division]] '''(Division II)
|
* Inorganic and inorganic materials chemistry, isotopes, and atomic weights, [[periodic table]]
|-
| '''Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division '''(Division III)
|
* Promoting the goals of IUPAC in the field of organic and biomolecular chemistry in the broadest sense
|-
| '''Polymer Division '''(Division IV)
|
* The science and technology of macromolecules and polymers
|-
| '''Analytical Chemistry Division '''(Division V)
|
* The general aspects of analytical chemistry, separation methods, spectrochemical methods, electrochemical methods,<br>nuclear chemistry methods, and applications to human health and the environment.
|-
| '''Chemistry and the Environment Division  '''(Division VI)
|
* Providing unbiased and timely authoritative reviews on the behavior of chemical compounds in food and the environment.
|-
| '''Chemistry and Human Health Division '''(Division VII)
|
* Medicinal and clinical chemistry
|- '''Analytical Chemistry Division '''(Division V)
|
'''Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division''' (Division VIII)
|
* Maintaining and developing standard systems for designating chemical structures, including both conventional nomenclature and computer-based systems.
|-
| '''CHEMRAWN Committee''' (Chem Research Applied to World Needs)
|
* Discussing different ways chemistry can and should be used to help the world<ref name="CHEMRAWN activities" />
|-
| '''Committee on Chemistry Education''' (CCE)
|
* Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with the educational systems of the world<ref name="Chemistry Education">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050 Chemistry Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823220936/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050 |date=23 August 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''Committee on Chemistry and Industry''' (COCI)
|
* Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with [[industrial chemistry]] needs<ref name="Chemistry and Industry">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050 Chemistry and Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823220936/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/050 |date=23 August 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
|'''Committee on Ethics, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion''' (CEDEI)
|
* Promoting and developing the core values stated in the IUPAC strategic plan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Body Details |url=https://iupac.org/body/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=IUPAC {{!}} International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204340/https://iupac.org/body/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| '''Committee on Publications and Cheminformatics Data Standards''' (CPCDS)
|
* Designing and implementing IUPAC publications
* Heading the Subcommittee on [[Spectroscopic]] Data Standards<ref name="Committee on Electronic and printed Publications">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/024 Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications webpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330192325/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/024 |date=30 March 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''Evaluation Committee''' (EvC)
|
* Evaluating every project
* Reporting back to the Executive Committee on every project<ref name="Evaluation Committee" />
|-
| '''Executive Committee''' (EC)
|
* Planning and discussing IUPAC events
* Discussing IUPAC fundraising
* Reviewing other committees' work<ref name="Executive Committee example meeting">[https://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2009/141_ec.pdf Executive Committee meeting]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=Level C |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>

'''Current officers of the Executive Committee''':
* President: García Martínez, Javier
* Vice president: Keinan, Ehud
* Past President: Brett, Christopher M. A.
* Treasurer: Koch, Wolfram
* Secretary General: Hartshorn, Richard M.<ref name="executive committee">{{Cite web |title=Body Details |url=https://iupac.org/body/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=IUPAC {{!}} International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204340/https://iupac.org/body/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| '''Finance Committee''' (FC)
|
* Helping other committees properly manage their budgets
* Advising union officers on investments<ref name="Finanace Committee">[https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/026 Finance Committee web page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823234808/https://www.iupac.org/web/ins/026 |date=23 August 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''[https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041 Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033323/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/committees/committee-details/?body_code=041 |date=20 October 2017 }}''' (ICGCSD)
|
* Advancing [https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/ IUPAC Strategic Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230343/https://iupac.org/who-we-are/strategic-plan/ |date=6 April 2018 }} for green and sustainable chemistry
* Coordinating all the work of IUPAC in this area to develop a coherent program of action
* Initiating and coordinating projects in green and sustainable chemistry
* Encouraging activities in these areas from across the Divisions and Standing Committees
* Harmonization, regulation, and standardization in green and sustainable chemistry
* Organizing the series of [[International Conference on Green Chemistry|IUPAC International Conferences on Green Chemistry]]
* Managing IUPAC participation in the PhosAgro/UNESCO/IUPAC Green Chemistry for Life awards program
* Managing the [https://www.greenchemistry.school Green Chemistry Postgraduate Summer School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104083219/https://www.greenchemistry.school/ |date=4 January 2023 }} series
* Managing [https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/ IUPAC CHEMRAWN Prize for Green Chemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053523/https://iupac.org/what-we-do/awards/chemrawn-vii-prize/ |date=7 April 2018 }}
* Working and collaborating with other international organizations and industries
* Seeking additional sponsorship and support from industrial sources
|-
| '''Interdivisional Committee on Terminology''' (ICTNS)
|
* Managing [[IUPAC nomenclature]]
* Working through many projects to standardize nomenclature
* Standardizing measurements
* Discussing atomic weight standardization<ref name="Interdivisional Committee on Terminology" />
|-
| '''Project Committee''' (PC)
|
* Managing funds that are under the jurisdiction of multiple projects
* Judging if a project is too large for its funding
* Recommending sources of external funding for projects
* Deciding how to fund meetings in developing countries and countries in crisis<ref name="Project Committee" />
|-
| '''Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board''' (PAC-EAB)
|
* Helping to plan, implement, and publish [[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]<ref name="Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board" />
|}

== Nomenclature ==
{{See also|IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry}}
Scientists framed a systematic method for naming organic compounds based on their structures. Hence, the naming rules were formulated by IUPAC.<ref name="publications">[https://www.iupac.org/indexes/books/years/1900 IUPAC Publications List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509232007/https://www.iupac.org/indexes/books/years/1900 |date=9 May 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>

=== Basic spellings ===
IUPAC establishes rules for [[Harmonization (standards)|harmonized]] spelling of some chemicals to reduce variation among different local English-language variants. For example, they recommend "[[aluminium]]" rather than "aluminum", "[[sulfur]]" rather than "sulphur", and "[[caesium]]" rather than "cesium".<ref>{{BlueBook1993}}</ref><ref>{{RedBookRef|pages=47, 249}}</ref>

=== Organic nomenclature ===
{{Main|IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry}}
IUPAC organic nomenclature has three basic parts: the [[substituents]], [[carbon chain]] length, and chemical affix.<ref name="Chemistry The Central Science" /> The substituents are any functional groups attached to the main carbon chain. The main carbon chain is the longest possible continuous chain. The chemical affix denotes what type of molecule it is. For example, the ending ''ane'' denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" ({{chem|C|6|H|14}}).<ref name="Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts">{{Cite book |last= Klein |first= David R. |title= Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition |publisher= John Wiley & Sons Inc. |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-470-12929-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00klei }}</ref>

Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is [[cyclohexanol]]:

[[File:Cyclohexanol acsv.svg|thumb|150px|Cyclohexanol]]
* The substituent name for a [[ring compound]] is ''cyclo''.
* The indication (substituent name) for a six [[carbon chain]] is ''hex''.
* The chemical ending for a single bonded carbon chain is ''ane''.
* The chemical ending for an [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]] is ''ol''.
* The two chemical endings are combined for an ending of ''anol'' indicating a single bonded carbon chain with an alcohol attached to it.<ref name="Chemistry The Central Science" /><ref name="Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts" /><ref name="Gold Book second edition">{{cite web |url=https://old.iupac.org/publications/compendium/ |title=Gold Book web page |publisher=Old.iupac.org |date=19 October 2006 |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525165659/https://old.iupac.org/publications/compendium/ |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}</ref>

=== Inorganic nomenclature ===
{{Main|IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry}}
Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the [[cation]] and the [[anion]]. The cation is the name for the positively charged [[ion]] and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion.<ref name="Chemistry The Central Science" />

An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is [[potassium chlorate]] (KClO<sub>3</sub>):

[[File:Potassium-chlorate-composition.png|thumb|150px|Potassium chlorate]]
* "[[Potassium]]" is the cation name.
* "[[Chlorate]]" is the anion name.<ref name="Chemistry The Central Science" />

== Amino acid and nucleotide base codes ==
IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify [[amino acid]]s and [[nucleotide]] bases. IUPAC needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find [[Sequence homology|homologies]].<ref name="Amino Acid">[https://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html Amino Acid Codes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205191106/https://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html |date=5 February 2007 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> These codes can consist of either a one-letter code or a three-letter code.

These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up [[protein]]s. The nucleotide bases are made up of [[purines]] ([[adenine]] and [[guanine]]) and [[pyrimidines]] ([[cytosine]] and [[thymine]] or [[uracil]]). These nucleotide bases make up [[DNA]] and [[RNA]]. These nucleotide base codes make the genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read.<ref name="Amino">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/tutorials/aa.html Amino Acid and Nucleotide Base Codes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712133614/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/tutorials/aa.html |date=12 July 2009 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:solid 1px black;"
! Nucleic acid code
! Meaning
! Reasoning
|-
| A
| A
| [[adenine|''A''denine]]
|-
| C
| C
| [[cytosine|''C''ytosine]]
|-
| G
| G
| [[guanine|''G''uanine]]
|-
| T
| T
| [[thymine|''T''hymine]]
|-
| U
| U
| [[uracil|''U''racil]]
|-
| R
| A or G
| [[purine|Pu''r''ine]]
|-
| Y
| C, T or U
| [[pyrimidine|P''y''rimidines]]
|-
| K
| G, T or U
| Bases that are [[ketone|''k''etones]]
|-
| M
| A or C
| Bases with [[amino|a''m''ino groups]]
|-
| S
| C or G
| ''S''trong interaction
|-
| W
| A, T, or U
| ''W''eak interaction
|-
| B
| Not A (i.e. C, G, T, or U)
| ''B'' comes after A
|-
| D
| Not C (i.e. A, G, T, or U)
| ''D'' comes after C
|-
| H
| Not G (i.e., A, C, T, or U)
| ''H'' comes after G
|-
| V
| Neither T nor U (i.e. A, C, or G)
| ''V'' comes after U
|-
| N
| A C G T U
| ''N''ucleic acid
|-
| X
| Masked
|
|-
| -
| Gap of indeterminate length
|
|}

The codes for amino acids (22 amino acids and six special codes) are:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:solid 1px black;"
! Amino acid code
! Meaning
|-
| A
| [[Alanine]]
|-
| B
| [[Aspartic acid]] or [[asparagine]]
|-
| C
| [[Cysteine]]
|-
| D
| Aspartic acid
|-
| E
| [[Glutamic acid]]
|-
| F
| [[Phenylalanine]]
|-
| G
| [[Glycine]]
|-
| H
| [[Histidine]]
|-
| I
| [[Isoleucine]]
|-
| K
| [[Lysine]]
|-
| L
| [[Leucine]]
|-
| M
| [[Methionine]]
|-
| N
| [[Asparagine]]
|-
| O
| [[Pyrrolysine]]
|-
| P
| [[Proline]]
|-
| Q
| [[Glutamine]]
|-
| R
| [[Arginine]]
|-
| S
| [[Serine]]
|-
| T
| [[Threonine]]
|-
| U
| [[Selenocysteine]]
|-
| V
| [[Valine]]
|-
| W
| [[Tryptophan]]
|-
| Y
| [[Tyrosine]]
|-
| Z
| [[Glutamic acid]] or glutamine
|-
| J
| [[Leucine]] or isoleucine
|-
| X
| Any
|-
| *
| Translation stop
|-
| -
| Gap of indeterminate length
|}

== Publications ==
{{Lacking ISBN|date=September 2023}}
=== Non-series books ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book name
! Description
|-
| '''''Principles and Practices of Method Validation'''''
|
''Principles and Practices of Method Validation'' is a book entailing methods of validating and analysing many [[analyte]]s taken from a single [[wikt:aliquot|aliquot]].<ref name="flipkart review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation">[https://www.flipkart.com/principles-practices-method-validation-fajgelj/0854047832-o8w3f3l1oc Flipkart Review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312084945/https://www.flipkart.com/principles-practices-method-validation-fajgelj/0854047832-o8w3f3l1oc |date=12 March 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> Also, this book goes over techniques for analysing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix-induced effects, and the effect of an equipment setup on an experiment.<ref name="flipkart review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation" />
|-
| '''''Fundamental Toxicology'''''
|
''Fundamental Toxicology'' is a textbook that proposes a [[curriculum]] for [[toxicology]] courses.<ref name="Fundamental Toxicology">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0854046143 Fundamental Toxicology review on amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311161629/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0854046143 |date=11 March 2020 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> ''Fundamental Toxicology'' is based on the book ''Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists''.<ref name="Fundamental Toxicology Review">[https://www.rsc.org/Shop/books/2006/9780854046140.asp Fundamental Toxicology review on rsc.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107224334/https://www.rsc.org/Shop/books/2006/9780854046140.asp |date=7 January 2009 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> ''Fundamental Toxicology'' is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: [[risk assessment]] and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and [[ecotoxicology]].<ref name="Fundamental Toxicology Review" /> This book is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology.<ref name="Fundamental Toxicology" />
|-
| '''''Macromolecular Symposia'''''
|
''Macromolecular Symposia'' is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the [[European Polymer Federation]], the [[American Chemical Society]], and the [[Society of Polymer Science]] in Japan.<ref name="Macromolecular Symposia">[https://old.iupac.org/publications/macro/index.html Macromolecular Symposia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303215437/https://old.iupac.org/publications/macro/index.html |date=3 March 2010 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|}

=== ''Experimental Thermodynamics'' book series ===
The ''Experimental Thermodynamics'' books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book
! Description
|-
| '''''Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids'''''
|
''Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids'' is a book that is published by [[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Science]]. The topics that are included in this book are low and high-temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, [[Diffusion equation|diffusion coefficients]], [[light scattering]], transient methods for [[thermal conductivity]], methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating [[Rheometer|viscometers]].<ref name="Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids review on Amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632029978 Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids review on Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314141043/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632029978 |date=14 March 2020 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Solution Calorimetry'''''
|
''Solution Calorimetry'' is a book that gives background information on [[thermal analysis]] and [[calorimetry]]. Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods.<ref name="Solution Calorimetry review on Amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/044482085X Solution Calorimetry review on Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311080650/https://www.amazon.com/dp/044482085X |date=11 March 2020 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I'''''
|
''Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I'' is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives the strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: [[virial]] equation of state cubic equations; generalized [[Van der Waals equation]]s; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that ''Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I'' goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points.<ref name="Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I review on Amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444503846 Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures part I review on Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312101556/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444503846 |date=12 March 2020 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases'''''
|
''Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases'' is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different [[thermodynamic state]]s precisely and accurately. ''Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases'' was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties.<ref name="Flipkart review of Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases">[https://archive.today/20130123155414/https://www.flipkart.com/book/measurement-thermodynamic-properties-single-phases/0444509313 Flipkart review of Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases]. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases'''''
|
''Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases'' is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity [[coefficients]], [[interfacial tension]], and [[Parameter|critical parameters]]. This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source.<ref name="Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases review on Amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444519777 Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases review on Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308065904/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0444519777 |date=8 March 2020 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|}

=== Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book name
! Description
|-
| '''''Atmospheric Particles'''''
|
''Atmospheric Particles'' is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. ''Atmospheric Particles'' goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: [[acid rain]]; [[heavy metals|heavy metal]] pollution; [[global warming]]; and [[photochemical]] smog. ''Atmospheric Particles'' also covers techniques to analyse the atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples.<ref name="Atmospheric Particles review">[https://archive.today/20130123140225/https://www.flipkart.com/book/atmospheric-particles-harrison-roy-rene/0471959359 Flipkart review of Atmospheric Particles]. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation'''''
|
''Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation'' is a book that discusses environmental [[colloid]]s and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize colloids and particles. ''Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation'' also delves into how these colloids and [[particle]]s interact.<ref name="Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation review on amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0470024321 Amazon Review of Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation, and Characterisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309014023/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0470024321 |date=9 March 2020 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems'''''
|
''Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems'' is meant to give an overview of a technique based on [[fractal geometry]] and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different [[ecosystems]]. It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, ''Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems'' shows how to use the fractal approach to understand the reactivity of [[Flocculation|flocs]], sediments, soils, microorganisms, and [[humic]] substances.<ref name="Wiley page on Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems">[https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470014741.html Wiley on Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201619/https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470014741.html |date=7 June 2011 }}. New York: Wiley. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem'''''
|
''Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem'' is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. ''Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem'' is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect [[terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial systems]]. This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] life. ''Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem'' gives techniques to analyse minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so.<ref name="Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem review">[https://archive.today/20130123100339/https://www.flipkart.com/book/interactions-between-soil-particles-microorganisms/0471607908 Flipkart review of Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem]. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref>
|-
| '''''The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater'''''
|
''The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater'' is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in [[Antarctica]] and the Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production.<ref name="SciTech Book News">SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002.</ref> It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low [[chlorophyll]] areas in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Amazon review of The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471490687 Review of Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317195552/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471490687 |date=17 March 2020 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation'''''
|
''In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation'' is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor [[marine ecoregion|aquatic systems]] and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and [[microtechnology]]. ''In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation'' is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyse aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.<ref name="review of Insitu Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation review">[https://search.barnesandnoble.com/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Aquatic-Systems/Jacques-Buffle/e/9780471489795/ Review of ''In Situ'' Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation from Barnes and Noble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092056/https://search.barnesandnoble.com/In-Situ-Monitoring-of-Aquatic-Systems/Jacques-Buffle/e/9780471489795/ |date=7 June 2011 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles'''''
|
''Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles'' is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. ''Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles'' is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of [[anthropology]]. It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modelling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles.<ref name="Review of Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles">[https://www.lebooks.in/books/structure-surface-reactions-soil-particles-pan-ming-huang-f605dd78c7/9780471959366 Review of Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162635/https://www.lebooks.in/books/structure-surface-reactions-soil-particles-pan-ming-huang-f605dd78c7/9780471959366 |date=21 July 2011 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|-
| '''''Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3'''''
|
''Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3'' is a book about the effect of [[trace metal]]s on aquatic life.<ref name="Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 review">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471958301 Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317185153/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471958301 |date=17 March 2020 }}. Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3. Review on Amazon. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how [[bioassays]] can be used to evaluate how an [[organism]] is affected by trace metals. Also, ''Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3'' looks at the limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms.
|-
| '''''Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces'''''
|
''Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces'' is a book created to aid [[environmental scientist]]s in fieldwork. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in [[Environment (biophysical)|environmental systems]]. ''Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces'' continues from where ''Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems'' leaves off.<ref name="Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces review">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471498459 Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317131622/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471498459 |date=17 March 2020 }}. Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|}

=== Coloured cover book and website series (nomenclature) ===
{{Main|IUPAC book}}
IUPAC colour code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable.<ref name="History of IUPAC" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Description
|-
| '''''Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature'''''
|
One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee is the ''[[Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature]]'' (the "Orange Book"; 1st edition 1978).<ref name="orange book">[https://www.iupac.org/objID/Source/sou89661252938339267969131 IUPAC orange book publication history]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984.<ref name="orange book preamble">[https://old.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/ Orange Book Preamble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208090103/https://old.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/ |date=8 February 2012 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions, which led to the third edition.<ref name="orange book preamble" />
|-
| '''''Pure and Applied Chemistry'' (journal)'''
|
''[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]'' is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for ''Pure and Applied Chemistry'' is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry."<ref name="official journal">[https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/ IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611131643/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/ |date=11 June 2012 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website.

''Pure and Applied Chemistry'' was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles.<ref name="First journal">[https://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1960/pdf/0101x0003.pdf IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Issue 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004173305/https://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1960/pdf/0101x0003.pdf |date=4 October 2011 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information.

Its creation was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957.<ref name="First journal" /> During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, the IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first.<ref name="First journal" /> However, it was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available.
|-
| '''''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'''''
|
The ''[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]]'', also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by [[Victor Gold (chemist)|Victor Gold]]. This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in ''Pure and Applied Chemistry''.<ref name="Gold Book">[https://goldbook.iupac.org/ Gold Book Online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124233000/https://goldbook.iupac.org/ |date=24 November 2016 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref> The ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology'' was first published in 1987.<ref name="History of IUPAC" /> The first edition of this book contains no original material, but is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works.

The second edition of this book was published in 1997.<ref name="Gold Book second edition" /> This book made large changes to the first edition of the ''Compendium of Chemical Terminology''. These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms.<ref name="Gold Book second edition" /> The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC [[XML]] project. This project made an XML version of the book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version.<ref name="Gold Book second edition" />
|-
| '''''IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry'' (online publication)'''
| ''IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry'', also known as the "Blue Book", is a website published by the Advanced Chemistry Department Incorporated with the permission of IUPAC. This site is a compilation of the books ''A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds'' and ''Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry''.<ref name="Blue Book">[https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/ Online version of Blue Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140820/https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/ |date=8 June 2011 }} Retrieved 15 April 2010</ref>
|}

== International Year of Chemistry ==
[[File:Internationales Jahr der Chemie.svg|thumb|upright|150px|alt=A red square behind an orange square, which is behind a blue square that says "2011 C Chemistry" on it. Under this, there are the words "International Year of Chemistry 2011".|International Year of Chemistry logo]]

IUPAC and [[UNESCO]] were the lead organizations coordinating events for the [[International Year of Chemistry]], which took place in 2011.<ref>[https://freitag.creighton.edu/OmahaACSfiles/N0848333.pdf United Nations Resolution 63/209: International Year of Chemistry.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805145708/https://freitag.creighton.edu/OmahaACSfiles/N0848333.pdf |date=5 August 2010 }} 3 February 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.</ref><ref name="note1">[https://www.chemistry2011.org/assets/42/IYC_prospectus.pdf About IYC: Introduction.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612203545/https://www.chemistry2011.org/assets/42/IYC_prospectus.pdf |date=12 June 2010 }} 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.</ref> The International Year of Chemistry was originally proposed by IUPAC at the general assembly in [[Turin]], Italy.<ref name="International Year of Chemistry Prospectus">{{cite web |url=https://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/membership/acs/getinvolved/CNBP_021696 |title=International Year of Chemistry Prospectus |publisher=Portal.acs.org |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105155038/https://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/membership/acs/getinvolved/CNBP_021696 |archive-date=5 November 2011 }}</ref> This motion was adopted by UNESCO at a meeting in 2008.<ref name="International Year of Chemistry Prospectus" /> The main objectives of the International Year of Chemistry were to increase public appreciation of chemistry and gain more interest in the world of [[chemistry]]. This event is also being held to encourage young people to get involved and contribute to chemistry. A further reason for this event being held is to honour how chemistry has made improvements to everyone's way of life.<ref name="IYC" />

== IUPAC Presidents ==
IUPAC Presidents are elected by the IUPAC Council during the General Assembly. Below is the list of IUPAC Presidents since its inception in 1919.<ref name="PAST OFFICERS OF IUPAC">{{cite web |url=https://old.iupac.org/general/handbook/past_officers.html |title=Past Officers of IUPAC |publisher=iupac.org |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415100457/https://old.iupac.org/general/handbook/past_officers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Term!!President!!Nationality
|-
|1920–1922||[[Charles Moureu]]||{{FRA}}
|-
|1923–1925||[[William Jackson Pope]]||{{UK}}
|-
|1926–1928||[[Ernst Julius Cohen]]||{{NLD}}
|-
|1928–1934||Einar Biilman||{{DEN}}
|-
|1934–1938||N. Paravano||{{ITA}}
|-
|1938–1947||[[Marston Taylor Bogert]]||{{USA}}
|-
|1947–1951||Hugo Rudolph Kruyt||{{NLD}}
|-
|1951–1955||[[Arne Tiselius]]||{{SWE}}
|-
|1955–1959||[[Arthur Stoll]]||{{CHE}}
|-
|1959–1963||William Albert Noyes Jr.||{{USA}}
|-
|1963–1965||[[Alexander R. Todd|Lord Todd]]||{{UK}}
|-
|1965–1967||[[Wilhelm Klemm]]||{{GER}}
|-
|1967–1969||V.N. Kondratiev||{{USSR}}
|-
|1969–1971||[[Albert Lloyd George Rees]]||{{AUS}}
|-
|1971–1973||Jacques Bénard||{{FRA}}
|-
|1973–1975||[[Harold Warris Thompson|Sir Harold Thompson]]||{{UK}}
|-
|1975–1977||[[Robert W. Cairns]]||{{USA}}
|-
|1977–1979||[[Georges Smets]]||{{BEL}}
|-
|1979–1981||Heinrich Zollinger||{{CHE}}
|-
|1981–1983||Saburo Nagakura||{{JPN}}
|-
|1983–1985||[[William G. Schneider]]||{{CAN}}
|-
|1987–1989||[[Valentin Koptyug|Valentin A. Koptyug]]||{{USSR}}
|-
|1989–1991||Yves P. Jeannin||{{FRA}}
|-
|1991–1993||[[Allen J. Bard]]||{{USA}}
|-
|1993–1995||Kiril I. Zamaraev||{{RUS}}
|-
|1996–1997||Albert E. Fischli||{{CHE}}
|-
|1998–1999||[[Joshua Jortner]]||{{ISR}}
|-
|2000–2001||Alan Hayes||{{UK}}
|-
|2002–2003||Pieter Streicher Steyn||{{ZAF}}
|-
|2004–2005||[[Leiv Kristen Sydnes]]||{{NOR}}
|-
|2006–2007||Bryan Henry||{{CAN}}
|-
|2008–2009||Jung-Il Jin||{{KOR}}
|-
|2010–2011||Nicole J. Moreau||{{FRA}}
|-
|2012–2013||Kazuyuki Tatsumi||{{JPN}}
|-
|2014–2015||Mark Cesa||{{USA}}
|-
|2016–2017||Natalia Tarasova||{{RUS}}
|-
|2018–2019||[[Zhou Qifeng]]||{{CHN}}
|-
|2020–2021||Christopher M.A. Brett||{{POR}}
|-
|2022–2023||[[Javier García Martinez|Javier García-Martínez]]||{{ESP}}
|-
|2024–2025||Ehud Keinan||{{ISR}}
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Chemistry}}
* [[CAS registry number]]
* [[Chemical nomenclature]]
* [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]
* [[European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences]]
* [[Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements]] (IRMM)
* [[International Chemical Identifier]] (InChI)
* [[International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]] (IUBMB)
* [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP)
* [[List of chemical elements naming controversies]]
* [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST)
* [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system]] (SMILES)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{International Science Council}}
{{Navbox periodic table}}

{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Chemistry organizations]]
[[Category:International scientific organizations]]
[[Category:Members of the International Council for Science]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Zurich]]
[[Category:Organizations based in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1919]]
[[Category:Standards organisations in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Members of the International Science Council]]