View source for Intergovernmental Authority on Development

{{update|date=June 2022}}
{{Short description|Trade bloc in East Africa}}
{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
| native_name            = <small>''الهيئة الحكومية للتنمية''<br />''Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement''</small>
| linking_name           = the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
| image_coat             = Igadseal.png
| symbol_type            = Seal
| image_map              = IGAD.svg
| map_caption            = {{legend|#008000|Member states}}
{{legend|#5D9D5D|Withdrawn}}
{{legend|#9D5D5D|Suspended}}
[[File:Plain Yellow Star.png|15px]] Headquarters
| membership             = {{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;
  |title = 7 member states
  |{{DJI}} 
  |{{ERI}} 
  |{{ETH}}
  |{{KEN}} 
  |{{SOM}} 
  |{{SSD}}{{NoteTag|Suspended membership.}} 
  |{{UGA}}}}
{{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;
  |title = 21 partner states<ref name="Partner states">{{cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/intergovernmental-authority-development-regional-consultative-process-migration-igad-rcp|title=IGAD-RCP|language=|website=IOM.int|access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
  |{{flag|Austria}} 
  |{{flag|Belgium}} 
  |{{flag|Canada}} 
  |{{flag|Chad}}
  |{{flag|Denmark}}
  |{{flag|Egypt}}
  |{{flag|France}}
  |{{flag|Germany}}
  |{{flag|Greece}}
  |{{flag|Ireland}}
  |{{flag|Italy}}
  |{{flag|Japan}}
  |{{flag|Libya}}
  |{{flag|Netherlands}}
  |{{flag|Niger}}
  |{{flag|Norway}}
  |{{flag|Sweden}}
  |{{flag|Tunisia}}
  |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
  |{{flag|United States}}
  |{{flag|Yemen}}}}
| admin_center_type      = [[Headquarters]]
| admin_center           = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti City]], Djibouti
| coordinates            = 
| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title1          = Chair
| leader_name1           = [[Abdalla Hamdok]]
| leader_title2          = Executive Secretary
| leader_name2           = [[Workneh Gebeyehu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IGAD ES Page |url=https://igad.int/the-igad-es-page/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=IGAD |language=en-US}}</ref>
| established            = January 1986 <small>(as IGADD)</small><br /> 1996
| area_rank              = 
| area_magnitude         = 
| area_km2               = 5,204,977
| area_sq_mi             = 1,997,303
| population_estimate    = 
| population_estimate_rank = 
| population_estimate_year = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_density_rank = 
| GDP_PPP                = $337.82 billion
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
| GDP_nominal            = $393.042 billion
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 
| GDP_nominal_year       = 
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $888.5
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 
| Gini_year              = 
| Gini_change            = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini                   = <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref               = 
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI_year               = 
| HDI_change             = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI                    = <!--number only-->
| HDI_ref                = 
| HDI_rank               = 
| currency               = 
| time_zone              = [[East Africa Time]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| drives_on              = 
| official_website       = {{URL|igad.int}}
}}

The '''Intergovernmental Authority on Development''' ('''IGAD''') is an eight-country [[trade bloc]] in [[Africa]]. It includes governments from the [[Horn of Africa]], [[Nile Valley]] and the [[African Great Lakes]]. It is headquartered in [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]].

==Formation==
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development was established in 1996. It succeeded the earlier Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD),{{NoteTag|The "D" in "IGADD" abbreviation had multiple meanings (Drought or Disaster) while another "D" means "Development" afterwards.}} a multinational body founded in 1986 by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, with a focus on development and environmental control. IGADD's headquarters were later moved to Djibouti, following an agreement signed in January 1986 by the member states. Eritrea joined the organization in 1993, upon achieving independence.<ref name="Igadau">{{cite web|title=IGAD - About us|url=http://www.igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=124|publisher=Intergovernmental Authority on Development|access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>

In April 1995, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government met in [[Addis Ababa]], where they agreed to strengthen cooperation through the organization. This was followed with the signing of a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter / Agreement on 21 March 1996. The Revitalised IGAD, a new organizational structure, was eventually launched on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti.<ref name="Igadau"/>

==Member states==
=== Horn of Africa ===
*{{flag|Djibouti}} (founding member, since 1986)
*{{flag|Eritrea}} (admitted 1993, withdrew 2007, attempted to rejoin in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=Intergovernmental Authority on Development: About us: History |publisher=IGAD |date=9 January 2010 |url=http://www.igad.org/ |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/eritrea-ethiopia-idAFL6E7IS17A20110728 |title=Eritrea rejoins East African bloc IGAD |work=Reuters |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/19340 |title=Eritrea's Relation with IGAD and the OAU/AU: The Domestic and International Dynamics |author=Befekadu Bogale |journal=Turkish Journal of International Relations |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=2014 |page=4}}</ref> rejoined 2023)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/13/eritrea-rejoins-east-africa-trade-and-security-bloc-igad-after-16-years// |title=Eritrea rejoins east Africa trade and security bloc IGAD after 16 years |work=africanews |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ethiopia}} (founding member, since 1986)
*{{flag|Somalia}} (founding member, since 1986)

=== Nile Valley ===
*{{flag|South Sudan}} (admitted 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=East African bloc admits South Sudan as member |publisher=Reuters Africa |date=25 November 2011 |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123658/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> suspended December 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Şafak|first=Yeni|title=Regional bloc suspends South Sudan's membership over failure to pay fees|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/regional-bloc-suspends-south-sudans-membership-over-failure-to-pay-fees-3585922|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Yeni Şafak|language=tr-TR}}</ref>
*{{flag|Sudan}} (founding member since 1986, suspended participation in 2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/sudan-suspends-ties-east-african-bloc-paramilitary-leaders-summit-invitation.amp | title=Sudan suspends ties with East African bloc over paramilitary leader's summit invitation &#124; Fox News | website=[[Fox News]] }}</ref>

=== African Great Lakes ===
*{{flag|Kenya}} (founding member, since 1986)
*{{flag|Uganda}} (founding member, since 1986)

=== Partner states ===
IGAD have partner states outside the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes for participating at IGAD-RCP meetings on an ''ad hoc'' basis.<ref name="Partner states"/>

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
*{{flag|Austria}} 
*{{flag|Belgium}} 
*{{flag|Canada}} 
*{{flag|Chad}}
*{{flag|Denmark}}
*{{flag|Egypt}}
*{{flag|France}}
*{{flag|Germany}}
*{{flag|Greece}}
*{{flag|Ireland}}
*{{flag|Italy}}
*{{flag|Japan}}
*{{flag|Libya}}
*{{flag|Netherlands}}
*{{flag|Niger}}
*{{flag|Norway}}
*{{flag|Sweden}}
*{{flag|Tunisia}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|United States}}
*{{flag|Yemen}}
{{div col end}}

==IGASOM/AMISOM==
{{Politics of the African Union mini|financial|width=5em}}
{{main|AMISOM}}
In September 2006, the AU Peace and Security Council approved an IGAD proposal to deploy an IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia (IGASOM).<ref name="Sauerpp">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: African Union endorses regional peace plan|url=http://ports.co.za/news/article_2006_09_15_3438.html#five|access-date=25 August 2013|newspaper=IRIN|date=14 September 2006}}</ref>

On 21 February 2007, the [[United Nations Security Council]] approved Resolution 1744, which authorized the deployment of a new [[African Union Mission to Somalia]] (AMISOM) in place of IGASOM.<ref name="UN_SRES17442007">{{cite web|title=Resolution 1744 (2007)|url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/1744.pdf|publisher=United Nations Security Council|access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>

==Current situation==
{{no sources|section|date=May 2022}}
*IGAD is a principal supporter of the [[Federal Government of Somalia]] and backed it through the [[AMISOM]] and [[ATMIS]] initiatives.
*IGAD expanded its activities in 2008 with initiatives to improve the investment, trade and banking environments of member states. The organization stressed the deployment of highly innovative programmes and mechanisms.

==Structure==
*The '''Assembly of Heads of State and Government''' is the supreme policy making organ of the Authority. It determines the objectives, guidelines and programs for IGAD and meets once a year. A Chairman is elected from among the member states in rotation.
*The '''Secretariat''' is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years renewable once. The Secretariat assists member states in formulating regional projects in the priority areas, facilitates the coordination and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources to implement regional projects and programs approved by the council and reinforces national infrastructures necessary for implementing regional projects and policies. The current Executive Secretary is [[Workneh Gebeyehu]] of  Ethiopia (since 29 November 2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://igad.int/executive-secretary/2309-igad-countries-leaders-applaud-dr-workneh-s-appointment-as-executive-secretary|title=IGAD countries leaders applaud Dr Workneh's appointment as executive secretary|website=igad.int|access-date=2019-12-01|archive-date=2020-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202180232/https://igad.int/executive-secretary/2309-igad-countries-leaders-applaud-dr-workneh-s-appointment-as-executive-secretary|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The '''Council of Ministers''' is composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and one other Minister designated by each member state. The Council formulates policy, approves the work program and annual budget of the Secretariat during its biannual sessions.
*The '''Committee of Ambassadors''' comprises IGAD member states' Ambassadors or Plenipotentiaries accredited to the country of IGAD Headquarters. It convenes as often as the need arises to advise and guide the Executive Secretary.

Ambassador [[Mahboub Maalim]] handed over as Executive Secretary <ref name="Eshisti">{{cite web|url=http://igad.int/index.php?view=article&catid=46%3Aexecutive-secretary&id=762%3Aitalys-support-to-igad&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=123|title=Executive Secretary Hails Italy's Support to IGAD|publisher=Intergovernmental Authority on Development|access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> to Workneh Gebeyehu in late 2019. Maalim, a Kenyan nominee, had served from 2008 to 2019.

=== Executive Secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IGAD ES Page |url=https://igad.int/the-igad-es-page/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=IGAD |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Name
!Country
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|1
|Mekonnen Kibret
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|1986
|1990
|-
|2
|David Muduuli
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|1991
|1996
|-
|3
|Tekeste Ghebray
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|1996
|2000
|-
|4
|Attalla Hamad Bashir
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|2000
|2008
|-
|5
|Mahboub Maalim
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|2008
|2019
|-
|6
|Workneh Gebeyehu
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|2019
|Incumbent
|}

==Comparison with other regional trade blocs==
{{African Economic Community}}

==See also==
*[[East African Community]] (EAC)
*[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://igad.int/ IGAD official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160932/http://www.igad.org/about/agreement_establishing_igad.pdf Agreement Establishing the Intergovernmental Authority on Development]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050422131644/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity_to_union/igadprof.htm IGAD Profile (Institute for Security Studies)]
* [http://www.cewarn.org/ Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN)]

{{African Trade Agreements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Intergovernmental Authority On Development}}
[[Category:Politics of Africa]]
[[Category:Regional Economic Communities of the African Union]]
[[Category:African Union]]
[[Category:Trade blocs]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Africa]]