View source for Intel 80186

{{Short description|16-bit microcontroller}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox CPU
|name                = Intel 80186
|image               = KL Intel i186.jpg
|image_size          = 200px
|caption             = An Intel A80186 processor in a gray ceramic package
| produced-start     = {{start date and age|1982|01}}
| produced-end       = {{end date and age|2007|9|28}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |title=Product Change Notification | date=May 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023085836/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2006}}</ref>
| slowest            = 6 | slow-unit = MHz
| fastest            = 25 | fast-unit = MHz
| fsb                = 6&nbsp;MHz to 25 MHz
| arch               = [[x86-16]]
| application        = Desktop, Embedded
| pack1              = {{ubl|68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]]|68-pin [[Leadless chip carrier|LCC]]|100-pin [[PQFP]] (engineering sample only)|68-pin [[Pin grid array|PGA]]}}
| predecessor        = [[Intel 8088]]
| variant            = [[Intel 80188]]
| successor          = [[Intel 80386]] (The [[80286]] was also introduced in early 1982, and thus contemporary with the 80186)
| co-processor       = [[8087]] and later, [[X87#80187|80C187]] (for 80C186 only)
| manuf1             = [[Intel]], [[AMD]], [[Fujitsu]], [[Siemens]],<ref>[http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80186/MANUF-Intel.html CPU http://www.cpu-world.com].</ref> [[Harris Corporation|Harris]], [[Intersil]]
| size-from          = [[3 μm process|3&nbsp;μm]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/3_%C2%B5m_lithography_process |title=3&nbsp;μm lithography process |website=WikiChip}}</ref>
| size-to            = 1&nbsp;μm<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page&nbsp;11.</ref>
| transistors        = 55,000
| data-width         = 16 bits
| address-width      = 20 bits
| sock1              = {{ubl|PGA68|[[Chip carrier|PLCC-68]] (variant)|[[Chip carrier|LCC-68]] (variant)}}
| support status     = Unsupported
}}

The Intel '''80186''', also known as the '''iAPX 186''',<ref name="i286">{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf|title=iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference|at=page 1-1|publisher=Intel|year=1983}}</ref> or just '''186''', is a [[microprocessor]] and [[microcontroller]] introduced in 1982. It is based on the [[Intel 8086]] and, like it, has a [[16-bit]] external [[Bus (computing)#Address bus|data bus]] [[multiplexed]] with a 20-bit [[address bus]].  The '''80188''' is a variant with an [[8-bit]] external data bus.

== Description ==
[[File:Intel 80186 80188 arch.svg|upright=1.4|thumb|A greatly simplified block diagram of the 80186 architecture]]
[[File:Intel 80186 die.JPG|thumb|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] of Intel 80186]]

The 80186 series was designed to reduce the number of [[integrated circuits]] required. It included features such as [[clock generator]], [[interrupt controller]], [[hardware timer|timers]], [[wait state]] generator, [[direct memory access|DMA]] channels, and external [[chip select]] lines. It was used in numerous [[embedded system]]s, as [[microcontroller]]s with external memory.

The initial clock rate of the 80186 was 6&nbsp;[[MHz]], but due to more hardware available for the [[microcode]] to use, especially for address calculation, many individual instructions completed in fewer clock cycles than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency. For instance, the common ''register+immediate'' [[addressing mode]] was significantly faster than on the 8086,{{efn|In fact, all variants, including ''reg+reg'' and ''reg+reg+immediate'' were faster.}} especially when a memory location was both (one of) the operand(s) and the destination. Multiply and divide also showed great improvement, being several times as fast as on the original 8086, and multi-bit shifts were done almost four times as quickly as in the 8086.

A few new instructions were introduced with the 80186 (referred to as the 8086-2 instruction set in some [[datasheet]]s{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}): ''enter''/''leave'' (replacing several instructions when handling stack frames), ''pusha''/''popa'' (push/pop all general registers), ''bound'' (check array index against bounds), and ''ins''/''outs'' (input/output of string). A useful ''immediate'' mode was added for the ''push'', ''imul'', and multi-bit shift instructions. These instructions were also included in the contemporary 80286 and in successor chips.{{efn|The instruction set of the 80286 is a superset of the 80186's, plus new instructions for [[protected mode]].}}

==Variants==
[[File:Intel 80C186 die.JPG|thumb|[[Die (integrated circuit)|Die]] of Intel 80C186]]
{{Anchor|80C186}}
The (redesigned) [[CMOS]] version, 80C186, introduced [[DRAM refresh]], a power-save mode, and a direct interface to the 80C187 [[floating-point unit|floating-point]] numeric [[coprocessor]]. Intel [[second-source]]d this microprocessor to [[Fujitsu]] Limited around 1985.<ref>Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page&nbsp;1.</ref> Both packages for Intel 80186 version were available in 68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]] and [[Pin grid array|PGA]] in sampling at third quarter of 1985.<ref>Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page&nbsp;2.</ref> The 12.5&nbsp;MHz Intel 80186-12 version using the [[1.5 μm process|1.5&nbsp;μm]] [[Depletion-load NMOS logic#Intel HMOS|HMOS-III]] process for US$36 in quantities of 100.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Component: 80186-12 Microprocessor: Fast And Formidable", Solutions, March/April 1986, page&nbsp;10.</ref> The 12.5&nbsp;MHz Intel 80C186 version using the [[CHMOS]] III-E technology using approximately 90&nbsp;[[milliampere|mA]] under normal load and only 32&nbsp;mA under power-save mode. It was available in 68-pin PLCC, [[Pin grid array#Ceramic|CPGA]], or CLCC package.<ref>Ormsby, John, Editor, "New Product Focus: Components: It's Under Control With The 80C186", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page&nbsp;13.</ref>

The M80C186 military version was available in 10 and 12&nbsp;MHz versions. They met [[MIL-STD-883]] Rev.&nbsp;C and [[MIL-STD-1553]] bus application standards. The 12&nbsp;MHz CHMOS version consumes approximately 100&nbsp;mA. The available packages were 68-pin CPGA and [[Quad flat package|CQFP]]. The 10&nbsp;MHz M80C186 PGA version was available for US$378 in 100-unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "Focus: Components: Fast M80C186 Embedded Controller Cuts Power Usage", Microcomputer Solutions, March/April 1989, page&nbsp;12.</ref>

The 80C186EB was a fully static design for the [[application-specific standard product]] using the [[1 μm process|1&nbsp;μm]] CHMOS IV technology. They were available in 3- and 5-volt versions with 84-lead PLCC and 80-lead [[EIAJ]] [[QFP]] packaging. It was also available for US$16.95 in 1,000-unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page&nbsp;11.</ref>

The Intel 80C186EC contains 4 DMA channels, 2 interrupt controllers, 22 I/O which control two serial channels, and 4 timers. This version was available for US$17.70 in quantites of 1,000 units. This microcontroller only available in 5-volt version. Both Intel 80C186EC and 80C186EA contains three different power-management modes, which has idle, powerdown and powersave. The 80C186EA has both 5- and 3-volt versions.

The 80C186XL version was available up to 20&nbsp;MHz, which is compatible with existing CMOS version of 80C186 that has 25% higher performance and 50% lower power consumption. This version used 1&nbsp;μm CHMOS process technology. Both 80C186EA and 80C186XL were available for US$11.80 in quantities of 1,000 units.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: Processors Provided More Functions for Embedded Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1991, page&nbsp;13.</ref>

== 80188 series ==
{{Infobox CPU
| name = Intel 80188
| image = KL Intel R80C188XL CLCC.jpg
| caption = An Intel R80C188XL20, an LCC variant of the 80188 processor. It has a ceramic heat spreader and gold plated contacts on the bottom.
| produced-start = 1982
| cores = 1
| slowest = 6 | slow-unit = MHz
| fastest = 40 | fast-unit = MHz
| fsb =
| arch = [[x86-16]]
| microarch = 
| predecessor = [[Intel 8088]]
| successor = [[Intel 80386]] (The [[80286]] was also introduced in early 1982, and thus contemporary with the 80186)
|produced-end=September 2007<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009060120/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2006 |url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf |title=Product Change Notification |date=May 2, 2006}}</ref>
|variant=The Intel 80188 is a variant of the Intel 80186.
|manuf1=[[Intel]], [[AMD]], [[Fujitsu]], [[Siemens]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80188/index.html |title=Intel 80188 family |website=CPU World}}</ref>
|size-from=[[3 μm process|3&nbsp;μm]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/3_%C2%B5m_lithography_process| title = 3&nbsp;μm lithography process | website = WikiChip}}</ref> to 1&nbsp;μm<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page 11</ref>
|transistors=55,000
|data-width=8 bits|address-width=20 bits
|sock1={{ubl|PGA68|[[Chip carrier|PLCC-68]] (variant)|[[Chip carrier|LCC-68]] (variant)}}
|pack1={{ubl|68-pin [[Plastic leaded chip carrier|PLCC]]|68-pin [[Leadless chip carrier|LCC]]|100-pin [[PQFP]] (engineering sample only)|68-pin [[Pin grid array|PGA]]}}
|co-processor=[[Intel 80187]]
}}

The '''80188''' variant, with an [[8-bit]] external [[data bus]] was also available; this made it less expensive to connect to [[peripheral]]s. The 16-bit [[processor register|registers]] and the one [[megabyte]] address range were unchanged, however. It had a throughput of 1&nbsp;million [[instructions per second]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm#186 |title=1.3 La familia de microprocesadores de Intel. |trans-title=Intel Processors: MCS-4, MCS-8, MCS-85, x86: IA-16, IA-32, IA-64. |author=Pacheco, Alberto |date=October 12, 2001 |work=CB-00-852/01. Lenguaje Ensamblador |language=en, es |publisher=[[Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua]] |access-date=July 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231244/http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm |archive-date=April 24, 2012}}</ref>  Intel second sourced this microprocessor to [[Fujitsu]] Limited around 1985.<ref>Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1</ref>  Both packages of Intel 80188 version were available in 68-pin PLCC and PGA in sampling at third quarter of 1985.<ref>Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2</ref>  The available 80C188EB in fully static design for the [[application-specific standard product]] using the [[1 μm process|1-micron]] [[CHMOS]] IV technology.  They were available in 3- and 5-Volts version with 84-lead PLCC and 80-lead [[EIAJ]] [[QFP]] version.  It was also available for US$15.15 in 1,000 unit quantities.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Components: New ASSP Suits Mobile Applications", Microcomputer Solutions, September/October 1990, page 11</ref>

The 80188 series was generally intended for [[embedded system]]s, as [[microcontroller]]s with external memory. Therefore, to reduce the number of chips required, it included features such as [[clock generator]], [[interrupt controller]], timers, [[wait state]] generator, [[Direct memory access|DMA]] channels, and external [[chip select]] lines.
While the N80188 was compatible with the [[8087]] numeric co-processor, the 80C188 was not. It did not have the ESC control codes integrated.

== Uses ==

=== In personal computers ===
Because the integrated hardware included in the 80186 was incompatible with the support chips chosen by [[IBM]] for the [[8088]]-based [[IBM&nbsp;PC]] released a few months earlier, the chip did not see wide success in the PC market. IBM chose the [[80286]] for its successor, the [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|IBM&nbsp;PC/AT]], released in August 1984. Most other PC-compatible manufactures followed.

Regardless, several notable [[personal computer]]s used the 80186:
* Danish [[Regnecentralen]]: [https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/RC_Partner RC750 Partner] running CCP/M
* Danish [[Regnecentralen]]: [https://datamuseum.dk/wiki/RC_Piccoline RC759 Piccoline] running CCP/M
* Australian [[Dulmont Magnum]] laptop, one of the first laptops
* [[Wang Laboratories|Wang]] Office Assistant, marketed as a PC-like stand-alone word processor
* [[MAD-1]], a semi–IBM PC-compatible desktop computer with a modular design
* [[Pronto System 16]], another PC compatible
* [[Mindset (computer)|Mindset]], a very early graphics [[workstation]]
* [[Siemens]] {{Interlanguage link|Siemens PC-D{{!}}PC-D|de|3=Siemens PC-D}} (not 100% [[IBM PC compatible]] but using [[MS-DOS]] 2.11)
* [[Compis]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] school computer
* French [[SMT-Goupil]] G4
* [[RM Nimbus]] PC-186, the first version of a series of British school computers
* [[Unisys ICON]], a Canadian school computer
* ORB Computer by ABS<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nosher.net/archives/computers/pcw_1984-03-00_007_orb |title=Orb Micro Advert - March 1984 |access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref>
* [[HP 100LX]], [[HP 200LX]], [[HP 1000CX]], and [[HP OmniGo 700LX]]
* [[Tandy 2000]] desktop, a somewhat PC-compatible workstation with sharp graphics for its day
* Telex 1260, a desktop PC-XT compatible
* [[Philips :YES]]
* Nokia [[MikroMikko]] 2
* [[IBM PCradio]]
* [[Altos Computer Systems|Altos]] 486 [[Xenix]] 3.1-based multiuser server

In addition to the above examples of stand-alone implementations of the 80186 for personal computers, there were at least two examples of "add-in" accelerator card implementations: the [[BBC Master#Master 512|BBC Master 512]], [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]]'s plug-in for the BBC Master range of computers containing an 80186–10 with 512&nbsp;KB of RAM, and the [[Orchid Technology]] PC Turbo 186,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Adding Spunk to the IBM PC |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=May 20, 1985 | page=49 |volume=7 |issue=20 |first=Don |last=Crabb}}</ref> released in 1985. It was intended for use with the original [[Intel 8088]]-based [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM&nbsp;PC]] (Model&nbsp;5150).

=== Other devices ===
The Intel 80186 and 80188 are often embedded in electronic devices that are not primarily computers. For example:
* The 80186 was used to control the [[Microtek]] 8086 in-circuit emulator.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqLBmWu6Mg4 |title=EEVblog #410 – Microtek 8086 In-Circuit Emulator Teardown |publisher=EEVBlog |date=January 15, 2013 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* The 80188 was [[embedded system|embedded]] inside the Intel 14.4EX modem released in 1991. The 16&nbsp;MHz processor was used to perform complex algorithms needed for [[forward error correction]], [[trellis modulation]], and [[echo cancellation]] in the modem.
* The second-generation SatisFAXtion board, which is a [[FAX]]/[[modem]] [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] card, uses this processor.<ref>Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus: Systems: PC Fax Board Simplifies Data Transmission", Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1991, page&nbsp;14.</ref>
* The IBM 7171 protocol converter, which made [[ASCII]] [[character-oriented terminal]]s appear as an [[IBM&nbsp;3270]] [[computer terminal|terminal]] to an IBM [[mainframe]],<ref name="Brear1985">{{cite magazine |last=Brear |first=Scott |date=January 21, 1985 |title=Cycle of change speeds up |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MrXqjWoIYC&pg=PA61-IA15 |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |publisher=IDG Enterprise |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=ID/15 |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> used the Intel 80186 as its CPU.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7171/GA37-0021-0_7171_Reference_Manual_and_Programming_Guide_Jan86.pdf |title=7171 Reference Manual and Programming Guide |publisher=IBM Corporation |year=1986 |pages=4–13 |id=GA37-0021-0}}</ref>
* It was also used on the controller card for [[Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital Equipment Corporation's]] [[DECtalk]] [[speech synthesizer]] system.

== End of life ==
On March 30, 2006, Intel announced that production of the 80186 and 80188, along with the production of other processor models such as the [[80386]] and [[80486]], would cease at the end of September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf|title=Product Change Notification 106013 – 01|date=May 2, 2006|website=Intel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009060120/http://developer.intel.com/design/pcn/Processors/D0106013.pdf|archive-date=October 9, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Intel cashes in ancient chips|url=https://www.theregister.com/2006/05/18/intel_cans_386_486_960_cpus/|website=[[The Register]]|access-date=February 18, 2024}}</ref> Pin- and instruction-compatible replacements might still be manufactured by various third-party sources,<ref>{{cite web|title=Innovasic Offers Replacement ICs for Intel 186/188 Microcontrollers|url=http://edageek.com/2007/02/26/innovasic-intel-80c186-188-microcontroller/|access-date=January 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213170712/http://edageek.com/2007/02/26/innovasic-intel-80c186-188-microcontroller/|archive-date=February 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[FPGA]] versions are publicly available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamieiles.com/80186/|title=Jamie Iles – Software + Hardware &#124; 80186 CPU|website=www.jamieiles.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[iAPX]], for the iAPX name
* [[NEC V20]]/[[NEC V30|V30]], for a third-party CPU also supporting the 80186 instructions

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/8018x/datashts/27243002.PDF Intel Datasheet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205145019/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/search.php?q=80186 Scan of the Intel 80186 data book at datasheetarchive.com]
* [http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=1&l0=cl&l1=80186/188 Intel 80186/80188 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de]
* [http://www.chipdb.org/img-fujitsu--mbl80186-clcc-1839.htm Chipdb.org]
* [https://www.datasheetarchive.com/?q=80188 Scan of the Intel 80188 data book] at datasheetarchive.com

{{Intel processors|discontinued}}
{{Intel controllers}}
{{Microcontrollers}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Intel x86 microprocessors|80186]]
[[Category:Intel microcontrollers|80186]]
[[Category:16-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1982]]
[[Category:X86 microarchitectures]]