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{{Short description|Principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of public law and policy}}
{{About||the Brazilian political movement|Brazilian Integralism|the holistic philosophy|Integral theory (Ken Wilber)}}
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[[File:Labarum_visto_por_Constantino_I_o_Grande.jpg|thumb|The [[Labarum]] of [[Constantine the Great]], the first Roman emperor to embrace [[Christianity]]]]
{{Integralism|all}}

In [[politics]], '''integralism''', '''integrationism''' or '''integrism''' ({{langx|fr|intégrisme}}) is an interpretation of [[Catholic social teaching]] that argues the principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|public law]] and public policy within civil society, wherever the preponderance of Catholics within that society makes this possible. Integralism is anti-[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]],<ref name=Kertzer1980/><ref name=Krogt/> seeking the Catholic faith to be dominant in civil and religious matters. Integralists uphold the 1864 definition of Pope [[Pius IX]] in ''[[Quanta cura]]'' that the religious neutrality of the civil power cannot be embraced as an ideal situation and the doctrine of [[Leo XIII]] in ''[[Immortale Dei]]'' on the religious obligations of states.<ref name="Newman">{{cite web|author=[[John Henry Newman]]|title=A Letter Addressed to the Duke of Norfolk on Occasion of Mr. Gladstone's Recent Expostulation|page=317|url=http://www.newmanreader.org/works/anglicans/volume2/gladstone/section8.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224203905/http://www.newmanreader.org:80/works/anglicans/volume2/gladstone/section8.html|archive-date=24 February 2021|work=Newmanreader.org|publisher=The National Institute for Newman Studies}}</ref> In December 1965, the [[Second Vatican Council]] approved and [[Pope Paul VI]] promulgated the document ''[[Dignitatis humanae]]''–the Council's "Declaration on Religious Freedom"–which states that it "leaves untouched traditional Catholic doctrine on the moral duty of men and societies toward the true religion and toward the one Church of Christ". However, they have simultaneously declared "that the human person has a right to [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]]," a move that some [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalist Catholics]] such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], the founder of the [[Society of St. Pius X]], argue is at odds with previous doctrinal pronouncements.<ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html|title=Dignitatis humanae|author=Second Vatical Council|date=7 December 1965|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Egan|first1=Philip A.|title=Philosophy and Catholic Theology: A Primer|date=2009|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=9780814656617|pages=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gmvvzTWIX8C&pg=PA56|language=en}}</ref>

The term is sometimes used more loosely and in non-Catholic contexts to refer to a set of [[social theories|theoretical concepts]] and practical [[policies]] that advocate a fully integrated social and political order based on a comprehensive doctrine of human nature. In this generic sense some forms of integralism are focused purely on achieving political and social integration, others national or ethnic unity, while others were more focused on achieving religious and cultural uniformity. Integralism has, thus, also been used<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shepard |first1=William |title='Fundamentalism' Christian and Islamic |journal=Religion |date=October 1987 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=355–378 |doi=10.1016/0048-721X(87)90059-5 |quote=Patrick J. Ryan has suggested the term 'integralism' for the Iranian phenomena, by analogy with the Roman Catholic movement by that name and largely because of the role of the 'ulamã' ('Islamic Fundamentalism: a Questionable Category', America, December 29, 1984, pp . 437-440), and this suggestion has some merit.}}</ref> to describe non-Catholic religious movements, such as [[Christian fundamentalism|Protestant fundamentalism]] or [[Islamism]]. In the political and social history of the 19th and 20th centuries, the term integralism was often applied to [[traditionalist conservatism]] and similar political movements on the [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] of a [[political spectrum]], but it was also adopted by various [[Centrism|centrist]] movements as a tool of political, national and cultural integration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Mark |title=The Integralist Objection to Political Liberalism |journal=Social Theory and Practice |date=2005 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=157–171 |doi=10.5840/soctheorpract200531212 }}</ref>

As a distinct intellectual and political movement, integralism emerged during the 19th and early 20th century polemics within the [[Catholic Church]], especially in [[France]]. The term was used as an epithet to describe those who opposed the [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernists]], who had sought to create a synthesis between Christian theology and the [[Liberalism|liberal philosophy]] of secular modernity. Proponents of Catholic political integralism taught that all social and political action ought to be based on the Catholic Faith. They rejected the [[separation of church and state]], arguing that Catholicism should be the proclaimed religion of the state.<ref name=Krogt>{{cite book |last1=van der Krogt |first1=Christopher |chapter=Catholic Fundamentalism or Catholic Integralism? |pages=123–125 |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Colin |title=To Strive and Not to Yield: Essays in Honour of Colin Brown |date=1992 |publisher=Department of World Religions, Victoria University of Wellington |isbn=978-0-475-11013-8 }}</ref>

==Catholic integralism==
===History===
[[File:Raphael - Coronation of Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|200x200px|''The Coronation of Charlemagne'', [[fresco]] from the workshop of [[Raphael]] depicting the crowning of [[Charlemagne]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor|Imperator Romanorum]] by [[Pope Leo III]] on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]], 800.|left]]
The first polity that formally embraced Christianity was Armenia under [[Tiridates III of Armenia|Tiridates III]]. However, the establishment of the civil order upheld by integralists is generally thought of as beginning with the conversion of Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] in 312. While Constantine personally embraced [[Christianity]], it was only in 380 that [[Theodosius I]] formally adopted [[Nicene Christianity]] as the religion of the empire by the [[Edict of Thessalonica]]. What [[R. W. Southern]] called the identification of the Church with the whole of organised society<ref name="Southern">{{cite book |last1=Southern |first1=Richard William |title=Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages |date=1970 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-020503-9 |page=16 }}</ref> was intensified by the legal reforms of [[Justinian]] in the 6th century. The climactic stage in the identification began in the Latin West with the papal transference of [[Translatio imperii]] to Charlemagne in 800. The Constantinian age began to decline with the [[Reformation]] and is generally treated as ending with the [[French Revolution]]. In 1950, [[Pius XII]] identified the Dominican friar and prophet [[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]] as an early pioneer of integralism in the face of the "neo-pagan" influences of the [[Renaissance]]: "Savonarola shows us the strong conscience of the ascetic and an apostle who has a lively sense of things divine and eternal, who takes a stand against rampant paganism, who remains faithful to the evangelical and Pauline ideal of integral Christianity, put into action in public life as well and animating all institutions. This is why he started preaching, prompted by an interior voice and inspired by God."<ref name="Pius XII">"Savonarola si rivela una forte coscienza di asceta e di apostolo che ha vivo il senso del divino e dell'eterno, che si rivolta contro il paganesimo dilagante, che resta fedele all'ideale evangelico e paolino di un Cristianesimo integrale, attuato anche nella vita pubblica e animante tutte le istituzioni. Perciò diede inizio alle sue predicazioni, spintovi da una Voce interiore e ispirato da Dio" ''L'Osservatore Romano'' 5 November 1969.</ref>

===Teachings===
Catholic integralism is an interpretation of [[Catholic social teaching]] that argues for an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gunson |first=Phil |title=The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781317271352 |pages=145}}</ref> and anti-[[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist]] [[Christian state|Catholic state]],<ref name=Kertzer1980/><ref name=Krogt/> wherever the preponderance of Catholics within that society makes this possible; it was born in 19th-century Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy. It was a movement that sought to assert a Catholic underpinning to all social and political action and to minimize or eliminate any competing ideological actors, such as [[secular humanism]] and [[liberalism]].<ref name=Kertzer1980>{{cite book |last1=Kertzer |first1=David I. |title=Comrades and Christians: Religions and Political Struggle in Communist Italy |date=1980 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22879-4 |pages=101–102 }}</ref><ref name=Krogt/> Integralism arose in opposition to [[liberalism]], which some Catholics saw as a "relentless and destructive ideology".<ref name="unreasonable">{{cite journal|first1=Micah |last1=Schwartzman|first2= Jocelyn|last2= Wilson|title=The Unreasonableness of Catholic Integralism|volume=56 |journal=San Diego Law Review |pages=1039–|date=2019|url= https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol56/iss4/10 }}</ref>{{rp|1041}} Catholic integralism does not support the creation of an autonomous "Catholic" State Church, or [[Erastianism]] ([[Gallicanism]] in French context). Rather, it supports subordinating the state to the moral principles of Catholicism. Thus, it rejects separating [[Catholic moral theology|morality]] from the state and favours Catholicism as the proclaimed religion of the state.<ref name=Krogt/>

Catholic integralism appeals to the teaching on the necessity of the subordination of the state and on the subordination of temporal to spiritual power of medieval popes such as [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Boniface VIII]]. However, Catholic integralism as a more consciously articulated doctrine came about as a reaction against the political and cultural changes that followed the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.<ref name=Krogt/> The 19th-century papacy challenged the growth of liberalism (with its doctrine of popular sovereignty) as well as new scientific and historical methods and theories (which were thought to threaten the special status of the Christian revelation). [[Pope Pius IX]] condemned a list of liberal and Enlightenment ideas in his ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]''. The term ''integralism'' was applied to a Spanish political party founded about 1890, which based its programme on the ''Syllabus''. Catholic integralism reached its "classical" form in the reaction against [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|modernism]]. The term did not, however, become popular till the time of [[Pope Pius X]], whose [[papacy]] lasted from 1903 to 1914. After the papal condemnation of modernism in 1907, those most active in promoting the papal teachings were sometimes referred to as ''"integral Catholics"'' ({{langx|fr|Catholiques intégraux}}), from which the words ''intégrisme'' (integrism) and ''intégralisme'' (integralism) were derived.<ref name=Krogt/> Encouraged by [[Pope Pius X]], they sought out and exposed any co-religionist whom they suspected of modernism or liberalism. An important integralist organization was the [[Sodalitium Pianum]], known in France as ''La Sapinière'' (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by [[Umberto Benigni]].<ref name=Krogt/>

Another component of the anti-modernist programme of Pius X was its insistence on the importance of [[Thomas Aquinas]], both in theology and philosophy.  In his decree ''Postquam Sanctissimus'' of 1914, the pope published a list of 24 philosophical theses to summarise 'the principles and more important thoughts' of St Thomas.<ref>Postquam sanctissimus Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Latin with English translation
See also P. Lumbreras's commentary on the 24 Thomistic Theses Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> Thus integralism is also understood to include a commitment to the teachings of the Angelic Doctor, understood especially as a bulwark against the subjectivist and sceptical philosophies emanating from Descartes and his successors.

===Political authority===
The idea that temporal political authority should be subordinated to man's ultimate, spiritual end is a common theme – if not the main theme – of contemporary Catholic integralism.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Waldstein|first1=Edmund|last2=O.Cist.|date=2016-10-17|title=Integralism in Three Sentences|url=https://thejosias.com/2016/10/17/integralism-in-three-sentences/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Josias|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O.Cist|first=Edmund Waldstein|title=What Is Integralism Today?|url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/what-is-integralism-today/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Church Life Journal|date=31 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Waldstein|first1=Edmund|last2=O.Cist.|date=2015-02-03|title=The Good, the Highest Good, and the Common Good|url=https://thejosias.com/2015/02/03/the-good-the-highest-good-and-the-common-good/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Josias|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Revival===
Contemporary discussions of integralism were renewed in 2014, focusing on criticism of liberalism and capitalism.<ref>"On the one [[Fusionism|[fusionist]]] side one finds an older American tradition of orthodox Catholicism as it has developed in the nation since the mid-twentieth century... On the other [integralist] side is arrayed what might be characterized as a more radical Catholicism."[https://www.theamericanconservative.com/2014/02/06/a-catholic-showdown-worth-watching/ A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722153335/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/2014/02/06/a-catholic-showdown-worth-watching/ |date=22 July 2019 }} Deneen, Patrick. "A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching," ''The American Conservative'', 6 Feb 2014.</ref><ref>"Mena said that some of these young traditionalists are actually more at home under Francis than John Paul II and Benedict XVI, precisely because his critique of capitalism and the whole liberal order strikes them as more sweeping than the previous two pontiffs." [https://cruxnow.com/news-analysis/2018/04/27/weird-catholic-twitter-offers-a-reminder-of-catholic-complexity/ Weird Catholic Twitter Offers a Reminder of Catholic Complexity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081803/https://cruxnow.com/news-analysis/2018/04/27/weird-catholic-twitter-offers-a-reminder-of-catholic-complexity/ |date=16 April 2019 }} Allen, John, Jr. ''Crux'', 27 Apr 2018.</ref>

In recent years, however, a "revived Catholic integralism" has been noted among the younger generation of Catholics writing for websites such as ''The Josias''.<ref>Douthat, Ross (8 October 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/opinion/sunday/among-the-post-liberals.html Among the Post-Liberals.] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 16 July 2017</ref> Integralism could be said to merely be the modern continuation of the traditional Catholic conception of Church–State relations elucidated by [[Pope Gelasius I]] and expounded upon throughout the centuries up to the ''Syllabus of Errors'', which condemned the idea that the separation of Church and State is a moral good.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm|title=The Syllabus Of Errors|author=[[Pope Pius IX]]|date=1864|access-date=11 March 2021|via=papalencyclicals.net}}</ref> For example, some Catholics have praised the actions of [[Pius IX]] in the 1858 [[Mortara case]], in which he ordered the abduction of a six-year-old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents' consent.<ref name="unreasonable" />{{rp|1039–1041}} A systematic account of Catholic integralism as a coherent political philosophy has recently been attempted by Thomas Crean and Alan Fimister in their work, 'Integralism: a manual of political philosophy'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.editiones-scholasticae.de/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=31&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=455&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=19 |title=Published by Editiones Scholasticae in 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615181252/http://www.editiones-scholasticae.de/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=31&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=455&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Scholars have drawn parallels between Catholic integralism and a view held by a minority in the Reformed churches, [[Christian reconstructionism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/articolo/evangelical-fundamentalism-and-catholic-integralism-in-the-usa-a-surprising-ecumenism/|title=Evangelical Fundamentalism and Catholic Integralism in the USA: A surprising ecumenism |last1=Spadaro|first1=Antonio|last2=Figueroa|first2=Marcelo|year=2017|publisher=[[La Civiltà Cattolica]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/strip-religious-garb-fundamentalist-tones-from-us-political-power.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713160520/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/strip-religious-garb-fundamentalist-tones-from-us-political-power.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2017|title=Journal: Strip religious garb, fundamentalist tones from political power|last=Glatz|first=Carol|date=13 July 2017|publisher=[[Catholic News Service]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> In the ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'', Joshua J. McElwee stated that both Catholic integralists and Reformed Christian reconstructionists have created a non-traditional [[ecumenical]] alliance to achieve the goal of establishing a "theocratic type of state".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/italian-jesuit-magazine-criticizes-political-attitudes-some-us-catholics|title=Italian Jesuit magazine criticizes political attitudes of some US Catholics |last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=13 July 2017|publisher=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/why-should-we-read-spadaro-%E2%80%98catholic-integralism%E2%80%99|title=Why Should We Read Spadaro on 'Catholic Integralism'?|last=Faggioli|first=Massimo|date=18 July 2017|publisher=[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Some integralists place themselves on the [[Left-wing politics|left wing]] of the political spectrum. Tradistae and Tradinista, both groups acknowledge what they see as the duty of the state towards the Catholic Church as well as supporting [[Liberation Theology]] and rejecting [[capitalism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Integralism?|date=9 September 2020 |url=https://tradistae.com/2020/09/09/define-integralism/|access-date=14 November 2021|publisher=Tradistae|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Tradinista! Manifesto|date=30 April 2020 |url=https://tradistae.com/2020/04/30/tradinista-manifesto/|access-date=14 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marcher Hopes to 'Follow in the Footsteps of Saints' with Pro-Life Advocacy|date=30 January 2021 |quote=Hackett drove to Washington D.C. on Thursday from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he lives in a Catholic worker house part of the Catholic Worker Movement. This was his sixth year attending the March for Life. The Catholic Worker Movement was founded by Peter Maurin and Dorothy Day in 1933, amid the Great Depression. According to its website, there are 187 Catholic Worker Movement communities worldwide that "live a simple lifestyle in community, serve the poor, and resist war and social injustice." Hackett is also the co-founder of the Catholic worker organization Tradistae. "Something we're really interested in as Catholic workers and part of the mission of Tradistae is, as Peter Maurin said, sort of blow the dynamite of Catholic social teaching," Hackett said. "He really believed that Catholic social teaching has this dynamism, and it can influence society." |url=https://thetablet.org/marcher-hopes-to-follow-in-the-footsteps-of-saints-with-pro-life-advocacy/|access-date=15 November 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yes, Tradinistas are left-wing radicals|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/yes-tradinistas-are-left-wing-radicals-but-that-doesnt-make-us-any-less-catholic/|access-date=15 November 2021|language=en|work=[[Catholic Herald]]|last=Mena|first=Jose|date=10 October 2016 }}</ref>

Integralism has been identified as a basis for modern legal conceptions that emphasize natural law, including [[common good constitutionalism]]. Proposed and popularized by [[Adrian Vermeule]], common good constitutionalism was developed like integralism to "combat the legitimate societal threat of modern liberal individualism".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4083882|author=[[Bruce Frohnen|Frohnen, Bruce P.]]|title=Common Good Constitutionalism and the Problem of Administrative Absolutism|date=14 April 2022|access-date=13 June 2022|publisher= [[Claude W. Pettit College of Law|Ohio Northern University College of Law]]|ssrn=4083882 }}</ref> Some Protestant figures, such as Brad Littlejohn, have expressed interest in integralism and contended it more closely resembles a traditionally Protestant account of politics rather than a Catholic one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Littlejohn |first=Bradford |title=Integralism or Political Protestantism? |url=https://americanreformer.org/2022/02/ahmari-among-the-protestants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722035030/https://americanreformer.org/2022/02/ahmari-among-the-protestants/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[American Reformer]]|date=25 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Variants of integralism==
{{Conservatism sidebar|religious}}
There are a number of variants and localized permutations of integralist political theory, often named by their country of origin.

===French integralism===
The term "intégrisme" is largely used generically and pejoratively in French philosophical and sociopolitical parlance, particularly to label any religious extremism. Integralism in the narrow sense is often but controversially applied to the [[integral nationalism]] and ''[[Action Française]]'' movement founded by [[Charles Maurras]] although Maurras was an atheist and his movement was condemned by Rome as 'political modernism' in 1926.<ref name="AF">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=John |title=Catholicism, Liberalism and the Right: A Sketch From the 1920's |journal=Faith and Reason |volume=9 |issue=1, 2 |date=Spring 1983 |pages=9–31 |url=https://media.christendom.edu/1983/04/catholicism-liberalism-the-right-a-sketch-from-the-1920s/ }}</ref> [[Jacques Maritain]] claimed that his own position of [[Integral humanism (Maritain)|Integral humanism]], which he adopted after rejecting ''Action Française'', was the authentically integralist stance,<ref name="JM">Maritain, Jacques. Integral Humanism. 1938, page 63-64).</ref> although it is generally viewed as its antithesis.<ref name="HF">Fraser, Hamish. The Kingship of Christ 1925-1975. (Approaches 47 & 78 and Approaches Supplement 71).</ref>

===Portuguese integralism===
''[[Integralismo Lusitano]]'' (Lusitanian Integralism) was the integralist movement of [[Portugal]], founded in 1914. Portuguese integralism was traditionalist, but not conservative. It was against [[parliamentarism]] and, instead, it favored [[decentralization]], [[Catholicism]] and the monarchy.<ref>Kallis, Aristotle A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tP2wXl5nzboC&dq=estado+novo+fascit&pg=PA313 Fascism Reader], p. 313-317 2003 [[Routledge]]</ref>

===Brazilian integralism===
{{main|Brazilian Integralism}}{{Conservatism in Brazil}}
The Brazilian integralist movement led by [[Plínio Salgado]]{{snd}} [[Brazilian Integralist Action|Ação Integralista Brasileira]]{{snd}} was founded in Brazil in 7 October 1932; it lasted less than six years as a legally recognized organization.<ref name="Dubium">{{cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Gabriel |title=Dubium: Is Integralism Essentially Bound Up with Racism, Nationalism, and Totalitarianism? |url=https://thejosias.com/2015/01/31/dubium-is-integralism-essentially-bound-up-with-racism-nationalism-and-totalitarianism/ |work=The Josias |date=31 January 2015 }}{{User-generated inline|date=October 2023}}
</ref> The Brazilian integralist movement was the most successful fascist movement in Latin America.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14701847.2023.2226977|title=Transnational Fascism: Portugal and the Brazilian Integralism of Plínio Salgado|first=Leandro Pereira|last=Gonçalves|journal= Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies|volume=29|issue=2|date=29 June 2023|doi=10.1080/14701847.2023.2226977|doi-access=free|access-date=28 May 2025|pages=273–293|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Spanish integralism===
{{main|Integrism (Spain)}}{{Conservatism in Spain}}
The political implications of Catholic integralism are apparent in the [[History of the Basques#Late Modern history|Basque-Navarrese context]] of Spain, where that Integrism or Traditionalist Catholicism refers to a 19th- and 20th-century anti-Liberal movement advocating for the re-establishment of not only clerical but also native institutions lost in the context of the [[First Carlist War]] (1833, 1840). One of its branches evolved by the turn of the 20th century into [[Basque nationalism]].

The term may also refer to the [[Integrism (Spain)|Spanish formation (1888–1932)]] led by [[Ramón Nocedal Romea|Ramón Nocedal]] and [[Juan Olazábal Ramery|Juan Olazábal]].

==Criticism==
The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] uses the term "integrism" to refer to "radical traditional Catholics" who reject the [[Second Vatican Council]]. SPLC describes them as [[antisemitic]] and "extremely conservative" regarding women, and also notes that some claim [[sedevacantist|recent popes are illegitimate]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |title=Active Radical Traditional Catholicism Groups | publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190110223617/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism | archive-date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

Critics and opponents of integralism, such as [[George Weigel]], argue that the movement can be associated with [[fascism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2020/05/games-intellectuals-play|title=Games Intellectuals Play &#124; George Weigel|date=20 May 2020 }}</ref> Supporters of integralism argue that it is a mistake to associate the movement with fascism, stating that it developed before fascism, and that collaboration between fascist and integralist groups is overstated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinkoski |first=Nathan |date=2020-04-30 |title=How Not to Challenge the Integralists – Nathan Pinkoski |url=https://lawliberty.org/how-not-to-challenge-the-integralists/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Law & Liberty |language=en-US}}</ref> John Zmirak criticizes contemporary Catholic integralists as enemies of "[[religious liberty]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stream.org/catholics-reject-freedom-at-their-own-peril/ |title=Catholics Reject Freedom at Their Own Peril |last=Zmirak |first=John |date=5 August 2017 |publisher=The Stream |language=en |access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> while authors such as Thomas Pink insist integralism is compatible with Vatican II's account of religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2020/05/63226/ |title=Integralism, Political Philosophy, and the State |last=Pink |first=Thomas |date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Public Discourse |language=en |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Catholicism|Christianity|Conservatism}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Acción Española]]
* [[Brazilian Integralism]]
* [[Catholic Worker Movement]]
* [[Christian democracy]]
** [[Distributism]]
** [[Social credit]]
* [[Christian identity]]
* [[Christian socialism]]
* [[Christianity and politics]]
* [[Dignitatis Humanae]]
* [[Dominion theology]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]]
* [[Integralismo Lusitano]]
* [[Integral humanism (Maritain)]]
* [[Integral humanism (India)]]
* [[Integrism (Spain)]]
* [[Liberation theology]]
* [[Relations between the Catholic Church and the State]]
* [[Social integration]]
* [[Temporal power (papal)]]
* [[Third way]]
* [[Traditionalist conservatism]]
* [[Mexican Democratic Party]]

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Chappel |first1=James |title=Catholic Modern: The Challenge of Totalitarianism and the Remaking of the Church |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97210-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite Q|Q118985841}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ménard |first1=Xavier |last2=Su |first2=Anna |title=Liberalism, Catholic Integralism, and the Question of Religious Freedom |journal=BYU Law Review |date=June 2022 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1171–1218 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview/vol47/iss4/7/ }}

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{{Traditionalist Catholicism|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Integralism| ]]
[[Category:Catholicism and society]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Counter-Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Criticisms of economics]]
[[Category:Economic ideologies]]
[[Category:Economy and Christianity]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
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[[Category:Separation of church and state]]
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[[Category:Traditionalist Catholicism]]
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[[Category:Fascism]]