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{{Short description|Form of wood inlaying}}
{{about|the form of wood inlaying|the knitting technique|Intarsia (knitting)}}
[[Image:San Domenico56.jpg|thumb|Geometric figure (1537), intarsia by fra [[Damiano da Bergamo]]; Museum of the Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, Italy]]
[[Image:Intarsia on the First aid kit of Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević, Historical Museum of Serbia.jpg|thumb|Intarsia on the First aid kit of [[Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia]], [[Historical Museum of Serbia]]]]

'''Intarsia''' is a form of wood [[inlay]]ing that is similar to [[marquetry]]. The practice dates from before the seventh century AD. The technique inserts sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother-of-pearl) within the solid wood matrix of floors and walls or of tabletops and other furniture; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of [[Wood veneer|veneer]]s glued upon the carcass.

''[[Certosina]]'' is a variant also using pieces of ivory, bone or [[mother of pearl]]. Intarsia is mostly used of Italian, or at least European work. Similar techniques are found over much of Asia and the Middle East.

The word is from the Italian, derived from Arabic.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |title=Definition of INTARSIA |ref=none |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intarsia |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}
|2={{cite dictionary |title= Significato ed etimologia: tarsìa (raro tàrsia) s. f. |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tarsia/ |language=it |dictionary =Treccani  Vocabolario |quote=dall'arabo tarṣī‘, propr. «incrostazione»|trans-quote= from the Arabic tarṣī‘, propr. "encrustation" |ref=none |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |edition=Online }}
|3={{cite dictionary |title= Significato ed etimologia: intarsio intàrsio s. m. [der. di intarsiare] |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ricerca/intarsia/ |language=it |dictionary =Treccani Vocabolario |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |edition=Online |ref=none }} }}</ref>

== History ==

When Egypt came under Arab rule in the seventh century, indigenous arts of intarsia and wood inlay, which lent themselves to non-representational decors and [[Tessellation|tiling]] patterns, spread throughout the [[Maghreb]].<ref>MS Dimand, "An Egypto-Arabic Panel with Mosaic Decoration" ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', '''33'''.3 (March 1938:78-79)</ref> The technique of intarsia was already perfected in Islamic North Africa before it was introduced into Christian Europe through [[Sicily]] and [[Andalusia]]. The art was further developed in [[Siena]] and by Sienese masters at the [[cathedral of Orvieto]], where figurative intarsia made their first appearance, c. 1330 and continuing into the 15th century<ref>Antoine Wilmering, "Domenico di Niccolò, Mattia di Nanni and the Development of Sienese Intarsia Techniques Domenico di Niccolò, Mattia di Nanni and the Development of Sienese Intarsia Techniques", ''The Burlington Magazine'' '''139''' No. 1131 (June 1997:376-97).</ref> and in northern Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spreading to German centers and introduced into [[London]] by Flemish craftsmen in the later sixteenth century. The most elaborate examples of intarsia can be found in cabinets of this period, which were items of great luxury and prestige.<ref>Ángeles Jordano, "The Plus Oultra Writing Cabinet of Charles V: Expression of the Sacred Imperialism of the Austrias", ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'' '''9''' (2011:14-26), {{doi|10.5334/jcms.91105|doi-access=free}}.</ref> Multiple colors could be used by exploiting differently-colored [[Spalting|spalted woods]]. After about 1620, marquetry tended to supplant intarsia in urbane cabinet work.

Intarsia gained popularity in the United States in the 1980s as a wooden art technique using a band saw or scroll saw. Early practitioners made money both by selling their art, and by selling patterns for others to use. In France [[:fr:Georges Vriz|Georges Vriz]] proposed a new method for marquetry. Contrary to other techniques, based on a decoration "flat" made of wood or other material, George Virz superimposed the layers of wood using thin, transparent elements that impart color and depth.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vriz : la marqueterie, un art revisité|last=Bruno.|first=Bontempelli|date=2002|publisher=Atlantica|others=Vriz, Georges.|isbn=9782843945557|location=Anglet|oclc=52602867}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Masterpieces of marquetry|last=Pierre.|first=Ramond|date=2000|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|isbn=9780892365951|location=Los Angeles|oclc=43366042}}</ref>

== Process ==
Intarsia uses varied shapes, sizes, and species of wood fitted together to create a mosaic-like picture with an illusion of depth. Intarsia is created through the selection of different types of wood, using their grain pattern and coloring to create variations in the pattern. After selecting the specific woods for the pattern, the woodworker cuts, shapes, and finishes each piece. Some areas of the pattern may be raised to create more depth. The completed individual pieces fit together like a jig-saw puzzle, glued to a wooden backer-board cut to the outline of the pattern. This typically creates a three-dimensional effect as seen in the [[studiolo]] of the [[Palazzo Ducale, Urbino]].

<!-- [[Marble]] intarsia (''opere di commessi''), called ''[[pietre dura]]'' in English for the semi-precious [[Hardstone carving|hardstones]] combined with colored marbles that are employed, is an intarsia of coloured stones inlaid in white or black marble. Early examples in [[Florence]] date from the mid fifteenth century and reached a peak of refinement and complexity in revetments of the [[Medici Chapel]], produced under [[Medici]] patronage in the ''Opificio delle Pietre Dure'', which was established by [[Ferdinando I de' Medici]]. Later complex designs and refinement of the art developed in Naples circa the beginning of the 17th century.  The floor of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is a particularly notable example of marble intarsia.  Later this form of decoration became a feature of [[baroque]] interior design, particularly so in the [[Sicilian Baroque]] designs following the [[1693 Sicily earthquake|earthquake of 1693]]. Intarsia is best restricted to wood-based work -->Today intarsia can be made from purchased patterns. To make intarsia from a pattern, first wood is chosen based on color and grain pattern. Next the pattern is transferred onto the wood and individual pieces are precisely cut out on the band saw or scroll saw. The pieces are then sanded individually or in groups to add depth to the piece. Once the sanding is completed, the wood pieces are fitted together to form the final result. A finish (for example a clear gel stain) can be applied to the individual pieces before gluing, or to the glued final version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodcarvers.org/intarsia.htm|access-date=23 April 2015|title=Intarsia, How to Do it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712070920/http://www.woodcarvers.org/intarsia.htm|archive-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cosmatesque]]
* [[Cosmati]]
* [[Damascening]]
* [[Duomo di Siena]]
* [[Lathart]]
* [[Pietra dura]]

== References ==
{{reflist|28em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625020852/http://www.opificio.arti.beniculturali.it/eng/index.htm Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence], an institute of the Ministry for Cultural Heritage
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108174831/http://www.tbirdranch.com/Intarsiafiles/intarshist.html Jackson, F. Hamilton, ''Intarsia and Marquetry'', (London: Sands & Co.) 1903] excerpt
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15324coll10/searchterm/Gubbio%20Studiolo%20and%20its%20conservation/field/title/mode/all/conn/and/order/nosort ''The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2''], from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on intarsia (see index)
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary | intarsia}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.saw-online.com Scrollsaw Association of the World website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216200951/http://www.saw-online.com/ |date=2021-12-16 }}

{{decorative arts}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Surface decorative techniques in woodworking]]
[[Category:Crafts]]