View source for Institutionalisation

{{short description|Process of embedding some conception in an organization}}
{{for|the mental health concept|Commitment (mental health)}}
{{other uses|Institutionalization (disambiguation)}}
{{original research|date=November 2013}}
{{Sociology}}

In [[sociology]], '''institutionalisation''' (or '''institutionalization''') is the process of embedding some conception (for example a [[belief]], [[social norm|norm]], [[social role]], particular [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|value]] or mode of [[behavior]]) within an [[organization]], [[social system]], or [[society]] as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an [[institution]], such as a mental or welfare institution. The term may also be used in a political sense to apply to the creation or organization of [[government]]al institutions or particular bodies responsible for overseeing or implementing policy, for example in [[welfare spending|welfare]] or development. During the period of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Europe many countries went through a period of "institutionalization", which saw a large expansion and development of the role of government within society, particularly into areas seen previously as the private sphere. Institutionalization is also seen as an important part of the process of [[modernization]] in developing countries, involving again the expansion and improved organization of government structures.

==History==
During the period from 1850 to 1930 many types of institutions were created by public subscription, [[Parliament]] and [[local government|local authorities]] to provide [[housing]], [[healthcare]], [[education]], and financial support for individuals in need. At the upper end of the scale, public boarding schools such as [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Harrow School|Harrow]] were founded or greatly extended to meet the growing demand for the education of the children of those in [[colonial service]] overseas. These were seen as models of social improvement, and many inferior imitations followed for the lower social orders. Virtually every [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough]] in the UK was required by legislation to make provision for paupers, homeless, released prisoners, convicted criminals, orphans, disabled war veterans, older people with no means of support, deaf and blind schools, schools and colonies for those with learning disabilities or [[mental health]] problems.

Distinguishing features of such institutions were frequently, but not exclusively:<ref>Ervin Goffman, [http://www.markfoster.net/neurelitism/totalinstitutions.pdf Characteristics of Total Institutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055722/http://www.markfoster.net/neurelitism/totalinstitutions.pdf |date=2021-04-15 }}</ref>
* communal dormitories
* communal kitchens and dining facilities
* rural, isolated locations
* restrictions on personal liberty and possessions
* uniforms
* oppressive, authoritarian regimes
* strict systems of rules and codes of conduct
* boards of visitors or trustees, usually drawn from the ranks of the upper middle classes, the so-called "great and good"
* hierarchical systems of management
* compulsory religious attendance
* involvement of inmates as unpaid or poorly rewarded labour in return for small privileges
* widespread abuse of [[human rights]], [[dignity]]
* rigid separation of the sexes
* excessive reliance on medication and physical restraints

Many of these organisations, whilst originally expressing idealistic aspirations and aims, became "total" institutions within a generation or two of their foundation, providing in some cases cradle-to-grave housing, occupation and social control. Founding charters usually proclaimed beneficial outcomes of "reform" (or rehabilitation) of character through moral and occupation education and discipline, but in practice inmates were often trapped in a system that provided no obvious route of escape or promotion. As late as the 1950s, in [[UK|Britain]], several hundred thousand people lived in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] asylums and "colonies".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Deinstitutionalisation]]

[[Category:Social institutions]]