View source for Ingrian language

{{short description|Finnic language spoken by the Izhorians of Ingria, Russia}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the [[Ingrian dialects]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ingrian
| nativename       = {{lang|izh|ižoran keeli}}
| states           = [[Russia]]
| region           = [[Ingria]]
| ethnicity        = 1,143 [[Izhorians]]
| speakers         = 76
| speakers2        = < 20 (2018, estimated)<ref name=Oxford>{{cite book |last=Markus |first=Elena |last2= Rozhanskiy |first2= Fedor |date=24 March 2022 |editor-last=Bakró-Nagy |editor-first=Marianne |editor2-last=Laakso |editor2-first=Johanna |editor3-last=Skribnik |editor3-first=Elena |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter=Chapter 18: Ingrian |isbn=9780198767664}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/izhorskiy-yazyk|last=Muslimov|first=Mehmet|website=Малые языки россии|title=Ижорский язык|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><br /> 111 (2006, verified)<ref name=Minorities />
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = <ref name=Census>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| familycolor      = Uralic
| fam2             = [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
| fam3             = Northern Finnic
| iso3             = izh
| glotto           = ingr1248
| glottorefname    = Ingrian
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| notice           = IPA
| map              = 2.4a-Ingrian-and-Votic traditional.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Ingrian and Votic at the beginning of the 20th century<ref name=map1>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref name=map2>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref>
| map2             = Lang Status 40-SE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Ingrian is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010)}}}}
| fam4             = [[Proto-Karelian language|Proto-Karelian]]
}}
[[File:2.4b-Ingrian-and-Votic current.png|thumb|300px|Ingrian and Votic villages at the beginning of the 21st century<ref name=map1/><ref name=map2/>]]
'''Ingrian''' ({{lang|izh|inkeroin keeli}}, {{IPA|izh|ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi|label=Soikkola:}}), also called '''Izhorian''' ({{lang|izh|ižoran keeli}}, {{IPA|izh|ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi|label=Soikkola:}}, {{IPA|izh|ˈiʒo̞rəŋ ˈkeːlʲ|label=Ala-Laukaa:}}), is a [[Finnic language]] spoken by the (mainly [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]) [[Izhorians]] of [[Ingria]]. It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly.<ref name=Census /><ref name=Oxford /><ref name=Minorities />

The Ingrian language should be distinguished from the [[Ingrian dialects|Ingrian dialect]] of the [[Finnish language]], which became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants; their descendants, the [[Ingrian Finns]], are often referred to as Ingrians. The immigration of Lutheran Finns was promoted by Swedish authorities, who gained the area in 1617 from Russia, as the local population was (and remained) Orthodox.

==Dialects==
Four dialect groups of Ingrian have been attested, two of which are probably extinct by now:<ref name="Viitso 1998">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Tiit-Rein|last=Viitso|year=1998|chapter=Fennic|editor-first=Daniel|editor-last=Abondolo|title=Uralic languages|publisher=Routledge|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref name="Minorities">{{citation|first1=Natalia|last1=Kuznetsova|first2=Elena
|last2=Markus|first3=Mehmed|last3=Mulinov|chapter=Finnic minorities of Ingria: The current sociolinguistic situation and its background|year=2015|editor-first1=H.|editor-last1=Marten|editor-first2=M.|editor-last2=Rießler|editor-first3=J.|editor-last3=Saarikivi|editor-first4=R.|display-editors = 3 |editor-last4=Toivanen|title=Cultural and linguistic minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union|pages=151–152|series=Multilingual Education|volume=13|isbn=978-3-319-10454-6|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/8267418|access-date=2015-03-25}}</ref>
* Hevaha, spoken along [[Kovashi River]] and nearby coastal areas (†)
* Soikkola, spoken on [[Soikinsky Peninsula]] and along [[Sista River]]
* Ylä-Laukaa (Upper Luga or Oredezhi), spoken along [[Oredezh River]] and the upper [[Luga River]] (†)
* Ala-Laukaa (Lower Luga), a divergent dialect influenced by [[Votic]]
** The extinct [[Kukkuzi dialect]] of Votic is often considered a [[mixed language]] of Lower Luga Ingrian and Votic.
** [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] is a [[mixed language]] of Lower Luga Ingrian Finnish and Lower Luga Ingrian spoken near [[Omsk]] in Siberia.
A fifth dialect may have once been spoken on the [[Karelian Isthmus]] in northernmost Ingria, and may have been a [[substrate (linguistics)|substrate]] of local dialects of southeastern Finnish.<ref name="Viitso 1998"/>

==History==

===Origin===

Ingrian is classified, together with [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]] (including [[Livvi]]), [[Ludic language|Ludic]] and [[Veps language|Veps]], in the [[Northern Finnic languages|Northern Finnic branch]] of the [[Uralic languages]].

The exact origin of [[Izhorians]], and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear.<ref name=Konkova>{{Cite book|title=Ижора: Очерки истории и культуры|last=Konkova|first=Olga I.|isbn=978-5-94348-049-2|series=Коренные народы Ленинградской Области|language=ru|year=2009|location=St. Petersburg}}</ref> Most scholars agree that Ingrian is most closely related to the Karelian language and the [[Eastern Finnish dialects|Eastern dialects of Finnish]], although the exact nature of this relationship is unclear:

A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the [[Neva river]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Происхождение карельского народа|last=Bubrikh|first=Dmitry V.|year=1947|page=32|publisher=Государственное издание Карело-Финской ССР|location=Petrozavodsk|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=Laanest1978>{{Cite book|title=Isuri keele ajalooline foneetika ja morfoloogia|last=Laanest|first=Arvo|year=1978|location=Tallinn|page=3}}</ref>

===Pre-Soviet descriptions===
The first Ingrian records can be traced back to the ''Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa'' by [[Peter Simon Pallas]], which contains a vocabulary of the so-called [[Chukhna]] language, which contains terms in Finnish, [[Votic language|Votic]] and Ingrian.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Pallas>{{cite book|title=Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa|author=P. S. Pallas|language=ru|year=1786}}</ref>

Not much later, Fedor Tumansky, in a description of the [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]] adds vocabularies of various local languages, among which one he dubbed ''ямский'' ("the language of [[Kingisepp|Yamburg]]"), corresponding to the modern Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Tumansky>{{cite book|title=Опыт повествования о деяниях, положении, состоянии и разделении Санктпетербургской губернии, включая народы и селения от времен древних до ныне, расположенный на три отделения с прибавлениями|author=F. O. Tumansky|year=1790|language=ru}}</ref>

During the [[Finnish nationalism|Finnish national awakening]] in the end of the 19th century, as the collection of [[Finnish poetry#Folk and oral poetry|Finnic folk poetry]] became widespread, a large number of poems and songs were recorded in lands inhabited by Izhorians, as well, and ultimately published in various volumes of ''[[Suomen kansan vanhat runot]]''. The songs, although originally sung in the Ingrian language, have been noted using Finnish grammar and Finnish phonology in many cases, as the collectors were not interested in the exact form of the original text.<ref name=Laanest1978 />

One of the collectors of the Ingrian poems, {{ill|Volmari Porkka|fi}}, has gone on to write a first grammatical description of Ingrian, including sections on the [[Ingrian dialects]] of Finnish.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Porkka>{{cite book|title=Ueber den Ingrischen dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte|author=V. Porkka|year=1885|language=de}}</ref> This grammar includes a thorough analysis of the Soikkola, Hevaha, and Ala-Laukaa dialects, and includes a handful of texts (notably, [[fairy tale]]s, including traditional versions of ''[[The Little Humpbacked Horse]]'' and ''[[Tsarevitch Ivan, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf]]'') in all four dialects of Ingrian.

===Early Soviet period===

In 1925, [[Julius Mägiste]] wrote a second grammatical description of Ingrian, this time of the Finnic varieties spoken in a handful of villages along the {{ill|Rosona river|ru|Россонь}}, which showed both Ingrian and Finnish features.<ref name=Laanest1978 /><ref name=Mägiste>{{cite book|title=Rosona (eesti Ingeri) murde pääjooned|author=J. Mägiste|year=1925|language=et}}</ref> This variety was closely related to the modern [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=D. Sidorkevich|url=https://iling.spb.ru/theses/1999|title=Язык ингерманландских переселенцев в Сибири: структура, диалектные особенности, контактные явления. Дисс. канд. филол. наук (PhD thesis)|publisher=The [[Institute for Linguistic Studies]] of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|year=2014|location=Saint Petersburg|language=Russian}}</ref> Simultaneously, in the late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking [[selsovet]]s started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory.<ref name=Konkova />

In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian.<ref name=Konkova /> A first [[Primer (textbook)|primer]] in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duubof|first=V. S.|last2=Lensu|first2=J. J.|last3=Junus|first3=V. I.|title=Ensikirja ja lukukirja inkeroisia oppikoteja vart|trans-title=Primer and reading book for Ingrian schools|url=http://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61494/bx000010953.pdf?sequence=1|place=Leningrad|publisher=Valtion kustannusliike kirja|year=1932|pages=89 (вкладка)|language=izh}}</ref> The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of the language in which these books were written included the [[Ingrian phonology#Vowels|vowel raising of mid vowels]], and a lack of distinction between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants.

By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools).<ref name=Konkova /> At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation had begun.<ref name=Konkova />

In 1936, {{ill|Väinö Junus|fi}}, one of the authors of the above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian.<ref>{{cite book|author=V. I. Junus|title=Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka|year=1936|url=https://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61204/bx000010800.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|language=izh}}</ref> In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian.
The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian [[selsovet]]s were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to [[concentration camp]]s or executed.<ref name="kurs">{{Cite journal|title=Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland|journal=GeoJournal|volume=33|issue=1|pages=107–113|last=Kurs|first=Ott|year=1994|doi=10.1007/BF00810142}}</ref><ref name=Konkova />

During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to the famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with [[Ingrian Finns]] and [[Votians]] to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the [[Continuation War]]. Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended.<ref name=Konkova /> Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across the nation.<ref name=Konkova />

Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically.<ref name=Konkova /><ref name=Minorities /> The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers.<ref name=Konkova />

===Alphabet (1932)===

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|+
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
|}

=== Alphabet (1936) ===

The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the [[Russian Cyrillic alphabet]].

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}

===Alphabet (2005–present)===
The order of the current alphabet matches the [[Finnish alphabet]].

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Š š
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ž ž
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | (Ь ь)
|}

==Grammar==
{{main|Ingrian grammar}}
Like other Uralic languages, Ingrian is a highly [[agglutinative language]]. Ingrian inflection is exclusively performed using inflectional [[suffix]]es, with [[prefix]]es being only used in derivation.

Ingrian nouns and adjectives are inflected for [[grammatical number|number]] (singular and plural) and [[grammatical case|case]]. Ingrian nominals distinguish between twelve cases, with a thirteenth (the [[comitative case|comitative]]) only being present in nouns. Like Finnish, Ingrian has two cases used for the [[direct object]]: the [[accusative case|nominative-genitive]] (used in [[Telicity|telic]] constructions) and the [[partitive case|partitive]] (used in atelic constructions). Ingrian adjectives often have a separate [[comparative adjective|comparative]] form, but lack a morphologically distinct [[superlative]].

Ingrian distinguishes between three [[grammatical person|persons]]. There is no distinction in [[grammatical gender|gender]], but there is an [[animacy (linguistics)|animacy]] distinction in interrogative pronouns.

Ingrian verbs feature four [[grammatical mood|moods]]: [[indicative]], [[conditional mood|conditional]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] and the now rare [[potential mood|potential]]. Verbs are inflected for three [[grammatical person|person]]s, two [[number]]s and a special [[impersonal verb|impersonal]] form for each of the moods, although the imperative lacks a first person form. The indicative has both [[present tense|present]] and [[past tense|past]] forms. [[Polarity (linguistics)|Negation]] in Ingrian is expressed by means of a negative verb that inflects by person and has separate imperative forms.

==Phonology==
{{Main|Ingrian phonology}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonant inventory of the extant Ingrian dialects
! colspan=2 |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/<br /> [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/n/}}
| {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Plosive]]
! voiceless
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|
|-
! halfvoiced
| <span style="color:green;">{{IPA|[b̥]}}</span>
| colspan=2 | <span style="color:green;">{{IPA|[d̥]}}</span>
| <span style="color:green;">{{IPA|[ɡ̊]}}</span>
|
|-
! voiced
| <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/b/}}</span>
| colspan=2 | <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/d/}}</span>
| <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/ɡ/}}</span>
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA|/t͡s/}}
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| ||
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! voiceless
| {{IPA|/f/}}
| <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/s/}}</span>
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{IPA|[x]}}
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
! halfvoiced
| 
|
| <span style="color:green;">{{IPA|[ʒ̥]}}</span>
| ||
|-
! voiced
| 
| <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/z/}}</span>
| <span style="color:red;">{{IPA|/ʒ/}}</span>
| ||
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/r/}}
| ||
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA|/l/}}, <span style="color:green;">{{IPA|[l]}}</span>
| {{IPA|[lʲ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA|/ʋ/}}
| 
| {{IPA|/j/}}
| ||
|}

The phonology of the two extant Ingrian varieties differs substantially. The Soikkola dialect features a threefold contrast in consonant length ({{IPA|[t]}} vs {{IPA|[tˑ]}} vs {{IPA|[tː]}}) as well as a threefold distinction in voicing ({{IPA|[t]}} vs {{IPA|[d̥]}} vs {{IPA|[d]}}). The Ala-Laukaa dialect, on the contrary only has a twofold contrast in both length and voicing ({{IPA|[tː]}} vs {{IPA|[t]}} vs {{IPA|[d]}}), but features highly prominent vowel reduction, resulting in phonetically both reduced and voiceless vowels ({{IPA|[o]}} vs {{IPA|[ŏ]}} vs {{IPA|[ŏ̥]}}).

Both dialects show various processes of consonant assimilation in voicing and, in the case of the nasal phoneme {{IPA|/n/}}, place of articulation. The consonant inventory of the Ala-Laukaa dialect is relatively larger, as it includes a number of loaned phonemes not or only partially distinguished in the Soikkola dialect.

To the right, the consonant inventory of Ingrian is shown. The consonants highlighted in <span style="color:red;">red</span> are only found in the Ala-Laukaa dialect or as loaned phonemes, while consonants in <span style="color:green;">green</span> are only found in the Soikkola dialect. Both phonemes (slashes) and allophones (brackets) are shown.

Stress in Ingrian generally falls on the first syllable, with a secondary stress on every uneven nonfinal syllabe (third, fifth, etc.). An exception is the word ''paraikaa'' ("now"), which is stressed on the second syllable. Furthermore, some speakers might stress borrowed words according to the stress rules of the donor language.

==Morphophonology==
The Ingrian language has several [[Morphophonology|morphophonological processes]].

[[Vowel harmony]] is the process that the [[affix]]es attached to a lemma may change depending on the stressed vowel of the word. This means that if the word is stressed on a [[back vowel]], the affix would contain a back vowel as well, while if the word's stress lies on a [[front vowel]], the affix would naturally contain a front vowel. Thus, if the stress of a word lies on an "a", "o" or "u", the possible affix vowels would be "a", "o" or "u", while if the stress of a word lies on an "ä", "ö" or "y", the possible affix vowels to this word would then be "ä", "ö" or "y":
: '''nappi''' (button, ''nominativa''); '''nappi''a''''' (button, ''partitiva'')
: '''näppi''' (pinch, ''nominativa''); '''näppi''ä''''' (pinch, ''partitiva'')
The vowels "e" and "i" are neutral, that is to say that they can be used together with both types of vowels.

==Vocabulary==
The words in the Ingrian language are mostly of native [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] origin, and show great similarity with the surrounding Finnish and Estonian languages. Below is given a [[Leipzig-Jakarta list]] of the Ingrian language:

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"
! colspan="7" | Leipzig-Jakarta list of Ingrian
|-
! rowspan=2 | English !! colspan=3 | Ingrian<ref name=Nirvi /> !! rowspan=2 | Finnish !! rowspan=2 | Estonian !! rowspan=2 | [[Etymology|Etymological]] notes
|-
!  Literary Ingrian !! Ala-Laukaa !! Soikkola
|-
| fire || '''tuli''' || {{IPA|[ˈtulʲi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtuli]}} || tuli || tuli || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tuli''
|-
| nose || '''nenä''' || {{IPA|[ˈnenæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnenæ]}} || nenä || nina || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*nenä''
|-
| to go || '''männä''' || {{IPA|[ˈmænː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmænːæ]}} || mennä || minna || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*mendäk''
|-
| water || '''vesi''' || {{IPA|[ˈʋesi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋeʒ̥i]}} || vesi || vesi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*veci''
|-
| mouth || '''suu''' || {{IPA|[ˈsuː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃuː]}} || suu || suu || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*suu''
|-
| tongue || '''keeli''', '''keel''' || {{IPA|[ˈkeːlʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkeːlʲ(i)]}} || kieli || keel ||  < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*keeli''
|-
| blood || '''veri''' || {{IPA|[ˈʋeri]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋeri]}} || veri || veri || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*veri''
|-
| bone || '''luu''' || {{IPA|[ˈɫuː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɫuː]}} || luu || luu || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*luu''
|-
| you; thou || '''siä''' || {{IPA|[ˈsiæ̯]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃiæ̯]}} || sinä || sina, sa || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*sinä''
|-
| root || '''juuri''', '''juur''' || {{IPA|[ˈjuːrʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjuːr(i)]}} || juuri || juur || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*juuri''
|-
| to come || '''tulla''' || {{IPA|[ˈtuɫː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtuɫːɑ]}} || tulla || tulla || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tuldak''
|-
| breast || '''nännä''' || {{IPA|[ˈnænː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnænːæ]}} || (rinta) || (rind) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*nännä''<br />The Finnish and Estonian terms are reflected in Ingrian '''rinta''' ("chest")
|-
| rain || '''vihma''' || {{IPA|[ˈʋihm]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋihmɑ]}} || vihma || vihm || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*vihma''
|-
| I || '''miä''' || {{IPA|[ˈmiæ̯]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmiæ̯]}} || minä || mina, ma || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*minä''
|-
| name || '''nimi''' || {{IPA|[ˈnimi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnimi]}} || nimi || nimi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*nimi''
|-
| louse || '''täi''' || {{IPA|[ˈtæi̯]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtæi̯]}} || täi || täi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*täi''
|-
| wing || '''siipi''' || {{IPA|[ˈsiːpʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃiːb̥i]}} || siipi || tiib || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*siipi'' ~ ''*tiipa''
|-
| meat; flesh || '''liha''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲihɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlʲihɑ]}} || liha || liha || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*liha''
|-
| arm; hand || '''käsi''' || {{IPA|[ˈkæsi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkæʒ̥i]}} || käsi || käsi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*käci''
|-
| fly || '''kärpäin''' || {{IPA|[ˈkærpəi̯n]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkærpæi̯n]}} || kärpänen || kärbes || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kärpähinen''
|-
| night || '''öö''' || {{IPA|[ˈøː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈøː]}} || yö || öö || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*öö''
|-
| ear || '''korva''' || {{IPA|[ˈkorʋ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkorʋɑ]}} || korva || kõrv || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*korva''
|-
| neck || '''kagla''' || {{IPA|[ˈkɑɡɫ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑɡɫɑ]}} || kaula || kael || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kakla''
|-
| far || '''etähääl''' || {{IPA|[ˈetːælʲː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈed̥æhæːl]}} || etäällä || (kaugel) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*etähällä''
|-
| to do; to make || '''tehä''' || {{IPA|[ˈtehæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtehæ]}} || tehdä || teha || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tektäk''
|-
| house || '''talo''' || {{IPA|[ˈtɑɫo]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɑɫoi̯]}} || talo || (maja) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*taloi''
|-
| stone || '''kivi''' || {{IPA|[ˈkiʋi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkiʋi]}} || kivi || kivi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kivi''
|-
| bitter || '''karkia''' || {{IPA|[ˈkɑrke]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑrkiɑ]}} || (kitkerä) || (mõru) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*karkeda''
|-
| to say || '''sannoa''' || {{IPA|[ˈsɑnːo]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃɑnˑoɑ]}} || sanoa || (ütlema) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*sanodak''
|-
| tooth || '''hammas''' || {{IPA|[ˈhɑmːəz]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɑmːɑʒ̥]}} || hammas || hammas || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*hambas''
|-
| (strand of) hair || '''hius''' || {{IPA|[ˈhiu̯z]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhiu̯ʒ̥]}} || hius || juus || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*hibus''
|-
| big || '''suur''', '''suuri''' || {{IPA|[ˈsuːrʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃuːr(i)]}} || suuri || suur || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*suuri''
|-
| one || '''yks''' || {{IPA|[ˈyksʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈykʃ]}} || yksi || üks || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*ükci''
|-
| who? || ''''ken'''? || {{IPA|[ˈken]}} || {{IPA|[ˈken]}} || (kuka?) || kes? || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*ken''
|-
| he; she || '''hää''' || {{IPA|[ˈhæn]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhæː]}} || hän || (tema, ta) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*hän''
|-
| to hit || '''löövvä''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲøːʋː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈløːʋːæ]}} || lyödä || lüüa || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*löödäk''
|-
| leg; foot || '''jalka''' || {{IPA|[ˈjɑɫk]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑɫɡ̊ɑ]}} || jalka || jalg || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*jalka''
|-
| horn || '''sarvi''' || {{IPA|[ˈsɑrʋʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃɑrʋi]}} || sarvi || sarv || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*sarvi''
|-
| this || '''tämä''' || {{IPA|[ˈtæmæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtæmæ]}} || tämä || (see) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tämä''
|-
| fish || '''kala''' || {{IPA|[ˈkɑɫɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑɫɑ]}} || kala || kala || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kala''
|-
| yesterday || '''egle''' || {{IPA|[ˈeɡlʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈeɡle]}} || eilen || eile || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*eklen''
|-
| to drink || '''joovva''' || {{IPA|[ˈjuʋː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjoːʋːɑ]}} || juoda || juua || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*joodak''
|-
| black || '''musta''' || {{IPA|[ˈmust]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmuʃtɑ]}} || musta || must || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*musta''
|-
| navel || '''napa''' || {{IPA|[ˈnɑpɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɑb̥ɑ]}} || napa || naba || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*napa''
|-
| to stand || '''seissa''' || {{IPA|[ˈsei̯sː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃei̯ʃːɑ]}} || seistä || seista || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*saictak''
|-
| to bite || '''purra''' || {{IPA|[ˈpurː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpurːɑ]}} || purra || pureda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*purdak''
|-
| back || '''takas''' || {{IPA|[ˈtɑkɑz]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɑɡ̊ɑʒ̥]}} || takaisin || tagasi || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*takaicin''
|-
| wind || '''tuuli''', '''tuul''' || {{IPA|[ˈtuːlʲ]}} || {{IPA|ˈtuːl(i)]}} || tuuli || tuul || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tuuli''
|-
| smoke || '''savvu''' || {{IPA|[ˈsɑʋːŭ̥]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃɑʋːu]}} || savu || (suits) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*savu''
|-
| what? || '''mikä'''? || {{IPA|[ˈmikæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmiɡ̊æ]}} || mikä? || mis? || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*mi(kä)''
|-
| child || '''laps''', '''lapsi''' || {{IPA|[ˈɫɑpsʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɫɑpʃ(i)]}} || lapsi || laps || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*lapci''
|-
| egg || '''muna''' || {{IPA|[ˈmunɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmunɑ]}} || muna || muna || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*muna''
|-
| to give || '''antaa''' || {{IPA|[ˈɑntɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɑntɑː]}} || antaa || anda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*antadak''
|-
| new || '''uus''', '''uusi''' || {{IPA|[ˈuːsʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈuːʒ̥(i)]}} || uusi || uus || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*uuci'' 
|-
| to burn || '''pallaa''' || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫːɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫˑɑː]}} || palaa || põleda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*paladak'' 
|-
| not || '''ei''' || {{IPA|[ˈei̯]}} || {{IPA|[ˈei̯]}} || ei || ei || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*ei''
|-
| good || '''hyvä''' || {{IPA|[ˈhyʋæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhyʋæ]}} || hyvä || hea || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*hüvä''
|-
| to know || '''tiitää''' || {{IPA|[ˈtiːtæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtiːtæː]}} || tietää || teada || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*teetädäk''
|-
| knee || '''polvi''' || {{IPA|[ˈpoɫʋʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpoɫʋi]}} || polvi || põlv || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*polvi''
|-
| sand || '''liiva''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲiːʋ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlʲiːʋɑ]}} || (hiekka) || liiv || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*liiva''
|-
| to laugh || '''nagraa''' || {{IPA|[ˈnɑɡrɑ]}} || {{IPA|ˈnɑɡrɑː]}} || nauraa || naerda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*nakradak''
|-
| to hear || '''kuulla''' || {{IPA|[ˈkuːɫː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuːɫːɑ]}} || kuulla || kuulda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kuuldak''
|-
| soil || '''maa''' || {{IPA|[ˈmɑː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑː]}} || maa || maa || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*maa''
|-
| leaf || '''lehti''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲehtʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlehti]}} || lehti || leht || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*lehti''
|-
| red || '''punain''' || {{IPA|[ˈpunɑi̯n]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpunˑɑi̯n]}} || punainen || punane || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*punainën''
|-
| liver || '''leipäliha''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲei̯pəˌlʲihɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlei̯b̥æˌlʲihɑ]}} || (maksa) || (maks) || < ''leipä'' ("bread") + ''liha'' ("meat")
|-
| to hide || '''peittää''' || {{IPA|[ˈpei̯tːæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpei̯tːæː]}} || peittää || peita || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*peittädäk''
|-
| skin; leather || '''nahka''' || {{IPA|[ˈnɑxk]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɑxkɑ]}} || nahka || nahk || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*nahka''
|-
| to suck || '''immiä''' || {{IPA|[ˈimːe]}} || {{IPA|[ˈimˑiæ]}} || imeä || imeda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*imedäk''
|-
| to carry || '''kantaa''' || {{IPA|[ˈkɑntɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑntɑː]}} || kantaa || kanda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kantadak''
|-
| ant || '''muurahain''' || {{IPA|[ˈmuːrəhəi̯n]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmuːrɑhɑi̯n]}} || muurahainen || (sipelgas) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*muurahainën''
|-
| heavy || '''raskas''' || {{IPA|[ˈrɑskəz]}} || {{IPA|[ˈrɑʃkɑʒ̥]}} || raskas || raske || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*raskas'' ~ ''*raskëda''
|-
| to take || '''ottaa''' || {{IPA|[ˈotːɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈotːɑː]}} || ottaa || võtta || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*vottadak''
|-
| old || '''vanha''' || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑnɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑnhɑ]}} || vanha || vana || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*vanha''
|-
| to eat || '''söövvä''' || {{IPA|[ˈsyʋː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃøːʋːæ]}} || syödä || süüa || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*söödäk''
|-
| thigh || '''reis''' || {{IPA|[rei̯sʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈrei̯ʒ̥]}} || reisi || reis || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*raici''
|-
| long || '''pitkä''' || {{IPA|[pitk]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpitkæ]}} || pitkä || pikk || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*pitkä''
|-
| to blow || '''puhhua''' || {{IPA|[ˈpuxːo]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpuxˑuɑ]}} || (puhaltaa) || puhuda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*puhudak''
|-
| wood || '''puu''' || {{IPA|[ˈpuː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpuː]}} || puu || puu || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*puu''
|-
| to run || '''joossa''' || {{IPA|[ˈjoːsː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjoːʃːɑ]}} || juosta || joosta || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*joostak''
|-
| to fall || '''langeta''' || {{IPA|[ˈɫɑŋɡet]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɫɑŋɡ̊ed̥ɑ]}} || (pudota) || langeda || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*langët'ak''
|-
| eye || '''silmä''' || {{IPA|[ˈsilʲm]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃilʲmæ]}} || silmä || silm || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*silmä''
|-
| ash || '''tuhka''' || {{IPA|[ˈtuxk]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtuxkɑ]}} || tuhka || tuhk || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tuhka''
|-
| tail || '''häntä''' || {{IPA|[ˈhænt]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhænd̥æ]}} || häntä || händ || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*häntä''
|-
| dog || '''koira''' || {{IPA|[ˈkoi̯r]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkoi̯rɑ]}} || koira || koer || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*koira''
|-
| to cry || '''itkiä''' || {{IPA|[ˈitke]}} || {{IPA|[ˈitkiæ]}} || itkeä || (nutma) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*itkedäk''
|-
| to tie || '''sittoa''' || {{IPA|[ˈsitːo]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃitˑoɑ]}} || sitoa || siduta || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*sitodak''
|-
| to see || '''nähä''' || {{IPA|[ˈnæhæ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnæhæ]}} || nähdä || näha || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*näktäk''
|-
| sweet || '''makkia''' || {{IPA|[ˈmɑkːe]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑkˑiɑ]}} || makea || (magus) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*makëda''
|-
| rope || '''köys''', '''köysi''' || {{IPA|[ˈkøy̯sʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkøy̯ʒ̥(i)]}} || köysi || köis || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*keüci''
|-
| shadow || '''kupain''' || {{IPA|[ˈkupɑi̯n]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkub̥ɑhɑi̯n]}} || (varjo) || (vari) ||
|-
| bird || '''lintu''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲintŭ̥]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlʲind̥u]}} || lintu || lind || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*lintu''
|-
| salt || '''soola''' || {{IPA|[ˈsoːɫ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃoːɫɑ]}} || suola || sool || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*soola''
|-
| small || '''peeni''', '''peen''' || {{IPA|[ˈpeːnʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpeːn(i)]}} || pieni || peen || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*peeni''
|-
| wide || '''levviä''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲeʋːe]}} || {{IPA|[ˈleʋˑiæ]}} || leveä || (lai) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*levedä''
|-
| star || '''tähti''' || {{IPA|[ˈtæhtʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtæhti]}} || tähti || täht || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*tähti''
|-
| inside || '''sises''' || {{IPA|[ˈsisesː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃiʒ̥eʒ̥]}} || sisässä || sees || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*sicässä''
|-
| hard || '''kova''' || {{IPA|[ˈkoʋɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkoʋɑ]}} || kova || kõva || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*kova''
|-
| to grind || '''jauhaa''' || {{IPA|[ˈjɑu̯hɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑu̯hɑː]}} || jauhaa || (jahvatama) || < {{abbr|PF|Proto-Finnic}} ''*jauhadak''
|}

Nevertheless, borrowings from [[Russian language|Russian]], both old and new, are very common. Some borrowings from Finnish, Estonian and [[Votic language|Votic]] are also present:<ref name=Nirvi>{{cite book|title=Inkeroismurteiden sanakirja|author=R. E. Nirvi|year=1971|trans-title=Dictionary of the Ingrian dialects}}</ref>
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"
! colspan="7" | A selection of common borrowed terms in Ingrian
|-
! colspan=3 | Ingrian<ref name=Nirvi /> !! rowspan=2 | English !! rowspan=2 | Source
|-
!  Literary Ingrian !! Ala-Laukaa !! Soikkola
|-
| '''risti''' || {{IPA|[ˈristʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈriʃti]}} || "cross" || < [[Old East Slavic]] ''крьстъ'' (krĭstŭ) "cross"
|-
| '''lässiä''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲæsːe]}} || {{IPA|[ˈlæʃˑiæ]}} || "to be ill" || < Old East Slavic ''лежати'' (ležati) "to lie"
|-
| '''ležžiä''' || {{IPA|[ˈlʲeʒːe]}} || {{IPA|[ˈleʃˑiæ]}} || "to lie" || < Russian ''лежать'' (ležatʹ) "to lie"
|-
| '''kapusta''' || {{IPA|[ˈkɑpust]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑb̥uʃtɑ]}} || "cabbage" || < Russian ''капуста'' (kapusta) "cabbage"
|-
| '''trappu''' || {{IPA|[ˈtrɑpːŭ̥]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtrɑpːu]}} || "stair" || < Finnish ''(t)rappu'' "stair"
|-
| '''vahti''' || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑhtʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑhti]}} || "guard" || < Finnish ''vahti'' "guard"
|-
| '''riikki''' || {{IPA|[ˈriːkʲː]}} || {{IPA|[ˈriːkːi]}} || "country" || < Estonian ''riik'' "country"
|-
| '''lusti''' || {{IPA|[ˈɫustʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɫuʃti]}} || "pretty" || < Estonian ''lust'' "pleasure"
|-
| '''api''' || {{IPA|[ˈɑpi]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɑb̥i]}} || "help" || < Votic ''api'' "help"
|-
| '''roho''' || {{IPA|[ˈroho]}} || {{IPA|[ˈroho]}} || "grass" || < Votic ''roho'' "grass"
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Paul Ariste]] 1981. ''Keelekontaktid''. Tallinn: Valgus. [pt. 2.6. ''Kolme läänemere keele hääbumine'' lk. 76 – 82] {{in lang|et}}
*A. Laanest. 1993. Ižorskij Jazyk. In V. N. Jartseva (ed.), Jazyki Mira: Ural'skie Jazyki, 55–63. Moskva: Nauka.

==External links==
{{wiktionary category 2|Ingrian lemmas}}
{{incubator|izh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804013835/http://wiki.verbix.com/Languages/Ingrian Ingrian verb conjugation]
* [http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.izh.eng.html Ingrian language resources at Giellatekno]
*[http://forumnarodov47.ru/docs/posobie_po_izhorskomu_yaziku_konkova_o_i_dyachkova_n_a_spb_2014-jSB.pdf INKEROIN KEEL УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО ИЖОРСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ]
*[https://ingrian.org/ingrian-dictionary Morphological dictionary of Soikkola Ingrian]

{{Uralic languages}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingrian Language}}
[[Category:Ingrian language| ]]
[[Category:Finnic languages]]
[[Category:Ingria]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of European Russia]]
[[Category:Severely endangered languages]]
[[Category:Izhorian people]]