View source for Infrared sauna

{{Short description|Nontraditional type of sauna for which pseudoscientific claims are made}}{{about|the type of sauna that uses infrared light as its heat source|other types of sauna|Sauna}}{{infobox medical equipment
| name         = Infrared sauna
| acronym      =
| synonym      =
| image        = File:Infraszauna 001.jpg
| image_size   = 
| caption      = The interior of an infrared sauna
| alt          = 
| specialty    = <!-- from Wikidata, can be overwritten -->
| intervention = 
| MedlinePlus  = 
| eMedicine    = 
| inventor     = John Harvey Kellogg
| invention date = 1891
| manufacturer = 
| related      = 
}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar}}

An '''infrared sauna''' uses [[infrared heater]]s to emit [[infrared]] light experienced as [[thermal radiation|radiant heat]] which is absorbed by the surface of the skin. Infrared saunas are popular in [[Alternative medicine|alternative therapies]], where they are claimed to help with a number of medical issues including [[Autism spectrum|autism]], [[cancer]], and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|COVID-19]], but these claims are entirely [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]. Traditional [[sauna]]s differ from infrared saunas in that they heat the body primarily by [[Thermal conduction|conduction]] and [[Convection (heat transfer)|convection]] from the heated air and by [[Thermal radiation|radiation]] of the heated surfaces in the sauna room whereas infrared saunas primarily use just radiation. 

Infrared saunas are also used in Infrared Therapy and Waon Therapy; while there is a small amount of preliminary evidence that these therapies [[Correlation and dependence|correlate]] with a number of benefits, including reduced [[blood pressure]], increased [[heart rate]] and increased left [[ventricular function]], there are several problems with linking this evidence to alleged health benefits.

==History==
[[File:Radiant heat bath by John H. Kellogg at the USPTO museum.jpg|thumb|Radiant heat bath by John H. Kellogg at the USPTO museum]]
[[John Harvey Kellogg]] invented the use of radiant heat saunas with his ''incandescent electric light bath'' in 1891.{{R|TripleJ2020}} He claimed that it stimulated healing in the body and in 1893 displayed his invention at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]].{{R|TripleJ2020}} In 1896 the ''Radiant Heat Bath'' was patented by Kellogg and described in the patent as not depending on the heat in the air to heat the body but able to more quickly produce a sweat than traditional Turkish or Russian baths at a lower [[Room temperature|ambient temperature]].{{R|US558394}} The idea became popular, particularly in [[Germany]] where "Light Institutes" were set up.{{R|TripleJ2020}} [[Edward VII|King Edward VII of England]] and [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany]] both had radiant heat baths set up in their various palaces.{{R|TripleJ2020}} The modern concept of the infrared sauna was revived in the 1970s in Japan as Waon (Japanese: "soothing warmth") Therapy and neonatal beds for newborns use infrared elements to keep the baby warm without being stifled.{{R|TripleJ2020}}{{R|Heid2016}}

==Description==
[[File:Electromagnetic Far Infrared.jpg|thumb|Electromagnetic Far Infrared]]
Infrared saunas can be designed to look like traditional saunas but cheaper models can be in the form of a tent with an infrared element inside.{{R|TripleJ2020}}{{R|Tsonis2018}} Infrared saunas differ from other types of sauna such as traditional [[Finnish sauna|Finnish saunas]] mainly in the method of heat delivery. [[Far infrared|Far infrared light]], which is emitted in an infrared sauna at a [[Electromagnetic spectrum|wavelength]] of around 10 μm, is felt directly by the body in the form of radiated heat without the need to heat the air around the body first.{{R|Beever2009}} This results in a lower ambient air temperature allowing for longer sustained stays in the sauna. Infrared light also penetrates the body deeply resulting in a fast and vigorous sweat being produced. The average ambient temperature in an infrared sauna is usually {{Cvt|40-60|C}} compared to {{Cvt|70-90|C}} in traditional saunas.{{R|Tsonis2018}}

==Effects==

A 2009 literature review of research on far-infrared saunas (FIRS) concluded that there was limited moderate evidence supporting their efficacy in normalizing [[blood pressure]] and treating [[congestive heart failure]].{{R|Beever2009}} The review found fair evidence from a single study supporting FIRS therapy for [[chronic pain]].{{R|Beever2009}} They found fair evidence against claims that FIRS reduces [[Cholesterol level|cholesterol levels]].{{R|Beever2009}} They found weak evidence, from a single study, supporting FIRS therapy as treatment for [[obesity]].{{R|Beever2009}} All of the studies in the review were limited: they were small sample sizes, short duration, unvalidated symptom scales, and were conducted by the same core research group.{{R|Beever2009}}

In February 2021 [[Steven Novella]] of ''[[Science-Based Medicine]]'' commented on the quality of studies in an article entitled "Infrared Saunas for 'Detoxification{{'"}} he stated that: {{Blockquote
|Most of the mainstream attention is on the cardiovascular effects. Using a sauna does correlate with reduced blood pressure (in some, BP may also increase), increased heart rate, increased dermal perfusion with a reduction in organ perfusion, and increased left ventricular function and arterial flexibility. There are several problems with linking this evidence to alleged health benefits. First – these effects are all short term, during the sauna and for 30 minutes following. We don't know if there is any sustained change in cardiovascular function. Second, we don't know that these changes are improvements. This relates to the third issue, it is possible that at least most of these changes may simply be due to dehydration. Reduced blood volume from water loss (similar to a diuretic effect) will reduce the blood pressure and increase the heart rate, relaxing blood vessels to increase perfusion. So perhaps all we are seeing is a transient effect of the dehydration that accompanies using a sauna.{{R|Novella2021}}}}

A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis of nine clinical trials found that five weekly conventional sauna sessions for 2 to 4 weeks was associated with a significant reduction in [[brain natriuretic peptide]] (BNP; a marker of heart failure progression) and [[Cardiomegaly|cardiothoracic ratio]] (an indicator of [[heart enlargement]]), and improved [[Left ventricular Ejection Fraction|left-ventricular ejection fraction]], but no significant effect on left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left atrial diameter, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure. The review also rated the quality of evidence for these findings as moderate to insufficient, citing a risk of bias and imprecision as the reason for the low evidence rating. The evidence presented by the review supported a therapeutic effect of sauna bathing for heart failure patients but recommended that further studies were needed to be able to draw definitive conclusions.{{R|Kallstrom2018}}

A 2019 scientific survey found that most people use both infrared and traditional saunas for relaxation and that its use, 5 to 15 times per month, was associated with higher mental well-being.{{R|Hussain2019}}

==Use in alternative therapies==
There are a number of claims made about the health effects of infrared saunas that are entirely based in pseudoscience and have no evidence to support them.{{R|Novella2021}}

=== Claims of detoxification ===
[[File:Infrarotsauna, Thermen Cube Vesta direkt an der Skipiste (2039 m ü.A.), Kaiserburg, Kärnten.jpg|thumb|At the height of the Kaiserburg (2039 m above sea level), the infrared sauna "Thermen Cube Vesta" is directly on the ski slope for warming up. It is located in the Nockberge, municipality Bad Kleinkirchheim, Carinthia, Austria, EU.]]
Proponents of infrared saunas may, without evidence, advertise benefits of [[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|detoxification]], or that infrared saunas detoxify to a greater extent than traditional saunas.{{R|Conaboy2017}} Proponents of infrared saunas will often claim that because infrared light penetrates the body so deeply, it must detoxify better than other means of sweat induction.{{R|Bellamy2020}} Infrared saunas do induce body warmth and sweat much more vigorously and at lower ambient temperatures than traditional saunas or exercise;{{R|Tsonis2018}} this does not mean that they detoxify more efficiently, or at all.{{R|Conaboy2017}} Sweating removes an insignificant amount of toxins from the body and can be counterproductive to the function of the body's actual detoxification system, the [[liver]] and [[Kidney|kidneys]].{{R|Novella2021}}{{R|Bellamy2016}} Producing more sweat reduces the amount of urine produced by the body, which may actually reduce toxin excretion.{{R|Novella2021}}{{R|Bellamy2016}}

=== Applications ===
Fire departments in [[Texas]] and [[Indiana]] have purchased infrared saunas under the premise that they will prevent cancer and that the firefighters will be able to sweat out inhaled [[pollutant|pollutants]].{{R|Engelhaupt2018}} Alternative therapists such as [[Naturopathy|naturopaths]] have advised the use of infrared saunas for the treatment of cancer{{R|Gorski2012}} and autism.{{R|Gavura2014}} Wellness clinics have recommended it to remove [[Non-ionizing radiation|radiation]]{{R|Conaboy2017}} and [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metals]]{{R|Novella2021}} from the body, as well as a preventative treatment for COVID-19.{{R|Bellamy2020}}{{R|TripleJ2020}} [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] has also been criticised by experts for recommending infrared saunas as a post COVID-19 treatment.{{R|Guardian2021}}

==See also==
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

*[[Balneotherapy]]
*[[Bikram Yoga]]
*[[Chelation therapy]]
*[[Chromotherapy]]
*[[Detoxification (alternative medicine)]]
*[[Detoxification foot baths]]
*[[Electromagnetic spectrum]]
*[[Light therapy]]
*[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]
*[[Sauna]]
*[[Hammam|Turkish baths]]

}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=TripleJ2020>{{cite web |last1=Purtill |first1=James |title=Infrared saunas are not a coronavirus remedy, doctors warn, as sales boom |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/covid-19-coronavirus-infrared-saunas-not-remedy-doctors-warn/12546908 |website=Triple J Hack |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305180602/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/covid-19-coronavirus-infrared-saunas-not-remedy-doctors-warn/12546908 |archive-date=5 March 2021|date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=US558394>{{cite web |last1=Kellogg |first1=John Harvey |author-link=John Harvey Kellogg|title=US Patent US558394 |url=https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=00558394&IDKey=62CE1EFB847F&HomeUrl=%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fpatimg.htm |website=United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=21 May 2021|date=14 April 1896}}</ref>

<ref name=Novella2021>{{cite web |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |author-link=Steven Novella|title=Infrared Saunas for "Detoxification" |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/infrared-saunas-for-detoxification/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223234348/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/infrared-saunas-for-detoxification/ |archive-date=23 February 2021|date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=Kallstrom2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Källström M, Soveri I, Oldgren J, Laukkanen J, Ichiki T, Tei C, Timmerman M, Berglund L, Hägglund H | display-authors = 6 | title = Effects of sauna bath on heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Cardiology | volume = 41 | issue = 11 | pages = 1491–1501 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30239008 | pmc = 6489706 | doi = 10.1002/clc.23077 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gorski2012>{{cite web |last1=Gorski |first1=David |author-link=David Gorski|title=Another cancer tragedy in the making |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/another-cancer-tragedy-in-the-making/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622004530/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/another-cancer-tragedy-in-the-making |archive-date=22 June 2013 |date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=Gavura2014>{{cite web |last1=Gavura |first1=Scott |title=Naturopathy vs. Science: Autism |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/naturopathy-vs-science-autism/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122173000/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/naturopathy-vs-science-autism/ |archive-date=22 November 2014 |date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Bellamy2020>{{cite web |last1=Bellamy |first1=Jann |title=FTC warns naturopaths, acupuncturists, physicians, and chiropractors about false and misleading COVID-19 claims |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ftc-warns-naturopaths-acupuncturists-physicians-and-chiropractors-about-false-and-misleading-covid-19-claims/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618085858/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ftc-warns-naturopaths-acupuncturists-physicians-and-chiropractors-about-false-and-misleading-covid-19-claims/ |archive-date=18 June 2020 |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Guardian2021>{{cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=NHS warns against Gwyneth Paltrow's 'kombucha and kimchi' Covid advice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/24/gwyneth-paltrows-covid-advice-challenged-nhs-england-director |website=The Guardian |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192804/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/24/gwyneth-paltrows-covid-advice-challenged-nhs-england-director |archive-date=24 February 2021 |date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=Bellamy2016>{{cite web |last1=Bellamy |first1=Jann |title=NCCIH funds sauna "detoxification" study at naturopathic school |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/nccih-funds-sauna-detoxification-study-at-naturopathic-school/ |website=Science Based Medicine |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117171959/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/nccih-funds-sauna-detoxification-study-at-naturopathic-school/ |archive-date=17 November 2020 |date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=Conaboy2017>{{cite web |last1=Conaboy |first1=Kelly |title=Infrared Saunas Will Not 'Detoxify' You |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/06/infrared-saunas-will-not-detoxify-you-toxins-sweat/528813/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608215439/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/06/infrared-saunas-will-not-detoxify-you-toxins-sweat/528813/ |archive-date=8 June 2017 |date=2 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=Hussain2019>{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Joy |title=People use sauna for well-being, but its medical benefits are not widely understood |url=https://theconversation.com/people-use-sauna-for-well-being-but-its-medical-benefits-are-not-widely-understood-117972 |website=The Conversation |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730224947/https://theconversation.com/people-use-sauna-for-well-being-but-its-medical-benefits-are-not-widely-understood-117972 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=Tsonis2018>{{cite web |last1=Tsonis |first1=Jack |title=Infrared sauna is no better for your health than traditional sauna: busting a common wellness myth |url=https://theconversation.com/infrared-sauna-is-no-better-for-your-health-than-traditional-sauna-busting-a-common-wellness-myth-102408 |website=The Conversation |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120005322/https://theconversation.com/infrared-sauna-is-no-better-for-your-health-than-traditional-sauna-busting-a-common-wellness-myth-102408 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Heid2016>{{cite magazine |last1=Heid |first1=Markham |title=You Asked: Are Infrared Saunas Healthy? |url=https://time.com/4481947/infrared-sauna-benefits-healthy/ |magazine=Time |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907174059/https://time.com/4481947/infrared-sauna-benefits-healthy/ |archive-date=7 September 2016 |date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=Engelhaupt2018>{{cite web |last1=Engelhaupt |first1=Erika |title=Fact or Fiction: Can You Really Sweat Out Toxins? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/sweating-toxins-myth-detox-facts-saunas-pollutants-science |website=National Geographic |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217150600/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/sweating-toxins-myth-detox-facts-saunas-pollutants-science |archive-date=17 February 2021 |date=7 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Beever2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Beever R | title = Far-infrared saunas for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: summary of published evidence | journal = Canadian Family Physician | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 691–6 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19602651 | pmc = 2718593 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/details/39002011140895.med.yale.edu/page/202/mode/2up Light therapeutics; a practical manual of phototherapy for the student and the practitioner, with special reference to the incandescent electric-light bath by Kellogg, John Harvey,1852-1943]

{{Pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Bathing]]
[[Category:Light therapy]]
[[Category:Energy therapies]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Alternative detoxification]]
[[Category:Fringe science]]
[[Category:Scientific skepticism]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Health fraud]]