View source for Indonesia Raya

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|National anthem of Indonesia}}
{{about|the national anthem}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|id|italic=no|Indonesia Raya}}
| english_title = 'Indonesia the Great'
| alt_title     = Indonesia Raja {{small|(old spelling)}}
| en_alt_title  = 
| image         = Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan - Indonesia Raya.pdf, p. 57.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = Music sheet of "Indonesia Raya"
| prefix        = National
| country       = Indonesia
| author        = [[Wage Rudolf Supratman]], 1924<br>National Anthem Committee {{small|(led by [[Sukarno]])}}
| lyrics_date   = 1944
| composer      = [[Wage Rudolf Supratman]]
| music_date    = 1924
| adopted       = 17 August 1945 {{small|(original)}}<br>17 August 1950 {{small|(official)}}<br>7 December 1975 {{small|(by [[East Timor (Indonesian province)|East Timor under Indonesia]])}}
| until         = 1999 (by [[East Timor]])
| sound         = Indonesia Raya instrumental.ogg
| sound_title   = [[U.S. Navy Band]] instrumental rendition in [[A-flat major]]
}}
"'''{{lang|id|italic=no|Indonesia Raya}}'''" ('Great Indonesia') is the [[national anthem]] of [[Indonesia]]. It has been the national anthem since the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]] on 17 August 1945. The song was introduced by its [[composer]], [[Wage Rudolf Supratman]], on 28 October 1928 during the [[Youth Pledge]] in [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nationalanthems.me/indonesia-indonesia-raya/ | title=Indonesia – Indonesia Raya | publisher=NationalAnthems.me | access-date=27 November 2011 }}</ref> The song marked the birth of the archipelago [[nationalist]] [[Political movement|movement]] in Indonesia that aims to gain independence from Dutch colonial rule. The first newspaper to openly publish the musical notation and lyrics of "Indonesia Raya" — an act of defiance towards the Dutch authorities — was the [[Chinese Indonesian]] weekly ''[[Sin Po (newspaper)|Sin Po]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/lihat/berita/534/pewarta-melayutionghoa-di-era-pergerakan-nasional|title=National Geographic Indonesia Pewarta Melayu-Tionghoa di era pergerakan nasional|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207044118/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/lihat/berita/534/pewarta-melayutionghoa-di-era-pergerakan-nasional|archive-date=7 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The first [[stanza]] of "Indonesia Raya" was chosen as the national anthem when Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945. [[Jozef Cleber]], a Dutch composer, created an arrangement of the tune for philharmonic orchestra on August 17, 1950, when the island of [[Sumatra]] became an integral part of the Republic of Indonesia. This arrangement is widely used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1245|title=Error|website=www.jakarta.go.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Putra |first=Febriansyah Pratama |last2=Fajriudin |first2=Fajriudin |last3=Permana |first3=Agus |date=2020-09-17 |title=Perkembangan Lagu Indonesia Raya (Tahun 1928-2009) |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/historia/article/view/9525 |journal=Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.15575/hm.v4i2.9525 |issn=2723-4185|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Propaganda Jepang Indonesia Raya Nippon Eigasha 2605.webm|250px|A Japanese propaganda film emphasising "Indonesia Raya", a song with an equal status that of "[[Kimigayo]]" as the de facto national anthem of Indonesia during Japanese occupation, {{circa|1945}}.|thumb]]
"Indonesia Raya" is played in flag raising ceremonies in schools across Indonesia every Monday. The [[Flag of Indonesia|flag]] is raised in a solemn and timed motion so that it reaches the top of the flagpole as the anthem ends. The main flag raising ceremony is held annually on 17 August to commemorate [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|Independence day]]. The ceremony is led by the [[President of Indonesia]] and is usually held in [[Merdeka Palace]].

During the rendition or singing of the national anthem, all present should stand, face toward the music, and pay respect. Members of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], and other persons in uniform (e.g. secondary school students) must render the military salute.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 |wslanguage=id |wslink=Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_24_Tahun_2009#Pasal_62 |year=2009}}</ref>

==History==
===Indonesian Youth Congress===
{{Main|Youth Pledge}}
When he lived in [[Jakarta]], Soepratman read an essay from ''Timbul'' magazine. The essay author challenged Indonesian music experts to compose a future Indonesian national anthem. Soepratman – who was also a musician – felt challenged, and started composing. In 1924, the song was completed during his time in Bandung and entitled "Indonesia".

In 1928, youths from across Indonesia held the first Indonesian Youth Congress, an official meeting to push for the independence of the nation. Upon hearing about the efforts, young reporter [[Wage Rudolf Soepratman]] contacted the organizers of Congress with the intention of reporting the story, but they requested that he not publish the story from fear of [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial authorities]]. The organizers wanted to avoid suspicion so that the Dutch would not ban the event. Supratman promised them this,  and the organizers allowed him free access to the event. Supratman was inspired by the meetings and intended to play the song for the conference. After receiving encouragement from the conference leader [[Sugondo Djojopuspito]], Soepratman played the song on the violin, hoping that it would someday become their [[national anthem]]. Soepratman first performed ''Indonesia'' on the violin on 28 October 1928 during the Second Indonesian Youth Congress.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sularto|1982|p=20|}}</ref> He kept the script to himself because he felt that it was not the appropriate time to announce it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sularto|1982|pp=11–13}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Following the Second Youth Congress, the text of ''Indonesia'' was distributed by many political and student organisations. The press also played a key role in the publication of the song. On 7 November 1928, the ''Soeloeh Ra'jat Indonesia'' daily published the words to the song. This was followed by the ''Sin Po'' Chinese weekly on 10 November.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=37}}</ref> In 1929, Wage Rudolf Supratman changed the title of his song to "Indonesia Raya" and appended the phrase ''"national anthem of Indonesia"'' below it, but the text of the song did not change. Soepratman personally printed and distributed copies of the song with its new title through pamphlets. All one thousand copies of the manuscript were sold within a short amount of time to his friends and family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sularto|1982|p=28}}</ref>

That same year, the prominent Indonesian businessman and record executive [[Tio Tek Hong]] contacted Supratman; the two agreed to issue the first records of the anthem, with Supratman retaining copyright over it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sularto|1982|p=28}}</ref><ref name="Sakrie (2015)">{{cite book |last1=Sakrie |first1=Denny |title=100 Tahun Musik Indonesia |date=1 March 2015 |publisher=GagasMedia |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-780-785-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3zwBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22tio+tek+hong%22&pg=PA5 |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=id}}</ref> The new records were extremely popular, but in 1930 the Dutch colonial authorities placed a ban on the song and confiscated all remaining unsold records.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sularto|1982|p=28}}</ref>

A businessman friend of his, [[Yo Kim Tjan]], also expressed interest in recording "Indonesia Raya". With Soepratman's consent, Yo created a copy of the song on a [[gramophone record]] overseas to obtain the best sound quality with the intention of bringing the copy back to Indonesia. However, before Yo was able to do so, Dutch colonial authorities had imposed a ban on the song. Yo was unable to bring the original back but was able to bring home a copy. According to Yo, Soepratman had also given him the rights to sell record copies of "Indonesia Raya" through his store Toko Populair.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=38}}</ref>

===Orchestration===
Initially, there had been no orchestral version of the anthem. Thus in 1950, The Indonesian Government made an appeal to [[Jozef Cleber]] to compose a symphonic rendition of "Indonesia Raya".<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia Raya; the National Anthem of Indonesia |url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/culture-columns/indonesia-raya-the-national-anthem-of-indonesia/item2410 |website=Indonesia Investments |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>

Cleber at the time had been among the 46 people of the Cosmopolitan Orchestra, under direction of Yvon Baarspul, sent by the [[Netherlands]] government to help the Indonesian government for its own music development in Jakarta. "Jos" Cleber was an experienced arranger not only of western songs but also for Indonesian pop songs such as ''Di Bawah Sinar Bulan Purnama'' and ''Rangkaian Melati''. 
 
''Indonesia Raya'' was recorded under Cleber's direction on a newly acquired Phillips [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|recorder]] in early 1951 with musicians from all three radio orchestras of [[Radio Republik Indonesia|RRI]] Jakarta and the tape was played for President [[Sukarno]]'s approval. Sukarno found the performance too frilly and asked for something like the [[Flag of Indonesia|red and white Indonesian flag]], and in the [[Grave (tempo)|grave tempo]] of the Dutch anthem [[Wilhelmus]]. Cleber considered this last impossible, though he discerned some of the character of the [[la Marseillaise|Marseillaise]] in the tune and made a second arrangement marked ''maestoso con bravura'' as a compromise. This met Sukarno's approval, but he requested that the climax be prepared by a ''grazioso'' ("Liefelijk") section. This final version of the anthem remained in use for 47 years. This was followed in 1998 by a remastered version composed by [[Addie MS]], performed jointly by his Twilite Orchestra, the [[Victorian Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]], and developed at Allan Eaton Studio in [[Melbourne]], Australia as part of the album ''Simfoni Negeriku'' (My country’s symphony).<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesian Icons: The enduring power of ‘Indonesia Raya’ |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/08/17/indonesian-icons-the-enduring-power-of-indonesia-raya.html |website=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
 
The arrangement starts with a ''Tutti'' of strings and trumpets (in Verse A) that represents a brave and an elegant sound, and in the middle of the song (in Verse B) is played smoothly by strings, and finally (in Verse C) comes another ''Tutti'' of strings and trumpets, together with the timpani, snare drums and cymbals, giving it a brave sound fitting for a national anthem that was respected by the people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133301/http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0008/17/NAPER/indo08.htm Bondan Winarno: "Indonesia Raya" Versi Jos Cleber] ''Kompas'', 17 August 2000</ref>

===Ownership===
In 1951, ownership of the copyright to "Indonesia Raya" came into question. President [[Sukarno]] ordered a search for the rightful heir to Soepratman.<ref>{{Harvnb|Winarno|2003|p=63}}</ref> By law, Supratman was the copyright holder of "Indonesia Raya" as its composer. After Soepratman's death in 1938, ownership of the rights to his works fell upon the designated heirs, his four surviving sisters. However, because "Indonesia Raya" was officially adopted as the national anthem of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, the work became the property of the state. In addition, the name of "Wage Rudolf Supratman" must be listed as its creator.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=61}}</ref>

As a national anthem, copies of "Indonesia Raya" cannot be circulated as merchandise to be sold. Consequently, the government had the obligation to obtain all the rights to distribute the song, including the original recording, from Yo Kim Tjan. In 1958, the government obtained the sole right to "Indonesia Raya" from Soepratman's family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=62}}</ref> The following year, Yo handed the original record of the song to the Indonesian government. With the recommendation of the Department of Education, the government also rewarded Soepratman's sisters with 250,000 [[Indonesian rupiah]] each on 31 May 1960.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=64}}</ref>

== Legal basis ==
As stipulated by Chapter XV, Article 36B of the [[Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia]], Indonesia Raya is the national anthem of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia |wslink=Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia}}</ref> Furthermore, pursuant to 1958 State Gazette no. 44,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hukumonline.com/detail.asp?id=22256&cl=Berita |title=Error |access-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003045131/http://www.hukumonline.com/detail.asp?id=22256&cl=Berita |archive-date=3 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }} (a news article stating the regulation regulating the symbol and instrument of the country)</ref> only the first stanza of Indonesia Raya is to serve the function of a national anthem.

==Lyrics==
There is no official translation of "Indonesia Raya" into other languages. On 28 October 1953, on the 25th anniversary of the anthem, the ''Harian Umum'' daily published their own English, German, and Dutch translations of the song. A bulletin released by the Ministry of Information used these translations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya|1972|p=59}}</ref> Currently, however, the translations are no longer published.

{{Listen
| type         = music
| filename     =
| title        = Official orchestral instrumental recording (one verse and chorus)}}

<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| cellpadding="6"
!Official Indonesian text<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhRwAAAAMAAJ|title=Indonesia: An Official Handbook|date=1984|publisher=Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia.|pages=8|language=en}}</ref>
![[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System|Van Ophuijsen orthography]]<ref>{{cite wikisource |trans-title=Annex of Law No 24 of 2009 on Flag, Language, and State Symbol also National Anthem |wslink=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009|wslanguage=id|title=Lampiran Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Ne gara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan}}</ref>
!English translation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/culture-columns/indonesia-raya-the-national-anthem-of-indonesia/item2410?|title=Indonesian National Anthem: English Translation, Original Lyrics and History|website=indonesia-investments|date=December 28, 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|id|italic=no|Indonesia, tanah airku
Tanah tumpah darahku
Di sanalah aku berdiri
Jadi pandu ibuku

Indonesia, kebangsaanku
Bangsa dan tanah airku
Marilah kita berseru
Indonesia bersatu!

Hiduplah tanahku, hiduplah negeriku
Bangsaku, rakyatku, semuanya
Bangunlah jiwanya, bangunlah badannya
Untuk Indonesia Raya

{{small|'''Refrain:'''}}
Indonesia Raya, merdeka! Merdeka!
Tanahku, negeriku yang kucinta
Indonesia Raya, merdeka! Merdeka!
Hiduplah Indonesia Raya!

Indonesia, tanah yang mulia
Tanah kita yang kaya
Di sanalah aku berdiri
Untuk selama-lamanya

Indonesia, tanah pusaka
Pusaka kita semuanya
Marilah kita mendoa
"Indonesia bahagia!"

Suburlah tanahnya, suburlah jiwanya
Bangsanya, rakyatnya, semuanya
Sadarlah hatinya, sadarlah budinya
Untuk Indonesia Raya

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}}

Indonesia, tanah yang suci
Tanah kita yang sakti
Di sanalah aku berdiri
Menjaga ibu sejati

Indonesia, tanah berseri
Tanah yang aku sayangi
Marilah kita berjanji
"Indonesia abadi!"

Selamatlah rakyatnya, selamatlah putranya
Pulaunya, lautnya, semuanya
Majulah negerinya, majulah pandunya
Untuk Indonesia Raya

𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|id|italic=no|Indonesia, tanah airkoe
Tanah toempah darahkoe
Di sanalah akoe berdiri
Djadi pandoe iboekoe

Indonesia, kebangsaankoe
Bangsa dan tanah airkoe
Marilah kita berseroe
Indonesia bersatoe!

Hidoeplah tanahkoe, hidoeplah negrikoe
Bangsakoe, ra'jatkoe, sem'wanja
Bangoenlah djiwanja, bangoenlah badannja
Oentoek Indonesia Raja

{{small|'''Refrain:'''}}
Indonesia Raja, merdeka! merdeka!
Tanahkoe, negrikoe jang koetjinta
Indonesia Raja, merdeka! merdeka!
Hidoeplah Indonesia Raja!

Indonesia, tanah jang moelia
Tanah kita jang kaja
Di sanalah akoe berdiri
Oentoek slama-lamanja

Indonesia, tanah poesaka
P'saka kita semoeanja
Marilah kita mendo'a
Indonesia bahagia!

Soeboerlah tanahnja, soeboerlah djiwanja
Bangsanja, ra'jatnja, sem'wanja
Sadarlah hatinja, sadarlah boedinja
Oentoek Indonesia Raja

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}}

Indonesia, tanah jang soetji
Tanah kita jang sakti
Di sanalah akoe berdiri
'Ndjaga iboe sedjati

Indonesia, tanah berseri
Tanah jang akoe sajangi
Marilah kita berdjandji
Indonesia abadi!

S'lamatlah ra'jatnja, s'lamatlah poetranja
Poelaunja, laoetnja, sem'wanja
Madjoelah neg'rinja, madjoelah pandoenja
Oentoek Indonesia Raja

𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>Indonesia, my homeland
The land where I shed my blood
Right there, I stand
To be a guide of my motherland.

Indonesia, my nationality
My nation and my homeland
Let us exclaim
Indonesia unites.

Long live my land,
Long live my state
My nation, my people, entirely
Let us build its soul,
Let us build its body
For the Great Indonesia.

{{small|'''Chorus:'''}}
Great Indonesia,
Independent & sovereign,
My land, my country which I love
Great Indonesia,
Independent & sovereign!
Long live Great Indonesia!

Indonesia, a noble land
Our wealthy land
Right there, I stand
Forever and ever.

Indonesia, a hereditary land
A heritage of ours
Let us pray
To Indonesians' happiness.

Fertile may its soil,
Flourish may its soul
Its nation, its people, entirely,
Aware may its heart,
Aware may its mind,
For Great Indonesia.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Chorus'''}}}}
Indonesia, a sacred land,
Our victorious land,
Right there, I stand,
To guard the pure motherland.

Indonesia, a radiant land,
A land which I adore,
Let us pledge,
Indonesia is eternal,

Safe may its people,
Safe may its children,
Its islands, its seas, entirely,
The state progresses,
its scouts advance,
For Great Indonesia.

𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Chorus'''}}}} 𝄇</poem>
|}</div>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Music|Indonesia}}
* "[[Bangun Pemudi-Pemuda]]"
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{Citation | author = Panitia Penyusun Naskah Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya | title = Brosur Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya | publisher = Proyek Pengembangan Media Kebudayaan | place = Jakarta | year = 1972 | language = id | oclc = 2391302 | postscript = .}}
* {{Citation | last = Sularto | first = Bambang | title = Sejarah Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya | publisher = [[Balai Pustaka]] | place = Jakarta | year = 1982 | edition = 1st | language = id | oclc = 10894709 | postscript = .}}
* {{Citation | last = Winarno | first = Bondan | title = Lagu Kebangsaan Indonesia Raya | publisher = TSA Komunika | place = Jakarta | year = 2003 | language = id | isbn = 979-97105-1-0 | postscript = .}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Indonesia Raya}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cQW1ksXA80 Official version of the National anthem of Indonesia]
* [http://laguindonesiaraya.id/unduh/ Download National Anthem of Indonesia 2017 Rendition by GBN National Youth Orchestra & Choir, .mp3 or .wav] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518044441/http://laguindonesiaraya.id/unduh/ |date=18 May 2021 }}
* [http://laguindonesiaraya.id/partitur/ Download Partiture / Musical Notation Sheet of INDONESIA RAYA 2017 Rendition, .pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518045702/http://laguindonesiaraya.id/partitur/ |date=18 May 2021 }}
* [http://nationalanthems.me/indonesia-indonesia-raya/ Streaming audio, lyrics and information for and about 'Indonesia Raya']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lYc0QmAKn8&list=UUdPxAtF64QfltZiMHYHgMQQ Music Video] – An Amazing HD Version of Indonesian National Anthem, hosted on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QvyLkdl1_s Indonesia Raya 1945] – A World War II era reel that shows the full length song, also hosted on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=542UgfapaOA Indonesia Raya during the Commemoration of the Anniversary of the Indonesian Armed Forces]

{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Nationalanthemsofasia}}
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[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Asian anthems]]
[[Category:Indonesian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Songs involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Compositions in A-flat major]]
[[Category:Compositions in E-flat major]]
[[Category:Compositions in G major]]