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{{short description|Various flatbreads and crêpes in Indian cuisine}}
{{about|Indian cuisine|the Native American bread|Frybread}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Indian breads''' are a wide variety of [[flatbreads]] and [[crêpe]]s that are an integral part of [[Indian cuisine]]. Their variation reflects the diversity of [[Indian culture]] and food habits.

==Ingredients==
Most flatbreads from [[northern India]] are unleavened and made primarily from milled flour, usually [[Atta flour|atta]] or [[Maida flour|maida]], and water. Some flatbreads, especially [[paratha]], may be stuffed with [[vegetable]]s and layered with either [[ghee]] or [[butter]].

In [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], breads are also made from grains like jowar (''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''), ragi (''[[Eleusine coracana]]''), ''[[rice]]'' and bajra ([[pearl millet]]), and are called "rotla" in [[Gujarat]] and "bhakri" in Maharashtra.

Most Indian [[bread]]s make use of the yeast spores in the atmosphere for fermentation.

==Preparation==
In northern India, a dough of the main ingredient is prepared and flattened by rolling. Most Indian breads, such as [[roti]], [[kulcha]] and [[chapati]], are baked on ''[[tava]]'', a [[griddle]] made from cast iron, steel or aluminum. Others such as [[puri (food)|puri]] and [[bhatura]] are [[Deep fry|deep-fried]]. The dough for these breads is usually made with less water in order to reduce the oil soaked up when frying.

In Southern India, a [[batter (cooking)|batter]] of rice and black lentils is prepared and ladled in small amounts onto a hot greased skillet, where it is spread out into a thin circle and fried with oil or [[ghee]] until golden brown.
In Western India (including the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]]) bread may be made from coarse grains such as bajra, sorghum or ragi, though wheat is the staple in these regions. The grains or cereals are usually milled into a fine powder, and mixed with a little water to make a smooth dough. This dough is patted into a circle by hand, either by holding it between the two hands or by placing it on an upturned plate or other flat surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/jowar-ki-bhakri-roti-of-sorghum-flour/|title = Jowar Ki Bhakri - Roti of Sorghum flour|last = Thumma|first = Sanjay|date = 28 August 2012|website = vahrehvah.com|access-date = 11 March 2016|archive-date = 7 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307134905/http://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/jowar-ki-bhakri-roti-of-sorghum-flour/|url-status = live}}</ref>

In Maharashtra, a multi-grain flatbread called "thalipeeth" is also prepared. It contains many grains and cereals like wheat, rice, bajra, jowar, ragi, [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|horse gram]], green gram, black gram, chickpeas and so on. Each grain or cereal is roasted separately and then milled together into a fine powder. Spices and chopped onions are added along with water to make the dough, and it is patted into circles, after which it is roasted on a griddle with some ghee or oil. It is often served with homemade butter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodfood.com/recipes/thalipeeth/|title=Thalipeeth|last=D'Souza|first=Jasmine|website=Foodfood.com|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311140129/http://www.foodfood.com/recipes/thalipeeth/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian breads of [[Central Asia|Central Asian origin]], such as naan and tandoori roti, are baked in a [[tandoor]]. Naan is usually leavened with [[yeast]].

==Varieties==
<!---Bread variety names are NOT capitalised! Please pay attention to detail and use lowercase letters!--->
Different varieties of Indian breads include [[chapati]], [[phulka]], [[Puri (food)|puri]], [[roti]], bajra rotla, thepla, [[paratha]], [[naan]], [[kulcha]], [[bhatoora]], [[luchi]], [[puran poli]], [[pathiri]], and [[parotta]]. Some of these, like paratha and roti, have many varieties. Some varieties depend on the kind of grain used to prepare them, and others depend on the fillings they contain.

* [[Bobbatlu]]/[[Bakshalu]]/[[Obbattu]] – made of maida, chanadal/ toor dal, sugar/jaggery, from the Telugu / Kannada cuisine, specially prepared for the [[Ugadi]] (Lunar New Year) festival in Telugu states and Karnataka
* [[Baati]] – hard, [[unleavened bread]] cooked in the desert areas of [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/jowar-ki-bhakri-roti-of-sorghum-flour/|title = Jowar Ki Bhakri - Roti of Sorghum flour|last = Thumma|first = Sanjay|date = 28 August 2012|website = vahrehvah.com|access-date = 11 March 2016|archive-date = 7 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307134905/http://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/jowar-ki-bhakri-roti-of-sorghum-flour/|url-status = live}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893426632 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/886151110 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> and in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Bafla]] - hard, ball boiled and then baked in [[Madhya Pradesh]] Malwa Region
* [[Bhakri]] – round flat [[Leavening|unleavened]] bread made mainly using Sorgham bicolr or [[Pearl millet]] often used in the cuisine of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]] but is also common in western and central [[India]], especially in the states of Rajasthan, [[Gujarat]], [[Malwa]], [[Goa]], and northern [[Karnataka]].
* [[Bhatoora]] – fluffy [[Deep fry|deep-fried]] [[Leavening agent|leavened]] bread from [[North India]]
* [[Bhturu]] - prepared from soft kneaded fermented dough. It is almost like soft bread from inside and crisp outside. It is served with local delicacies of Himachli Dham like Madra, Dal and Khatta etc.
*[[Chakuli]] - An [[Odisha]] staple, prepared from a generous mix of rice and black gram batter, seared in Mustard oil or Ghee. Grated dry/fresh coconut, liquid jaggery, chhenā might be added as well.
* [[Chapati]] – unleavened [[flatbread]] (also known as ''[[roti]]'') from India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan which is baked on a hot surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodfood.com/recipes/thalipeeth/|title=Thalipeeth|last=D'Souza|first=Jasmine|website=Foodfood.com|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311140129/http://www.foodfood.com/recipes/thalipeeth/|url-status=live}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893426632 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/886151110 cite #2 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> It is a common [[staple food]] in [[India]]
* Cheela – crepes made from batter of varying ingredients in North India - ingredients usually include pulse (dal) flour, Chickpea flour, wheat flour and sometimes finely chopped vegetables.
* [[Chikkolee]] – spicy wheat dish common in southern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and parts of [[Maharashtra]].
*[[Chhilka Roti]] - a bread from [[Jharkhand]] prepared using rice flour and chana daal.
* [[Charolia]] - a thin, pancake-like bread made by spreading a batter on a hot pan in a pattern to make net like shape once cooked.
* [[Chili parotha]] – essentially a plain [[paratta]] shredded into small, bite-sized pieces mixed with sauteed onions, tomatoes, and [[chili powder]]
* [[Dhebra]] – Two different types: one made with [[pearl millet]] (bajra) flour, often flavoured with [[fenugreek]] leaf (methi). The other is an unleavened jaggery puri, made with jaggery and whole wheat flour.
* [[Kachori]] – unleavened deep-fried bread with lentils filling
* [[Khakhra]] – thin crackers made from [[mat bean]], [[wheat flour]] and oil
* [[Kori rotti]] - A crisp, dry wafers made from boiled rice in the [[Tulu Nadu]] region. This name is given to both the bread and the dish that includes [[Mangaloreans|Mangalorean]] chicken curry.
* [[Kulcha]] – leavened bread eaten in India and Pakistan, made from [[maida flour]] (wheat flour)
* [[Luchi]] – deep-fried flatbread from Bengal similar to Puri but made with maida flour instead of atta.
* [[Manda roti]] (Rumali roti): Traditional Indian flatbread which thin like handkerchief and cooked on upturned pot. It was known as ''Mandaka'' in ancient India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-14 |title=Mandaka, Maṇḍaka, Mandāka, Mamdaka: 22 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mandaka |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504151114/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mandaka |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Naan]] – oven-baked leavened flatbread
** [[Keema naan]] – naan stuffed with minced meat
** [[Butter naan]] - naan topped with nigella seeds and greased with butter<ref>Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893426632 by a bug in VisualEditor and later identified by a bot. The original cite can be found around Special:Permalink/886151110 (or in a rev close to it) as cite #3 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (2). [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>
* [[Papadum]] – thin, crisp disc-shaped Indian food typically based on a [[Seasoning|seasoned]] [[dough]] made from black gram (urad flour), fried or cooked with dry heat
* [[Paratha]] – layered or stuffed flatbread from North India - traditionally made from whole wheat flour by baking with oil on a hot surface.
** [[Aloo paratha]]
** [[Gobhi paratha]]
** [[Laccha paratha]]
* [[Parotta|Porotta]] – layered flat bread of [[Kerala]] and some parts of Southern India
* [[Pashti]] – flatbread prepared with rice flour and [[Pan frying|pan fried]] in [[ghee]]
* [[Pathiri]] – pancake made of rice flour
* [[Pesaha Appam]] – unleavened [[Passover|Passover bread]] made by the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasrani) of [[Kerala]], [[India]] to be served on [[Passover]] night.<ref>Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893426632 by a bug in VisualEditor and later identified by a bot. The original cite can be found around Special:Permalink/886151110 (or in a rev close to it) as cite #5 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (2). [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>
* [[Pesarattu]] – [[crepe]]-like bread that is similar to [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], made out of [[Mung bean|mung]] dal with its origin in [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Minapa Rotte]] – Pancakes made of idli batter, originating in [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Maggiga Rotte]] Dosa style sour flat bread made with dosa batter mixed with maida and Butter milk with Origin in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Dibbha Rotte]] Very thick pancakes made of idli batter, originating in [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[chapati|Phulka]]
* [[Pitha]]/[[Pithe]] – type of cake made from fermented rice batter, [[dim sum]] or bread common in Bengal, Assam and Orissa.
** [[Chakuli pitha]] – From [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], thin pancakes made of [[rice flour]] and [[black gram]] batter. It is similar to a [[Dosa (food)|dosa]].
** [[Til Pitha]] – dry powdered rice cakes with Sesame seeds and Jaggery filling [[Assam]]
** [[bhapa pithe]] from Bengal
** [[Patishapta]] from Bengal
** [[Chitoi Pithe]] from Bengal, [[Chitau Pitha]] from [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]
** [[Jhaal Pithe]] from Bangladesh; Pitha made from fermented rice batter mixed with sliced green chilli and coriander leaves
** [[Narikol Pitha]] dry powdered rice cakes with grated and sweetened coconut filling [[Assam]]
** [[Arisa Pitha]] – a traditional sweet deep fried pancake from [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. The crispy outer layer surrounds soft insides.
** [[Manda Pitha]] – steamed Pitha from [[Odisha, India|Orissa]]
** [[Kakara Pitha]] – [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]
* Poi/[[Poee]] – A Goan whole wheat hollow flatbread.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koranne-Khandekar|first=Saee|title=Poee|url=https://scroll.in/food/945560/poee|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Scroll.in|date=20 March 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713135511/https://scroll.in/food/945560/poee|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* [[Puran Poli|Poli]]/[[Puran Poli]] – traditional type of sweet flatbread
* [[Puri (food)|Puri]] – unleavened deep-fried bread
** [[Pulla Attu]] Sour dosas made with mix of Dosa batter and Maida with Origins in Andhra Pradesh
* [[Radhaballabhi]] fried flatbread similar to Dalpuri but the filling consists of [[Urad dal|Urad Dal]] (Black Lentils) instead of [[Channa dal|Cholar Dal]].
* [[Ragi dosa]] – dosa made out of [[Finger Millet|finger millet]].
* [[Roti]] – most simple and common of all Indian breads. Apart from wheat based roti, several millet based and rice based rotis are made like:
** [[Akki rotti]]
** [[Jolada rotti]]
** [[Makki ki roti]]
** [[Ragi rotti]]– made of ragi ([[finger millet]]) flour
** [[Rotlo]] (Bajra roti), a Gujarati staple bread made of millet flour<ref>Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/893426632 by a bug in VisualEditor and later identified by a bot. The original cite can be found around Special:Permalink/886151110 (or in a rev close to it) as cite #6 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (2). [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>
* [[Sanna (dish)|Sanna]] – spongy rice cake available at Goa, made from fermented or unfermented Rice batter with or without sweeteners
* [[Sheermal]] – [[saffron]]-flavored flatbread from [[Kashmir]]
* [[Taftan (bread)|Taftan]] – leavened bread from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Tandoor|Tandoori Roti]] – baked in a [[Masonry oven|clay oven]] called a [[tandoor]]. Thicker than a normal Roti.
* [[Thalipeeth]] – savoury multi-grain pancake popular in Maharashtra.
* [[Kori Rotti]] – crisp dry wafers (about 1mm thick) made from boiled rice and served along with spicy Chicken curry. Usually available in A4 size packs and very popular bread in Coastal Karnataka.
* [[Litti (cuisine)|Litti]] - Litti, along with [[Bhurta|chokha]], is a complete meal originated from the Indian subcontinent; and popular in Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, parts of Uttar Pradesh as well as Nepalese state of [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]. It is a dough ball made up of whole wheat flour and stuffed with [[Sattu]] (roasted barley flour) mixed with herbs and spices and then roasted over coal or cow dung cakes or wood then it is tossed with much ghee. Although very often confused with the closely related Baati, it is a completely different dish in terms of taste, texture and preparation. It may be eaten with yogurt, [[Baingan bharta|Baigan chokha]], [[Aloo chokha]], and [[Papadam|papad]].
* [[Thepla]] - Gujarati chapatti made with whole wheat flour and flavoured with fenugreek leaves and spices.
* Rodga – A traditional dough ball dish from the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra, made using jowar or bajra flour. The dough is shaped into thick balls and either roasted over an open flame or boiled. It is usually served with potato brinjal curry, thecha (chili chutney), and varan, and is known for its rustic, earthy flavor. Similar in appearance to baati but distinct in preparation and regional roots.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bhatura.jpg|[[Bhatura]]
File:Chapatiroll.jpg|[[Chapati]]/[[Roti]]
File:Luchi.jpg|[[Luchi]]
File:Parotta.jpg|[[Parotta]]
File:Kulchachole.jpg|[[Kulcha]]s with ''choley''
File:Naan shiva.jpg|[[Naan]]
File:Papadsbangalore.jpg|[[Papadum]]
File:Alooparatha.jpg|[[Paratha]]
File:Puri.jpg|[[Puri (food)|Puri]]
File:Pathiri.jpg|[[Pathiri]]
File:Obbattu.jpg|[[Puran poli|Puran Poli / Holige]]
File:Rumali Roti - Kerala.jpg|[[Rumali roti]]
File:ಅಕ್ಕಿ_ರೊಟ್ಟಿ_.jpg | [[Akki_rotti|Akki Rotti]]
File:ಜೋಳದ_ರೊಟ್ಟಿ.jpg | [[Jolada_rotti|Jolada Rotti]]
File:Ragi_Rotti_&_Chutney.jpg | [[Ragi_rotti|Ragi Rotti]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[List of breads]]
*[[List of Indian dishes]]
*[[Culture of India]]
*[[Indian cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian bread}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Flatbreads}}
{{bread}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Bread}}
[[Category:Indian breads|*]]