View source for Independent Labour Party

{{short description|British political party}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| logo = Logo of the Independent Labour Party.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| colorcode = #CC0000
| country = the United Kingdom
| name = Independent Labour Party
| abbreviation = ILP
| ideology = {{plainlist|
*[[Democratic socialism]]
*[[Centrist Marxism]]}}
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
| founder  = [[Keir Hardie]]
| foundation = 1893
| headquarters = Mentmore Terrace, London (till 1964)
| dissolved = 1975
| newspaper = ''[[Labour Leader]]''
| international = {{plainlist|
*[[International Working Union of Socialist Parties]]
*[[International Revolutionary Marxist Centre]]}}
| predecessor = {{ubli|[[Scottish Labour Party (1888)|Scottish Labour Party]] | [[Bloomsbury Socialist Society]] | [[Scottish United Trades Councils Labour Party]]}}
| merged = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]
| successor = [[Independent Labour Publications]] (pressure group inside the Labour Party)
| national = Labour Party (1906–1932) 
}}
[[File:Keir Hardie, Independent Labour.jpg|thumb|Portrait of ILP leader Keir Hardie painted at the time of the foundation of the organisation in 1893]]

The '''Independent Labour Party''' ('''ILP''') was a British political party of the left, established in 1893 at a conference in [[Bradford]], after local and national dissatisfaction with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]' apparent reluctance to endorse working-class candidates. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, [[Keir Hardie]], became its first chairman.

The party played a key role in the formation of the [[Labour Representation Committee (1900)|Labour Representation Committee]], to which ILP members Hardie and [[Ramsay MacDonald]] were delegates at its foundation in 1900.<ref>Williams, Francis. ''Fifty Years' March: The Rise of the Labour Party''. London: Odhams Press, 1950, p. 16.</ref> The committee was renamed the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1906, and the ILP remained affiliated until 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation joined Labour as [[Independent Labour Publications]] in 1975.

==Organisational history==

===Background===
As the nineteenth century came to a close, working-class representation in political office became a great concern for many Britons. Many who sought the election of working men and their advocates to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] saw the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] as the main vehicle for achieving this aim. As early as 1869, a [[Labour Representation League]] had been established to register and mobilise working-class voters on behalf of favoured Liberal candidates.

Many trade unions themselves became concerned with gaining parliamentary representation to advance their legislative aims. From the 1870s a series of working-class candidates financially supported by trade unions were accepted and supported by the Liberal Party. The federation of British unions, the [[Trades Union Congress]] (TUC), formed its own electoral committee in 1886 to further advance its electoral goals.

Many [[socialist]] intellectuals, particularly those influenced by [[Christian socialism]] and similar notions of the ethical need for a restructuring of society, also saw the Liberals as the most obvious means for obtaining working-class representation. Within two years of its foundation in 1884, the gradualist [[Fabian Society]] officially committed itself to a policy of permeation of the Liberal Party.

A number of so-called "[[Lib-Lab]]" candidates were subsequently elected Members of Parliament by this alliance of trade unions and [[Political radicalism|radical]] intellectuals working within the Liberal Party.<ref>Pelling, Henry. ''The Origins of the Labour Party''. London: Macmillan, 1954, p. ??.</ref>

The idea of working with the middle-class Liberal Party to achieve working-class representation in parliament was not universally accepted, however. [[Marxist]] socialists, believing in the inevitability of [[class struggle]] between the working class and the capitalist class, rejected the idea of workers making common cause with the [[petty bourgeoisie|petty bourgeois]] Liberals in exchange for minor, palliative reform legislation. The British [[orthodox  Marxism|orthodox  Marxists]] established their own party, the [[Social Democratic Federation]] (SDF), in 1881.

Other socialist intellectuals, despite not sharing the concept of class struggle were nonetheless frustrated with the ideology and institutions of the Liberal Party and the secondary priority which it appeared to give to its working-class candidates. Out of these ideas and activities came a new generation of activists, including [[Keir Hardie]], a Scot who had become convinced of the need for independent labour politics while working as a [[Gladstonian liberalism|Gladstonian Liberal]] and trade union organiser in the [[Lanarkshire]] coalfield. Working with SDF members such as [[Henry Hyde Champion]] and [[Tom Mann]] he was instrumental in the foundation of the [[Scottish Labour Party (1888)|Scottish Labour Party]] in 1888.

In 1890, the United States imposed a [[Tariff in United States history|tariff]] on foreign cloth; this led to a general cut in wages throughout the British textile industry. There followed a strike in [[Bradford]], the [[Manningham Mills]] strike, which produced as a by-product the [[Bradford Labour Union]], an organisation which sought to function politically independently of either major political party. This initiative was replicated by others in [[Colne Valley Labour Union|Colne Valley]], [[Halifax Labour Union|Halifax]], Huddersfield and Salford. Such developments showed that working-class support for separation from the Liberal Party was growing in strength.

Further arguments for the formation of a new party were to be found in [[Robert Blatchford]]'s newspaper ''[[The Clarion (British newspaper)|The Clarion]]'', founded in 1891, and in ''Workman's Times'', edited by [[Joseph Burgess]]. The latter collected some 3,500 names of those in favour of creating a party of labour independent from the existing political organisations.

At the [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892 general election]], held in July, three working men were elected without support from the Liberals: [[Keir Hardie]] in [[West Ham South (UK Parliament constituency)|West Ham South]], [[John Burns]] in [[Battersea (constituency)|Battersea]], and [[Havelock Wilson]] in [[Middlesbrough (UK Parliament constituency)|Middlesbrough]], the last of whom actually faced Liberal opposition. Hardie owed nothing to the Liberal Party for his election, and his critical and confrontational style in Parliament caused him to emerge as a national voice of the labour movement.

===Founding conference===
At a TUC meeting in September 1892, a call was issued for a meeting of advocates of an independent labour organisation. An arrangements committee was established and a conference called for the following January. This conference was chaired by [[William Henry Drew (textile worker)|William Henry Drew]] and was held in [[Bradford]] during 14–16 January 1893 at the Bradford Labour Institute, operated by the [[Labour Church]].<ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis |last=Johnson |first=Neil |title='So peculiarly its own': the theological socialism of the Labour Church |url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/6000/ |publisher=University of Birmingham |date=May 2015 |access-date=19 December 2019 |type=PhD}}</ref> It proved to be the foundation conference of the Independent Labour Party, and MP Keir Hardie was elected as its first chairman.<ref>Howell, David. ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906''. Manchester: [[Manchester University Press]], 1984, pp. 471–484.</ref>

About 130 delegates were in attendance at the conference, including, in addition to Hardie, such socialist and labour worthies as Alderman [[Ben Tillett]], author [[George Bernard Shaw]], and [[Edward Aveling]], partner of [[Karl Marx]]'s daughter Eleanor and translator of his ''[[Das Kapital]]''.<ref name=Conference>"Labour Politics: Conference at Bradford", ''Glasgow Herald'', vol. 111, no. 12 (14 January 1893), p. 9.</ref> Some 91 local branches of the Independent Labour Party were represented, joined by 11 local [[Fabian Society|Fabian Societies]], four branches of the [[Social Democratic Federation]], and individual representatives of a number of other socialist and labour groups.<ref name=Conference /> German Socialist leader [[Edward Bernstein]] was briefly permitted to address the gathering to pass along the best wishes for success from the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]].<ref name=Conference />

A proposal was made by a Scottish delegate, [[George Carson (trade unionist)|George Carson]], to name the new organisation the "Socialist Labour Party", but this was defeated by a large margin by a counterproposal reaffirming the name "Independent Labour Party", moved by the logic that there were large numbers of workers not yet prepared to formally accept the doctrine of socialism who would nonetheless be willing to join and work for an organisation "established for the purpose of obtaining the independent representation of labour".<ref name=Conference />

Despite the apparent timidity in naming the organisation, the inaugural conference overwhelmingly accepted that the object of the party should be "to secure the collective and communal ownership of the [[Means of production|means of production, distribution and exchange]]". The party's programme called for a range of progressive social reforms, including free "unsectarian" education "right up to the universities", the provision of medical treatment and school feeding programmes for children, housing reform, the establishment of public measures to reduce [[Unemployment in the United Kingdom|unemployment]] and provide aid to the unemployed, a [[Minimum wage|minimum-wage]] law, welfare programmes for orphans, widows, the elderly, the disabled, and the sick, the [[Child labour law|abolition of child labour]], the abolition of [[overtime]] and [[Piece work|piecework]], and an [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workday]].<ref>Donald F. Busky, ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey''.</ref>

The keynote address of the foundation conference was delivered by Keir Hardie, who observed that the Labour Party was "not an organisation but rather 'the expression of a great principle,' since it 'had neither programme nor constitution".<ref name=Conference /> Hardie emphasised the fundamental demand of the new organisation as being the achievement of economic freedom and called for a party structure which gave full autonomy to every locality, and only seeking to bind these groups "to such central and general principles as were indispensable to the progress of the movement".<ref name=Conference />

The conference also established the basic organisational structure of the new party. Annual Conferences, composed of delegates from each local unit of the organisation, were declared the "supreme and governing authority of the party". A Secretary was to be elected, to serve under the direct control of a central body known as the [[National Administrative Committee]] (NAC). This NAC was in turn to be made up of regionally appointed delegates who were in theory confined to act according to the instructions given them by branch conferences.<ref>Howell, ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party'', pp. 301–327.</ref>

===Early years===
The new party was founded in a social environment of great hope and expectation. However, the first few years were difficult. The direction of the party, its leadership and organisation were heavily contested and the expected electoral progress did not emerge.

The party did not fare well in its first major test of national support, the [[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895 general election]]. With the NAC taking a lead in organising the [[Independent Labour Party election results#1895 general election|party's contests]], and with finance tight just 28 candidates ran under the ILP banner. A special conference decided that support could be given to either ILP or SDF candidates, which brought a further four contests into the picture. None was elected, however, with even the popular party leader Keir Hardie going to defeat in a straight fight with the Conservatives. The electoral debacle of 1895 marked an end to the unbridled optimism which had attended the party's foundation.

From its beginning, the ILP was never a homogeneous unit, but rather attempted to act as a "[[big tent]]" party of the working class, advocating a rather vague and amorphous socialist agenda. Historian Robert E. Dowse has observed:

<blockquote>
"From the beginning the ILP attempted to influence the trade unions to back a working-class political party: they sought, as [[Henry Pelling]] states: 'collaboration with trade unionists with the ultimate object of tapping trade union funds for the attainment of Parliamentary power.' The socialism of the ILP was ideal for achieving this end; lacking as it did any real [[theoretician (Marxism)|theoretical]] basis it could accommodate practically anything a trade unionist was likely to demand. Fervent and emotional, the socialism of the ILP could accommodate, with only a little strain, [[temperance movement|temperance]] reform, [[Scottish national identity|Scottish nationalism]], [[Methodism]], [[Marxism]], [[Fabianism|Fabian gradualism]], and even a variety of [[Edmund Burke|Burkean]] [[conservatism]]. Although the mixture was a curious one, it did have the one overwhelming virtue of excluding nobody on [[dogmatism|dogmatic]] grounds, a circumstance, on the left and at the time, which cannot be lightly dismissed."<ref>Dowse, ''Left in the Centre'', pp. 6–7.</ref></blockquote>

In a party of loose and diverse opinions, the essential nature of the organisation and its programme would always remain a matter of debate. Initial decisions about party organisation were rooted in an idea of strict democracy. These arguments did have some impact, as the conference held to set policy prior to the 1895 general election and the abolition of the position of party "President" in 1896 testified to the power of such arguments. Nonetheless, the NAC came to possess considerable power over the party's activities, including hegemonistic control over crucial matters such as electoral decisions and relations with other parties. The electoral defeat of 1895 hastened the establishment of centralising and anti-democratic practices of this kind.

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Snowden-philip-1880s.jpg|thumb|Philip Snowden as a young man.]] -->
In the last years of the 19th century, four figures emerged on the NAC who remained at the centre of the party shaping its direction for the next 20 years. In addition to the beloved party leader Keir Hardie came the Scot [[Bruce Glasier]], elected to the NAC in 1897 and succeeding Hardie as Chairman in 1900; [[Philip Snowden]], an evangelical socialist from the [[West Riding]], and [[Ramsay MacDonald]], whose adhesion to the ILP had been secured in the wake of his disillusionment with the Liberal Party over its rejection of a trade unionist candidate in the [[1894 Sheffield Attercliffe by-election]]. While there were substantial personal tensions between the four, they shared a fundamental view that the party should seek alliance with the unions and rather than an ideology-based socialist unity with the [[Marxist]] [[Social Democratic Federation]].

Following the failure of 1895, this leadership became reluctant to overextend the party by running in too many electoral races. By 1898 the decision was formally made to restrict electoral contests to those where a reasonable performance could be expected rather than putting forward as many candidates as possible to maximise exposure for the party and to accumulate a maximum total vote.

The relationship with the trade unions was also problematic. In the 1890s the ILP was lacking in alliances with the trade union organisations. Individual [[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]] trade unionists could be persuaded to join the party out of a political commitment shaped by their industrial experiences, but connection with top leaderships was lacking.

The ILP played a central role in the formation of the [[Labour Representation Committee (1900)|Labour Representation Committee]] in 1900, and when the [[The Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] was formed in 1906, the ILP immediately affiliated to it. This affiliation allowed the ILP to continue to hold its own conferences and devise its own policies, which ILP members were expected to argue for within the Labour Party. In return, the ILP provided a good part of Labour's activist base during its early years.

===The party matures===
[[File:Kingsley Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Kingsley Hall, Bristol|Kingsley Hall]], Bristol headquarters of the ILP in the early 20th century]]
The emergence and growth of the Labour Party, a federation of trade unions with the socialist intellectuals of the ILP, helped its constituent parts develop and grow. In contrast to the [[Orthodox Marxism]] of the SDF and its even more orthodox offshoots like the [[Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)|Socialist Labour Party]] and the [[Socialist Party of Great Britain]], the ILP had a loose and inspirational flavour that made it relatively more easy to attract newcomers.  [[Victor Grayson]] recalled a 1906 campaign in the [[Colne Valley]] which he was proud to have conducted "like a religious revival," without reference to specific political problems.<ref>Fenner Brockway, ''Inside the Left.'' London: Allen and Unwin, 1942; p. 24. Cited in John Callaghan, ''Socialism in Britain Since 1884''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990, p. 67.</ref> Future party chairman [[Fenner Brockway]] later recounted the revivalist mood of the gatherings of his local ILP branch gathering in 1907:

<blockquote>
"On Sunday nights a meeting was conducted rather on the lines of the [[Labour Church Movement]]—we had a small voluntary orchestra, sang Labour songs and the speeches were mostly Socialist [[evangelism]], emotion in denunciation of injustice, visionary in their anticipation of a new society."<ref>Brockway, ''Inside the Left'', p. 24, cited in Callaghan, ''Socialism in Britain'', pp. 66–67.</ref></blockquote>

While this inspirational presentation of socialism as a [[humanitarianism|humanitarian]] necessity made the party accessible as a sort of [[secular]] religion or a means for the practical implementation of Christian principles in daily life, it bore with it the great weakness of being non-analytical and thus comparatively shallow. It also offered a political home for some of the women's franchise movement in the UK, the Liverpool branch appointing [[Alice Morrissey, suffragette|Alice Morrissey]] as the branch secretary (1907–08) and first female delegate to a regional Labour Representative Committee.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Suffrage Reader : Charting Directions in British Suffrage History.|date=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|others=Eustance, Claire., Ryan, Joan., Ugolini, Laura.|isbn=978-1-4411-8885-4|location=London|oclc=952932390}}</ref>  As the movement for women's suffrage grew, the ILP had engaged with the non-militant suffragists, for example, [[Mary H. J. Henderson]], Parliamentary Secretary for the Scottish Women's Suffrage Societies, chaired a joint meeting with ILP, with [[Ethel Snowden]] as key speaker in Dundee in 1914.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 1914|title=Reports from Branches - Progress of the Week - Dundee: Women and Labour|page=11|work=The Labour Leader}}</ref>

As the historian John Callaghan has noted, in the hands of Hardie, Glasier, Snowden and MacDonald socialism was little more than "a vague protest against injustice."<ref>Callaghan, ''Socialism in Britain'', p. 67.</ref> However, in 1909 the ILP laid the basis for the production of agitational material with the establishment of the [[National Labour Press]].<ref name="LSE">{{cite web|title=Independent Labour Party|url=http://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=ILP|website=LSE Library/home.aspx|publisher=LSE|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Still, the relationship between the ILP and the Labour Party was characterised by conflict. Many ILP members viewed the Labour Party as being too timid and moderate in their attempts at social reform, detached as it was from the socialist objective during its first years. Consequently, in 1912 came a split in which many ILP branches and a few leading figures, including [[Leonard Hall (socialist)|Leonard Hall]] and [[Russell Smart]], chose to amalgamate with the SDF of [[H. M. Hyndman]] in 1912 to found the [[British Socialist Party]].

Until 1918, individuals could only join the Labour Party through an affiliated body, the most significant of which were the Fabian Society and the ILP.  As a result, particularly from 1914, many individuals – particularly ones formerly active in the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] – joined the ILP, in order to become active in the Labour Party.  While affiliated body membership was not required after 1918, the presence of MacDonald and other leading Labour Party figures in the ILP's leadership meant many converts to the Labour Party continued to join through the ILP, a process which continued until about 1925.<ref name="cline" />

===The ILP and the Great War===
On 11 April 1914 the party celebrated its 21st anniversary with a congress in Bradford. The party had grown well in the previous decade, standing with a membership of approximately 30,000.<ref>[[Joseph Clayton]], ''The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain, 1884–1924''. London: Faber and Gwyer, 1926; p. 165.</ref> The [[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]] membership of the party as well as its leadership were pacifist, now as ever, having held from the beginning that war was "sinful".<ref>Clayton, ''The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain'', p. 165.</ref>

The guns of August 1914 shook every left organisation in Britain. As one observer later put it: "Hyndman and [[Cunningham Graham]], [[Will Thorne|Thorne]] and [[J. R. Clynes|Clynes]] had sought peace while it endured, but now that war had come, well, Socialists and Trade Unionists, like other people had got to see it through."<ref>Clayton, ''The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain'', p. 166.</ref> With respect to the Labour Party, most of the members of the organisation's executive as well as most of the 40 Labour MPs in Parliament lent their support to the recruiting campaign for the [[World War I|Great War]]. Only one section held aloof—the Independent Labour Party.<ref name="Clayton, pg. 167">Clayton, ''The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain,'' p. 167.</ref>

The ILP's insistence on standing by its long-held ethically based objections to [[militarism]] and war proved costly both in terms of its standing in the eyes of the general public as well as its ability to hold sway over the politicians who ran under its banner. A stream of its old Members of Parliament left the party over the ILP's refusal to support the British war effort. Among those breaking ranks were [[George Nicoll Barnes]], [[J. R. Clynes]], [[James Parker (Labour politician)|James Parker]], [[George Wardle]] and [[G. H. Roberts]].<ref name="Clayton, pg. 167"/>

Others held true to the party and its principles. Ramsay MacDonald, a committed pacifist, immediately resigned the chairmanship of the Labour Party in the House of Commons. Keir Hardie, Philip Snowden, [[William Crawford Anderson|W. C. Anderson]], and a small group of like-minded radical pacifists, maintained an unflinching opposition to the government and its pro-war Labour allies.<ref name="Clayton, pg. 167"/> The 1917 Russian Revolution Conference in [[Leeds]] called for "the complete independence of [[British rule in Ireland|Ireland]], [[British Raj|India]] and [[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Adam Hochschild|author-link=Adam Hochschild|title=To End All Wars – a story of loyalty and rebellion, 1914–1918|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618758289|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=Boston, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618758289/page/274 274]|isbn=9780618758289 }}</ref>

During the war the ILP's criticism of militarism was somewhat muted by public condemnation and periodic episodes of physical violence, which included a wild scene on 6 July 1918, during which an agitated group of discharged soldiers rushed an ILP meeting being addressed by Ramsay MacDonald in the [[Abbey Wood]] section of London.<ref name=Mirror>"Peace Cranks Routed," ''Daily Mirror'' [London], whole no. 4587 (8 July 1918), p. 2.</ref> Stewards at the door of the ILP meeting were overpowered by the mob, who in what was described as a "riotous scene" broke chairs and wielded their parts as weapons, seizing the auditorium and dispersing the socialists into the night.<ref name=Mirror />

===The ILP and the Third International===
[[File:Ilp-moscowsreply-cover.jpg|thumb|Cover of a pamphlet by the Left Wing Group of the ILP, published in Glasgow in the summer of 1920]]

Following the termination of [[World War I]] in November 1918, the [[Second International]] was effectively relaunched and the question of whether the ILP should affiliate with this renewed Second International or with some other international grouping loomed large.  The majority of ILP members saw the old Second International as hopelessly compromised by its support for the European bloodbath of 1914, and the ILP formally disaffiliated from the International in the spring of 1920.  In January 1919, [[Moscow]] issued a call for the formation of a new [[Comintern|Third International]], a formation which held great appeal to a small section of the ILP's most radical members,
including economist [[Emile Burns]], journalist [[R. Palme Dutt]], and the future Member of Parliament [[Shapurji Saklatvala]], along with Charles Barber, Ernest H. Brown, [[Helen Crawfurd]], C. H. Norman, and J. Wilson.  They called themselves the Left Wing Group of the ILP.<ref name="klugmann">{{cite book |last1=Klugmann |first1=James |title=History of the Communist Party of Great Britain |date=1968 |publisher=Lawrence and Wishart |location=London |pages=25–26; 162–166}}</ref>

The conservative leadership of the ILP, notably [[Ramsay MacDonald]] and [[Philip Snowden]], strongly opposed affiliation to the new Comintern. In opposition to them the radical wing of the ILP organised itself as a formal faction called the Left Wing Group of the ILP in an effort to move the ILP into the Communist International. The faction began to produce its own bi-weekly newspaper called ''The International'', a four-page [[broadsheet]] published in Glasgow, and sent greetings to the conference which established a [[Communist Party of Great Britain]], although they did not attend.<ref name="klugmann" />

In addition to cutting its ties with the Second International, the 1920 Annual Conference of the ILP directed its executive to contact the [[Swiss Socialist Party]] with a view to establishing an all-inclusive international which would join the [[internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] left-wing socialist parties with their [[revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] brethren of the new Moscow international. In a letter dated 21 May 1920, ILP chairman [[Richard Wallhead]] and National Council member [[Clifford Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood|Clifford Allen]] asked a further set of questions of the Comintern. The [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]] (ECCI) was asked for its positions on such matters as demands for rigid adherence to its programme, applicability of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] and the [[soviet (council)|Soviet system]] to Great Britain, and its view on the necessity of armed force as a universal principle.<ref>R. C. Wallhead and Clifford Allen, "Letter to ECCI", 21 May 1920. Reprinted in Left Wing Group of the ILP, ''Moscow's Reply to the ILP: The Reply of the EC of the Communist International to the Questions of the British ILP, together with an Appeal to the Communists Inside the Party''. Glasgow: H. C. Glass for the Left Wing Group of the ILP, July 1920, pp. 2–3.</ref>

In July 1920 the fledgling Comintern gave an unequivocal reply: while the presence of communists inside the organisation was acknowledged, and their membership in a new Communist Party welcomed, there would be no joint organisation with those like "the Fabians, [[Ramsay MacDonald]], and [[Philip Snowden|Snowden]]" who had previously made use of "the musty atmosphere of parliamentary work" and "petty concessions and compromises" on behalf of the labour movement:

<blockquote>
[T]hese leaders have lost touch with the wide unskilled masses, with the toiling poor, they have become oblivious of the growth of capitalist exploitation and of the revolutionary aims of the proletariat. It seemed to them that because the capitalists treated them as equals, as partners in their transactions, the working class had secured equal rights with capital. Their own social standing secure and material position improved, they looked upon the world through the rose-coloured spectacles of a peaceful middle-class life. Disturbed in their peaceful trading with the representatives of the bourgeoisie by the revolutionary strivings of the proletariat they were the convinced enemies of the revolutionary aims of the proletariat.<ref>''Moscow's Reply to the ILP'', p. 6.</ref></blockquote>

The ECCI instead made its appeal directly to "the communists of the Independent Labour Party", noting that "the revolutionary forces of England are split up" and urging them to unite with communist members of the [[British Socialist Party]], the [[Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)|Socialist Labour Party]], and radical groups in [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]]. "The emancipation of the British working class and of the working class of the whole world depends upon the Communist elements of England forming a single Communist Party", the ECCI declared.<ref>''Moscow's Reply to the ILP'', pp. 31–32.</ref>

The agitation for affiliation to the Third International of Moscow came to a head in 1921 at the annual conference of the ILP. There an overwhelming vote of the party's branches voted not to affiliate with the Third International.<ref>Joseph Clayton, ''The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain, 1884–1924''. London: Faber and Gwyer, 1926, p. 179.</ref> This decision was followed by the exit of the defeated radical faction, which immediately joined the CPGB.<ref name="klugmann" />

The "[[centrism]]" of the ILP, caught between the [[reformist]] politics of the Second International and the [[revolutionary]] politics of the Third International, led it to leading a number of other European socialist groups into the "[[Second and a Half International]]" between 1921 and 1923. The party was a member of the [[Labour and Socialist International]] between 1923 and 1933.<ref>
Kowalski, Werner. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=83QdPwAACAAJ Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 19]''. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985.
</ref>

[[File:Maxton-leaflet-1918.jpg|thumb|A leaflet from Jimmie Maxton's first campaign for Parliament]]

===The ILP and Labour Party governments (1922–1931)===
At the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922 general election]] several ILP members became MPs (including future ILP leader [[James Maxton]]) and the party grew in stature. The ILP provided many of the new Labour MPs, including [[John Wheatley]], [[Emanuel Shinwell]], [[Tom Johnston (Scottish politician)|Tom Johnston]] and [[David Kirkwood]]. However, the [[First MacDonald ministry|first Labour government]], returned to office in 1924, proved to be hugely disappointing to the ILP.  This came despite 30% of the cabinet holding ILP membership; of the most prominent of these figures, Ramsay MacDonald was removed as editor of the ILP's ''Socialist Review'' in 1925, and Philip Snowden resigned from the ILP in 1927.<ref name="cline">{{cite book |last1=Cline |first1=Catherine Ann |title=Recruits to Labour |url=https://archive.org/details/recruitstolabour00clin |url-access=registration |date=1963 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/recruitstolabour00clin/page/102 102–103]}}</ref>

====1928 policy conferences====
The ILP's response to the first Labour government was to devise its own programme for government.  Throughout 1928, the ILP developed a "Socialism in Our Time" platform, largely formulated by [[H. N. Brailsford]], [[John A. Hobson]] and [[Frank Wise (British politician)|Frank Wise]].<ref name="cline" />  The programme consisted of eight policies:
# The Living Wage, incompletely applied
# A substantial increase of the Unemployment Allowance
# The nationalisation of banking, incompletely applied
# The bulk purchase of raw materials
# The bulk purchase of foodstuffs
# The nationalisation of power
# The nationalisation of transport
# The nationalisation of land

Of these eight policies, the living wage, the unemployment allowance, nationalisation of banking and the bulk purchase of raw materials and foodstuffs were the chief concern of the ILP.<ref name="brockway socialism in our time"/> The centerpiece of the ILP program was the "Living Wage" policy, which sought to impose high [[minimum wage]]s across all industries and [[Nationalization|nationalize]] all private enterprises which could not afford to pay them in order to resolve [[Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom|interwar unemployment and poverty]], which it held to be caused by [[underconsumption]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |date=1997 |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |location=London |pages=66 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 }}</ref> Increasing the unemployment allowance and switching to bulk purchasing were to be done in the conventional way, but the method of paying the living wage differed from Labour practices. The ILP criticised the "Continental" method of paying wage allowances from employers' pools, which had been implemented in 1924 by [[Rhys Davies (politician)|Rhys Davies]].<ref name="hunter living wage"/> The ILP proposed to redistribute the national income, meeting the cost of the allowances by taxing high income earners.

The nationalisation of banking involved more significant changes to economic policy, and had nothing in common with Labour practices. The ILP proposed that once a Labour government took office it should hold an enquiry into the banking system that would prepare a detailed scheme for transferring the [[Bank of England]] to public control, revise the operation of the Bank Acts and ensure that "control of credit is exercised in the national interest and not in the interest of powerful financial groups" by making creditors shift entirely to [[cheque]]s and possibly getting rid of [[Gold reserves of the United Kingdom|gold reserves]], thus ending the policy of [[deflation]] practised by the Treasury and the Bank of England.<ref name="brailsford banking system"/>

The Labour leadership did not support the programme.  In particular, MacDonald objected to the slogan "Socialism In Our Time", as he viewed socialism as a gradual process.  For the duration of the second Labour government (1929–31), 37 Labour MPs were sponsored by the ILP, but none were appointed to the cabinet.  Instead, the group provided the left opposition to the Labour leadership.<ref name="cline" /> The 1930 ILP conference decided that where their policies diverged from the Labour Party their MPs should break the whip to support the ILP policy.

====1931 ILP Scottish Conference====
It was becoming clearer that the ILP was diverging further away from the Labour Party and at the 1931 ILP Scottish Conference the issue of whether the party should still affiliate to Labour was discussed. It was decided to continue to do so, but only after Maxton himself intervened in the debate.

===From disaffiliation to the Second World War===
[[File:Personal signatures of some members of the ILP.jpg|thumb|Dedication in a book by [[Fred Henderson]] ("The Economic Consequences of Power Production") with the personal signatures of some members of the ILP]]
At the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]] the ILP candidates refused to accept the standing orders of the Parliamentary Labour Party and [[Unendorsed Labour candidates, 1931|stood without Labour Party support]]. Five ILP members were returned to Westminster and created an ILP group outside the Labour Party. The ILP increasingly viewed the [[Great Depression]] as the beginning of the collapse of capitalism and saw the mainstream Labour Party as insufficiently committed to socialism.{{Sfn|Thorpe|1997|p=80}} In 1932 a special conference of the ILP voted to disaffiliate from Labour. The same year the ILP co-founded the London Bureau of left-socialist parties, later called the [[International Revolutionary Marxist Centre]] or "Three-and-a-Half International", administered by the ILP and chaired by its leader, [[Fenner Brockway]], for most of its existence.

The Labour left-winger [[Aneurin Bevan]] described the ILP's disaffiliation as a decision to remain "pure, but impotent". Outside the Labour Party the ILP went into decline. In just three years it lost 75% of its members, the total falling from 16,773 in 1932 to 4,392 in 1935,<ref>Barry Winter, ''The ILP: Past and Present''. Leeds: Independent Labour Publications, 1993. Page 23.</ref> as it lost adherents to the Labour Party, the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (CPGB) and the [[Trotskyist]]s. Some members of the ILP who had chosen to remain within the Labour Party were instrumental in creating the [[Socialist League (UK, 1932)|Socialist League]], while the majority of Scottish members left to form the [[Scottish Socialist Party (1932)|Scottish Socialist Party]]<ref name="pimlott">Ben Pimlott, ''Labour and the Left in the 1930s'', pp.100–101</ref> and members in Northern Ireland left ''en masse'' to form the [[Socialist Party of Northern Ireland]].<ref>Ronaldo Munck and Bill Rolston, ''Belfast in the Thirties: An Oral History'', pp. 145, 148</ref> In 1934 a breakaway group in the Northwest of England left to form the [[Independent Socialist Party (UK)|Independent Socialist Party]].

The remaining ILP membership tended to be young and radical. They were particularly active in supporting the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] side in the [[Spanish Civil War]], and around twenty-five members and sympathisers, including [[George Orwell]], went to Spain as members of an [[ILP Contingent]] of volunteers to assist the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ([[POUM]]), a sister party to the ILP in the [[Three-and-a-Half International]].

From the mid-1930s onwards the ILP also attracted the attention of the Trotskyist movement, and various Trotskyist groups worked within it, notably the [[Marxist Group (UK)|Marxist Group]], of which [[C. L. R. James]], [[Denzil Dean Harber]] and [[Ted Grant]] were members. There was also a group of ILP members, the [[Revolutionary Policy Committee]], who were sympathetic to the CPGB and eventually left to join that party. From the late 1930s the ILP had the support of several key figures in the tiny Pan-Africanist movement in Britain, including [[George Padmore]] and [[Chris Braithwaite]], as well as left-wing writers such as [[George Orwell]], [[Reginald Reynolds]] and [[Ethel Mannin]].

In 1939 the ILP wrote to the Labour Party requesting reaffiliation subject to a right to advocate its own policies where it had a "conscientious objection" to Labour policy. Labour refused to agree to this condition, stating that its usual rules for affiliation could not be waived for the ILP.<ref>[http://orwelldiaries.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/the-times-13-7-39-page-8.jpg ''The Times'' report, 13 July 1939], as recorded by George Orwell in his diary.</ref>

===World War II and beyond===
As in 1914, the ILP opposed [[World War II]] on ethical grounds, and turned to the left. One aspect of its leftist policies in this period was that it opposed the war-time truce between the major parties and actively contested Parliamentary elections. One such contest, the [[1942 Cardiff East by-election|Cardiff East by-election in 1942]], resulted in the bizarre situation that the local Labour and Communist machinery campaigned against ILP candidate [[Fenner Brockway]] in favour of a Conservative.

The ILP still had some significant strength at the end of the war, but it went into crisis shortly afterwards. At the 1945 general election it retained three MPs, all in Glasgow, although only one of them had a Labour opponent. Its conference rejected calls to reaffiliate to the Labour Party. A major blow came in 1946 when the party's best known public spokesman, [[James Maxton]] MP, died. The ILP narrowly held his seat in the [[1946 Glasgow Bridgeton by-election]] (against a Labour opponent). However, all its MPs defected to Labour at various stages in 1947, and the party was roundly defeated at the [[1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election]], in a seat it had won easily only three years earlier. The party was never again able to win a significant vote in a parliamentary election.

Despite these blows, the ILP continued. Throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s it pioneered [[Anti-nuclear movement|opposition to nuclear weapons]] and sought to publicise ideas such as workers' control. It also maintained links with the remnants of its fraternal groups, such as the POUM, who were in exile, as well as campaigning for decolonisation.

In the 1970s, the ILP reassessed its views on the Labour Party, and in 1975 it renamed itself [[Independent Labour Publications]] and became a [[pressure group]] inside Labour.

==List of chairs==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* 1894–1900: [[Keir Hardie]]
* 1900–03: [[Bruce Glasier|J. Bruce Glasier]]
* 1903–06: [[Philip Snowden]]
* 1906–09: [[Ramsay MacDonald|J. Ramsay MacDonald]]
* 1909–10: [[Frederick William Jowett|F. W. Jowett]]
* 1910–13: [[William Crawford Anderson|W. C. Anderson]]
* 1913–14: J. Keir Hardie
* 1914–17: F. W. Jowett
* 1917–20: [[Philip Snowden]]

{{col-break}}
* 1920–23: [[Richard Wallhead|Richard C. Wallhead]]
* 1923–26: [[Reginald Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood|Clifford Allen]]
* 1926–31: [[James Maxton]]
* 1931–34: [[Fenner Brockway]]
* 1934–39: James Maxton
* 1939–41: [[C. A. Smith]]
* 1941–43: [[John McGovern (politician)|John McGovern]]
* 1943–48: [[Robert Edwards (politician)|Bob Edwards]]

{{col-break}}
* 1948–51: [[David Gibson (UK politician)|David Gibson]]
* 1951–53: [[Fred Barton (politician)|Fred Barton]]
* 1953–57: [[Annie Maxton]]
* 1957–60: Jim Graham
* 1960–61: [[Annie Maxton]]
* 1961–62: Fred Morel
* 1962–74: [[Emrys Thomas]]
* 1974–75: Stan Iveson
{{col-end}}

==Other notable members==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Charles Ammon, 1st Baron Ammon|Charles Ammon]]
*[[John Alpass]]
* [[Clement Attlee]]
* [[Edward Aveling]]
* [[George Barnes (British politician)|George Nicoll Barnes]]
* [[George Lansbury]]
* [[Mary Barbour]]
* [[Harry Barnes (Labour politician)|Harry Barnes]]
* [[John Beckett (politician)|John Beckett]]
* [[Margaret Bondfield]]
* [[George Buchanan (politician)|George Buchanan]]
* [[Joseph Burgess]]
* [[John Burns]]
* [[Charles Buxton (Labour politician)|Charles Roden Buxton]]
* [[James Carmichael (British politician)|James Carmichael]]
* [[Kay Carmichael]]
* [[Edward Carpenter]]
* [[Raymond Challinor|Raymond "Ray" Challinor]]
* [[Tom Chambers (trade unionist)|Tom Chambers]]
* [[Henry Hyde Champion]]
* [[John Clarke (socialist politician)|John S. Clarke]]
* [[J. R. Clynes]]
* [[Seymour Cocks]]
* [[A. E. Coppard]]
* [[Helen Crawfurd]]
* [[Rose Davies (activist)|Rose Davies]]
* [[Charlotte Despard]]
* [[R. Palme Dutt]]
* [[Isabella Ford]]
* [[Peter Fraser]]
*[[Bruce Glasier|John Bruce Glasier]]
* [[Katharine Glasier]]
* [[Frederick Gould]]
* [[Victor Grayson]]
* [[Jim Griffiths]]
* [[Mary Hamilton (politician)|Mary Agnes Hamilton]]
* [[J. A. Hobson]]
* [[Samuel George Hobson|S.G. Hobson]]
* [[Ernest E. Hunter]]
* [[C. L. R. James]]
* [[David Kirkwood]]
* [[James Larkin|Jim Larkin]]
* [[Mary Burns Laird]]
* [[Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge|Jennie Lee]]
* [[France Littlewood]]
* [[Margaret Llewelyn Davies]]
* [[Mary Macarthur]]
* [[Andrew MacLaren]]
* [[John Maclean (Scottish socialist)|John Maclean]]
* [[Neil Maclean]]
*[[Fenton Macpherson]]
*[[Mary Macpherson]]
* [[Cecil Malone]]
* [[Caroline Martyn]]
* [[James Shaw Maxwell]]
* [[John McNair (UK politician)|John McNair]]
* [[Hannah Mitchell]]
* [[Amy Morant]]
* [[E. D. Morel]]
* [[Oswald Mosley]]
* [[Edwin Muir]]
* [[John Muir (trade unionist)|John William Muir]]
* [[Alfred Richard Orage]]
* [[George Orwell]]
* [[Walter Padley]]
* [[Minnie Pallister]]
* [[Christabel Pankhurst]]
* [[Emmeline Pankhurst]]
* [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]
* [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]]
* [[Joseph Pointer]]
* [[Shapurji Saklatvala]]
* [[Ada Salter]]
* [[Alfred Salter]]
* [[Olive Schreiner]]
* [[Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell|Harry Snell]]
* [[Ethel Snowden]]
* [[Hope Squire]]
* [[Campbell Stephen]]
* [[R. H. Tawney]]
* [[John S. Taylor (Labour politician)|John S. Taylor]]
* [[John Wilkinson Taylor (politician)|John Wilkinson Taylor]]
* [[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood|Josiah Wedgwood]]
* [[John Wheatley]]
* [[Ellen Wilkinson]]
* [[Patricia Woodlock]]
* [[Thomas Frederick Worrall]]

}}

==Conferences of the ILP==
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Location
! Dates
! Delegates
|-
! 1893
| align="center" | Founding Conference
| align="center" | Bradford
| align="center" | 14–16 January
| align="center" | 120
|-
! 1894
| align="center" | 2nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Manchester
| align="center" | 2–3 February
| align="center" |
|-
! 1895
| align="center" | 3rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Newcastle upon Tyne
| align="center" | 15–17 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1896
| align="center" | 4th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Nottingham
| align="center" | 6–7 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1897
| align="center" | 5th Annual Conference
| align="center" | London
| align="center" | 19–20 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1898
| align="center" | 6th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Birmingham
| align="center" | 11–12 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1899
| align="center" | 7th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leeds
| align="center" | 3–4 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1900
| align="center" | 8th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Glasgow
| align="center" | 16–17 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1901
| align="center" | 9th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leicester
| align="center" | 8–9 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1902
| align="center" | 10th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Liverpool
| align="center" | 31 March – 1 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1903
| align="center" | 11th Annual Conference
| align="center" | York
| align="center" | 13–14 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1904
| align="center" | 12th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Cardiff
| align="center" | 4–5 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1905
| align="center" | 13th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Manchester
| align="center" | 24–25 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1906
| align="center" | 14th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Stockton On-Tees
| align="center" | April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1907
| align="center" | 15th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Derby
| align="center" | April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1908
| align="center" | 16th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Huddersfield
| align="center" | 20–21 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1909
| align="center" | 17th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Edinburgh
| align="center" | 10–13 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1910
| align="center" | 18th Annual Conference
| align="center" | London
| align="center" | March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1911
| align="center" | 19th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Birmingham
| align="center" | 17–18 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1912
| align="center" | 20th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Merthyr Tydfil
| align="center" | 8–9 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1913
| align="center" | 21st Annual Conference
| align="center" | Manchester
| align="center" | March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1914
| align="center" | 22nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Bradford
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
! 1915
| align="center" | 23rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Norwich
| align="center" | 5–6 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1916
| align="center" | 24th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Newcastle upon Tyne
| align="center" | 23–24 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1917
| align="center" | 25th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leeds
| align="center" | 8–10 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1918
| align="center" | 26th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leicester
| align="center" | 1–2 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1919
| align="center" | 27th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Huddersfield
| align="center" | 19–22 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1920
| align="center" | 28th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Glasgow
| align="center" | 3–6 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1921
| align="center" | 29th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Southport
| align="center" | 26–29 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1922
| align="center" | 30th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Nottingham
| align="center" | 16–18 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1923
| align="center" | 31st Annual Conference
| align="center" | London
| align="center" | April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1924
| align="center" | 32nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | York
| align="center" | April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1925
| align="center" | 33rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Gloucester
| align="center" | 10–14 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1926
| align="center" | 34th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Whitley Bay
| align="center" | 2–6 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1927
| align="center" | 35th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leicester
| align="center" | 15–19 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1928
| align="center" | 36th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Norwich
| align="center" | 6–10 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1929
| align="center" | 37th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Carlisle
| align="center" | 30 March – 2 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1930
| align="center" | 38th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Birmingham
| align="center" | 19–22 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1931
| align="center" | 39th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Scarborough
| align="center" | 4–7 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1932
| align="center" | 40th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 26–29 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1933
| align="center" | 41st Annual Conference
| align="center" | Derby
| align="center" | 15–18 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1934
| align="center" | 42nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | York
| align="center" | 31 March – 3 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1935
| align="center" | 43rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Derby
| align="center" | 20–23 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1936
| align="center" | 44th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Keighly
| align="center" | 11–14 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1937
| align="center" | 45th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Glasgow
| align="center" | 27–30 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1938
| align="center" | 46th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Manchester
| align="center" | 16–19 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1939
| align="center" | 47th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Scarborough
| align="center" | 8–10 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1940
| align="center" | 48th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Nottingham
| align="center" | 23–25 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1941
| align="center" | 49th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Nelson, Lancashire
| align="center" | 12–14 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1942
| align="center" | 50th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 4–6 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1943
| align="center" | Jubilee Annual Conference
| align="center" | Bradford
| align="center" | 24–26 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1944
| align="center" | 52nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leeds
| align="center" | 8–10 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1945
| align="center" | 53rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 31 March – 2 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1946
| align="center" | 54th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Southport
| align="center" | 20–22 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1947
| align="center" | 55th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Ayr
| align="center" | 5–7 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1948
| align="center" | 56th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Southport
| align="center" | 27–29 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1949
| align="center" | 57th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 16–18 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1950
| align="center" | 58th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Whitley Bay
| align="center" | 8–10 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1951
| align="center" | 59th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 24–26 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1952
| align="center" | 60th Annual Conference
| align="center" | New Brighton
| align="center" | 12–14 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1953
| align="center" | 61st Annual Conference
| align="center" | Glasgow
| align="center" | 17–19 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1954
| align="center" | 62nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Bradford
| align="center" | April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1955
| align="center" | 63rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Harrogate
| align="center" | 9–11 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1956
| align="center" | 64th Annual Conference
| align="center" | London
| align="center" | 31 March – 2 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1957
| align="center" | 65th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Whitley Bay
| align="center" | 20–22 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1958
| align="center" | 66th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Harrogate
| align="center" | 5–7 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1959
| align="center" | 67th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 28–30 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1960
| align="center" | 68th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Wallasey
| align="center" | 16–18 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1961
| align="center" | 69th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Scarborough
| align="center" | 1–3 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1962
| align="center" | 70th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 21–23 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1963
| align="center" | 71st Annual Conference
| align="center" | Bradford
| align="center" | 13–15 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1964
| align="center" | 72nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Southport
| align="center" | 28–30 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1965
| align="center" | 73rd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 17–19 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1966
| align="center" | 74th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 9–11 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1967
| align="center" | 75th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Blackpool
| align="center" | 25–27 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1968
| align="center" | 76th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 13–15 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1969
| align="center" | 77th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 5–7 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1970
| align="center" | 78th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 28–30 March
| align="center" |
|-
! 1971
| align="center" | 79th Annual Conference
| align="center" | Morecambe
| align="center" | 10–12 April
| align="center" |
|-
! 1972
| align="center" | 80th Annual Conference
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
! 1973
| align="center" | 81st Annual Conference
| align="center" | Scarborough
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
! 1974
| align="center" | 82nd Annual Conference
| align="center" | Leeds
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
|}
Source: On-line Register of the ILP Archives at the [[British Library of Political and Economic Science]], https://archive.today/20120716063644/http://library-2.lse.ac.uk/archives/handlists/ILP/ILP.html

==Election results==
{{Main article|Independent Labour Party election results}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Seats won
! ±
! Total votes
! %
! Position
! Leader
|-
![[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]]
| {{Composition bar|0|670|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 
| 34,433 (No. 5)
| 1.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|Third party
| [[Keir Hardie]]
|-
![[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
| {{Composition bar|3|615|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{increase}}
| 239,280 (No. 6)
| 1.2%
| style="background:#ccf;"|Third party
| [[Fenner Brockway]]
|-
![[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935]]
| {{Composition bar|4|615|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 136,208 (No. 6)
| 0.7%
| style="background:#ccf;"|Third party
| [[James Maxton]]
|-
![[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
| {{Composition bar|3|640|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 46,769 (No. 8)
| 0.2%
| style="background:#ccf;"|Third party
| [[Robert Edwards (politician)|Bob Edwards]]
|-
![[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]
| {{Composition bar|0|625|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 4,112 (No. 11)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| [[David Gibson (British politician)|David Gibson]]
|-
![[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951]]
| {{Composition bar|0|625|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 4,057 (No. 7)
| 0.1%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| [[Fred Barton (politician)|Fred Barton]]
|-
![[1955 United Kingdom general election|1955]]
| {{Composition bar|0|630|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 3,334 (No. 9)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| [[Fred Barton (politician)|Fred Barton]]
|-
![[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959]]
| {{Composition bar|0|630|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 923 (No. 8)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| Fred Morel
|-
![[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]]
| {{Composition bar|0|630|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{decrease}}
| 441 (No. 14)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| Emrys Thomas
|-
![[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]]
| {{Composition bar|0|630|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{increase}}
| 847 (No. 18)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| Emrys Thomas
|-
![[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]
| {{Composition bar|0|635|hex={{party color|Australian Labor Party}}}}
| {{increase}}
| 991 (No. 25)
| 0.0%
| style="background:#ccf;"|No seats
| Emrys Thomas
|}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="brockway socialism in our time">{{cite news|last=Brockway|first=A. Fenner|author-link=Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway|title=The New Leader: the case for 'Socialism in Our Time'|work=The New Leader|date=30 November 1928|page=3}}</ref>
<ref name="hunter living wage">{{cite news|last=Hunter|first=E. E.|title=Tory or Communist: Rhys Davies and Family Allowances|work=The New Leader|date=9 November 1928|page=5}}</ref>
<ref name="brailsford banking system">{{cite news|last=Brailsford|first=H. N.|author-link=H. N. Brailsford|title=Labour and the bankers: The tactics of attack|work=The New Leader|date=3 August 1928|page=4}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Logie Barrow and Ian Bullock, ''Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement'', 1880–1914 (1996)
* Ian Bullock, ''Romancing the Revolution, The Myth of Soviet Democracy and the British Left'' (2011)
* Ian Bullock, ''Under Siege: The Independent Labour Party in Interwar Britain'' (2017)
*Byers, Michael. [http://sites.scran.ac.uk/redclyde/redclyde/docs/rcgroilp.htm ''ILP: Independent Labour Party''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927005217/http://sites.scran.ac.uk/redclyde/redclyde/docs/rcgroilp.htm |date=27 September 2011 }}. Published on [http://sites.scran.ac.uk/redclyde/redclyde/index.html Red Clydeside: a history of the labour movement in Glasgow], a project of the [http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/ Glasgow Digital Library]. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
* Gidon Cohen, ''The Failure of a Dream: The Independent Labour Party from Disaffiliation to World War II''. I.B. Tauris, 2007.
*Cox, Judy. [http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj87/cox.htm "Skinning a Live Tiger Paw by Paw: Reform, Revolution and Labour"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405150553/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj87/cox.htm |date=5 April 2012 }}, ''International Socialism'', Retrieved 4 October 2009.
* Robert E. Dowse, ''Left in the Centre: The Independent Labour Party, 1893–1940''. London: Longmans, 1966.
* June Hannam and Karen Hunt, ''Socialist Women, Britain, 1880s to 1920s''. London: Routledge, 2002.
* David Howell, ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906''. Manchester: [[Manchester University Press]], 1983.
* David Howell, ''MacDonald's Party: Labour Identities and Crisis 1922–1931''. Oxford University Press, 2007.
* David James, Tony Jowitt and [[Keith Laybourn]] (eds) ''The Centennial History of the Independent Labour Party''. Halifax: Ryburn, 1992.
* {{cite journal | last1=McIlroy | first1=John | last2=Campbell | first2=Alan | title=The Last Chance Saloon? The Independent Labour Party and Miners' Militancy in the Second World War Revisited | journal=Journal of Contemporary History | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=46 | issue=4 | year=2011 | issn=0022-0094 | doi=10.1177/0022009411413404 | pages=871–896}}* Alan McKinlay and R. J. Morris (eds), ''The ILP on Clydeside, 1893–1932: From Foundation to Disintegration''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991.
* Henry Pelling, ''The Origins of the Labour Party''. London: Macmillan, 1954.
*Ryan, Mordecai. [https://archive.today/20130113113142/http://www.workersliberty.org/node/5391 "Britain's Biggest Left Party, 1893–1945, and What Became of It: The history of the ILP"]. Published in ''[[Solidarity (newspaper)|Solidarity]]'', organ of the [[Alliance for Workers' Liberty]] Issue 3/85, 8 December 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2009.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.marxists.org/history/england/ilp/index.htm The Independent Labour Party Archive] at [[marxists.org]]
*[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/collections/labhousing1/labgov1/ 1924: The First Labour Government UK Parliament Living Heritage]
*Archives of the Independent Labour Party are held at [[British Library of Political and Economic Science|LSE Library]]. An [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=ILP online catalogue] of these papers is available.
{{Independent Labour Party}}

[[Category:Independent Labour Party| ]]
[[Category:Anti-Stalinist left]]
[[Category:Labour parties in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Labour movement in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1893]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1975]]