View source for Independence of Finland

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Short description|Separation from Russia, ending in 1917}}
[[File:Senate1917.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Senate of Finland|Finnish Senate]] of 1917, [[Prime minister of Finland|Prime Minister]] [[P. E. Svinhufvud]] in the head of the table. Note the portrait of [[Alexander I of Russia]] in the background]]
[[Finland]] declared its independence on 6 December 1917. The formal [[Finnish Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] was only part of the long process leading to the independence of Finland.

==History==
=== Proclamation of Empress Elizabeth (1742) ===
The subject of an independent Finland was first mentioned in the 18th century, when present-day Finland was still ruled by Sweden. On 18 March 1742, during the Russian occupation in the [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)]], Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]] issued a proclamation in the Finnish language to the Finnish people asking them to create a Finland which would be independent from both Sweden and Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Szíj|first=Enikő|title=Finnország|language=hu|location=Budapest|publisher=Panoráma|year=1979|isbn=963-243-111-1|page=56}}</ref> This led to preparations to create a [[Kingdom of Finland (1742)|Kingdom of Finland in 1742]]. Elizabeth's nephew [[Duke Peter of Holstein-Gottorp]] (who later became heir to the throne of Russia and Tsar as Peter III) was proclaimed King of Finland. However, the political situation outgrew the idea of a Finnish kingdom and the concept quickly evaporated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Fred |date=1998 |title=A Short History of Finland |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffi00sing/page/51 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffi00sing/page/51 51] |isbn=9780521647014 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

=== Anjala conspiracy (1788) ===
The [[Anjala conspiracy]] was a scheme in 1788&ndash;1790 as a response to end [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|Gustav III's Russian War]], and it included the independence of Finland to some degree. Several people involved were linked to [[Walhalla-orden]]. Russian occupations and plundering of 1713&ndash;21 (the "[[Greater Wrath]]") ({{langx|fi|Isoviha}}) and 1741&ndash;43 (the "[[Lesser Wrath]]") ({{langx|fi|Pikkuviha}}) were still in vivid memory when Finns waged [[partisan (military)|partisan warfare]] against the Russians.

[[Georg Magnus Sprengtporten]], who took no direct part in the conspiracy, had written {{ill|Sprengtporten's draft constitution|fi|Sprengtportenin perustuslakiehdotus|lt=a proposal for a Finnish constitution}} in 1786. Sprengtporten later had a role in forming the autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] within the Russian Empire, as he became the first [[Governor-General of Finland]] after Sweden ceded the rest of Finland to Russia in 1809 at the conclusion of the [[Finnish War]].<ref name="gmsprengtbio">{{cite web | url = https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/602 | title = Sprengtporten, Georg Magnus (1740–1819) | website = Biografiakeskus | access-date = 2017-12-07 }}</ref>

=== Rise of national identity ===
[[File:Suomineito.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fi|Hyökkäys}} by [[Eetu Isto]], 1905, was a symbol of [[Russification of Finland|Russification]], with the [[Maiden of Finland]] defending the law against the [[Russian eagle]].]]

According to professor [[Martti Häikiö]], before a nation declares independence, it must develop a [[national identity]] and certain institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itsenaisyys100.fi/kansakunta-itsenaistyy-nakokulmia-suomen-valtiollisen-itsenaistymisen-100-vuotisjuhlan-viettoon/ |title=Kansakunta itsenäistyy – näkökulmia Suomen valtiollisen itsenäistymisen 100-vuotisjuhlan viettoon |last=Haikio |first=Martti |website=itsenaisyys100 |publisher=Helsingin Suomalainen Klubi |access-date=2 November 2017 |language=fi}}</ref> Governing bodies for Finland were developed after 1809, when it was "elevated as a nation among nations" (as [[Diet of Porvoo|declared]] by [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander I]]) by becoming an autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Grand Duchy]] under the Russian tsar. The [[Diet of Finland]] met regularly from 1863.

National identity grew simultaneously with Pan-European nationalism. [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] and [[Elias Lönnrot]] created an idealized image of Finnish people and Finnish nature in the 1830s and 1840s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/2846 |title=Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (1804–1877) |first=Matti |last=Klinge |website=The National Biography of Finland |access-date=24 November 2017 }}</ref> Also [[J. V. Snellman]] was a central person in national romanticism and the modern nationality debate. He encouraged the use of the Finnish language (instead of Swedish) among the educated classes during [[Finland's language strife]].<ref name="snellmanbiografia">{{cite web |url= https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/3639 |title= Snellman, Johan Vilhelm (1806–1881) |last1=Klinge |first1= Matti|website= The National Biography of Finland |access-date=24 November 2017 }}</ref> The [[Finnish markka]] was introduced as currency in 1860 by the [[Bank of Finland]], which Snellman pegged to silver instead of the [[Russian ruble|ruble]].<ref name="snellmanbiografia" /> During the [[Finnish famine of 1866–1868|famine of 1866–1868]], Snellman worked to obtain aid and distribute it in a country with low resources and undeveloped communications.<ref name="snellmanbiografia" />

[[Elisabeth Järnefelt]] held the literary salon {{lang|fi|Järnefelts skola}} (Järnefelt School), which became a center of the [[Fennoman movement]].
During the time 1880&ndash;1910 the golden age of [[Art in Finland|Finnish art]] coincided with the national awakening. The central figure of the time was [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]]. Other notable people were [[Aleksis Kivi]] and [[Albert Edelfelt]].

The Fennoman [[motto]] was:

{{poemquote|Swedes we are no more,
Russians we cannot become,
therefore Finns we must be.<ref>[[Kari Tarkiainen]]: ''Adolf Ivar Arwidsson'', in [[Matti Klinge]] (ed.): ''Suomen kansallisbiografia'' 1. SKS, Helsinki 2003, {{ISBN|951-746-442-8}} (page 406)</ref>}}

The first period of [[Russification of Finland]] ({{langx|fi|Ensimmäinen sortokausi}}) began in 1899 with the [[February Manifesto]], a legislative act given by [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], when [[Nikolay Bobrikov]] was [[Governor-General of Finland]].<ref name=Cyclopedic_JohnsonEtAl>Johnson, A.; Bickford, C., Hudson, W., Dole, N. ''Cyclopedic Review of Current History. Volume 9. Garretson, Cox & Co. 1899'' page 198 and following</ref><ref name="Hjelm" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.histdoc.net/history/keisarik.html | title = 1899. The Collection of Decrees of the Grand Duchy of Finland. No 3 | access-date = 2017-12-09}}</ref> As a response, the cultural address ''Pro Finlandia'' was gathered with 523,000 names, and a delegation of 500 people was sent to [[Saint Petersburg]] to deliver it.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.histdoc.net/pro/valinta.html | title = Pro Finlandia | access-date = 2017-12-09}}</ref> The [[Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)|Kagal resistance movement]] formed at this time. In 1901 Russia tried to alter the nature of the Finnish army with a new conscription law, which demanded that Finns not only defend Finland, but also fight for Russia on any front. Finnish resistance grew into a mass movement, and only half of the eligible men reported for duty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/finland/13.htm |title=The Russian Empire |date=1988 |website= Finland: A Country Study |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Bobrikov was shot in 1904 by [[Eugen Schauman]], who shot himself afterwards.<ref name="Hjelm">{{cite journal | first1 = George B. | last1 = Kauffman | first2 = Lauri | last2 = Niinistö | author-link1 = George B. Kauffman |url = http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0003003/00030208.htm | title = Chemistry and Politics: Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855–1921) | journal = The Chemical Educator | year = 1998 | volume =3 | issue = 5 | doi = 10.1007/s00897980247a | pages = 1&ndash;15| url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="Sibelius" /> The Finnish newspaper {{lang|fi|[[Päivälehti]]}}, which had been censored before, was closed permanently as a result of an editorial written about the assassination. [[Jean Sibelius]] composed ''[[In Memoriam (Sibelius)|In Memoriam]]'' in memory of Schauman.<ref name="Sibelius">{{cite web
| url = http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_inmemoriam.htm
| title = Other orchestral works / In Memoriam
| work = Jean Sibelius
| publisher = Finnish Club of Helsinki
| access-date = 2017-12-07
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102405/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_inmemoriam.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The steamship {{SS|John Grafton}} unsuccessfully attempted to smuggle large quantities of arms for the Finnish resistance during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905). The [[Finnish general strike of 1905]] temporarily halted russification.

[[File:Schauman shoots Bobrikov.jpg|thumb|left|A drawing by an unknown artist about the assassination of [[Nikolay Bobrikov]] by [[Eugen Schauman]]]]
During 1905&ndash;1908 [[Leo Mechelin]] formed a government and created a [[liberal democracy]] with the [[Universal suffrage|universal right to vote]] and be elected. In 1906, the unicameral [[Parliament of Finland]] was created, with universal and equal suffrage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://finland.fi/life-society/parliamentarism-in-finland/ |title= Parliamentarism in Finland |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= Finland.fi |access-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref> However, the power of the parliament was limited by the tsar from 1908 to 1916.

The second period of [[Russification of Finland]] ({{langx|fi|Toinen sortokausi}}) in 1908 and [[World War I]] led activist groups to unite. Under [[Franz Albert Seyn]], Bobrikov's successor as Governor-General, all legislation was moved to the Russian [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]], which then pushed for laws restricting Finnish autonomy. Russia demanded higher payments and the [[Senate of Finland]] was replaced with the ''admiral-senate'' or ''saber-senate''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.haaste.om.fi/fi/index/lehtiarkisto/haaste20084/historiaaamiraalisenaatinoikeusosasto.html | title = Historiaa: Amiraalisenaatin oikeusosasto | first = Markku | last = Tyynilä | access-date = 2017-12-08 | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211035/http://www.haaste.om.fi/fi/index/lehtiarkisto/haaste20084/historiaaamiraalisenaatinoikeusosasto.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nicholas II pushed for complete russification and the end of Finnish autonomy in 1914, but this was halted by the beginning of the First World War. The [[Jäger Movement]] was formed and sent first 200, and later 1900, Finnish volunteers to Germany to be trained as Jägers (elite light infantry) for armed resistance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finland.lv/public/default.aspx?nodeid=38439&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=The Finnish Jaeger Movement |publisher= Embassy of Finland |location=Riga, Latvia }}</ref> The Finnish Jägers formed the [[27th Jäger Battalion (Finland)|27th Jäger Battalion]] and were eventually sent to [[Liepāja|Libau]] to fight against the Russian Empire. Sibelius composed the ''[[Jäger March]]'' on lyrics written by [[Heikki Nurmio]], who served in the 27th Battalion.<ref name="Sibeliusmarch">{{cite web
| url = http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viides_sinfonia.htm
| title = The war and the fifth symphony 1915-1919
| work = Jean Sibelius
| publisher = Finnish Club of Helsinki
| access-date = 2017-12-07
| archive-date = 17 December 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151217130628/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viides_sinfonia.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

=== Discussions in 1917 ===
====Revolution in Russia====
The [[February Revolution|February]] and [[October Revolution]]s in 1917 ignited hope in the Grand Duchy of Finland. After the [[abdication]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] on 2 March (15 March [[New Style|N.S.]]) 1917, the [[personal union]] between Russia and Finland lost its legal base – at least according to the view in [[Helsinki]] – as he was the [[Grand Duke of Finland]]. Negotiations began between the [[Russian Provisional Government]] and Finnish authorities.

==== Power act ====
The resulting proposal, approved by the Russian Provisional Government, was heavily rewritten in the Finnish Parliament and transformed into the so-called Power Act ({{langx|fi|Valtalaki}}, {{langx|sv|Maktlagen}}), whereby the Parliament declared<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.histdoc.net/historia/valtalaki1917.html | date=25 July 1917 | title=Hallituksen esitykseen, joka sisältää ehdotuksen laiksi erinäisten asiain siirtämisestä Suomen senaatin ja kenraalikuvernöörin ratkaistavaksi | language=fi | access-date=8 February 2014 }}</ref> itself to now hold all powers of legislation, except with respect to foreign policy and military issues, and also declared that it could be dissolved only by itself. At the time of the vote it was believed that the Provisional Government would be quickly defeated by the [[July Days|rebellion in Saint Petersburg]]. The Provisional Government survived, however, and disapproved of the Power Act and dissolved the Finnish Parliament.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

After new elections and the ultimate defeat of the Provisional Government in the [[October Revolution]], the Finnish Parliament decided to create a three-man regency council,<ref>{{cite book|first=D. G. |last=Kirby|title=Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1980|page=47|isbn=978-0816658022}}</ref> based on Finland's Constitution, and more precisely on [http://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Regeringsform_1772#%C2%A7_38. §38] of the old [[Instrument of Government (1772)|Instrument of Government of 1772]], which had been enacted by the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Estates]] after [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav&nbsp;III]]'s bloodless coup. This paragraph provided for the election of a new monarch in case of the extinction of the royal line and was interpreted in Finland as vesting sovereignty in the Estates, later the Parliament, during such an interregnum. The regency council was never elected, however, because of the strong opposition of Finnish socialists and their [[general strike]] of 1917 which demanded more radical action.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

On 2 November (15 November N.S.) 1917, the [[Bolshevik]]s declared a general right of [[self-determination]], including the right of complete [[secession]], "[[Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia|for the Peoples of Russia]]". On the same day, the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it assumed, ''[[pro tempore]]'', all the powers of the [[Grand Duke of Finland|Sovereign]] in Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www15.uta.fi/yky/arkisto/suomi80/teema4.htm |title=Eduskunta |website=Suomi 80 |publisher=Tampere University |access-date=20 August 2016 |language=fi |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515093007/http://www15.uta.fi/yky/arkisto/suomi80/teema4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The old Instrument of Government was, however, no longer deemed suitable. Leading circles had long held that monarchism and hereditary [[nobility]] were antiquated, and advocated a republican constitution for Finland.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

===The Declaration and 15 November===
{{Main|Finnish Declaration of Independence}}
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| footer = Image of the Declaration in Finnish with the senators' signatures
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| footer = Image of the Declaration in Swedish with the senators' signatures
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[[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] formed a [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate|Senate]] which started on 27 November 1917. Its goal was to execute independence as soon as possible. The Senate returned to the Parliament with a [[Finnish Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and proposal for a new republican Instrument of Government on 4 December.<ref>{{Cite book | title= Toiset valtiopäivät 1917, Pöytäkirjat, osa I | page= 310–311 | chapter= Tiistaina 4. p. joulukuuta – Hallituksen puheenjohtajan lausunto Suomen valtiollisen itsenäisyyden toteuttamisesta | publisher= Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino | year= 1918 | language=fi}}</ref> The Declaration of Independence was technically given the form of a preamble of the proposition, and was intended to be agreed upon by the Parliament. Parliament adopted the Declaration on 6 December with 100 votes against 88.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Osmo |last1=Jussila |first2=Seppo |last2=Hentilä |first3=Jukka |last3=Nevakivi |title=From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809|location=London|publisher=C. Hurst & Co|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/fromgrandduchyto0000juss/page/103 103]|isbn=0 8093 9112 0|url=https://archive.org/details/fromgrandduchyto0000juss/page/103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= Ohto |last=Manninen| title=Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920 |at=Part I: Irti Venäjästä, p. 227| publisher= Valtionarkisto| location=Helsinki| year= 1992| language=fi}}</ref>

With reference to the declaration of 15 November, the new declaration says:

{{quote|The people of Finland have by this step taken their fate in their own hands; a step both justified and demanded by present conditions. The people of Finland feel deeply that they cannot fulfil their national and international duty without complete sovereignty. The century-old desire for freedom awaits fulfilment now; Finland's people step forward as a free nation among the other nations in the world.&nbsp;... The people of Finland dare to confidently await how other nations in the world recognize that with their full independence and freedom, the people of Finland can do their best in fulfilment of those purposes that will win them a place amongst civilized peoples.}}

==== International recognition ====
Svinhufvud immediately asked Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, and France to recognize Finland's independence. The West, however, said they would wait until the former ruler, Russia, recognized the declaration. They told Svinhufvud to talk to [[Lenin]]'s Bolshevik Government. Svinhufvud was hesitant to do this, as he did not want to recognize the Bolsheviks as the legal rulers of Russia. Besides, he thought that the Bolshevik government would probably fall soon. So the parliament decided to ask for recognition from the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]]. Germany, which was in middle of peace negotiations with Soviet Russia, pressured Finns to talk to Lenin and the [[Council of People's Commissars]]. Svinhufvud followed their advice, as Finland wanted Germany's recognition as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hajo Holborn|title=A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1969|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/492 492]|isbn = 0-691-05359-6}}</ref>

On 18 December (31 December [[New Style|N.S.]]), the [[Council of People's Commissars|Soviet Russian government]] issued a [[Soviet Decrees|decree]] recognizing Finland's independence,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/finland1917.htm |title= Primary Documents – Soviet Recognition of Finland's Independence, 18 December 1917 |website= First World War.com|access-date=20 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and on 22 December (4 January 1918 N.S.) it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body, the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee|All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1918_01_04.htm |title= On This Day – 4 January 1918 |website= First World War.com|access-date=20 August 2016 |quote=Eastern front: Bolshevik Government recognises independence of Finland.}}</ref> This is how the meeting is told in Svinhufvud's biography, {{lang|fi|Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti}} written by [[Erkki Räikkönen]]:

{{quote|After trying in vain to meet the Soviets on December 30, 1917 - then Sunday - the next day, the delegation managed to submit this letter to Lenin's secretary, and in the evening at 9 o'clock it went to [[Smolny Institute|Smolny]] to hear the decision. "We waited a couple of hours in the big hallway and sat at the corner of the table," says Svinhufvud, "and we had the furs on and the caps on hand, because they didn't dare leave them." Smolna was busy despite the late hours. Guests came and went, typists ran down the hallways, even toddlers on the floor. On several occasions, [[Carl Enckell|Enckell]] tried to rush to the Soviet government's head of office, [[Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich]], but nothing helped. "We could only see", says Enckell, "how in one room the People's Commissars sat in thick tobacco smoke and probably pondered our case." Despite the fact that the furs were on, it became cold in the hallway while waiting. Finally, almost at midnight, Bonch-Bruyevich brought the decision of the Board of Commissioners.
It was worded as follows: "We rose one after another and signed with special satisfaction the recognition of Finland's independence," writes [[Isaac Steinberg|I. Steinberg]], who was a justice commissioner in Lenin's government. "We knew that Finland's current hero Svinhufvud, once sent to exile by the tsar, was our public social enemy. and that he would not spare any of us in the future. But if we free the Finnish people from the oppression of Russia, there will be one less historical injustice in the world." Despite the fact that this letter merely announced the proposed recognition of Finland's independence, it actually meant full recognition of independence, as the confirmation of the Executive Committee was only a formality. Thus, in the last hour of the last day of the year, Finland had received an official certificate of resignation from Russia. After handing over this formal declaration of independence to the delegation, Bonch-Bruyevich planned to say goodbye and leave, but then Enckell pointed out: "When the Chairman of the Finnish Government is here, would it not be desirable for him to meet Lenin in person and express his gratitude to the Finnish people for the recognition of their independence. 
Bonch-Bruyevich now went back to the commissioners' room, informing the commissioners that Svinhufvud was waiting in the hallway and wanted to thank Lenin. This resulted in great confusion, Lenin shrugged, laughed a little embarrassed, and refused. "What can I say to those bourgeoisie!" It was then suggested that [[Leon Trotsky]] go to greet the guests, but he too refused sharply. It was finally invented that Justice Commissioner Steinberg should agree to the request. "What can I tell them," he asked and continued: "I could only arrest them in my post!" Trotsky laughed cunningly at this: "Like you would capture!" Now Bonch-Bruyevich was nervous. He interrupted the play and again asked Lenin to go out to greet the Finns. In a worn suit and head presses, Lenin was now following Bonch-Bruyevich, while the hall was still laughing and counting dives. "Lenin came and held out his hand to us, and we introduced him to Svinhufvud," says Enckell of this historic scene, adding that "Lenin squeezed Svinhufvud's hand cordially." "Are you satisfied now?" Lenin asked. "Very satisfied," replied Svinhufvud. "Russia was spoken there and answered in Russian," says Svinhufvud, adding that "it only said a sad thank you for the letter of resignation." The Finns left now. Svinhufvud, Enckell, and [[Gustaf Idman|Idman]] rushed quickly to the Secretary of State's Office. A typewritten copy of the recognition of independence was urgently taken there, after which we left for the station and from there continued by train to Finland. A few days later, the Russian Central Executive Committee confirmed the recognition of Finland's independence, which was thus finally decided for Russia.<ref>[[Erkki Räikkönen]]: ''Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti : piirteitä P. E. Svinhufvudin ja hänen johtamansa senaatin toiminnasta ja vaiheista syksyllä 1917 ja keväällä 1918''. Otava, 1935.</ref>}}

The independence of Finland was recognized after that by Germany, Sweden, and France on 4 January 1918, by Norway and Denmark on 10 January, and by Austria-Hungary on 13 January.<ref>{{cite book|author=Szíj Enikő|title=Finnország|location=Budapest|publisher=Panoráma|year=1979|page=93|isbn=963-243-111-1}}</ref>

===Organizing a new country===
[[File:Perustuslakivaliokunta 1918.jpg|thumb|right|The meeting of the Finnish Parliament's Constitutional Law Committee in Säätytalo in 1918]]
Hardship burdened the common people, resulting in polarization, and soon ignited the [[Finnish Civil War|Civil War]]. The declaration actually addresses this problem:

{{quote|The Government will approach foreign powers to seek the recognition of our political independence. All the complications, famine and unemployment ensuing from the present external isolation make it urgent for the Government to tie direct contacts with foreign powers without delay. Urgent, concrete assistance in the form of necessities for living and industry is our only rescue from imminent famine and industrial standstill.}}

Many of the necessary ministries and authorities had been founded during years of autonomy, and they continued their activities perhaps after a change of name. The [[Bank of Finland]] had the same position as before. As [[Piloting (navigation)|pilotage]] has military significance, the National pilot office had been subjected to russification. The National Board of Navigation, later called the Finnish Maritime Administration, was founded 15 December 1917, and piloting became its responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portti.kansallisarkisto.fi/fi/aineisto-oppaat/autonomian-ajan-viranomaiset#luotsi-ja-majakkalaitos |title=Autonomian ajan viranomaiset |website=Arkistojen portti |publisher=Archives of Finland |access-date=26 December 2016 |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ihr/article/viewFile/22993/26690 |title=Finland – International Hydrographic Review |publisher=Centre for Digital Scholarship Journals |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

The attempt to establish [[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|a monarchy in Finland]] failed and in 1919 [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg]] became the first president. The first parliamentary elections were held in March 1919.

==List of recognition==
[[File:Venäjä tunnustaa Suomen itsenäisyyden.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Grigory Petrovsky]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Isaac Steinberg]], [[Vladimir Karelin]], and [[Alexander Schlichter]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State<ref name="ulkoministeriö"/>
! Date <ref name="ulkoministeriö">{{cite web |url= https://finlandabroad.fi/etusivu  |title= Suomi ulkomailla  |date=December 6, 2020|publisher = Finland abroad|access-date= December 6, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Venäjä"|{{flag|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180104"| 4 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|France}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180104"| 4 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180104"| 4 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180104"| 4 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180105"| 5 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180110"| 10 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180110"| 10 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180111"| 11 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180113"| 13 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180128"| 28 January 1918
|-
|{{flag|Spain|variant=1785}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180221"| 21 February 1918
|-
|{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180221"| 21 February 1918
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180227"| 21 February 1918
|-
|{{flag|Holy See}}
| align=right | 2 March 1918
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180511"| 11 May 1918
|-
| {{Flag|Qajar Iran}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19180723"| 23 July 1918
|-
|{{flag|Siam}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19181009"| 9  October 1919 
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190308"| 8  March 1919
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190506"| 6 May 1919
|-
| {{flag|United States|variant=1912}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190507"| 7 May 1919
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190523"| 23 May 1919
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190610"| 10 June 1919
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190617"| 17 June 1919
|-
| {{flag|Peru}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190623"| 23 June 1919
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190627"| 27 June 1919
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19190818"| 18 August 1919
|-
| {{flag|Liechtenstein|variant=1852}} 
| align=right data-sort-value="19191027"| 27  October 1919
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19191219"| 19 December 1919
|-
|{{flag|Brazil|variant=1889}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19191226"| 26 December 1919
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
| align=right data-sort-value="19191231"| 31 December 1919
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"| 8 April 1920
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela|variant=1905}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|18 April 1920
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|17 May 1920
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|25 June 1920
|-
|{{flag|Mexico|variant=1916}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|13 July 1920
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|23 August 1920
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay|variant=1842}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|3 June 1921
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|25  October 1921
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} <ref>{{cite book |author=Janne Ridanpää  |title=Maailmanympärimatka Helsingissä suurlähetystöt ja niiden historia |location=Helsinki|publisher=Otava   |pages= 152 |date=December 6, 2020 |isbn= 978-952-5805-86-4}}  </ref>
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|27 July 1922
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan|variant=1928}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|17 July 1928
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Albania}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|1 December 1928
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|align=right data-sort-value="19191219"|20 February 1931
|}

== National symbols ==
[[File:SuomiNeito.png|thumb|The Maiden of Finland and the blue and white flag]]
From several suggestions, the parliament selected a blue and white flag, which was flown over the house of parliament on 28 May 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suomifinland100.fi/quirks-of-history-finnish-flag-created-in-a-restaurant-back-room/?lang=en |title=Quirks of history: Finnish flag created in a restaurant back room? |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Suomifinland100 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034232/http://suomifinland100.fi/quirks-of-history-finnish-flag-created-in-a-restaurant-back-room/?lang=en |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[coat of arms of Finland]], with a crowned lion on a red field had existed since Swedish rule.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/coat-of-arms/ |title=Coat of Arms |website=finland.fi |access-date= 26 December 2016}}
</ref>

Selection of the national anthem divided social classes. The conservatives preferred {{lang|fi|italic=no|"[[Maamme]]"}} by Runeberg and Pacius, while the working class was singing {{lang|fr|italic=no|"[[La Marseillaise]]"}} and "[[The Internationale]]". After the Whites won the Finnish Civil War, {{lang|fi|italic=no|"Maamme"}} was chosen.

Finland's [[Independence Day (Finland)|Independence Day]] was declared to be 6 December and a national holiday. The bill to make Finland a republic was passed by the Diet in 1919.

== Commemoration ==
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Independent Finland 90 years 5 euro Obverse.JPG|thumb|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)#2007 coinage|90th Anniversary of Finland's Declaration of Independence commemorative coin]].]] -->
The 90th anniversary of Finland's Declaration of Independence was selected as the main motif for the €5 [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)#2007 coinage|90th Anniversary of Finland's Declaration of Independence commemorative coin]], minted in 2007. The reverse shows petroglyph aesthetics, while the obverse has a nine-oar boat with rowers as a symbol of collaboration. Musical symbols and Finnish [[kantele]] strings are also included in the coin's design.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Independence of Finland (1917–1920)]]
* [[History of Finland]]
* [[Politics of Finland]]
* [[Finland under Swedish rule]]
* [[Heimosodat]]
* [[Trust (1976 film)|''Trust'' (1976 film)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005319/http://itsenaisyys100.fi/english/2017/09/11/finland-as-a-state-in-1917/  Finland as a state in 1917] - ''Itsenäisyys100''

{{Finland topics}}

[[Category:Foundations of countries|Finland]]
[[Category:Political history of Finland]]
[[Category:Separatism in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Dissolution of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]