View source for Imperial and Royal

{{short description|Title of institutions in Austria-Hungary}}
{{distinguish|Imperial–royal}}
[[File:Austro-hungarian coat of arms 1914.svg|thumb|The medium Imperial and Royal coat of arms of [[Austria-Hungary]] (as of 1915)]]
[[File:Cisleithania, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|thumb|Map of imperial Austria ({{lang|la|[[Cisleithania]]}}, in pink) and royal Hungary ({{lang|la|[[Transleithania]]}}, in green), with Bosnia as a common [[condominium (international law)|condominium]]]]

The phrase '''Imperial and Royal''' ({{langx|de|'''kaiserlich und königlich'''}}, {{IPA|de|ˈkaɪzɐlɪç ʔʊnt ˈkøːnɪklɪç|pron}}){{Efn|Typically abbreviated as '''{{lang|de|k. u. k.}}''', '''{{lang|de|k. und k.}}''', '''{{lang|de|k. & k.}}''' in German (the {{lang|de|und}} is always spoken unabbreviated), {{lang|hu|'''cs. és k.''' (császári és királyi)}} in Hungarian, {{lang|cs|'''c. a k.''' (císařský a královský)}} in Czech, {{lang|pl|'''C. i K.''' (Cesarski i Królewski)}} in Polish, {{lang|sl|'''c. in k.''' (cesarski in kraljevski)}} in Slovenian, {{lang|hr|'''c. i kr.''' (carski i kraljevski)}} in Croatian, {{lang|sr|'''ц. и кр.''' (царски и краљевски)}} in Serbian, and {{lang|it|'''I.R.''' (Imperiale Regio)}} in Italian}} refers to the court/government of the [[Habsburgs]] in a broader historical perspective. Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867 to 1918. 

During that period, it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the {{lang|de|'''K'''aiser}} ([[Emperor of Austria]]) and as the {{lang|de|'''K'''önig}} ([[King of Hungary]]), while the two territories were joined in a [[real union]] (akin to a two-state federation in this instance). The acts of the common government, which was responsible only for the Imperial & Royal ("I&R") Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the I&R Ministry of War and the I&R Ministry of Finance (financing only the two other ministries), were carried out in the name of "His Imperial and Royal Majesty", and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with {{lang|de|k. u. k.}}

== Symbolic employment of {{lang|de|und}} or {{lang|de|u.}} ==

Before 1867, the territories under the control of the [[Habsburg]] monarch in [[Vienna]] used {{lang|de|kaiserlich und königlich}}<ref>Franz Christoph von Scheyb, {{lang|de|Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und königliche Majestäten...}} Vienna, 1756.</ref><ref>Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg, {{lang|de|An Ihro Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät allerunterthänigster Gegenbericht [...] unter dem 30. Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht.}} Giessen, 1797.</ref><ref>Ignaz Franz von Mosel, {{lang|de|Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien.}} Vienna, 1835.</ref><ref>[s.n.], {{lang|de|Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer. Instrumentirt für vollständige Militär-Musik. Vom k. u. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe.}} Vienna, 1845.</ref> or the hyphenated {{lang|de|kaiserlich-königlich}} interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]] and [[Bohemia]] as their Kings. The title ''Emperor'' applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the [[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806. The same title, ''Emperor'', came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named [[Austrian Empire]] that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804.

The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Royal" referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, which was not part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], but under [[Habsburg]] rule.<ref>József Zachar, [http://www.habsburg.org.hu/files/konyvek/zachar_jozsef_habsburg_uralom.pdf Habsburg uralom, állandó hadsereg és magyarság, 1683-1792]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Zrínyi kiadó, [[Budapest]], 2004, p. 104</ref>

After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the Hungarians insisted on the {{lang|de|und}} ('and'), not the hyphen, in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands. Use of the phrase {{lang|de|Kaiserlich '''und''' königlich}} was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17, 1889<ref>The given year 1889 could be a typing error; 1869 would be appropriate.</ref> for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire.<ref>From the [[Otto's encyclopedia]] (published during 1888–1909), subject 'King', [http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral online in Czech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045019/http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral |date=2008-12-09 }}.</ref> Subsequently, the abbreviation {{lang|de|k.k.}} only referred to the institutions of the "Austrian" part of Austria-Hungary ([[Cisleithania]]). The abbreviation {{lang|hu|m.k.}} ({{langx|hu|magyar királyi}}), or {{lang|de|kgl. ung.}} (German: {{lang|de|königlich ungarisch}}), both meaning 'Royal Hungarian', was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary ([[Transleithania]]).

In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted:
* {{lang|de|k.k.}} or {{lang|de|k.-k.}}, meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
* {{lang|de|k.u.k.}}, meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918

== Other uses ==

The ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration, sometimes referred to as the "{{lang|de|k. u. k.}} monarchy" in [[Central Europe]]an publications through the present. Other languages of the Habsburg Monarchy retained the German abbreviation or used it interchangeably with their own − {{lang|hr|c. i kr.}} in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], {{lang|cs|c. a k.}} or {{lang|cs|c.-k.}} in [[Czech language|Czech]], {{lang|hu|cs. és kir.}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], {{lang|it|I.R.}} in [[Italian language|Italian]], {{lang|pl|c. i k.}} or {{lang|pl|C.K.}} in [[Polish language|Polish]], often hyphenated ({{lang|ro|cezaro-crăiesc}}) in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], {{lang|sk|c. a k.}} in [[Slovak language|Slovak]], {{lang|sl|c. kr.}} in [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]].

The abbreviation {{lang|de|k.k.}} gave rise to the noun {{anchor|Kakania}}''Kakania'' (spelling out the letter ''K'' [kah] twice as well as reminiscent of {{lang|und|caca|italic=yes}} in the Central European languages). It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society. A discussion of ''Kakania'' became a highlight of the first volume of [[Robert Musil]]'s novel ''[[The Man Without Qualities]]'' (1930).

== See also ==
* [[Royal warrant of appointment#Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court of Austria-Hungary|Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court of Austria-Hungary]]; The term was also applied to companies supplying the Royal Austrian court.
* [[Imperial–royal]] ({{lang|de|kaiserlich-königlich}})
* {{lang|de|[[kaiserlich]]}}
* [[Hackle#Austria-Hungary|Hackle]]
* [[King-Emperor]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Imperial and Royal residences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiserlich und koniglich}}
[[Category:Government of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:German words and phrases]]