View source for Immigration to Mexico

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Rough translation|Spanish|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Naturalizados Mexicanos.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.4|Immigrants at a [[naturalization]] ceremony in [[Los Pinos]]]]
'''Immigration to Mexico''' has been important in shaping the country's demographics. Since the early 16th century, with the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire|arrival of the Spanish]], [[Mexico]] has received immigrants from Europe, Africa, the Americas (particularly the United States and Central America), and Asia. Today, millions of their Indigenous mixed descendants still live in Mexico and can be found working in different professions and industries.

In the 20th century, Mexico also became a country of refuge, in particular by accepting individuals fleeing [[World War II in Europe]], the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Guatemalan Civil War]] and most recent repression in [[Nicaragua]] under [[Daniel Ortega]] regime.

The Constitution also states: "Every man has the right to enter the Republic, leave it, travel through its territory and change residence, without the need for a security letter, passport, safe-conduct or other similar requirements. The exercise of this right will be subordinate to the powers of the judicial authority, in cases of criminal or civil liability, and those of the administrative authority, as regards the limitations imposed by the laws on emigration, immigration, and general health of the Republic, or on pernicious foreigners residing in the country." Both Articles 33 and 9 of the Constitution limit foreigners' meddling in the country's political affairs.

Article 33 empowers the executive to make someone leave the national territory immediately and without the need for a prior trial of any foreigner whose permanence it deems inconvenient. However, it grants foreigners the same guarantees as nationals and so they are protected by the provisions of Article 4; the equality of men and women. Also, Article 1 prohibits any discrimination based on ethnic or national origin, gender, age, disabilities, social status, health conditions, religion, opinions, preferences, civil status, or any other status that violates human dignity and aims to nullify or impair the rights and freedoms of people.

It is important to include that Article 133 indicates that international treaties signed by the president and ratified by the Senate will be the supreme law of the entire union. For this reason, it should be remembered that Mexico is part of various international treaties that protect different protective rights of migrants, such as the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, which in its Article 22 establishes the rights of movement and residence and stipulates, among others, the right to freely leave any country, including one's own, may be restricted by-laws only to protect national security, public order, or security, public morals or health, or the rights and freedoms of others. Mexico is part of the United Nations Convention on Migrant Workers, which broadly stipulates their rights and the corpus juris for the protection of the rights of women and girls.

Immigration in Mexico has not had an overwhelming impact on the total population, compared to that of other countries, but there has been a considerable increase in the foreign population since Mexico was consolidated as an independent nation. Its geographical position and for social, economic, climatological, cultural, and transit reasons, foreigners have stayed throughout the territory. Historically, the country has not sought mass immigration, but it has been the focus of attraction for more selective immigration to which is added an old tradition of political asylum for religious or ideological persecution. That makes intellectuals, scientists, and artists who reside in Mexico come from other nations and contribute in various scientific and artistic fields.

According to the 2020 [[Censo General de Población y Vivienda|National Census]], there are 1,212,252 foreign-born people registered with the government as living in Mexico.<ref name="inegi.org.mx">[https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/default.html#Tabulado] Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020</ref> Around 70% of foreigners living in Mexico come from neighboring countries (the United States and Guatemala), other important communities come mainly from Spanish-speaking nations, of which the Venezuelan, Colombian, Honduran, Cuban, Spanish, Salvadorian, and Argentinian communities stand out. The rest of immigration comes from other non-Hispanic nations.

==History==
===Colonial era, 1521–1821===
[[Mesoamerica]]—that is, Central and southern Mexico—already had a large indigenous population at European contact in the early sixteenth century, which shaped migration patterns to the colony of [[New Spain]]. The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish crown]] restricted immigration to its overseas possessions to Catholics with "pure" ancestry (''[[limpieza de sangre]]''), that is, without the taint of Jewish or Muslim ancestors. Prospective immigrants had to obtain a license from the [[Casa de Contratación|House of Trade]] in Seville, Spain, attesting to their religious status and ancestry. So-called [[New Christians]], that is Jewish converts to [[Catholicism]], were forbidden from immigrating for fear they had falsely claimed conversion and were in fact [[crypto-Jews]] passing as Christians.<ref>Fisher, John R. "Casa de Contratación" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;589–90. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> During the period when Spain and Portugal had the same monarch (1580–1640), many Portuguese merchants immigrated to Mexico. Religious authorities suspected they were crypto-Jews. The [[Mexican Inquisition]] was established in 1571 and arrested, tried, and then turned those convicted over to civil authorities for corporal, sometimes capital, punishment in [[auto de fe|autos de fe]].

[[File:CharroOutfitsNoreste18.JPG|thumb|Traditional [[china poblana]] attire for women, attributed to Mirra (Catarina de San Juan), a slave brought to Mexico from [[Kochi|Kochi, India]] in the 17th century.]]

Early Spanish immigrants to Mexico included men who became crown or ecclesiastical officials, those with connections to the privileged group of conquerors who had access to indigenous labor and tribute via the [[encomienda]], but also Spaniards who saw economic opportunity in Mexico. Not all Spaniards were of noble heritage ([[Hidalgo (nobility)|hidalgos]]); many were merchants and miners, as well as artisans of various types. Very few Spanish women immigrated from the conquest era onward, most usually because they joined family members who had already immigrated. Their presence helped consolidate the Spanish colony. Spaniards founded cities, sometimes on the sites of indigenous cities, the most prominent being [[Mexico City]] founded on the ruins of Aztec [[Tenochtitlan]]. Spaniards preferred living in cities and with immigrant artisans present from an early period, Spanish material culture was replicated in Mexico by tailors, leatherworkers, bakers, makers of weapons, construction workers, booksellers, and medical specialists (barber-surgeons). In 1550, of the 8,000 Spanish immigrants in Mexico City, around ten percent were artisans.<ref>Altman, Ida. "Spanish Society in Mexico City After the Conquest." ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' (1991)71(3):413-45.</ref><ref>Altman, Ida et al. ''The Early History of Greater Mexico''. Prentice Hall 2003, pp. 67-68.</ref> Some large-scale overseas traders based in Spain also had family members in charge of a business in Mexico itself.<ref>Hoberman, Louisa Schell. ''Mexico's Merchant Elite, 1590-1660''. Durham: Duke University Press 1991.</ref> A few particular towns in Spain sent immigrants to particular towns in Mexico, a notable example being Brihuega, Spain and [[Puebla]], New Spain's second-largest town, both of which were textile-producing towns.<ref>Altman, Ida. ''Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire: Brihuega, Spain, and Puebla, Mexico, 1560-1620''. Stanford University Press, 2000.</ref>

[[File:Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg|thumb|18th century [[Casta|Casta painting]], depicting a West African-Spanish family in colonial Mexico]]

African slaves were brought as auxiliaries to Spanish conquerors and settlers from the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire|Spanish conquest]] onward, but as enslaved persons, they were different from European voluntary immigration.<ref>[[Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán|Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo]], ''La población negra de México, 1519–1810: Estudio etnohistórico''. Mexico 1946</ref><ref>Vinson, Ben III. ''Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico''. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</ref> Because Mexico had such a dense indigenous population, Spaniards imported fewer African slaves than they did to the Caribbean, where sugar cultivation necessitated a large labor force and indigenous laborers were absent.

Although most European immigrants were from various regions of Spain, there were Europeans with other origins including Italians, Flemish (most prominently [[Pedro de Gante]]), Greeks, French, and a few Irish (including [[William Lamport]]). Except for the Portuguese, many of these other Europeans assimilated into the larger Hispanic society.<ref>Altman, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico'', p. 263.</ref> Seventeenth-century English Dominican friar [[Thomas Gage (priest)|Thomas Gage]] spent a few years in central Mexico and Guatemala and wrote a colorful memoir of his time there, but returned to England and renounced Catholicism.<ref>''Thomas Gage's Travels in the New World'', J.E.S. Thompson (ed.), University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1958.</ref> Asians arrived in Mexico via the [[Manila Galleon]] and the Pacific coast port of [[Acapulco]]. Filipinos, Chinese, and Japanese were part of this first wave, many of them enslaved.<ref>Seijas, Tatiana. ''Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians''. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014.</ref><ref>Schurz, William. ''The Manila Galleon''. New York: E.P. Dutton 1939, 1959</ref> The most famous of them was [[Catarina de San Juan]], "la china poblana" (an Asian woman of Puebla), a slave woman who might have been of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] origin.<ref>Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. "A Mughal Princess in Baroque New Spain: Catarina de San Juan (1606–1688), The China Poblana." Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 71 (1997) 37-73.</ref>

=== Post-independence, 1821–1920 ===

[[File:Japanese immigrants in Sonora.jpg|thumbnail|[[Japanese immigration to Mexico|Japanese]] immigrant workers at the mine of [[Cananea]], Sonora in the 1910s. The Japanese, unlike other Asian immigrants, came from a politically strong nation and were seen as industrious, so they were exempt from the discriminatory immigration policies.]]
Even after Mexico achieved [[Mexican war of independence|independence]] from Spain in 1821, it continued to exclude non-Catholics from immigrating until the [[La Reforma|liberal Reform]]. After the fall of [[First Mexican Empire|the monarchy]] of Agustín de Iturbide in 1823, the newly established [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|federal republic]] promulgated a new law regarding immigration, the [[General Colonization Law]]. The Spanish Crown's controls over foreigners doing business in Mexico were no longer in place, and some British businessmen took an interest in silver mining in northern Mexico.<ref>Villalobos Velásquez, Rosario. ''Inmigrantes Británicos en el Distrito Minero del Real del Monte y Pachuca, 1824-1947''. Mexico City: The British Council/Archivo Histórico y Museo Minería 2004.</ref> The Mexican government sought to populate areas of the north as a buffer against indigenous attacks. The Mexican government gave a license to [[Stephen F. Austin]] to colonize areas in Texas, with the proviso that they be or become Catholics and learn Spanish, largely honored in the breach as more and more settlers arrived. Most settlers were from the slave-holding areas of the southern U.S. and brought their slaves with them to cultivate the rich soil of east Texas. The experiment in colonization in Texas went disastrously wrong for Mexico, with Anglo-Texans and some Mexican [[Texian]]s rebelling against Mexico's central government and gaining ''de facto'' [[Texas Revolution|independence]] in 1836. However, Mexicans of various ideological stripes called for attracting immigrants to Mexico in the nineteenth century.

In the immediate aftermath of the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), a number of Southerners from the failed [[Confederate States of America]] moved to Mexico.<ref>Wahlstrom, Todd W. ''The Southern Exodus to Mexico: Migration Across the Borderlands After the American Civil War''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.</ref> Another group migrating to Mexico were [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico|Mormons]], who sought religious freedom to practice polygamy, and founded colonies in northern Mexico.<ref>Hardy, B. Carmon. "The trek south: How the Mormons went to Mexico." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 73.1 (1969): 1-16.</ref><ref>Dormady, Jason H., and Jared M. Tamez, eds. ''Just South of Zion: The Mormons in Mexico and Its Borderlands''. University of New Mexico Press, 2015.</ref> Many Mormons left Mexico at the outbreak of the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref>Hardy, B. Carmon. "Cultural" Encystment" as a Cause of the Mormon Exodus from Mexico in 1912." Pacific Historical Review 34.4 (1965): 439-454.</ref>

[[File:Niños armenio-mexicanos 1911.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Second generation [[Armenian Mexican]] children in 1911]]
During the late nineteenth century when Mexican President [[Porfirio Díaz]] (r. 1876–1880, 1884–1911) pursued a policy of modernization and development, many from the U.S. settled in Mexico, pursuing roles as financiers, industrialists, investors, and agri-business investors, and farmers. Some did assimilate culturally, learning Spanish and sometimes marrying into elite Mexican families, but many others kept a separate identity and U.S. citizenship.<ref>Hart, John Mason. ''Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War''. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002.</ref> British, French, and German immigrants also became distinct immigrant groups during the [[Porfiriato]].

Mass [[Chinese immigration to Mexico]] began in the 1876, following mass single-male migrations to Cuba and to Peru, where they worked as field laborers [[coolies]]. Chinese men immigrated mainly to northern Mexico, and the flow of migration increased following the passage of the 1882 [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] in the U.S. Some then entered the U.S. illegally, but many more stayed in the borderlands area on the Mexican side, where they entered commerce as entrepreneurs of small-scale businesses, creating dry-goods stores and laundries in mining and agricultural towns, as well as small-scale manufacturing and truck farming. They came to monopolize the small-business sector. Chinese merchant houses were established in Pacific coast ports, such as [[Guaymas]], hiring their country-men. There was significant anti-Chinese feeling in northern Mexico, which intensified during the Mexican Revolution.<ref>Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "Racism and Anti-Chinese Persecution in Mexico." Amerasia 9:2 (1982).</ref> They were expelled from Sonora in the 1930s and their businesses nationalized.<ref>Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "Chinese" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'' . Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 245-248</ref>

== Immigration policy ==
{{see also|Mexican nationality law}}
[[File:Niños polacos de Santa Rosa, Guanajuato.jpg|thumbnail|Orphaned Polish children in [[Guanajuato (city)|Guanajuato]] that arrived with a larger group of refugees during the [[Second World War]]]]

With the Mexican government's intent to control migration flows and attract foreigners who can contribute to economic development, the new migration law simplifies foreigners' entrance and residency requirements. It replaces the two large immigration categories of immigrant and nonimmigrant with the categories of "visitor" and "temporary resident", while keeping the status of "permanent resident". In the General Law of Population, the two categories incorporate over 30 different types of foreigners, i.e., distinguished visitor, religious minister, etc., each with its own stipulations and requirements to qualify for entry and remain in the country. Under the new law the requirements are simplified, basically differentiating those foreigners who are allowed to work and those who are not. The law also expedites the permanent resident application process for retirees and other foreigners. For granting permanent residency, the law proposes using a point system based on factors such as level of education, employment experience, and scientific and technological knowledge.<ref>Gonzalez-Murphy, Laura. "Protecting Immigrant Rights in Mexico: Understanding the State-Civil Society Nexus,"  Routledge, New York, Forthcoming 2013</ref>

According to Article 81 of the Law and Article 70 of the regulations to the law, published on 28 September 2012, immigration officials are the only ones that can conduct immigration procedures, although the Federal Police may assist, but only under the request and guidance of the Institute of Migration. Verification procedures cannot be conducted in migrant shelters run by civil society organizations or by individuals that engage in providing humanitarian assistance to immigrants.

Undocumented immigration has been a problem for Mexico, especially since the 1970s. Although the number of deportations is declining with 61,034 registered cases in 2011, the Mexican government documented over 200,000 unauthorized border crossings in 2004 and 2005.<ref>"Estadísticas"</ref> In 2011, 93% of undocumented immigrants in Mexico came from three countries -[[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]]- however, there is an increasing number of immigrants from [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indios, chinos, somalíes... así son los migrantes invisibles de México|date=22 July 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/07/110722_mexico_migrantes_indios_chinos_irm.shtml|publisher=BBC Mundo|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref>

=== History of immigration policy ===
[[File:Helman.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Juan Gelman]] Argentine poet and political activist who sought refuge in Mexico during [[Argentina's Dirty War]]]]
[[File:Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Jacobo Árbenz]], 25th President of Guatemala, was exiled following the [[CIA]]-backed [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|1954 coup d'état]] and died in Mexico City in 1971.]]

Overview of Mexican immigration policy in regards to ethnicity or nationality:

* 1823 – Permanent settlement and naturalization is restricted to Catholics<ref name=FitzGerald>{{cite book|last1=FitzGerald|first1=David Scott|last2=Cook-Martín|first2=David|title=Culling the Masses|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674729049|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXWWAwAAQBAJ&q=Culling+the+Masses+Mexico+table+6.1&pg=PA219|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> (see also [[General Colonization Law]])
* 1860 – Catholic favoritism ends with the establishment of freedom of religion<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1909 – First comprehensive immigration law rejects racial discrimination (enacted under the [[Porfiriato|Porfirian regime]], but ignored by the governments that followed the [[Mexican Revolution]])<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1917 – Shorter naturalization times for Latin Americans<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1921 – Confidential circular, followed by an accord between China and Mexico, restricts [[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese immigration]]<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1923 – Confidential circular excludes South Asian [[Indian immigration to Mexico|Indians]]<ref name=FitzGerald /> (these confidential circulars were kept secretive in order to avoid diplomatic problems, such as with the British Empire or the United States)
* 1924 – Confidential circular excludes [[Afro-Mexicans|blacks]]<ref name=FitzGerald /> (in practice, it excluded working class Afro-Latin Americans, but not elites)
* 1926 – Confidential circular excludes [[Romani people in Mexico|gypsies]]<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1926 – Exclusion of those who "constitute a danger of physical degeneration for our race"<ref name=FitzGerald /> (see also [[Blanqueamiento#Blanqueamiento and national policy|Blanqueamiento and national policy]])
* 1927 – Exclusion of Palestinians, [[Arab Mexicans|Arabs]], Syrians, [[Lebanese immigration to Mexico|Lebanese]], [[Armenian immigration to Mexico|Armenians]] and [[Turks in Mexico|Turks]]<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1929 – Confidential circular excludes [[Polish immigration to Mexico|Poles]] and [[Russian immigration to Mexico|Russians]]<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1931 – Confidential circular excludes Hungarians<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1933 – Exclusion or restrictions of blacks, Malays, Indians, the 'yellow race' (East Asians, except Japanese), Soviets, gypsies, Poles, Lithuanians, [[Czech immigration to Mexico|Czechs]], Slovacks, Syrians, Lebanese, Palestinians, Armenians, Arabs and Turks.<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1934 – Exclusion or restrictions extended to Aboriginals, Latvians, Bulgarians, Romanians, Persians, Yugoslavs, [[Greek immigration to Mexico|Greeks]], Albanians, Afghans, Ethiopians, Algerians, Egyptians, Moroccans and [[Judaism in Mexico|Jews]].<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1937 – Quotas establishes unlimited immigration from the Americas and Spain; 5,000 annual slots for each of thirteen Western European nationalities and the Japanese; and 100 slots for nationals of each other country of the world.<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1939 – Shorter naturalization times for [[Spanish Mexican|Spaniards]]<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1947 – Law rejects racial discrimination, but promotes a preference for "assimilable" foreigners<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1974 – Law eliminates assimilability as a gauge for admission<ref name=FitzGerald />
* 1993 – Shorter naturalization times for [[Portuguese Mexican|Portuguese]]<ref name=FitzGerald /> (granted to Latin Americans and Iberians due to historical and cultural connections; requires two years of residence instead of five)

=== Temporary Migrant Regularization Program ===
[[File:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Henry Boniet in Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1979.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, last [[Shah]] of Iran, took refuge in Cuernavaca, Mexico after the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] of 1979.]]
The ''Programa Temporal de Regularización Migratoria'' (PTRM) published on 12 January 2015 in the [[Official Journal of the Federation (Mexico)|Diario Oficial de la Federación]], is directed at those foreigners who have made their permanent residence in Mexico but due to 'diverse circumstances' did not regularize their stay in the country and find themselves turning to 'third parties' to perform various procedures, including finding employment.<ref name="PTRM">{{cite web|title=Programa Temporal de Regularización Migratoria|url=http://www.inm.gob.mx/index.php/page/regularizacion_migratoria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101002/http://www.inm.gob.mx/index.php/page/regularizacion_migratoria|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Migración]]|access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref>

The program is aimed at foreign nationals who entered the country before 9 November 2012.<ref name="PTRM" /> Approved foreigners received through the PTRM the status of '[[temporary resident]]', document valid for four years,<ref name="PTRM" /> and are eligible afterwards for [[permanent residency]].<ref name="PTRM 2017" /> The temporary program ran from 13 January to 18 December 2015.<ref name="PTRM" />

In accordance with the provisions of Articles: 1, 2, 10, 18, 77, 126 and 133 of the ''Ley de Migración''; 1 and 143 of the ''Reglamento de la Ley de Migración'', any foreign national wishing to regularize their immigration status within Mexican territory, under the PTRM will complete the payment of fees for the following:

I. Proof of payment for receiving and examining the application of the procedure... ... [[MXN]] 1124.00 ([[USD]] 77.14 as of 12 January 2015)

II. For the issuance of the certificate giving them the status of temporary stay for four years ...... MXN 7914.00 (US$514.17)

Through Article 16 of the ''Ley Federal de Derechos'', foreign national are exempt them from payment if it can be proven that they earn a wage at or below [[minimum wage]].<ref name="PTRM" /> During the period that the PTRM is in effect, no fine is applied (as is the practice otherwise).<ref name="PTRM" />

The PTRM was reenacted on 11 October 2016; eligibility was extended to undocumented migrants that entered the country before 9 January 2015.<ref name="PTRM 2017">{{cite web|title=Apoya el INM a extranjeros a que regularicen su situación migratoria, a través del PTRM|url=http://www.gob.mx/inm/prensa/apoya-el-inm-a-extranjeros-a-que-regularicen-su-situacion-migratoria-a-traves-del-ptrm|website=gob.mx|language=es}}</ref> Migrants are assured that they will not be detained nor deported when inquiring for information or submitting their application at an INM office.<ref name="PTRM 2017" /> Identification and proof of residency/entry date (such as bus or airplane tickets, utility bills, school records or expired visas) should be presented. If these proofs can not be provided, the legal testimony of two Mexicans/resident foreigners may also be accepted. The program runs until 19 December 2017.<ref name="PTRM 2017" />

== Public opinion ==
The 2019 survey found that 58% of Mexican respondents oppose immigration from Central America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shocking photo of drowned father and daughter highlights migrants' border peril |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jun/25/photo-drowned-migrant-daughter-rio-grande-us-mexico-border |work=The Guardian |date=June 26, 2019}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

[[File:Inmigración en México 2020.png|right|thumb|upright=1.85|Foreign-born population of Mexico in 2020, by country of birth
{|
| style="width:200px" |
{{legend|#880015|>500,000}}
{{legend|#ED1C24|50,000–100,000}}
{{legend|#FFA41E|20,000–50,000}}
{{legend|#C8C800|5,000–20,000}}
| valign="top" |
{{legend|#22B14C|1,000–5,000}}
{{legend|#004080|100–1,000}}
|}]]

Most foreigners in Mexico counted in the Census come from the United States or other [[Hispanophone]] countries, with smaller numbers from [[Europe]], [[East Asia]], and the non-Hispanophone [[Americas]]. Their numbers have been rising as the country's economy develops, and now make up about 1% of the population.

===Country of birth===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Place || Country || 2020 || 2010 || Change %
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 1 || {{flag|United States}} || align="right" | 797,226 || align="right" | 738,103 || align="center" | {{increase}} 8.02%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 2 || {{flag|Guatemala}} || align="right" | 56,810 || align="right" | 35,322 || align="center" | {{increase}} 60.83%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 3 || {{flag|Venezuela}} || align="right" | 52,948 || align="right" | 10,063 || align="center" | {{increase}} 426.17%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 4 || {{flag|Colombia}} || align="right" | 36,234 || align="right" | 13,922 || align="center" | {{increase}} 160.26%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 5 || {{flag|Honduras}} || align="right" | 35,361 || align="right" | 10,991 || align="center" | {{increase}} 221.73%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 6 || {{flag|Cuba}} || align="right" | 25,976 || align="right" | 12,108 || align="center" | {{increase}} 114.54%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 7 || {{flag|Spain}} || align="right" | 20,763 || align="right" | 18,873 || align="center" | {{increase}} 10.01%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 8 || {{flag|El Salvador}} || align="right" | 19,736 || align="right" | 8,088 || align="center" | {{increase}} 144.02%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 9 || {{flag|Argentina}} || align="right" | 18,693 || align="right" | 13,696 || align="center" | {{increase}} 36.49%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 10 || {{flag|Canada}} || align="right" | 12,439 || align="right" | 7,943 || align="center" | {{increase}} 56.60%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 11 || {{flag|China}} || align="right" | 10,547 || align="right" | 6,655 || align="center" | {{increase}} 58.48%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 12 || {{flag|France}} || align="right" | 9,080 || align="right" | 7,163 || align="center" | {{increase}} 26.76%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 13 || {{flag|Brazil}} || align="right" | 8,689 || align="right" | 4,532 || align="center" | {{increase}} 91.73%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 14 || {{flag|Peru}} || align="right" | 8,670 || align="right" | 5,886 || align="center" | {{increase}} 47.30%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 15 || {{flag|Germany}} || align="right" | 6,860 || align="right" | 6,214 || align="center" | {{increase}} 10.40%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 16 || {{flag|Italy}} || align="right" | 6,619 || align="right" | 4,964 || align="center" | {{increase}} 33.34%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 17 || {{flag|Chile}} || align="right" | 6,532 || align="right" | 5,267 || align="center" | {{increase}} 24.02%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 18 || {{flag|Haiti}} || align="right" | 5,895
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 19 || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || align="right" | 5,731 || align="right" | 3,572 || align="center" | {{increase}} 60.44%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 20 || {{flag|Japan}} || align="right" | 5,539 || align="right" | 3,004 || align="center" | {{increase}} 84.39%
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 21 || {{flag|South Korea}} || align="right" | 5,339 || align="right" | 3,960 || align="center" | {{increase}} 34.82%
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 22 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || align="right" | 4,030
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 23 || {{flag|Ecuador}} || align="right" | 3,995
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 24 || {{flag|Costa Rica}} || align="right" | 3,803
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 25 || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || align="right" | 2,849
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 26 || {{flag|Belize}} || align="right" | 2,813
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 27 || {{flag|Uruguay}} || align="right" | 2,706
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 28 || {{flag|India}} || align="right" | 2,656
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 29 || {{flag|Bolivia}} || align="right" | 2,505
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 30 || {{flag|Russia}} || align="right" | 2,321
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 31 || {{flag|Panama}} || align="right" | 1,916
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 32 || {{flag|Switzerland}} || align="right" | 1,439
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| || Other countries || align="right" | 25,492
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| colspan="2" align="center" |'''TOTAL'''|| align="center" |'''1,212,252'''|| align="center" |'''961,121'''|| align="center" | {{increase}} '''26.13%'''
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center" |<small>Source: INEGI (2020)<ref name="inegi.org.mx" /></small><ref name="Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130427100913/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010]</ref>
|-
|}

===By region===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:120px;" |Region
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | 1990
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | 2000
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | 2010
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | 2020
|-
| Africa
| 745
| 986
| 1,549
| 3,265
|-
| Americas
| 285,275
| 430,954
| 887,531
| 1,114,597
|-
| Asia
| 8,229
| 11,489
| 19,660
| 30,743
|-
| Europe
| 45,797
| 48,110
| 51,411
| 60,931
|-
| Oceania
| 200
| 821
| 556
| 699
|-
| Not Specified
| 578
| 257
| 414
| 2,017
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''340,824'''
| '''492,617'''
| '''961,121'''
| '''1,212,252'''
|}

Source: INEGI Census<ref>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/default.html#Tabulado] Censo de Población y Vivienda 1990, 2000, 2010 & 2020</ref>

=== Documentation and condition of stay in Mexico ===

==== Temporary resident and permanent resident ====

Article 52 from the Mexican Immigration Laws establishes that foreigners may remain on national territory under the conditions of stay of visitor, temporary resident and permanent resident, provided that they comply with the requirements established with the law. With the Temporary Resident Card (TRT), in terms of Article 52, Section VII establishes the following:

{{blockquote|Authorizes the foreigner to remain in the country for a period not exceeding four years, with the possibility of obtaining a permit to work in exchange for remuneration in the country, subject to an offer of employment with the right to enter and leave the national territory as many times as desired.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico's Immigration Laws in English|url=https://start-ops.com.mx/mexican-laws/immigration-law-in-english/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>}}

On the other hand, the Permanent Resident Card (TRP), in terms of Article 52, Section IX establishes:

{{blockquote|Authorizes the foreigner to remain in the national territory indefinitely, with permission to work in exchange for remuneration in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico's Immigration Laws in English|url=https://start-ops.com.mx/mexican-laws/immigration-law-in-english/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>}}

The following table shows foreign people documented with the Temporary Resident Card (TRT) and Permanent Resident Card (TRP) in the period 2021–2023 (January - July).<ref>[http://politicamigratoria.gob.mx/es/PoliticaMigratoria/Boletines_Estadisticos Documentación y condición de estancia en México]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|- 
! rowspan="2"  colspan=1 style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|'''Country of origin'''||rowspan="1"  colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|'''2023'''||rowspan="1"  colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|'''2022'''||rowspan="1"  colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|'''2021'''
|-
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Temporary Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Permanent Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Total</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Temporary Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Permanent Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E3EC;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Total</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Temporary Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Permanent Resident</span>
! style="text-align:center; background-color:#CEECF6;"|<span style="font-size:80%">Total</span>
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''North America'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|7,992}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|6,026}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|14,018}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|15,012}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|10,740}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|25,752}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|10,781}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|8,788}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|19,569}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Canada}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|1,598}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,511}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,109}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,244}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,888}}
|align="right"|{{nts|6,132}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,695}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,852}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,547}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|United States}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|6,394}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,515}}
|align="right"|{{nts|10,909}}
|align="right"|{{nts|11,768}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,852}}
|align="right"|{{nts|19,620}}
|align="right"|{{nts|9,086}}
|align="right"|{{nts|6,936}}
|align="right"|{{nts|16,022}}
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Central America'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,047}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|16,023}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|18,070}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,891}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|26,448}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|30,339}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,243}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|21,989}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|25,232}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Costa Rica}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|291}}
|align="right"|{{nts|197}}
|align="right"|{{nts|488}}
|align="right"|{{nts|473}}
|align="right"|{{nts|263}}
|align="right"|{{nts|736}}
|align="right"|{{nts|467}}
|align="right"|{{nts|307}}
|align="right"|{{nts|774}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|El Salvador}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|398}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,765}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,163}}
|align="right"|{{nts|814}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,750}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,564}}
|align="right"|{{nts|664}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,009}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,673}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Guatemala}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|490}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,811}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,301}}
|align="right"|{{nts|913}}
|align="right"|{{nts|6,360}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,273}}
|align="right"|{{nts|723}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,277}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,000}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Honduras}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|460}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,773}}
|align="right"|{{nts|8,233}}
|align="right"|{{nts|932}}
|align="right"|{{nts|14,033}}
|align="right"|{{nts|14,965}}
|align="right"|{{nts|804}}
|align="right"|{{nts|12,368}}
|align="right"|{{nts|13,172}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|408}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|477}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|885}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|759}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,042}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,801}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|585}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,028}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,613}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Caribbean'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,705}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,591}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|7,296}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|6,501}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|8,574}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|15,075}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,979}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|7,969}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|10,948}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Cuba}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|2,794}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,218}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,012}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,085}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,708}}
|align="right"|{{nts|9,793}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,026}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,085}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,111}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Dominican Republic}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|205}}
|align="right"|{{nts|298}}
|align="right"|{{nts|503}}
|align="right"|{{nts|457}}
|align="right"|{{nts|590}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,047}}
|align="right"|{{nts|329}}
|align="right"|{{nts|407}}
|align="right"|{{nts|736}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Haiti}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|672}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,047}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,719}}
|align="right"|{{nts|897}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,229}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,126}}
|align="right"|{{nts|563}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,453}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,016}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|34}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|28}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|62}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|62}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|47}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|109}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|61}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|24}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|85}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''South America'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|9,859}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|9,890}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|19,749}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|16,876}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|19,761}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|36,637}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|15,765}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|20,552}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|36,317}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Argentina}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|1,366}}
|align="right"|{{nts|932}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,298}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,598}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,576}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,174}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,661}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,472}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,133}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Brazil}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|1,055}}
|align="right"|{{nts|580}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,635}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,912}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,211}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,123}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,693}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,157}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,850}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Colombia}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|3,910}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,210}}
|align="right"|{{nts|7,120}}
|align="right"|{{nts|6,188}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,261}}
|align="right"|{{nts|11,449}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,867}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,225}}
|align="right"|{{nts|11,092}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Peru}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|819}}
|align="right"|{{nts|406}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,225}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,318}}
|align="right"|{{nts|675}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,993}}
|align="right"|{{nts|995}}
|align="right"|{{nts|691}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,686}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Venezuela}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|1,149}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,962}}
|align="right"|{{nts|5,111}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,955}}
|align="right"|{{nts|9,693}}
|align="right"|{{nts|11,648}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,378}}
|align="right"|{{nts|10,635}}
|align="right"|{{nts|13,013}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,560}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|800}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,360}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,905}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,345}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|4,250}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,171}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,372}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|3,543}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Europe'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|4,428}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,067}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|7,495}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|8,733}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|5,278}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|14,011}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|6,662}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|4,641}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|11,303}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|France}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|565}}
|align="right"|{{nts|325}}
|align="right"|{{nts|890}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,391}}
|align="right"|{{nts|597}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,988}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,201}}
|align="right"|{{nts|569}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,770}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Germany}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|573}}
|align="right"|{{nts|307}}
|align="right"|{{nts|880}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,540}}
|align="right"|{{nts|609}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,149}}
|align="right"|{{nts|957}}
|align="right"|{{nts|422}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,379}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Italy}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|371}}
|align="right"|{{nts|299}}
|align="right"|{{nts|670}}
|align="right"|{{nts|775}}
|align="right"|{{nts|576}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,351}}
|align="right"|{{nts|738}}
|align="right"|{{nts|651}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,389}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Russia}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|814}}
|align="right"|{{nts|633}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,447}}
|align="right"|{{nts|851}}
|align="right"|{{nts|796}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,647}}
|align="right"|{{nts|298}}
|align="right"|{{nts|439}}
|align="right"|{{nts|737}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Spain}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|902}}
|align="right"|{{nts|667}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,569}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,844}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,294}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,138}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,653}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,345}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,998}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|United Kingdom}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|317}}
|align="right"|{{nts|192}}
|align="right"|{{nts|509}}
|align="right"|{{nts|657}}
|align="right"|{{nts|342}}
|align="right"|{{nts|999}}
|align="right"|{{nts|518}}
|align="right"|{{nts|269}}
|align="right"|{{nts|787}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|886}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|644}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,530}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,675}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,064}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,739}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,297}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|946}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,243}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Asia'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|6,615}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,563}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|9,178}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|8,473}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|4,140}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|12,613}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|6,898}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|3,958}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|10,856}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|China}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|2,673}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,118}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,791}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,517}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,914}}
|align="right"|{{nts|4,431}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,062}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,543}}
|align="right"|{{nts|3,605}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|India}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|1,178}}
|align="right"|{{nts|285}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,463}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,782}}
|align="right"|{{nts|418}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,200}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,248}}
|align="right"|{{nts|552}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,800}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Japan}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|985}}
|align="right"|{{nts|330}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,315}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,496}}
|align="right"|{{nts|590}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,086}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,416}}
|align="right"|{{nts|594}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,010}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|South Korea}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|889}}
|align="right"|{{nts|342}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,231}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,365}}
|align="right"|{{nts|564}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,929}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,284}}
|align="right"|{{nts|724}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,008}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|890}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|488}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,378}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,313}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|654}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,967}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|888}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|545}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|1,433}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Oceania'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|152}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|71}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|223}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|284}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|178}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|462}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|148}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|112}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|260}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Australia}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|105}}
|align="right"|{{nts|56}}
|align="right"|{{nts|161}}
|align="right"|{{nts|227}}
|align="right"|{{nts|142}}
|align="right"|{{nts|369}}
|align="right"|{{nts|105}}
|align="right"|{{nts|83}}
|align="right"|{{nts|188}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|47}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|15}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|62}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|57}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|36}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|93}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|43}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|29}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|72}}''
|- bgcolor="#90D3DB"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:90%">'''Africa'''</span>
|align="right"|'''{{nts|344}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|284}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|628}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|447}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|485}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|932}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|359}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|486}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|845}}'''
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Ghana}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|39}}
|align="right"|{{nts|39}}
|align="right"|{{nts|78}}
|align="right"|{{nts|40}}
|align="right"|{{nts|37}}
|align="right"|{{nts|77}}
|align="right"|{{nts|14}}
|align="right"|{{nts|35}}
|align="right"|{{nts|49}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Morocco}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|58}}
|align="right"|{{nts|25}}
|align="right"|{{nts|83}}
|align="right"|{{nts|63}}
|align="right"|{{nts|41}}
|align="right"|{{nts|104}}
|align="right"|{{nts|52}}
|align="right"|{{nts|47}}
|align="right"|{{nts|99}}
|-
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">{{flag|Nigeria}}</span>
|align="right"|{{nts|48}}
|align="right"|{{nts|81}}
|align="right"|{{nts|129}}
|align="right"|{{nts|85}}
|align="right"|{{nts|197}}
|align="right"|{{nts|282}}
|align="right"|{{nts|55}}
|align="right"|{{nts|121}}
|align="right"|{{nts|176}}
|- bgcolor="#ECECEC"
|border = "1"|<span style="font-size:80%">''Other Countries''</span>
|align="right"|''{{nts|199}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|139}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|338}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|259}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|210}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|469}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|238}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|283}}''
|align="right"|''{{nts|521}}''
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"|'''Total''' 
|align="right"|'''{{nts|35,142}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|41,515}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|76,657}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|60,217}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|75,604}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|135,821}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|46,835}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|68,495}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|115,330}}'''
|}

==Immigrant groups in Mexico==
Immigrants arrive in Mexico for many reasons, most of the documented immigrants have arrived for economic and/or work-related reasons. Many, such as executives, professionals, scientists, artists, or athletes working for either Mexican or foreign companies, arrive with secure jobs. Retirement is the main motivation for immigrants who tend to be more permanent. Aside from dual national descendants of Mexicans, naturalized Mexicans, or the undocumented, 262,672 foreign residents live on its soil. The majority of its foreign residents are from the Guatemala, followed by Africa, Spain and Haiti.

=== North American ===
==== American ====
{{main|American immigration to Mexico}}
{{See also|Emigration from the United States}}
[[File:Conlon-nancarrow-1418515548.jpg|thumb|upright|American turned-Mexican composer [[Conlon Nancarrow]], who escaped political persecution during [[McCarthyism]] and made most of his career in Mexico City]]
Mexico hosts the largest community of Americans outside the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Home Page &#124; Overseas Vote|url=https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024051944/https://www.overseasvotefoundation.org/files/counting%20american%20civilians%20abroad.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 }}</ref> As of 2022, there's an estimate of 1.6 million American immigrants in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Relations With Mexico |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-mexico/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCamy |first=Laura |title=There are 1.5 million Americans living in Mexico — here are 8 things Americans wished they'd known before they moved |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/american-move-to-mexico-2019-5 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020 people from the United States made the single largest immigrant group, at 65%, followed by 4% of Guatemalans and 4% of Venezuelans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Población extranjera en México por nacionalidad 2020 |url=https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1190260/poblacion-extranjera-de-mexico-por-nacionalidad/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Statista |language=es}}</ref>

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, people from the USA were by and large retirees, students, religious workers (missionaries of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], Protestant missionaries, etc.), [[Mexican-American]]s, and spouses of Mexican citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Andrew Mark |last2=News |first2=Fox |date=2022-07-28 |title=Mexico City residents angered by influx of Americans speaking English, gentrifying area: report |url=https://nypost.com/2022/07/28/mexico-city-residents-angered-by-influx-of-americans-speaking-english-gentrifying-area-report/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A few are professors who come employed by Mexican companies to teach English, university professors and corporate employees and executives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-11 |title=Portal Informativo {{!}} Tecnológico de Monterrey |url=http://www.itesm.mx/wps/wcm/connect/snc/portal+informativo/por+campus/san+luis+potosi/academia/profesores+de+la+universidad+de+harvard+imparten+clases+a+alumnos+de+campus+san+luis+potos_. |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611050345/http://www.itesm.mx/wps/wcm/connect/snc/portal+informativo/por+campus/san+luis+potosi/academia/profesores+de+la+universidad+de+harvard+imparten+clases+a+alumnos+de+campus+san+luis+potos_. |archive-date=11 June 2015 }}</ref> With the advent of remote work after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the soaring cost of living in the United States, many "digital nomads" have migrated to Mexico, roughly doubling the number of immigrants since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suarez |first=David Culver, Karol |date=2022-08-22 |title=Mexico City becomes 'work from home' haven for US expats, but locals are getting priced out {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/22/business/mexico-city-work-from-home-us-expats/index.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidaña |first=Oscar Alcántara |date=2021-11-02 |title=Mexico City's Remote Worker Problem |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/11/digital-nomad-mexico-city.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

While significant numbers live in Mexico year round, some residents do not stay the whole year. Retirees may live half a year in the U.S. to keep retiree benefits. Those called "snowbirds" arrive in autumn and leave in spring. The American community in Mexico is found throughout the country, but most concentrate in the US-Mexico border cities or nearby ([[Tijuana]], [[Mexicali]], [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], [[Reynosa]], [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]], [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Nuevo Laredo]]), the big metropolises of inland Mexico ([[Mexico City]], [[Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey]], [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]], [[Toluca]], [[Morelia]], [[Querétaro City|Querétaro]]), beach resorts ([[Los Cabos Municipality|Los Cabos]], [[Rosarito]], [[San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas|San Carlos]], [[Puerto Peñasco]], [[Mazatlán]], [[Tulum|Tulúm]], [[Puerto Morelos]], [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], [[Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca|Puerto Escondido]], [[Puerto Vallarta]], [[Ixtapan de la Sal|Ixtapan]], [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]]), or small towns popular among retirees ([[Tequila, Jalisco|Tequila]], [[Valle de Bravo]], [[Tepozotlán]], [[Malinalco]], [[Pátzcuaro]], [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Ajijic]], [[Chapala, Jalisco|Chapala]]).

'''Impacts on the Local Economy'''

For years, citizens from the United States have used Mexico as a prime location for expats. The reasons range from cheaper cost of living, acquiring seasonal housing, or a primary residence in which to work from home. For those who relocated for cheaper cost of living, it is a response to the global inflation crisis that was caused from the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Are US expats driving up housing prices in Mexico? |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/are-us-expats-driving-up-housing-prices-in-mexico/2681771 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> While in the United States, the economy is slowly healing, the US Dollar can still go farther, longer. They can buy substantial homes for less than a fifth of what it would be in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cota |first=Isabella |date=2024-05-14 |title=The strength of the peso is deterring many Americans from moving to Mexico |url=https://english.elpais.com/economy-and-business/2024-05-14/the-strength-of-the-peso-is-deterring-many-americans-from-moving-to-mexico.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref> As a result, there has been a gradual, but significant influx of people who have permanently moved to Mexico. As of 2021, there are now 1.6 million United States expats who lived across Mexico.<ref>https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/are-us-expats-driving-up-housing-prices-in-mexico/2681771</ref> Due to this substantial increase in foreign residents, whether part time of full time, Landlords have responded by driving up the prices around 17-20%<ref name=":0" /> to take advantage of those who will come in and buy or rent their properties because they are still cheaper than the options within the US housing market.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Suarez |first=David Culver,Karol |date=2022-08-22 |title=Mexico City becomes 'work from home' haven for US expats, as locals are getting priced out {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/22/business/mexico-city-work-from-home-us-expats/index.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Semi-permanent ventures like tourism as well have generated immense revenue for the government, with US$11.5 Billion over the first five months of 2022.<ref name=":1" /> The local residents are on the short end of the stick however because the increase in local housing costs drives up the value of the residences as a result. For some families, who have had local businesses for over half a century, have been forcefully evicted because they cannot keep up with the increasing value of the property around them.<ref name=":1" />

==== Central American ====
[[File:Campesinos_Guatemaltecos_1978_Steve_Richards.jpg|thumb|left|Thousands of Guatemalan [[indigenous people]] and [[farmer]]s fled to the camps of [[Chiapas]], [[Tabasco]] and [[Campeche]] during the Guatemalan Civil War.]]

The largest recent immigrant flows to Mexico are from Central America, with a total of 66,868 immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama and Nicaragua living in Mexico in 2010.<ref>[http://www.inm.gob.mx/index.php/page/Estadisticas_Migratorias Insituto Nacional de Migración "Estadísticas." 2012]</ref> As a result of the [[Guatemalan Civil War]] and [[Salvadoran Civil War]], Mexico received a significant population of refugees from those countries.

[[File:Entrega de alimentos a personas migrantes.jpg|thumb|Transient migrants from Central America making their way to the U.S.-Mexico border. These migrants use a rail network known as ''[[El tren de la muerte|La Bestia]]'' to traverse Mexican territory.]]
Recently, Mexico has also become a transit route for Central Americans and others (from the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe)<ref>{{cite news|title=Haitians, After Perilous Journey, Find Door to U.S. Abruptly Shut|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/24/world/americas/haitians-mexico-brazil-deport-united-states.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times| date=23 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2016 | last1=Semple | first1=Kirk }}</ref> into the United States. 2014 was the first year since records began when more non-Mexicans than Mexicans were apprehended trying to enter the United States illegally through the U.S.-Mexico border.<ref name="Pew2014">{{cite web|url= http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/30/u-s-border-apprehensions-of-mexicans-fall-to-historic-lows/ |title= U.S. border apprehensions of Mexicans fall to historic lows|date= 30 December 2014|publisher=Pew Research |access-date= 5 January 2015}}</ref> Non-Mexicans (vast majority of whom are Central American) were up from about 68,000 in 2007 to 257,000 in 2014; Mexicans dropped from 809,000 to 229,000 during the same period.<ref name="Pew2014" />

In 2014, Mexico began to more heavily crackdown on these transient migrants.<ref name="Lakhani">{{cite news|last1=Lakhani|first1=Nina|title=Mexico deports record numbers of women and children in US-driven effort|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/04/mexico-deports-record-numbers-women-children-central-america|website=The Guardian|date=4 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> According to Mexican officials, the ''Plan Frontera Sur'' (Southern Border Plan) is designed to retake control of the historically porous [[Guatemala–Mexico border|southern border]] and protect migrants from [[transnational crime]] groups.<ref name="Lakhani" /> However, the measures have been widely attributed to pressure from the [[United States]], who does not want a repeat of 2014, when a surge of tens of thousands of women and children clogged up American immigration courts and resulted in a severe lack of space in detention centers at the [[US-Mexico border]].<ref name="Lakhani" /> More than 45,000 migrants from Central America were deported from Mexico between January and April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump announces tariffs on Mexico over immigration |url=https://thehill.com/latino/446269-trump-announces-5-percent-tariff-on-imports-from-mexico-starting-june-10 |work=The Hill |date=30 May 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Mexico detained 800 migrants who entered it illegally from Guatemala to reach the United States as part of the strict measures taken by the Mexican authorities to reduce migration to the United States through Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-caravan-mexico-idUSKBN1ZM270|title=Mexican security forces detain 800 Central American migrants|date=2020-01-24|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-26|language=en}}</ref>

==== Cuban ====
{{main|Cuban Mexican}}
[[File:Bolero bass line.ogg|thumb|Many of the popular musical genres ([[bolero]], [[Cha-cha-chá (music)|cha cha cha]], [[Mambo (music)|mambo]]) of Mexico and the rest of Hispanic America emerged in the [[Caribbean]].]]

Cuban immigration to Mexico has been on the rise in recent years. A large number of them use Mexico as a route to the U.S., and Mexico has been deporting a large number of Cubans who attempt to. About 63,000 Cubans live in Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cubanet.org/colaboradores/mexico-para-cubanos-destino-o-transito/|title=México para cubanos: ¿destino o tránsito? CubanetCubanet|website=www.cubanet.org|date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> The number of registered Cuban residents increased 560% between 2010 and 2016, from 4,033 to 22,604 individuals. During the same period, there was a 710% increase in the Cuban presence in Quintana Roo; a fourth of the population (5,569 individuals) live in that state.

==== Haiti ====
{{Main|Haitian Mexicans}}
[[File:Danzantes haitianos.jpg|thumb|Haitian dancers at the 2011 ''Friend Cultures Fair'' in Mexico City]]
There is a significant Haitian diaspora in Mexico. According to a 2021 report, there are approximately 71,000 Haitian-born people living in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haitians Denied Entry Into The U.S. May Have To Start New Lives In Mexico |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/513857908/haitians-denied-entry-into-the-u-s-may-have-to-start-new-lives-in-mexico |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> Haitians arrived to the country during the Duvalier regime in the 1970s, with a second wave after the 2010 earthquake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=5 Haitian Mexicans Talk About Multiculturalism In Mexico |url=http://www.theflama.com/5-haitian-mexicans-talk-about-multiculturalism-in-mexico-1633046301.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826030446/http://www.theflama.com/5-haitian-mexicans-talk-about-multiculturalism-in-mexico-1633046301.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-04-27 |title=Haitians reunite with families in Mexico |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/la-plaza/story/2010-04-27/haitians-reunite-with-families-in-mexico |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In more recent years, many have settled or stay temporarily in Mexico after being denied entrance to the United States.

=== South American ===
==== Venezuela ====
{{main|Venezuelan Mexicans}}
{{See also|Venezuelan refugee crisis}}
[[File:Number of Mexican citizens born in Venezuela.png|thumb|alt=Graph of Mexicans born in Venezuela|Broken line represents simulated data (Source: [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]]).<ref name="EHM" /><ref name="INEGI2010">{{cite web|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010|url=http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos//prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/perfil_socio/uem/702825047610_1.pdf|website=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)|National Institute of Statistics and Geography]]|access-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref>]]

The most recent influx of immigrants has resulted from the [[Venezuelan diaspora]], occurring due to the adverse effects of the [[Hugo Chávez]] and his [[Bolivarian Revolution]] in Venezuela. Compared to the 2000 Census, there has been an increase from the 2,823 Venezuelan Mexicans in 2000 to 10,063 in 2010, a 357% increase of Venezuelan-born individuals living in Mexico.<ref name="EHM">{{cite web|title=Estadísticas Históricas de México|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/historicas10/Tema1_Poblacion.pdf|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)|National Institute of Statistics and Geography]]|access-date=2 June 2015|pages=83, 86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201212345/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/historicas10/Tema1_Poblacion.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of 2020, there was an estimated 52,948 Venezuela-born residents in Mexico, making this the third largest immigrant community in the country and the [[Venezuelan Mexicans|largest immigrant community from South America]] in Mexico.<ref name="Statista2020">{{cite web|title=Población Extranjera de México por Nacionalidad|url=https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1190260/poblacion-extranjera-de-mexico-por-nacionalidad/|publisher=Statista|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320212242/https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1190260/poblacion-extranjera-de-mexico-por-nacionalidad/|archive-date=20 March 2023|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Mexico granted 975 Venezuelans permanent identification cards in the first 5 months of 2014 alone, a number that doubled that of Venezuelans granted ID cards altogether in 2013 and a number that would have represented 35% of all Venezuelan Mexicans in Mexico in the year 2000.<ref name="REUT15oct">{{cite news|last1=Symmes Cobb|first1=Julia|last2=Garcia Rawlins|first2=Carlos|title=Economic crisis, political strife drive Venezuela brain-drain|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-migration-idUSKCN0I41C820141015|access-date=15 October 2014|work=Reuters|date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="EHM" />

During June 2016, Venezuelans surpassed [[American immigration to Mexico|Americans]] (historically, first) for number of new work visas granted.<ref name="Flores">{{cite web|last1=Flores|first1=Zenyazen|title=Venezolanos desplazan a EU con más permisos para trabajar en México|url=http://m.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/venezolanos-desplazan-a-eu-con-mas-permisos-para-trabajar-en-mexico.html|website=El Financiero|access-date=5 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The 1,183 visas granted in June were a 20% increase from the 981 granted in May.<ref name="Flores" /> The main destinations are [[Mexico City]], [[Nuevo León]] and [[Tabasco]] (due to the state's petroleum industry).<ref name="Flores" />

==== Colombian ====
{{main|Colombian Mexican}}
[[File:Colombia en Mexico.jpg|thumbnail|Display of the Colombian flag at the Friend Cultures Fair of Mexico City]]
Currently, there are 36,294 registered residents from [[Colombia]] in Mexico, making it the 4th largest immigrant community in the country and the second-largest from South America.<ref name="inegi.org.mx" /><ref name="Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010"/> However, it has been estimated that the total number of Colombians residing in Mexico, including unregisted migrants, could be as high as 73,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colombianewyork.com/Colombianos_en_el_Mundo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101012937/http://www.colombianewyork.com/Colombianos_en_el_Mundo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-11-01 |title=Data|website=colombianewyork.com}}</ref> It was not until the 1970s when the presence of Colombians increased under the protection of political asylum as refugees by the Mexican government because of the Colombian guerrilla problems fleeing from their country during the 80s and many of them were protected and kept anonymous to avoid persecution.

==== Argentines ====
{{main|Argentine Mexican}}
[[File:Amanda_Miguel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amanda Miguel]] was married to [[Diego Verdaguer]], another Argentine-Mexican singer, until his death January 28, 2022.]]

Argentine immigration to Mexico took place in two waves; during the [[Dirty War|1970s Military Dictatorship]] in Argentina a significant number of dissidents, journalists and political exiles immigrated to Mexico, with a second wave migrating during the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|2001 economic crisis]]. Currently, the Argentine community is the 9th largest in Mexico, with about 18,693 documented residents living in Mexico as of 2020.<ref name="inegi.org.mx" /><ref name="Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010"/>

The largest Argentine communities are in [[Mexico City]] (with a sizeable congregation in the [[Condesa]] neighborhood) and in [[Quintana Roo]], where the number of Argentines doubled between 2011 and 2015, and now make a total of 10,000, making up the largest number of foreigners in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sipse.com/novedades/argentinos-encabezan-poblacion-de-extranjeros-en-playa-del-carmen-133013.html|title=Argentinos encabezan población de extranjeros en Playa del Carmen|first=Grupo|last=SIPSE|date=18 January 2015}}</ref> There are smaller communities in Leon, Guadalajara, Puebla, Cancun, Playa del Carmen, Tulum, Mérida, Monterrey, and Tampico. Most Argentines established in Mexico come from the city of Buenos Aires and the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba, Mendoza and Tucuman. The Argentine community has participated in the opening of establishments such as restaurants, bars, boutiques, modeling consultants, foreign exchange interbank markets, among other lines of business.

=== Asian ===
{{main|Asian Mexican}}

Mexico has seen immigration from different parts of Asia throughout its history. The first known Asians arrived during the Colonial era as slaves, labourers and adventurers from the [[Philippines]], southern [[China]] and [[India]]. Smaller numbers of immigrants came from Korea, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Indonesia, Cambodia, Japan and the Malay peninsula. This group of immigrants were collectively described as "Chino" meaning Chinese despite coming from many diverse origins.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+filipinos+japanese+malays&pg=PA21 |page=21|title=The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II|isbn=0521245168|edition=illustrated, reprint|author=Leslie Bethell|editor=Leslie Bethell}}</ref><ref name="Ignacio López-Calvo 2013 134">{{cite book|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+japanese&pg=PA134|page=134|title=The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru|isbn=978-0816599875|author=Ignacio López-Calvo|others=Fernando Iwasaki}}</ref><ref name="Dirk Hoerder 2002 200">{{cite book|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&q=slaves+manila+chinese+japanese+acapulco&pg=PA200|page=200|title=Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium|isbn=0822384078|author=Dirk Hoerder|others=Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James}}</ref> During the early 20th century, a significant number of Asians, primarily Chinese and Korean, were imported as labourers. These immigrants were known as ''Henequen'' and ''Chinetescos'' and were heavily concentrated in agricultural plantations in the Pacific states (e.g. [[Sinaloa]]) and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].

Overall, Asian immigration to Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, has mainly come from countries in East Asia (such as China and Japan) and Western Asia (namely Lebanon and Syria).<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref>

====Korean====
{{main|Korean Mexican}}
[[File:Monumento a la inmigracíon coreana en Yucatán (02).JPG|thumbnail|Monument in [[Merida, Yucatan]] commemorating 100 years of Korean immigration]]
A more recent wave (late 20th and early 21st century) of Korean immigrants have arrived as merchants and skilled labourers.<ref>{{Cite news|periodical=The Chosun Ilbo|url=http://english.chosun.com/cgi-bin/printNews?id=200708160018|date=2007-08-16|access-date=2009-07-30|title=Five Generations On, Mexico's Koreans Long for Home|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621224921/http://english.chosun.com/cgi-bin/printNews?id=200708160018|archive-date=2011-06-21}}</ref> Modern immigrants can be found in large cities (Mexico City, Monterrey, Querétaro), while Korean descendants are most numerous in the coastal regions like [[Baja California]], [[Sonora]], [[Guerrero]], [[Veracruz]], [[Campeche]], [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]] and [[Quintana Roo]]. According to INM, in 2009 there were 5,518 South Koreans and 481 North Koreans living in México.<ref name="Chavez 2012" /> There are an estimated 40,000 descendants of Korean [[Henequen industry in Yucatán|henequen]] workers.

====Chinese====
{{Main|Chinese Mexican}}
[[File:Chiu Trujillo Family Photo.jpg|thumb|[[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese-Mexican]] family expelled from Mexico to [[Macau]] during [[World War II|WWII]]. Anti-Chinese sentiment in Mexico started in the 1920s and lasted until the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-27 |title=Chinese-Mexicans Celebrate Return To Mexico |website=[[HuffPost]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/24/chinese-mexicans_n_2184646.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127082413/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/24/chinese-mexicans_n_2184646.html |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref>]]
The story of [[Chinese immigration to Mexico]] extends from the late 19th century to the 1930s. By the 1920s, there was a significant population of Chinese nationals, with Mexican wives and Chinese-Mexican children. Most of these were deported in the 1930s to the United States and China with a number being repatriated in the late 1930s and in 1960. Smaller groups returned from the 1930s to the 1980s. The two main Chinese-Mexican communities are in Mexicali and Mexico City but few are of pure Chinese blood.<ref name="camacho547565">{{cite journal |last1= Schiavone Camacho |first1= Julia Maria |date=November 2009 |title=Crossing Boundaries, Claiming a Homeland: The Mexican Chinese Transpacific Journey to Becoming Mexican, 1930s-1960s |journal= Pacific Historical Review |location=Berkeley |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=547–565 |doi=10.1525/phr.2009.78.4.545}}</ref>

The city of [[Mexicali]] in [[Baja California]] has the largest [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] population in Mexico and the largest [[Chinatown]] called ''[[Chinatowns in Latin America|La Chinesca]]''. The culture and language from the mainly [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking peoples are evident in the food, architecture, and everyday life in Mexico City. The Chinese entered the nation in the 19th century to build railroads, and many [[xenophobic]] acts were taken against them because Mexico preferred European immigrants.
According to the 2010 Census there are 6,655 Chinese immigrants living in Mexico.<ref name="inegi.gob.mx">{{cite web |title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/default.html#Tabulados |access-date=January 30, 2021 |publisher=INEGI}}</ref>

====Filipino====
{{Main|Filipino immigration to Mexico|Manila galleon}}
[[File:Francisco Iturrino Mujer con abanico ca. 1910.jpg|thumb|The ''[[mantón de Manila]]'' were originally inspired by the Filipino ''[[pañuelo]]'',<ref name="Arranz">{{cite news |last1=Arranz |first1=Adolfo |title=The China Ship |url=https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/spanish-galleon/chapter_04.html |access-date=19 May 2019 |work=South China Morning Post |date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Nash">{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Elizabeth |title=Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History |date=13 October 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195182040 |pages=136–143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVA1reAI7w0C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Robyn |title=Textiles of Southeast Asia: Trade, Tradition and Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=9781462906987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRDRAgAAQBAJ&q=mantones+de+Manila&pg=PT819}}</ref> both also influenced the later designs of the ''[[rebozo]]''<ref name="Schevill">{{cite book |editor1-last=Schevill |editor1-first=Margot Blum |editor2-last=Berlo |editor2-first=Janet Catherine |editor3-last=Dwyer |editor3-first=Edward B. |title=Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology |date=2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292787612 |page=312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya0AAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>]]
[[Filipinos]] arrived from the [[Philippines]] via the [[Manila galleons]] when the country was under Spanish colonial rule (1540s-1898) and was directly administrated from [[New Spain]] until around 1815. They also arrived during the U.S. American territorial rule (1899–1946). Christianized Filipinos comprised the majority of free Asian immigrants (''chino libre'') during the Spanish colonial era and could own property and have rights that even [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Native Americans]] did not have, including the right to carry a sword and dagger for personal protection.<ref name="Carrillo" /> Filipinos introduced many cultural practices to Mexico; such as the method of making [[coconut]] palm wine called "[[tubâ]]",<ref name="Astudillo-Melgar">{{cite journal |last1=Astudillo-Melgar |first1=Fernando |last2=Ochoa-Leyva |first2=Adrián |last3=Utrilla |first3=José |last4=Huerta-Beristain |first4=Gerardo |title=Bacterial Diversity and Population Dynamics During the Fermentation of Palm Wine From Guerrero Mexico |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=22 March 2019 |volume=10 |pages=531 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00531 |pmid=30967846 |pmc=6440455 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Veneracion">{{cite book |editor1-last=Poddar |editor1-first=Prem |editor2-last=Patke |editor2-first=Rajeev S. |editor3-last=Jensen |editor3-first=Lars |last1=Veneracion |first1=Jaime |chapter=The Philippine-Mexico Connection |title=Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires |date=2008 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748630271 |pages=574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Mercene">{{cite book |last1=Mercene |first1=Floro L. |title=Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century |date=2007 |publisher=UP Press |isbn=9789715425292 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC}}</ref> and possibly the [[guayabera]] (which is still called "''filipina''" in [[Yucatán]]) from the [[barong tagalog]]. Filipino words also entered Mexican vernacular, such as the word for ''[[Palapa (Mexico)|palapa]]'' (originally meaning "coconut palm leaf petiole" in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), which became applied to a type of thatching using coconut leaves that resembles the Filipino [[nipa hut]] in Mexican Spanish.<ref name="Carrillo" />

[[File:Manilajf9742 16.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon]] Memorial at [[Plaza Mexico (Manila)|Plaza Mexico]] in [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]]]]
During the early period of the [[Spanish colonization of the Philippines]], Spaniards took advantage of the indigenous ''[[alipin]]'' (bonded serf) system in the Philippines to circumvent the ''[[Leyes de las Indias]]'' and acquire Filipino slaves for the voyage back to [[New Spain]]. Though the numbers are unknown, it was so prevalent that slaves brought on ships were restricted to one per person (except persons of rank) in the "Laws Regarding Navigation and Commerce" (1611–1635) to avoid exhausting ship provisions. They were also taxed heavily upon arrival in [[Acapulco]] in an effort to reduce slave traffic. Traffic in Filipina women as slaves, servants, and mistresses of government officials, crew, and passengers, also caused scandals in the 17th century. Women comprised around 20% of the migrants from the Philippines.<ref name="Carrillo">{{cite web|last1=Carrillo|first1=Rubén|title=Asia llega a América. Migración e influencia cultural asiática en Nueva España (1565-1815)|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/asiademica/article/download/286846/375066|website=www.raco.cat|publisher=Asiadémica|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Guzmán-Rivas">{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán-Rivas |first1=Pablo |title=Geographic Influences of the Galleon Trade on New Spain |journal=Revista Geográfica |date=1960 |volume=27 |issue=53 |pages=5–81 |jstor=41888470 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41888470 |issn=0031-0581}}</ref>

Filipinos were also pressed into service as sailors, due to the native maritime culture of the Philippine Islands. By 1619, the crew of the Manila galleons were composed almost entirely of native Filipino sailors. Many of whom died during the voyages due to harsh treatment and dangerous conditions.  Many of the galleons were also old, overloaded, and poorly repaired. A law passed in 1608 restricted the gear of Filipino sailors to ''"ropa necesaria"'' which consisted of a single pair of [[breeches]], further causing a great number of deaths of Filipino sailors through exposure. These conditions prompted King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] to sign a law in 1620 forcing merchants to issue proper clothing to native crews. During this period, many Filipino sailors deserted as soon as they reached Acapulco. Sebastian de Piñeda, the captain of the galleon ''Espiritu Santo'' complained to the king in 1619 that of the 75 Filipino crewmen aboard the ship, only 5 remained for the return voyage. The rest had deserted. These sailors settled in Mexico and married locals (even though some may have been previously married in the Philippines), particularly since they were also in high demand by wine-merchants in [[Colima]] for their skills in the production of ''[[tubâ]]'' (palm wine).<ref name="Guzmán-Rivas" /><ref name="Machuca">{{cite journal |last1=Machuca |first1=Paulina |title=To make tuba in Mexico and the Philippines. Four centuries of shared history |journal=EncArtes |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=214–225 |doi=10.29340/en.v2n3.82 |url=https://encartes.mx/en/tuba-mexico-filipinas/|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Mole rojo estilo Querétaro.jpg|thumb|Rice was introduced very early into Mexican cuisine due to contact with East Asia from the [[Manila galleon|Manilla Galleon]].]]
Filipinos mostly settled in the regions near the terminal ports of the [[Manila galleons]]. These include [[Acapulco]], [[Barra de Navidad]], and [[San Blas, Nayarit]], as well as numerous smaller intermediate settlements along the way. They also settled the regions of [[Colima]] and [[Jalisco]] before the 17th century, which were seriously depopulated of Native American settlements during that period due to the [[Cocoliztli epidemics]] and Spanish forced labor.<ref name="Guzmán-Rivas" /> They also settled in signiciant numbers in the ''[[barrio]]'' [[San Juan Market, Mexico City|San Juan]] of [[Mexico City]], although in modern times, the area has become more associated with later Chinese migrants.<ref name="Carrillo" />

In modern times, historical Filipino migrants to Mexico have lost their cultural identity and are often confused with the more recent Chinese immigrants due to the fact that Filipinos and other Asian migrants (mostly from Spanish and Portuguese territories in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[South Asia]]) were all known as ''chinos'' or ''indios chinos'' during the colonial era, despite only a very small minority of them being actually from [[China]]. Filipinos also adopted Spanish names and surnames with the implementation of the ''[[Catálogo alfabético de apellidos]]'' during the mid-19th century. This makes it very difficult to trace and recognize Filipino immigrants in colonial records.<ref name="Slack">{{cite journal |last1=Slack |first1=Edward R. |title=The Chinos in New Spain: A Corrective Lens for a Distorted Image |journal=Journal of World History |date=2009 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=35–67 |jstor=40542720 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542720 |issn=1045-6007}}</ref><ref name="Guzmán-Rivas" /><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+filipinos+japanese+malays&pg=PA21|volume=2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II|page=21|title=The Cambridge History of Latin America|isbn=0521245168|edition=illustrated, reprint|author=Leslie Bethell|editor=Leslie Bethell}}</ref><ref name="Ignacio López-Calvo 2013 134" /><ref name="Dirk Hoerder 2002 200" />

There are approximately 200,000 (0.2%) Mexican people who can partly claim [[Overseas Filipinos|Filipino]] ancestry stemming from colonial times. According to INM, in 2009 there were 823 immigrants from the Philippines residing in Mexico.<ref name="Chávez 2012" /> A genetic study in 2018 found that around a third of the population of [[Guerrero]] have 10% Filipino ancestry.<ref name="Wade">{{cite news |last1=Wade |first1=Lizzie |title=Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/latin-america-s-lost-histories-revealed-modern-dna |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Science |date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

====Japanese====
{{Main|Japanese Mexican}}
[[File:Carlos_Kasuga.jpg|thumb|[[Carlos Kasuga]] prominent businessman and president of Yakult Mexico.]]
The Japanese community is also important in Mexico, and they reside mainly in Mexico City, [[Morelia]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Puebla]], [[Monterrey]], [[Querétaro]], [[León, Guanajuato|León]], [[Toluca]], [[Tijuana]], [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], and [[Aguascalientes]], and the immigrant colony in the state of [[Chiapas]] known as [[Colonia Enomoto]]. The [[Japanese language]] is important in their cultural life in Mexico and many institutions for [[Japanese diaspora|nikkei]] exist and those wishing to learn the language and their ways of life can attend these lyceums. According to INM, in 2009 there were 4,485 Japanese immigrants residing in Mexico.<ref name="Chávez 2012" />

==== Arab world ====
{{main|Arab Mexican}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Salma Hayek Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|Salma Hayek, Mexican actress of Lebanese descent]]
Ethnologue reports that 400,000 Mexicans speak Arabic.<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MX|title=Mexico}}</ref>

The Arab Mexican population consists of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], [[Syrians]] and [[Palestinians]], whose families arrived in Mexico after the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in World War I. The majority of them are Christian but some are Muslims.

[[Carlos Slim]] is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist of Lebanese descent. He was ranked as the richest person in the world by Forbes business magazine, from 2010 to 2013.

==== Jewish ====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Mexico}}
[[File:Sinagoga Maguén David 04.jpg|thumb|Synagogue of Mexico City]]
The history of the [[Jews]] in Mexico began in 1519 with the arrival of ''[[Conversos]]'', often called ''[[Marrano]]s'' or "[[Crypto-Jews]]", referring to those Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the [[Spanish Inquisition]].

When the monopoly of the [[History of the Catholic Church in Mexico|Roman Catholic Church in Mexico]] was replaced with [[Toleration|religious toleration]] during the nineteenth-century [[La Reforma|Liberal reform]], Jews could openly immigrate to Mexico. They came from Europe and later from the crumbling [[Ottoman Empire]], including [[Syria]], until the first half of the 20th century. Others arrived as refugees during [[World War II]], escaping from the [[The Holocaust|Jewish Holocaust]]. Today, most Jews in Mexico are descendants of this immigration and still divided by diasporic origin, principally [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Judaeo-Spanish]]-speaking [[Sephardim]]. They are concentrated in big cities: Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey.

==== Armenians ====
{{Main|Armenian Mexicans}}
The Armenian diaspora population in Mexico is small in comparison with other immigrant groups. The majority of the population arrived in [[Mexico]] between 1910 and 1928, most of them because of the [[Armenian genocide]].

===European===
{{See also|European immigration to the Americas}}

[[File:Hoja de registro de ingreso de inmigrantes judios a Puebla - Expediente 9321.jpg|thumbnail|Immigrant registration form of a Jewish [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] woman that emigrated to Mexico in 1934. The restrictions applied to Eastern Europeans did not eliminate migration of affected groups.]]

Although Mexico never received massive European immigration after its [[Mexican War of Independence|independence]], about one million Europeans immigrated to Spanish America during the colonial period. They were in their majority from Spain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Towards the end of the [[Porfiriato]], there were an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 foreigners in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Meyer|first1=Jean|title=Los franceses en Mexico durante el siglo XIX|publisher=El Colegio de Michoacán|url=http://etzakutarakua.colmich.edu.mx/relaciones/002/pdf/JeanMeyer.pdf|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032808/http://etzakutarakua.colmich.edu.mx/relaciones/002/pdf/JeanMeyer.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2014|page=17}}</ref> The three largest groups were the Spanish, the American and the Chinese.

From 1911 to 1931, 226,000 immigrants arrived in Mexico,<ref name="BailyMíguez2003">{{cite book|author1=Samuel L. Baily|author2=Eduardo José Míguez|title=Mass Migration to Modern Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&pg=PR14|access-date=16 January 2015|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|page=xiv}}</ref> the majority of which were from Europe.

==== British ====
{{main|British Mexican}}

There are Mexicans of [[English people|English]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]] and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] descent. According to Mexico's Migration Institute, in 2009 there were 3,761 British expatriates living in Mexico.<ref name="Chávez 2012">{{citation|url=http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx/work/models/SEGOB/CEM/PDF/Estadisticas/Poblacion_Extranjera/ExtranjerosResMex.pdf |first1=Ernesto |last1=Rodríguez Chávez |first2=Salvador |last2=Cobo |title=Extranjeros residentes en México: Una aproximación cuantitativa con base en los registros administrativos del INM |location=México |publisher=[[National Institute of Migration (Mexico)|Institution Nacional de Migración]] |year=2012 |access-date=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612235537/http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx/work/models/SEGOB/CEM/PDF/Estadisticas/Poblacion_Extranjera/ExtranjerosResMex.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2013 }}</ref>

[[Cornish people|Cornish]] culture still survives in local architecture and food in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]. The Scottish and Welsh have also made their mark in Mexico, especially in the states of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Jalisco]], [[Aguascalientes]], and [[Veracruz]]. British immigrants formed the first [[Association football|football]] teams in Mexico in the late 19th century. Northern [[Spaniards]] of ''[[Celts|Celtic]]'' ancestry like the [[Asturians]], [[Galicians]], and [[Cantabrian people|Cantabrians]], have also left an imprint in Mexican culture and their languages formed many distinct accents in various regions in Mexico, especially in the central and northern states.

==== French ====
{{main|French Mexican}}
[[File:Palacio Municipal - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|''Palacio de Hierro'' at ''[[Orizaba]]'', Veracruz. Designed by [[Gustave Eiffel]].]]

Mexico received immigration from France in waves in the 19th and 20th centuries. According to the 2010 census, there were 7,163 French nationals living in Mexico. According to the French consulate general, there are 30,000 French citizens in Mexico as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/services-aux-citoyens/preparer-son-expatriation/dossiers-pays-de-l-expatriation/mexique-22685/|title=Mexique|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}</ref>

The French language is often taught and studied in secondary public education and in universities throughout the country. French may also be heard occasionally in the state of [[Veracruz]] in the cities of [[Jicaltepec]], [[San Rafael, Veracruz|San Rafael]], [[Mentideros]], and [[Los Altos, Veracruz|Los Altos]], where the architecture and food is also very French. These immigrants came from [[Haute-Saône|Haute-Saône département]] in France, especially from [[Champlitte]] and [[Bourgogne (disambiguation)|Bourgogne]]{{Clarify|reason=|date=November 2018}}.

Another French group were the "''[[Barcelonnette|Barcelonettes]]''" from the [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] département, who migrated specifically to Mexico to find jobs and work in merchandising and are well known in [[Mexico City]], [[Puebla]], [[Veracruz]] and [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]].

An important French village in Mexico is [[Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur]], where the French culture/architecture are still found. Other French cultural traits are in a number of regional cultures such as the states of [[Jalisco]] and [[Sinaloa]].

[[File:Pan Dulce or "Sweet Bread".jpg|thumb|French influence is notable in [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican pastries]] and cheese production.]]
During the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|second French intervention]] (1860s) many parts of the country, including Mexico City, effectively fell under the control of France under the administration of the Austrian puppet-Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Habsburg]]. The military campaign imported thousands of soldiers from France (some of them black) and its European allies at the time. It's said that at the end of the war some soldiers remained in rural areas in [[Bajío|El Bajío]]. The descendants of these soldiers are allegedly found in the state of [[Jalisco]] in the region called [[Los Altos de Jalisco]] and in many towns around this region, for instance in the state of [[Michoacán]] in cities like [[Coalcomán de Vázquez Pallares|Coalcomán]], [[Aguililla]], [[Zamora, Michoacán|Zamora]], and [[Cotija de la Paz|Cotija]]. One vernacular hypothesis for the origin of the word "[[mariachi]]" (the folk music of Central-Western Mexico) is that it comes from the French "''marriage''", because it was the music played at weddings of French landowning families of Jalisco and Michoacán. It should also be noted that the region already was a hub of Spanish-descended Mexicans since colonial times.

Other Francophone peoples include those from [[Belgium]] such as the [[Walloons]] and [[Romands|Franco-Swiss]] from [[Switzerland]]. The Belgians, started by the veteran Ch. Loomans, tried to establish a [[Belgian colony]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] called [[Nueva Bélgica]], and hundreds of Belgian settlers established it, but many moved to the capital of the state and other towns around the area, where the [[Walloon language|Walloon]] and French could be heard.

The [[Occitan language]] can be heard in the state of [[Guanajuato]], it is also known as ''Langue d'oc'' is a language originally spoken in [[Occitania|Southern France]].

==== German ====
{{main|German Mexicans}}

[[File:Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt.jpg|thumbnail|Students of the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt]], which was founded by German immigrants in 1894]]
The [[Plautdietsch language]], is spoken by descendants of German and Dutch [[Mennonites in Mexico|Mennonite immigrants]] in the states of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Durango]]. Other German communities are in [[Nuevo León]], [[Puebla]], [[Mexico City]], [[Sinaloa]] and [[Chiapas]], and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. The largest German school outside of Germany is in Mexico City (Alexander von Humboldt school). These represent the large German populations where they still try to preserve the German culture (evident in its popular regional polka-like music types, ''[[conjunto]]'' and ''[[norteño (music)|norteño]]'') and language. Other strong German communities lie in [[Coahuila]] and [[Zacatecas]] (notably the [[Mennonites]]), Chiapas ([[Tapachula]]) and other parts of Nuevo León (esp. the [[Monterrey]] area has a large German minority), [[Tamaulipas]] (the Rio Grande Valley in connections to [[German American]] culture and [[Mexican American]] or ''[[Tejano]]'' influences), Puebla ([[Nuevo Necaxa]]) where the German culture and language have been preserved to different extents. According to the 2010 census, there were 6,214 Germans living in Mexico.<ref name="inegi.gob.mx" /> As of 2012, about 20,000 Germans reside in Mexico.<ref name="stats.oecd.org">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIG|title=International Migration Database|last=OECD|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref>

[[File:Cerveza modelo especial.jpg|thumb|German influence in northern Mexico boosted beer production in the region. Big breweries such as [[Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery|Cuauhtemoc-Moctezuma]] originated with German immigrants.]]
Of special interest is the settlement [[Villa Carlota, Mexico|Villa Carlota]]: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of [[Santa Elena, Yucatán|Santa Elena]] and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (1864–1867).<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2007). Identifying Villa Carlota: German Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg.</ref> Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrants, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from [[Prussia]] and many among them were Protestants.<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008a). Nur deutsche Elite für Yukatan? Neue Ergebnisse zur Migrationsforschung während des Zweiten mexikanischen Kaiserreiches. Only "Selected" German Immigrants in Yucatán? Recent Findings about the Colonization Policy of the Second Mexican Empire. In: OPUS Augsburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1320/pdf/Duran_Merk_Selected_German_Migration.pdf.</ref> Although in general these immigrants were well received by the hosting society, and the Imperial government honored to the extent of its capabilities the contract it offered to these farmers, the colonies collapsed in 1867.<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008b): Los colonos alemanes en Yucatán durante el Segundo Imperio Mexicano. In: OPUS Augsburg, http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1329/pdf/Duran_Merk_Colonos_alemanes_Yucatán.pdf.</ref> After the disintegration of Villa Carlota as such, some families migrated to other parts of the peninsular, into the United States and back to Germany. Many stayed in Yucatán, where there are descendants of these pioneers with last names such as Worbis, Dietrich and Sols, among others.<ref>A full list with the more than 120 names of the families who colonized "Villa Carlota" as well as the names of the officers and organizers of these colonization program, can be found in: Alma Durán-Merk (2009). Villa Carlota. Colonias alemanas en Yucatán. Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/ CONACULTA, {{ISBN|978-607-7824-02-2}}.</ref>

As of 2012 there were an estimate of 2,000,000 Mexicans with some partial German ancestry, without counting the ones with total German ancestry, making Mexico the third country with the largest German heritage in Latin America, behind [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OoZ0O-rgUU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/-OoZ0O-rgUU |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Los que llegaron - Alemanes (11/04/2012)|last=Canal Once|date=12 April 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Irish ====
{{main|Irish Mexican}}
[[File:Saint Patrick's battalion plaque.JPG|thumb|Commemorative plaque placed at the San Jacinto Square in the district of [[San Ángel]], [[Mexico City]] in 1959: "In memory of the Irish soldiers of the heroic [[Saint Patrick's Battalion|St. Patrick's Battalion]], martyrs who gave their lives to the Mexican cause in the United States' unjust invasion of 1847"|left]]

There is also an Irish-Mexican population in Hidalgo, Veracruz and the northern states. According to INM, in 2009 there were 289 Irish expatriates living in Mexico.<ref name="Chavez 2012">Chavez, Ernesto y Cobo, Salvador, 2012. "Extranjeros Residentes en México: Una aproximación cuantitativa con base en los registros administrativos del INM" INM, Mexico DF, 2012</ref>

Many Mexican Irish communities existed in Mexican Texas until the revolution. Many Irish then sided with Catholic Mexico against Protestant pro-US elements, forming the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion|Batallón de San Patricio]], a battalion of U.S. troops who deserted and fought alongside the Mexican Army against the United States in the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–48). In some cases, Irish immigrants or Americans left from California (the Irish Confederate army of Fort Yuma, Arizona during the [[U.S. Civil War]] (1861–65). Álvaro Obregón (O'Brien) was president of Mexico during 1920-24 and Ciudad Obregón and its airport are named in his honor. Actor Anthony Quinn is another famous Mexican of Irish descent. There are also monuments in Mexico City paying tribute to the Irish who fought for Mexico in the 19th century.

==== Italian ====
{{main|Italian Mexican}}
[[File:Italian-Mexicans Chipilo Puebla Mexico.png|thumb|Italian community at [[Chipilo]], Puebla celebrating a football match]]
There has not been a huge influx of Italians to Mexico compared to other countries such as Brazil, Argentina and the United States. Many minor migration waves are documented however, the earliest probably being as old as the [[Chichimeca War|conquest of the Chichimeca]] lands in the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pérez Ortiz |first1=César |last2=Eliseo |first2=López Cortés |title=Etnografía situacional de la memoria histórica de la región de Los Altos de Jalisco, México |url=http://www.fazendogenero.ufsc.br/8/sts/ST65/Ortiz-Cortes_65.pdf |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308122513/http://www.fazendogenero.ufsc.br/8/sts/ST65/Ortiz-Cortes_65.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref>

The most prominent recent wave of migration came from [[northern Italy]] and [[Veneto]] in the late 19th century, and their descendants today are well assimilated in Mexican society. The town of [[Chipilo]] in the state of Puebla (nowadays part of [[Puebla (city)|Greater Puebla City]]) was founded by Italians, and most of its inhabitants still speak the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] language together with Spanish. The exact number of Italian descendants is not known, but it is estimated that there around 850,000 Italian Mexicans in the country.<ref name="regione.toscana">{{cite web|title=Storie mobili|url=https://www.regione.toscana.it/documents/10180/23640/Storie+mobili.pdf/3ccf3610-69f7-488d-8352-75e0e6b845b5|access-date=24 February 2023|page=83|language=it}}</ref> As of 2012, 20,000 Italians reside in Mexico<ref name="stats.oecd.org" />

====Russian====
{{main|Russian Mexican}}
[[File:Trotsky & Khalo.jpg|thumb|[[Leon Trotsky]] arriving with his wife [[Natalia Sedova|Natalia]] to Mexico, welcomed by [[Frida Kahlo]]]]

According to INM in 2009 1,396 Russians are living documented in Mexico.<ref name="Chávez 2012" /> According to the Russian embassy, 25,000 reside in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.publimetro.com.mx/mx/noticias/2011/06/30/turistas-rusos-se-enamoran-mexico.html?page=1&word=noticias&blog=mx&kind=category|title=Russians in Mexico|website=publimetro.com.mx|date=30 June 2011 }}</ref>

Most left [[Russia]] during its [[communist]] regime ([[Soviet Union]]), taking advantage of the Mexican law allowing migrants from communist countries to apply for asylum as soon as they touched Mexican soil, and the ability to become legal residents of Mexico. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} [[Leon Trotsky]] famously moved to Mexico escaping persecution from Stalin, and was eventually murdered at Stalin's behest in Mexico City.  The [[Spiritual Christian]] ''[http://www.molokane.org/places/Mexico/ Pryguny]'' were a small early 20th century immigrant group to [[Guadalupe, Baja California|Valle de Guadalupe]], Baja California.

==== Spanish and Portuguese ====
{{main|Spanish Mexican}}{{See also|Spaniards#Emigration_from_Spain}}[[File:StatueSpanishexMalecon.JPG|thumbnail|upright|Statue in [[Veracruz, Veracruz]] commemorating the Spanish immigrants that arrived as a result of the [[Spanish Civil War]]]]
[[Spaniards]] make up the largest group of Europeans in Mexico. Most of them arrived during the 300 years of [[New Spain|colonial period]] and contributed one of the core components of Mexican culture. Genetic studies show that a majority of Mexicans have European ancestry to different extents, most of which is Iberian and dates back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Ray |first2=Nicolas |last3=Rojas |first3=Winston |last4=Parra |first4=Maria V. |last5=Bedoya |first5=Gabriel |last6=Gallo |first6=Carla |last7=Poletti |first7=Giovanni |last8=Mazzotti |first8=Guido |last9=Hill |first9=Kim |last10=Hurtado |first10=Ana M. |last11=Camrena |first11=Beatriz |last12=Nicolini |first12=Humberto |last13=Klitz |first13=William |last14=Barrantes |first14=Ramiro |last15=Molina |first15=Julio A. |date=2008-03-21 |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=2265669 |pmid=18369456 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The second most prominent migration wave is due to the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–39) and the subsequent [[Francisco Franco]] regime (1939–75).

The first Spaniards (and the first Europeans) on record who arrived to the current territory of Mexico are [[Gonzalo Guerrero]] and [[Gerónimo de Aguilar]], shipwrecked sailors originally sent from the [[Dominican Republic]] to [[Panama|Panamá]]. They made landfall in 1511 on the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. Both of them were later found by the 1519 expedition of [[Hernán Cortés]]. Gerónimo de Aguilar rejoined the Spanish and famously went to become the [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] interpreter who helped in the military campaign against the [[Aztec Empire]], whereas [[Gonzalo Guerrero]] decided to stay and fight on the side of the Maya against the Spanish.

The expedition of Hernán Cortés included people from [[Extremadura]], [[Andalusia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[La Mancha]], as well as Muslim converts from [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and [[Granada]]. They sailed from [[Cuba]] and around the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], the shores of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and then made landfall on [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] leading to the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the beginning of [[New Spain]].

[[Nuño de Guzmán]]'s campaign is another famous early migration wave which included several Spanish and Portuguese families. Guzmán and his followers moved to Mexico under the request of king [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in order to counterbalance Cortés' growing power. These people settled and founded virtually all the cities in contemporary North-central and North-Western Mexico, from [[Guanajuato (city)|Guanajuato]] all the way to [[Culiacán]], between the 1540s and 1580s. By the end of the 16th century, both common and aristocrat people were migrating to Mexico and disseminating through its territory.

[[File:Niños de Morelia, 68.º aniversario. Junio 2005.jpg|thumb|Niños de Morelia (the children of [[Morelia]]), originally a group of 456 minors, children of Spanish Republicans who were sent to Mexico in 1937|left]]
More recent immigrants came during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. From 1940 to 1946 the [[Spanish Republican government in exile]] was officially reconstituted in Mexico, and the Mexican government under [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] financially supported and gave asylum to the Spanish Republicans. Many went to become famous artists and academics in Mexico, such as artists [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Remedios Varo]], philosopher [[José Gaos]] and the [[Álvarez-Buylla]] family of scientists. Some of the migrants returned to Spain after the civil war in 1975, but many remained. According to the 2010 census, there were 18,873 Spaniards proper living in Mexico.<ref name="inegi.gob.mx" />

Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic decline and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/as-spains-economy-worsens-young-adults-flock-to-mexico-for-jobs.php|title=As Spain's Economy Worsens, Young Adults Flock to Mexico for Jobs - New America Media|website=newamericamedia.org|access-date=2013-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052506/http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/as-spains-economy-worsens-young-adults-flock-to-mexico-for-jobs.php|archive-date=2013-12-03|url-status=usurped}}</ref> For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/04/30/as-spain-falters-spaniards-look-to-latin-america/|title=As Spain Falters, Spaniards Look to Latin America|first=Nathaniel Parish|last=Flannery|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

The article on [[Basque Mexicans]] covers the large segment of Spaniards and some French immigrants of the [[Basque people|Basque]] ethnic group.

==== Other Europeans ====
[[File:Bailando al estilo Calabaceado - baile norteño música mexicana.webm|center|thumb|The traditional music of [[Northern Mexico]] is heavily influenced by [[polka]]s and the music of [[Central Europe]].]]
Small waves of immigrants from [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]] and other Eastern European countries ([[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] etc.), arrived during the Cold War.

Fewer immigrants came from [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] (see [[Greek Mexicans|Greek Mexican]]), [[Albania]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Montenegro]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Malta]], [[Portugal]] and [[Cape Verde]].

== See also ==
* [[Illegal immigration to Mexico]]
* [[Immigration to the United States]]
* [[Immigration to Canada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Alfaro-Velcamp, Theresa. "Arab "Amirka": Exploring Arab diasporas in Mexico and the United States." [[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]] 31.2 (2011): 282-295.
*Berninger, Dieter George. ''La inmigración en México (1821–1857)'', trans. Roberto Gómez Ciriza. Mexico City: SEP-SETENTAS 1974.
*Breceda Pérez, Jorge Antonio. "Ciudadanos y extranjeros en México, análisis crítico de la inequidad normativa en materia de extranjería en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos." (2018).
*Buchenau, Jürgen. "Small numbers, great impact: Mexico and its immigrants, 1821-1973." Journal of American Ethnic History (2001): 23–49.
*Buchenau, Jürgen. "The Limits of the Cosmic Race: Immigrant and Nation in Mexico, 1850–1950." ''Immigration and National Identities in Latin America'' (2014): 66–90.
*Burden, David K., ed. "Reform Before La Reforma: Liberals, Conservatives and the Debate over Immigration, 1846–1855." Mexican *Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 23.2 (2007): 283–316.
*Burden, David K. "''La Idea Salvadora'': Immigration and Colonization Politics in Mexico, 1821–1857". Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2005.
*Chang, Jason Oliver. ''Chino: anti-Chinese racism in Mexico, 1880-1940''. University of Illinois Press, 2017.
*Covert, Lisa Pinley. ''San Miguel de Allende: Mexicans, foreigners, and the making of a world heritage site''. U of Nebraska Press, 2017.
*Fitzgerald, David. "Nationality and migration in modern Mexico." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31.1 (2005): 171–191.
*Garc'a, Jerry. ''Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897-1945''. University of Arizona Press, 2014.
*González-Murphy, Laura Valeria. Protecting immigrant rights in Mexico: Understanding the state-civil society nexus. Routledge, 2013.
*Gonzalez-Murphy, Laura V., and Rey Koslowski. "Understanding Mexico's changing immigration Laws." Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Mexico Institute, http://www. wilsoncenter. org/sites/default/files/G0NZALEZ 20 (2011): 2526.
*González-Murphy, Laura V., and Rey Koslowski. "Entendiendo el cambio a las leyes de inmigración de México." Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexican Institute. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://bit {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219165646/https://bit/ |date=19 February 2022 }}. ly/2rSN2YG (consultado el 4 de febrero de 2018) (2011).
*González Navarro, Moisés. ''Los extranjeros en México, y los mexicanos en el extranjero, 1820-1970''. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1993.
*Gurwitz, Beatrice D. "Italian Immigrants and the Mexican Nation: The Cusi Family in Michoacán (1885–1938)." Immigrants & Minorities 33.2 (2015): 93–116.
*Jingsheng, Dong. "Chinese emigration to Mexico and the Sino-Mexico relations before 1910." Estudios Internacionales (2006): 75–88.
*Kim, Hahkyung. "Korean Immigrants' Place in the Discourse of Mestizaje: A History of Race-Class Dynamics and Asian Immigration in Yucatán, Mexico." Revista Iberoamericana (2012).
*Pani, Erika. ''Para pertenecer a la gran familia mexicana:: Procesos de naturalización en el siglo XIX''. El Colegio de Mexico AC, 2015.
*Pani, Erika. "Ciudadanos precarios. Naturalización y extranjería en el México decimonónico." Historia Mexicana (2012): 627–674.
*Pla, Dolores, et al. ''Extranjeros en México: Bibliografía''. Mexico City: INAH 1993.
*Weis, Robert. "Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Bread, and Class Negotiation in Postrevolutionary Mexico City." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 25.1 (2009): 71–100.
*Yankelevich, Pablo. "Mexico for the Mexicans: Immigration, national sovereignty and the promotion of mestizaje." The Americas 68.3 (2012): 405–436.
{{div col end|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.inm.gob.mx Instituto Nacional de Migración]
* [http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx/es_mx/SEGOB/Boletines_Estadisticos Boletines Estadísticos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073204/http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx/es_mx/SEGOB/Boletines_Estadisticos |date=8 December 2015 }} - Annual Statistics
* [http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5378303&fecha=12/01/2015 Programa Temporal de Regularización Migratoria]

{{North America in topic|Immigration to}}
{{Americas topic|Immigration to}}
{{Ethnic groups in Mexico}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Immigration To Mexico}}
[[Category:Immigration to Mexico| ]]
[[Category:Social history of Mexico]]