View source for Immigration to Brazil

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Origin of the European and Arab immigrants in Brazil.svg|thumb|European and [[Levant]]ine countries with significant emigration to Brazil, 1820 to 1980.]]
[[File:Monumento ao Imigrante2.jpg|thumb|Monument to the immigrant in [[Caxias do Sul]] reading: "The Brazilian nation to the immigrant" ({{langx|pt|"A nação brasileira ao imigrante"}})]]
[[File:Comemoração do aniversário do Rancho Folclórico Portuguesa Santista, realizada no dia 14 de julho de 2018 (42529794855).jpg|thumb|right|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] descendants in [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]].]]
[[File:20ª Festa do Imigrante (18848130328).jpg|thumb|right|[[Italian people|Italian]] descendants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[File:Mapa emigrantes italianos.png|thumb|right|Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized [[Northern Italy]] which it considered more developed.]]
'''Immigration to Brazil''' is the movement to [[Brazil]] of foreign peoples to reside permanently. It should not be confused with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. [[Latin Europe]] accounted for four-fifths of the arrivals (1.8 million [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], 1.7 million [[Italians]], and 760,000 [[Spaniards]]). 
This engendered a strikingly multicultural society. Yet over a few generations, Brazil absorbed these new populations in a manner that resembles the experience of the rest of the [[New World]].<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-894 |chapter=Immigration and the Historical Formation of Brazil |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.894 |isbn=978-0-19-936643-9 |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218001406/https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-894 |url-status=live |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |year=2020 |last1=Moya |first1=Jose }}</ref>
{{Culture of Brazil}}

Throughout its [[History of Brazil|history]], Brazil has always been a recipient of settlers, but this began to gain importance in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century when the country received massive immigration from Europe, the Middle East, and Japan, which left lasting marks on [[Demographics of Brazil|demography]], [[Culture of Brazil|culture]], [[Languages of Brazil|language]] and the [[economy of Brazil]].

In general, it is considered that people who entered Brazil up to 1822, the year of [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], were wholly [[Settler|colonizers]]. Since then, some of those who entered the independent nation were immigrants, mainly [[Portuguese Brazilians|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilians|Italians]] and [[Spanish Brazilians|Spaniards]], but also [[German Brazilians|Germans]], [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]], [[Polish Brazilians|Poles]], [[Lebanese Brazilians|Lebanese]], [[Syrian Brazilians|Syrians]], [[Lithuanian Brazilians|Lithuanians]], [[Ukrainian Brazilians|Ukrainians]], [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Jews]], [[Russian Brazilians|Russians]] and many others.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levy|first=Maria Stella Ferreira|date=1 June 1974|title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)|url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/rsp/article/view/20346|journal=Revista de Saúde Pública|language=pt|volume=8|issue=supl|pages=49–90|doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003|issn=1518-8787|doi-access=free|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613124109/http://www.revistas.usp.br/rsp/article/view/20346|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBGE {{!}} Biblioteca {{!}} Detalhes {{!}} Brasil : 500 anos de povoamento / IBGE, Centro de Documentação e Disseminação de Informações. -|url=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=26687|access-date=19 December 2020|website=biblioteca.ibge.gov.br|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141410/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=26687|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before 1871, the number of immigrants rarely exceeded two or three thousand people a year. Immigration increased pressure from the first end of the international slave trade to Brazil, after the expansion of the economy, especially in the period of large coffee plantations in the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]].

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the composition, structure and history of human population in Brazil, with all its attending factors and consequences in culture, economy, [[Education in Brazil|education]], [[Race and ethnicity in Brazil|racial issues]]. Brazil has received one of the largest numbers of immigrants in the [[Western Hemisphere]], along with the United States, Argentina and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/especial/migrantes/migrantes.shtml|title=BBC Brasil – Os migrantes de hoje|access-date=18 January 2009|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075051/http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/especial/migrantes/migrantes.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Counting from 1872 (year of the [[1872 Brazilian Census|first census]]) by the year 2000, Brazil received about 6 million immigrants.

==Brief history==
[[File:Total Immigrants By Brazilian States.jpg|thumb|right|Total of foreign people authorized to work in Brazil by state in 2009. Rank by people. {{legend|#002387|1st}}
{{legend|#0000FF|2nd}}
{{legend|#1E90FF|3rd}}
{{legend|#ADD8E6|4th}}
{{legend|#15F4EE|5th}}]]
[[File:Origin of the people that work in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|People authorized to work in Brazil by origin in 2009. Organized by largest ancestry. {{legend|#00BFFF|U.S. citizen}}{{legend|#0F4D92|Italian}}
{{legend|#800020|Portuguese}}{{legend|#E62020|Chinese}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|Spanish}}{{legend|#FFC0CB|Cuban}}
{{legend|#228B22|German}}{{legend|#6B3FA0|English}}
{{legend|#93A2D0|French}}{{legend|#F7E98E|Japanese}}]]
[[File:Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500 by Oscar Pereira da Silva (1865–1939).jpg|thumb|right|Arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] to [[Northeast Brazil]] in 1500.]]
[[Image:Affiche émigration JP au BR-déb. XXe s..jpg|thumb|right|A [[poster]] used in [[Japan]] to attract immigrants to [[Brazil]]. It says "Let's go to South America (Brazil) with the family."]]
[[Image:21ª Festa do Imigrante (27601246246).jpg|thumb|right|[[Scottish people|Scottish]] immigrants in [[Brazil]].]]
[[Image:20ª Festa do Imigrante (19038947431).jpg|thumb|right|[[Italians|Italian]] immigrants in [[Brazil]].]]
[[Image:20ª Festa do Imigrante (18815910355).jpg|thumb|right|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants in [[Brazil]].]]
[[Image:21ª Festa do Imigrante (27000772514).jpg|thumb|right|[[Spaniards|Spaniard]] in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:North American workforce to Brazil (new).svg|thumb|right|People authorized to work in Brazil by North American countries in 2009. Organized by number of people.
{{legend|#002255|4,040}}
{{legend|#1E90FF|684}}
{{legend|#9ad9ea|368}}]]
[[File:Origen of the European workers in Brazil.svg|thumb|People authorized to work in Brazil by European countries in 2009. Organized by number of people.
{{legend|#040268|2,528–648}}
{{legend|#00b9e7|523-184}}
{{legend|#9ad9ea|177-050}}]]
[[File:Immigration of South America to Brazil.jpg|thumb|People authorized to work in Brazil by South American countries in 2009. Organized by number of people.
{{legend|#002E63|555-399}}
{{legend|#4169E1|398-237}}
{{legend|#1E90FF|236-102}}
{{legend|#9ad9ea|101-002}}]]
[[File:P1070254_(6272521881).jpg|thumb|right|[[Argentines]] voting in [[Brasília]].]]
[[File:08 10 2020 Solenidade de Encerramento dos Cursos de Formação Profissional para os cargos de Agente de Polícia Federal, Escrivão de Polícia Federal e Papiloscopista Policial Federal (50436458443).jpg|thumb|right|President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] ended tourist visa requirements for [[U.S. citizens]], [[Canadians]], [[Australians]] and [[Japanese people|Japanese]].]]
[[File:Aeroporto de Cumbica - Terminal 3.jpg|thumb|right|Most foreigners enter in Brazil through the intercontinental airport in [[São Paulo]].]]
Maria Stella Ferreira Levy<ref name="scielo.br">{{cite web |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf |author1=Maria Stella Ferreira Levy |title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) |trans-title=The figures for Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Japanese from 1820 to 31 August 1972, can be found in Maria Stella Ferreira Levy |page=52 |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223151717/https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf }}</ref> suggests the following periodization of the process of immigration to Brazil:

# 1820–1876: small number of immigrants (about 6,000 per year), predominance of Portuguese (45.73%), with significant numbers of Germans (12.97%);
# 1877–1903: large number of immigrants (about 71,000 per year), predominance of Italians (58.49%);
# 1904–1930: large number of immigrants (about 79,000 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (36.97%);
# 1931–1963: declining number of immigrants (about 33,500 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (38.45%).

===The Brazilian population before immigration===
When Brazil was settled as a new land in the [[New World]] by the Portuguese in 1500, its native population was composed of about 2.4&nbsp;million [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho-Silva |first1=DR |last2=Santos |first2=FR |last3=Rocha |first3=J |last4=Pena |first4=SD |title=The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11090340 |pmc=1234928 |doi=10.1086/316931}}</ref>

During the three decades afterwards, the country remained sparsely inhabited by Europeans. Among those few, mainly Portuguese, most were renegades, criminals banished from Portugal, shipwreck survivors, or mutinous sailors. They integrated into the local tribes, using their superior technology to attain privileged positions among them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7388705/Eduardo-Bueno-Naufragos-Traficantes-e-Degredados |title=Eduardo Bueno Naufragos Traficantes e Degredados |access-date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423084715/http://www.scribd.com/doc/7388705/Eduardo-Bueno-Naufragos-Traficantes-e-Degredados |archive-date=23 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After 1530, the Portuguese started to settle in Brazil in significant numbers. However, Portugal had a small population to develop the exploitation of Brazil. By 1550, the colonists started to bring [[Slavery in Brazil|African slaves]]. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in the 18th century alone.<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal |author=Levy MS |title=[The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)] |language=pt |journal=Rev Saude Publica |volume=Suppl |pages=49–90 |date=June 1974 |doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 |pmid=4438969 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html|title=Brasil 500 anos<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508154311/http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/index2.html|archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>

The Portuguese settled in the whole territory, initially remaining near the coast, except in the region of São Paulo, from where the [[bandeirantes]] would spread into the hinterland. In the 18th century, large waves of Portuguese settled the country, in the wake of the discovery of gold in the region of Minas Gerais, but the number of Portuguese who settled in Brazil in its colonial era was far lower than of African slaves: from 1550 to 1850, some 4 million slaves were brought to Brazil.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

This should not be taken as meaning that the population of Brazil before independence was mainly Black: the average survival of an African slave in Brazil was merely seven years after arrival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/MORGANT1.ART |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026234930/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/MORGANT1.ART |archive-date=26 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> implying extremely high mortality rates. Although children born to slave women inherited the slave condition, the Portuguese always relied on slaves purchased from slave traders to replace and increase the work force; the natural growth of the slave population was always very small.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/brazilpeopleandi006138mbp|title=BRAZIL PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS|last=T. LYNN SMITH|date=1 January 1954|publisher=LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, Brazil was mainly composed of people of three different origins: the indigenous inhabitants, the [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] and their descendants, the Africans and descendants, and, naturally, people of varying degrees of "racial" mixture. In 1872, after the arrival of about 350,000 mostly European immigrants and about 1,150,000 Africans forcibly brought to Brazil as slaves, the first Brazilian Census counted 9,930,478 people in Brazil, of which 3,787,289 (38.14%) were Whites, 3,380,172 (34.04%) were [[Pardo_Brazilians|"pardos"]], 1,954,452 (19.68%) were Blacks, and 386,955 (3.90%) were [[Caboclo|"caboclos"]].<ref>Diretoria Geral de Estatística. [http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/monografias/GEBIS%20-%20RJ/Recenseamento_do_Brazil_1872/Imperio%20do%20Brazil%201872.pdf Recenseamento do Brazil em 1872] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141409/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/monografias/GEBIS%20-%20RJ/Recenseamento_do_Brazil_1872/Imperio%20do%20Brazil%201872.pdf |date=10 October 2022 }}. pp. 3 and 4 (of the PDF document).</ref>

===First period: 1820–1871===
Immigration properly started with the opening of the Brazilian ports, in 1808. The government began to stimulate the arrival of Europeans to occupy plots of land and become small farmers. In 1812, settlers from the [[Azores]] were brought to [[Espírito Santo]] and in 1819, [[Swiss people|Swiss]] to Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. After independence from Portugal, the Brazilian Empire focused on the occupation of the provinces of [[Southern Brazil]]. It was mainly because Southern Brazil had a small population, vulnerable to attacks by Argentina and the [[Kaingang people|Kaingang Indians]].<ref name="O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)">{{cite journal|title=Revista de Saúde Pública – The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)|journal=Revista de Saúde Pública|date=June 1974|volume=8|pages=49–90|doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003|last1=Levy|first1=Maria Stella Ferreira|doi-access=free}}</ref>

From 1824, immigrants from Central Europe started to populate what is nowadays the region of [[São Leopoldo]], in the province of [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. According to Leo Waibel, these [[German Brazilian|German]] immigrants were mainly "oppressed peasants and former soldiers of the army of Napoleon". In 1830 a bill was passed forbidding the Imperial government from spending money with the settlement of immigrants, which stalled immigration until 1834, when the provincial governments were charged with promoting immigration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf |title=Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) p.51. |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195617/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[American Civil War]], some 20,000 Confederates from the American South [[Confederados|immigrated]] to the Empire of Brazil. Many of them settled in São Paulo, particularly in the vicinity of the present day city of [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]]. The immigrants were the first to bring Baptism, as well as Methodism to Brazil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe |year=2001 |isbn=978-0743211970 |pages=110–111 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |language=en}}</ref> These American immigrants and their descendants brought numerous culinary products over, such as [[chess pie]]. Today, there are some 260,000 descendants of the Confederates living in Brazil.

In 1859, [[Prussia]] prohibited emigration to Brazil. This was mainly because of complaints that Germans were being exploited in the coffee plantations of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]. Still, between 1820 and 1876, 350,117 immigrants entered Brazil. Of these, 45.72% were [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], 35.74% of "other nationalities", 12.97% Germans, while [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]] and [[Spanish immigration to Brazil|Spanish]] together did not reach 6%. The total number of immigrants per year averaged 6,000.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil">{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif|title=Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil|access-date=9 July 2008|archive-date=3 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003061606/http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Many immigrants, particularly the Germans, were brought to settle in rural communities as small landowners. They received land, seed, livestock and other items to develop.

===Second Period: 1872–1903===
In the last quarter of the 19th century, the entry of immigrants in Brazil grew strongly. On one hand, Europe underwent a serious demographic crisis, which resulted in increased emigration; on the other hand, the final crisis of Brazilian slavery prompted Brazilian authorities to find solutions for the problem of work force. Consequently, while immigration until 1871 was focused on establishing communities of landowners, during this period, while this older process continued, immigrants were more and more attracted to the coffee plantations of São Paulo, where they became employees or were allowed to cultivate small tracts of land in exchange for their work in the coffee crop.<ref name="O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)"/>

This also coincided with the decreasing availability of better land in southern Brazil—while the German immigrants arriving in the previous period occupied the valleys of the rivers, the Italians arriving in the last quarter of the century settled the mountainous regions of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riogrande.com.br/historia/colonizacao5.htm|title=RS VIRTUAL – O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet|website=www.riogrande.com.br|access-date=9 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010231443/http://www.riogrande.com.br/historia/colonizacao5.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During this period, immigration was much more intense: large numbers of Europeans, especially Italians, started to be brought to the country to work in the harvest of coffee.<ref>Eliane Yambanis Obersteiner. [http://vestibular.uol.com.br/ultnot/resumos/ult2770u39.jhtm Café atrai imigrante europeu para o Brasil – 22/02/2005 – Resumos | História do Brasil<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108004507/http://vestibular.uol.com.br/ultnot/resumos/ult2770u39.jhtm |date=8 November 2008 }}</ref> From 1877 to 1903, almost two million immigrants arrived, at a rate of 71,000 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif |title=Maria Stella Ferreira Levy, p.51 |access-date=9 July 2008 |archive-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003061606/http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
Brazil's receiving structure, legislation and settlement [[policies]] for immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant's Hostel (''Hospedaria dos Imigrantes'') was built in 1886 in [[São Paulo]], and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], [[Paranaguá]], [[Florianópolis]] and [[Porto Alegre]] were established. The São Paulo site alone processed more than 2.5&nbsp;million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different [[nationalities]] were recorded.

In 1850, Brazil declared the end of the slave trade. This had different impacts on the different regions of Brazil. At the time, the region of São Paulo was undergoing a process of economic boom, linked to the expansion of the cultivation of coffee, and consequently needed increased amounts of labour. Other regions, notedly the Northeast, on the contrary, faced economic retraction, and were, consequently, able to dispense workforce. This entailed the replacement of the international slave trade by an internal or interprovincial slave trade, in which Northeastern slaves were sold in large numbers to the Southeast.<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/anais/pdf/1992/T92V01A18.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162445/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/anais/pdf/1992/T92V01A18.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This temporarily solved the workforce problem in São Paulo and other [[coffee plantation]] areas. However, by 1870 the paulista elite came to realise that the Northeastern slaveholders were in fact being able to obtain financial compensation for their slaves, or, in practice, an ''abolition with compensation''.<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br"/> Fears of a situation comparable to the United States, with the division of the country into free provinces and slave provinces arose. Consequently, paulista politicians began to seek measures against the interprovincial traffic, at a time when, anyway, the price of Northeastern slaves was getting higher and higher, due to their increasing scarcity.<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br"/>

By the beginning of the 1870s, the alternative of the interprovincial trade was exhausted, while the demand for workforce in the coffee plantations continued to expand. Thus the paulista oligarchy sought to attract new workers from abroad, by passing provincial legislation and pressing the Imperial government to organise [[immigration]].<ref name="abep.nepo.unicamp.br"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vestibular.uol.com.br/ultnot/resumos/ult2770u23.jhtm|title=Fim da escravidão gera medidas de apoio à imigração no Brasil - 16/02/2005 - Resumos &#124; História do Brasil|website=vestibular.uol.com.br|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141411/https://vestibular.uol.com.br/ultnot/resumos/ult2770u23.jhtm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Third period: 1904–1930===
From 1904 to 1930, 2,142,781 immigrants came to Brazil—making an annual average of 79,000 people. In consequence of the [[Prinetti Decree]] of 1902, that forbade subsidised emigration to Brazil, Italian immigration had, at this stage, a drastic reduction: their average annual entries from 1887 to 1903 was 58,000. In this period they were only 19,000 annually. The [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] constituted 38% of entries, followed by [[Spanish immigration to Brazil|Spaniards]] with 22%.  From 1914 to 1918, due to [[World War I]], the entry of immigrants of all nationalities decreased.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil"/> After the War, the immigration of people of "other nationalities" redressed faster than that of Portuguese, Spaniards, and Italians. Part of this category was composed of immigrants from Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Moldova and Romania, who immigrated probably by political issues, and part by Syrian and [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] peoples. Both subgroups included a number of Jewish immigrants, who arrived in the 1920s.

From 1931 to 1963, 1,106,404 immigrants entered Brazil. The participation of the [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]] increased. From 1932 to 1935 immigrants from Japan constituted 30% of total admissions.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil"/> Prior to this yearly Japanese immigrants were numerically limited to no more than 5% of the current Japanese population.<ref name="rios">[http://www.movimentoafro.amazonida.com/branqueamento.htm RIOS, Roger Raupp. Text excerpted from a judicial sentence concerning crime of racism. Federal Justice of 10ª Vara da Circunscrição Judiciária de Porto Alegre, November 16, 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808044737/http://www.movimentoafro.amazonida.com/branqueamento.htm |date=8 August 2007}} (Accessed 10 September 2008)</ref>

Immigrants continued working in coffee plantations. By 1934, over 40% of the coffee production in São Paulo was produced by the 14.5 percent foreign population of the state, showing their entrepreneurial spirit and ambition. In fact, 19th century immigrants usually exhibited a formal and informal education and training that was better than that of native Brazilians. The country benefitted from their arrival not only because of their [[workforce]], but also because of the skills and knowledge they shared. [[Spillover (economics)|Spillover effects]] led to increased levels of [[human capital]], with the effect being most prominent in regions with the highest numbers of immigrants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stolz|first1=Yvonne|last2=Baten|first2=Joerg|last3=Botelho|first3=Tarcísio|title=Growth effects of nineteenth-century mass migrations: "Fome Zero" for Brazil?|date=2013|journal=European Review of Economic History|volume=17-1|pages=95–121|doi=10.1093/ereh/hes019|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Fourth Period: 1931–1964===
With the radicalization of the political situation in Europe, the end of the demographic crisis, the decadence of coffee culture, the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]] and the consequent rise of a nationalist government, immigration to Brazil was significantly reduced. The focus shifted to culturally assimilating immigrants and "whitening" the population.<ref name="suzuki">[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200804.htm SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo ''in'' Folha de S.Paulo, 20 de abril de 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015090047/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs2004200804.htm |date=15 October 2012 }} (visitado em 17 de agosto de 2008)</ref> From 1931 to 1963, 1,106,404 immigrants entered Brazil. The annual arrival of immigrants fell to 33,500. The [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] remained the most significant group, with 39.35%, The participation of the [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]] continued to increase, becoming the second most important group, with 12.79%. Particularly from 1932 to 1935 immigrants from Japan constituted 30% of total admissions.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil"/>

Immigration also became a more urban phenomenon; most immigrants came for the cities, and even the descendants of the immigrants of the previous periods were moving intensely from the countryside. In the 1950s, Brazil started a program of immigration to provide workers for Brazilian industries. In São Paulo, for example, between 1957 and 1961, more than 30% of the [[Spanish Brazilian|Spanish]], over 50% of the [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] and 70% of the [[Greek Brazilian|Greek]] immigrants were brought to work in factories.

===Current trends===

During the 1970s Brazil received about 32,000 Lebanese immigrants escaping the civil war, as well as smaller numbers of [[Palestinians]] and Syrians. Between 1974 and 1980 Brazil also received almost 500 Portuguese settler families fleeing Angola or Mozambique as well as some 1,000 exiles from Portugal proper, many of them serving officers of the Portuguese Military or Police, fleeing post-Carnation Revolution Portugal because of their association with the former regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tendarabe.com/conteudo/historia-da-imigracao-arabe-no-brasil|title=Arab immigration to Brazil|access-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101160004/http://www.tendarabe.com/conteudo/historia-da-imigracao-arabe-no-brasil|archive-date=1 November 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/74775/Pages%20from%20Honors_Lucerna14_Ford.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714045857/https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/74775/Pages%20from%20Honors_Lucerna14_Ford.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=14 July 2021 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

During the 1990s Brazil received small numbers of immigrants from the former republics of [[Yugoslavia]], from Afghanistan and Angola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2010/06/brasil-tem-43-mil-refugiados-diz-ministerio-da-justica.html|title=Brasil tem 4,3 mil refugiados, diz Ministério da Justiça|first1=Robson BoninDo|last1=G1|first2=em|last2=Brasília|date=15 June 2010|website=Mundo|access-date=17 June 2010|archive-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617030402/http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2010/06/brasil-tem-43-mil-refugiados-diz-ministerio-da-justica.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent immigration is mainly constituted by Chinese and Koreans and, in a smaller degree, by Argentines and other Latin American immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comciencia.br/reportagens/migracoes/migr09.htm|title=Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade|first=Carlos Vogt, Mônica Macedo, Anna Paula Sotero, Bruno Buys, Rafael Evangelista, Marianne Frederick, Marta Kanashiro, Marcelo Knobel, Roberto Belisário, Ulisses Capozoli, Sérgio Varella Conceicao, Marilissa Mota, Rodrigo Cunha, Germana Barata, Beatriz Singer, Flávia Tonin, Daisy Silva de|last=Lara|website=www.comciencia.br|access-date=20 June 2008|archive-date=12 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612195716/http://www.comciencia.br/reportagens/migracoes/migr09.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because of political issues, people from Bolivia immigrate to Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.how2immigrate.net/brazilnews/bolivian-immigration.html/|title=鸿运国际手机_一键访问国外网站|website=www.how2immigrate.net|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920225646/http://www.how2immigrate.net/brazilnews/bolivian-immigration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of the Bolivians come from cities such as [[La Paz]], Sucre, [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], and [[Cochabamba]]. Usually they enter Brazil through Cuiabá, in Mato Grosso, or San Mathias, in Bolivia, which borders Caceres, [[Mato Grosso]] and Corumbá, in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]].

Between 1,200 and 1,500 Bolivian immigrants come to Brazil every month looking for a [[employment|job]]. Most of them work in the illegal [[textile industry]] in the [[Greater São Paulo]].<ref>Cláudia Rolli, Fátima Fernandes. [http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi1612200709.htm Até 1.500 bolivianos chegam por mês] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013191633/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi1612200709.htm |date=13 October 2012 }}. Folha de S.Paulo (16 December 2007)</ref> There are an estimated 200,000 Bolivians living in the Greater São Paulo, the majority of which are [[undocumented immigrants in Brazil|undocumented immigrants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/190700/ponto_de_vista.html|title=Ponto de Vista - VEJA.com|date=8 July 2008|access-date=20 June 2008|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517004003/http://veja.abril.com.br/190700/ponto_de_vista.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] regulated the right of residence of [[Cubans|Cuban]] [[Doctor (title)|doctor]]s who participated in the [[Mais Médicos]] Program, or More Doctors. To be allowed to stay in Brazil for two years, the candidate must submit an application to the Federal Police of Brazil. Thereafter, immigrants can apply to live in the country indefinitely with [[Permanent residency|permanent residence]], submitting another application within ninety days prior to the end of the two-year residence period. [[Physician]]s requesting the right of residence must present several documents, such as identity or passport, as well as police records from the Brazilian states and countries where they resided, and finally, proof of participation in the Mais Médicos initiative, immigration documents and photos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2019-07/govt-regulates-cuban-doctors-rights-live-brazil |title=Gov't regulates Cuban doctors' rights to live in Brazil |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218024310/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2019-07/govt-regulates-cuban-doctors-rights-live-brazil |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Brazil approved 24,880 processes for requesting recognition of [[refugee status]]. The largest refugee ancestries were Venezuelan (24,030), Syrian (479), Cuban (114), Iraqi (35), and Afghan (28).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acnur.org/portugues/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Refugio_em_Numeros_6a_edicao.pdf|title=Refúgio em números|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714045857/https://www.acnur.org/portugues/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Refugio_em_Numeros_6a_edicao.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the [[Venezuelan refugee crisis]], in 2020, Venezuelans are the largest immigrant group living in Brazil. Argentines are the fifth largest immigrant group in Brazil due to factors such as proximity to Brazil, immigration agreements, linguistic similarity between [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and economic growth in Brazil, facilitate this movement to the neighboring country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/assuntos/imigracao/autorizacao-residencia/acordo-de-residencia-brasil-e-argentina|title=Acordo entre a República Federativa do Brasil e a República Argentina|website=Polícia Federal}}</ref>

===Country of birth===
Number of registered immigrants in Brazil. The 20 countries with the most registered immigrants are listed below.<ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024)]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Place || Country || 2000-2024
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 1 || {{flag|Venezuela}} || align=right| 526,148
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 2 || {{flag|Haiti}} || align="right" | 181,404
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 3 || {{flag|Bolivia}} || align="right" | 171,721
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 4 || {{flag|Colombia}} || align="right" | 98,253
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 5 || {{flag|Argentina}} || align="right" | 95,294
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 6 || {{flag|United States}} || align="right" | 91,977
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 7 || {{flag|China}} || align=right| 71,479
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 8 || {{flag|Paraguay}} || align="right" | 61,042
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 9 || {{flag|Peru}} || align=right| 56,745
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 10 || {{flag|Uruguay}} || align=right| 56,558
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 11 || {{flag|Cuba}} || align=right| 50,355
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 12 || {{flag|Portugal}} || align=right| 49,920
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 13 || {{flag|France}} || align=right| 48,545
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 14 || {{flag|Germany}} || align=right| 43,352
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 15 || {{flag|Italy}} || align=right| 42,575
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 16 || {{flag|Spain}} || align=right| 34,499
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 17 || {{flag|Philippines}} || align=right| 31,870
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 18 || {{flag|Japan}} || align=right| 31,268
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 19 || {{flag|Angola}} || align=right| 28,781
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 20 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || align=right| 26,093
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|colspan=2 style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|'''TOTAL'''|| align=right|'''2,213,884'''
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|}

===Asylum seekers in Brazil in 2024===
In 2024, Brazil received 68,159 asylum requests, an increase of 16.3% compared to the previous year.<ref>[https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/images/Obmigra_2020/OBMIGRA_2025/Refúgio_em_Números/Relatório_Refúgio_em_Números_10ªedpdf.pdf Refugee in numbers 2025 (in PDF format) - Table 2.2.1. Number of applicants for recognition of refugee status, according to main countries of nationality or habitual residence, Brazil – 2024. (from Ministry of Justice and Public Security of Brazil site)]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Place
!Country
!Total
|-
|1
|{{VEN}}
|27.150
|-
|2
|{{CUB}}
|22.288
|-
|3
|{{ANG}}
|3.421
|-
|4
|{{IND}}
|2.144
|-
|5
|{{VIE}}
|1.914
|-
|6
|{{NEP}}
|1.437
|-
|7
|{{COL}}
|1.131
|-
|8
|{{CHN}}
|598
|-
|9
|{{MAR}}
|477
|-
|10
|{{SOM}}
|429
|-
|11
|{{BGD}}
|415
|-
|12
|{{CMR}}
|391
|-
|13
|{{TGO}}
|362
|-
|14
|{{PAK}}
|355
|-
|15
|{{AFG}}
|345
|-
|16
|{{HTI}}
|313
|-
|17
|{{DOM}}
|295
|-
|18
|{{PER}}
|249
|-
|19
|{{COG}}
|239
|-
|20
|{{LBN}}
|232
|-
|~
|Other countries
|3.974
|}

==Visa policy==
{{Main|Visa policy of Brazil}}
[[File:Visa policy of Brazil.svg|thumb|right|Visa policy of Brazil{{legend|#002374|Brazil}}{{legend|#00B7F0|Entry with identity cards possible}}{{legend|#22B14C|Visa exemption}}{{legend|#B2B2B2|Visa must be obtained in advance}}]]

Permanent visas may be granted to individuals intending to establish [[home|residence]] in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/consular/visas/Viperm.html|title=Brasem Ottawa – Einrichten im kanadischen Stil|website=Brasem Ottawa|access-date=28 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204035209/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/consular/visas/Viperm.html|archive-date=4 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nine countries in [[South America]] can enter Brazilian territory using only their [[identity document]], that is, a [[passport]] is not necessary for entry, although some may use the passport if they want to. It is a measure of reciprocity for [[citizen]]s of both countries, in order to facilitate those who [[Work (human activity)|work]] across the border, facilitate those who need to [[Higher education|study]] across the border and facilitate commercial [[tourism]].

In 2009, nationals from signatory States of the [[Mercosur]] Residence Agreement, which include eight countries, such as [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], etc., may establish temporary residence in Brazil:

*By requesting a Mercosur Temporary Residence Visa if the immigrant is abroad; or
*No need for a visa (Residence), directly with the Federal Police-Ministry of Justice in Brazil, in accordance with the relevant articles of the agreement if you already reside in Brazilian territory.
*Of the eight countries, only Argentina and Uruguay have the exclusive benefit of applying for permanent residency directly, without going through the two-year temporary residency phase. This is due to exclusive immigration agreements between Brazil and Argentina, and between Brazil and Uruguay, facilitating the growth of the number of [[Argentines]] and [[Uruguayans]] residing in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/pt/nav-guiada/o-imigrante-e-do-mercosul-ou-qualquer-outro-tratado-bilateral |title=Portal de Imigração |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225194217/https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/pt/nav-guiada/o-imigrante-e-do-mercosul-ou-qualquer-outro-tratado-bilateral |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, in his first year of government, the president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], announced the end of the tourist visa requirement to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/brazil-lifts-visa-requirement/index.html|title=Tourists from the US, Canada, Japan and Australia can now travel to Brazil visa-free|author=Isabela Espadas Barros Leal|website=CNN|date=16 June 2019 |access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612131045/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/brazil-lifts-visa-requirement/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], announced the return of the visa requirement to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]]. However, it is not yet known when the measure will come into effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/julia-duailibi/post/2023/03/08/brasil-vai-passar-a-exigir-visto-para-cidadaos-dos-eua-japao-australia-e-canada.ghtml|author=Julia Duailibi|title=Brasil vai voltar a exigir visto para cidadãos dos EUA, Japão, Austrália e Canadá |website=G1|date=8 March 2023|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Immigration law==
[[File:Alfândega da Receita Federal no Brasil.jpg|thumb|right|International Airport Customs in [[Brasília]].]]
[[File:Passport of Brazil (2019).png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian passport]].]]
[[File:LGBT immigration equality by country or territory.svg|thumb|right|'''[[Immigration equality#LGBT immigration issues|LGBT immigration equality by country or territory]]'''
{{legend|#0000ff|Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Unknown/ambiguous}}]]
A [[Alien (law)|foreigner]] with a [[permanent resident]] [[Travel visa|visa]] has nearly all of the same rights as a [[Brazilians|Brazilian citizen]], such as access to [[Healthcare in Brazil|health]] and [[Education in Brazil|education]] services in Brazil, in addition to being able to open a [[Economy of Brazil|business]], bank account, obtain a [[Driving licence in Brazil|driver's license]], among others. The permanent resident cannot [[Elections in Brazil|vote]] or be elected to [[Politics of Brazil|political office]], and can only exercise these two rights after [[Brazilian nationality law#By naturalization|Brazilian naturalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://novaescola.org.br/conteudo/222/quando-um-imigrante-tem-direito-de-permanecer-no-brasil |title=Immigrant rights in Brazil |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141410/https://novaescola.org.br/conteudo/222/quando-um-imigrante-tem-direito-de-permanecer-no-brasil |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Federal Constitution===
'''Article 5.''' Everyone is equal before the law, with no distinction whatsoever, guaranteeing to Brazilians and foreigners residing in the country the inviolability of the [[rights]] to [[life]], [[liberty]], [[Political equality|equality]], [[security]] and [[property]].

No Brazilian shall be extradited, except for a naturalized Brazilian for a common crime committed prior to naturalization, or proven involvement in unlawful traffic in narcotics and similar drugs, as provided by law. No foreigner shall be extradited for a [[political]] or [[ideological]] offense.

'''Article 12.''' [[Brazilians]] are:

'''I -''' by [[birth]]:

'''a)''' those born in the Federative Republic of Brazil, even though of [[Alien (law)|foreign]] [[parent]]s, provided that they are not in the service of their country;

'''b)''' those born abroad of a Brazilian [[father]] or [[mother]], so long as either is in the service of the Federative Republic of Brazil;

'''c)''' those born abroad of a Brazilian father or mother, so long as they are registered at a proper Brazilian governmental office, or come to reside
in the Federative Republic of Brazil and opt for Brazilian nationality at any time after reaching the [[age of majority]];

'''II -''' by [[naturalization]]:

'''a)''' those who, as set forth by law, acquire Brazilian nationality, it being the only requirement for persons originating from [[Portuguese-speaking countries]] the residence for 1 (one) uninterrupted year and good moral repute;

'''b)''' foreigners of any nationality, resident in the Federative Republic of Brazil for over 15 (fifteen) uninterrupted years and without [[criminal conviction]], provided that they apply for the Brazilian nationality.

'''Paragraph 1.''' The rights inherent to Brazilians shall be attributed to [[Portuguese people|Portuguese citizens]] with permanent residence in Brazil, if there is reciprocity in favour of Brazilians, except in the cases stated in this [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]].

'''Paragraph 2.''' The law may not establish any distinction between born and naturalized [[Brazilians]], except in the cases stated in this [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]].

'''Paragraph 3.''' The following positions are restricted to [[native born]] Brazilians:

'''I -''' President and Vice-President of the Republic;

'''II -''' President of the Chamber of Deputies;

'''III -''' President of the Federal Senate;

'''IV -''' Minister of the Supreme Federal Tribunal;

'''V -''' The diplomatic career;

'''VI -''' Officers of the Armed Forces;

'''VII -''' The Minister of Defense.

'''Paragraph 4.''' [[Loss of citizenship|Loss of nationality]] shall be declared for a Brazilian:

'''I -''' Whose naturalization has been cancelled by [[judicial decision]] because of activity harmful to the [[national interest]];

'''II -''' acquires another [[nationality]], except in the cases:

'''a)''' of recognition of original nationality by [[Alien (law)|foreign]] [[law]];

'''b)''' of a foreign law imposing naturalization upon a Brazilian residing in a
foreign country as a condition for remaining in its [[territory]] or for
exercise of [[civil rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017.pdf?lang=en |title=Brazilian Constitution (English) |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028014935/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Article 22.'''
The Union has exclusive power to legislate with respect to:

'''XIII -''' nationality, [[citizenship]] and naturalization;

'''XV -''' emigration, [[immigration]], entry, [[extradition]] and [[Deportation|expulsion]] of foreigners;

===Statute of Foreigner===
'''Article 112.''' Are conditions for the granting of [[naturalization]]:

'''I -''' civilian capacity, according to [[Brazilian law]];

'''II -''' to be registered as [[permanent resident]] in Brazil;

'''III -''' continuous residence in the territory for a minimum period of 4 (four) years immediately preceding the application for naturalization;

'''IV -''' read and write the [[Portuguese language]], considering the conditions of naturalizing;

'''V -''' exercise of occupation or possession of sufficient [[asset]]s to maintain itself and the family;

'''VI -''' proper [[Administrative law|procedure]];

'''VII -''' no complaint, indictment in Brazil or abroad for a felony that is threatened in minimum sentence of imprisonment, abstractly considered, more than 1 (one) year;

'''VIII -''' good health.

'''Article 113.'''The period of residence prescribed in Article 112, item III, may be reduced if the naturalizing fill any of the following conditions:

'''I -''' have a child or spouse of Brazil;

(Including same-sex spouse, see also: [[Same-sex immigration policy in Brazil]])

'''II -''' be son of a Brazilian;

'''III -''' have provided or can provide relevant [[Public services|services]] to Brazil, in the opinion of the Minister of Justice of Brazil;

'''IV -''' commend themselves by their professional, [[scientific]] or [[artistic]]; or

'''V -''' to be owner in Brazil, real estate, whose value is equal to at least a thousand times the greatest value of reference, or be provided with industrial funds of equal value, or hold quota shares or amount of paid-in least identical in commercial or civil society, aimed principally and permanently, the operation of [[Industrial sector|industrial]] or agricultural activities.

'''Sole Paragraph.''' The residence will be at least 1 (one) year, in cases of items I, II, and III; 2 (two) years in Item IV; and 3 (three) years in Item V.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L6815.htm|title=LEI Nº 6.815, DE 19 DE AGOSTO DE 1980|website=www.planalto.gov.br|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810063703/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/Leis/L6815.htm|archive-date=10 August 2007|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
{{-}}

==The result of immigration to Brazil==
===Immigration===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Immigration to Brazil, by national origin, periods from 1830 to 1959<br />Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics ([[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])
|-
!
! colspan="12" | Period
|-
! Origin
! 1830–1855
! 1856–1883
! 1884–1893
! 1894–1903
! 1904–1913
! 1914–1923
! 1924–1933
! 1945–1949
! 1950–1954
! 1955–1959
! 1960–1969
! 1970–1972
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese
| 16,737
| 116,000
| 170,621
| 155,542
| 384,672
| 201,252
| 233,650
| 26,268
| 123,082
| 96,811
| rowspan="7" | 197,587 immigrants; many nationalities
| rowspan="7" | 15,558 immigrants; majority from Portugal
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Italy}} Italians
|align="center"| —
| 100,000
| 510,533
| 537,784
| 196,521
| 86,320
| 70,177
| 15,312
| 59,785
| 31,263
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Spain}} Spaniards
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 113,116
| 102,142
| 224,672
| 94,779
| 52,400
| 4,092
| 53,357
| 38,819
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Germany}} Germans
| 2,008
| 30,000
| 22,778
| 6,698
| 33,859
| 29,339
| 61,723
| 5,188
| 12,204
| 4,633
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 11,868
| 20,398
| 110,191
| 12
| 5,447
| 28,819
|- align="center"
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} Lebanese and Syrians
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 96
| 7,124
| 45,803
| 20,400
| 20,400
| N/D
| N/D
| N/D
|- align="center"
| Others
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 66,524
| 42,820
| 109,222
| 51,493
| 164,586
| 29,552
| 84,851
| 47,599
|}
[[File:Cerimonia de bencao dos alimentos.jpg|thumb|right|Ukrainian immigrants in [[Curitiba]], Paraná celebrating the Ukrainian Easter.]]
[[File:Afot3602.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] immigrant in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 1895.]]
[[File:P1070263_(6272522437).jpg|thumb|right|[[Argentines]] voting in [[Brasília]].]]
[[File:Lavoura de café.jpg|thumb|right|European immigrants and a Brazilian coffee [[plantation]].]]
[[File:Nipo-sueco (1405513288).jpg|thumb|right|[[Swedish people|Swedish]] and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] descendants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[File:Gramado.7.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gramado]] was colonized by [[Germans]] and [[Italians]].]]
[[File:Pequena Finlândia (9).jpg|thumb|right|Finnish community in [[Itatiaia]].]]
[[File:Nova Friburgo RJ Brasil - Queijaria Suiça - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nova Friburgo]] with a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] cheese factory.]]
[[File:Higino Palace Hotel, Teresópolis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Teresópolis]] with a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] hotel.]]
[[File:100 2345 OP.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ouro Preto]] colonized by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants.]]
[[File:Portugueses2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants arriving in [[Rio de Janeiro]].]]
[[File:Praça Tiradentes - Ouro Preto - MG.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ouro Preto]] colonized by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants.]]
[[File:Congonhas sanctuary of Bom Jesus church.jpg|thumb|right|[[Congonhas]] with a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] church.]]
[[File:Historical Centre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ouro Preto]] colonized by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants.]]
[[File:OURO PRETO BY PAULO BRAZ 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ouro Preto]] and a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] church.]]
[[File:Portugueses1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants arriving in [[Rio de Janeiro]].]]
Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the [[Western Hemisphere]], after [[the United States]].

===European diaspora===
In the 100 years from 1872 to 1972, at least 5.3 million immigrants came to Brazil, of whom 31% were [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], 30% [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], 13% [[Spanish Brazilian|Spanish]], 5% [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]], 4% [[German Brazilians|German]] and 16% of other unspecified nationalities.<ref name=Levy/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Immigrants by Brazilian state according to 1920 Census (including naturalized immigrants)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/recenseamento1920pop1|title=Recenseamento do Brazil. Realizado em 1 de Setembro de 1920. População (1a parte). População do Brazil por Estados, municipios e districtos, segundo o sexo, o estado civil e a nacionalidade (Ministerio da Agricultural)|date=13 September 1926|publisher=Typ da Estatistica|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
|-
! State !! Immigrants !! Percentage within the state population
|-
| São Paulo|| 839,135 || 18.2%
|-
| Federal District (Rio de Janeiro) || 252,958 || 22.0%
|-
| Espírito Santo || 20,532 || 4.5%
|-
| Santa Catarina || 39,212 || 5.8%
|-
| Rio Grande do Sul || 165,974|| 7.5%
|-
| Mato Grosso || 25,556|| 10.3%
|-
| Goiás || 1,814 || 0.3%
|-
| Minas Gerais || 91,349 || 1.5%
|-
| Rio de Janeiro || 53,261 || 3.4%
|-
| Paraná || 66,387 || 9.6%
|-
| Pernambuco || 12,010 || 0.5%
|-
| Piauí || 344  || 0.0%
|-
| Paraíba || 661 || 0.0%
|-
| Pará || 22,824 || 2.3%
|-
| Maranhão || 1,681 || 0.2%
|-
| Ceará || 980 || 0.0%
|-
| Bahia || 10,999 || 0.3%
|-
| Amazonas || 17,525 || 4.8%
|-
| Alagoas || 747 || 0.0%
|-
| Sergipe || 422 || 0.0%
|-
| Acre || 3,564 || 3.8%
|}

In 1897, [[São Paulo]] had twice as many Italians as Brazilians in the city. In 1893, 55% of the city's population was composed by immigrants and in 1901 more than 80% of the children were born to a foreign-born parent.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://images.paulocel29.multiply.multiplycontent.com/attachment/0/R77ApgoKCh8AADZQ6QY1/TESE_MARILIA_D_K_CANOVAS+migrantes+espanhois+em+sp.pdf?nmid=83153163|title=Resources and Information|website=images.paulocel29.multiply.multiplycontent.com|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161500/http://images.paulocel29.multiply.multiplycontent.com/attachment/0/R77ApgoKCh8AADZQ6QY1/TESE_MARILIA_D_K_CANOVAS%20migrantes%20espanhois%20em%20sp.pdf?nmid=83153163|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 1920 census, 35% of São Paulo's inhabitants were foreign born, compared to 36% in New York City. São Paulo's multicultural population could be compared to any major American, Canadian or Australian city. About 75% of the immigrants were [[Romance-speaking Europe|Latin Europeans]], particularly from three major sources: Italy, Portugal and Spain. The rest came from different parts of Europe, the Middle East and Japan.<ref name="Untitled Document">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=219|title=Untitled Document|website=www.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br|access-date=5 October 2008|archive-date=1 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801041639/http://www.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=219|url-status=live}}</ref> Some areas of the city remained almost exclusively settled by Italians until the arrival of waves of migrants from other parts of Brazil, particularly from the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], starting in the late 1920s.

According to historian Samuel H. Lowrie, in the early 20th century the society of São Paulo was divided in three classes:<ref name="Untitled Document"/>
*The high group: composed of graduated people, mainly by Brazilians born to Brazilian parents, who were related to the high-class farmers or other people with privileges.
*The working class: composed of immigrants and their second and third generation descendants. They were the most numerous group, mainly factory workers or traders.
*The semi-dependent group: composed of former [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]] and low-class workers of the [[Empire of Brazil|Empire]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Owners of industries in São Paulo (1962)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bresserpereira.org.br/papers/1964/64.OrigensEtnicasSociais.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232019/http://www.bresserpereira.org.br/papers/1964/64.OrigensEtnicasSociais.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Ethnic origin!! Percentage
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians]] || 35%
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilians]] || 16%
|-
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || 12%
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germans]] || 10%
|-
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and [[Syrian people|Syrian]]  || 9%
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russians]] || 2.9%
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrians]] || 2.4%
|-
| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss people|Swiss]] || 2.4%
|-
|  Other [[Europeans]]  || 9%
|-
| Others || 2%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+City of São Paulo in 1886
|-
! Immigrants !! Percentage of immigrants in foreign born population<ref name="auto"/>
|-	
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians]] || 48%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || 29%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germans]] || 10%
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spaniards]] || 3%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+City of São Paulo in 1893
|-
! Year !! Immigrants !! Percentage of the City<ref name="auto"/>
|-	
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians]] || 45,457 || 35%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || 14,437 || 11%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spaniards|Spanish]] || 4,818 || 3.7%
|}

According to Lowrie, the fact that Brazil already had a long history of racial mixture and that most of the immigrants in São Paulo came from Latin European countries, reduced the cases of racism and mutual intolerance. However, the Brazilian high class was more intolerant, with most of them marrying other members of the elite. In some cases, to marry an immigrant was accepted if the person had achieved fortune or had some prestige. Lowrie reports that as much as 40% of the São Paulo high-class society mixed with an immigrant within the next three generations.

While in São Paulo the Italians predominated, in [[Rio de Janeiro]] the Portuguese remained as the main group. In 1929, as many as 272,338 Portuguese immigrants were recorded in the [[Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)|Federal District of Brazil]] (nowadays the city of Rio de Janeiro), more Portuguese born people than any other city in the world, except for [[Lisbon]] (which had 591,939 inhabitants in 1930).<ref name="Imigração portuguesa">{{cite web|url=http://www.unizar.es/eueez/cahe/volpiscott.pdf|title=Imigração portuguesa|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915235211/http://www.unizar.es/eueez/cahe/volpiscott.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+City of Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara)
|-
! Year !! Immigrants !! Percentage of the City<ref name="scielo.br" /><ref>http://www0.rio.rj.gov.br/arquivo/pdf/revista_agcrj_pdf/revista_agcrj_3.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219163357/http://www0.rio.rj.gov.br/arquivo/pdf/revista_agcrj_pdf/revista_agcrj_3.pdf |date=19 December 2011 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-	
| 1872 || 84,283 || 30.65%
|-	
| 1890 || 124,352 /  155,202 || 23.79% / 29.69%
|-	
| 1900 || 195,894 || 24.14%
|-
| 1906 || 210,515 || 25.94%
|-
| 1920 || 239,129 || 20.65%
|-
| 1940 || 228,633 || 12.96%
|-
| 1950 || 210,454 || 8.85%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+City of Rio de Janeiro (1890)
|-
! Group !! Population !! Percentage of the City [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ObM0dMga1cMC |page=11 }}]
|-	
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese immigrants || 106,461 || 20.36%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} Brazilians who were born to a Portuguese father or mother || 161,203 || 30.84%
|-	
| {{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese immigrants and descendants || 267,664 || 51.2%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Rio de Janeiro City in 1940 (Guanabara)
|-
! Immigrants !! Population<ref name="scielo.br" />
|-	
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || 154,662
|-	
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians]] || 17,457
|-	
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spaniards]] || 12,212
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germans]] || 10,185
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese people|Japanese]] || 538
|-
| Others || 33,579
|}

In the [[Southern Brazil|South of Brazil]], there were three main groups of immigrants: Germans, Italians and [[Slavs]] (mainly [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]]). The Germans had been settling [[Rio Grande do Sul]] since 1824. The first settlers came from [[Holstein]], Hamburg, [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] and [[Hannover]]. Later, people from [[Hunsrück]] and [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] predominated. There were also people from [[Pomerania]], [[Westphalia]] and [[Württemberg]]. These immigrants were attracted to work as small farmers in the region of [[São Leopoldo]]. As a result of the great internal migration of people in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Germans and second generation descendants started to move to other areas of the province.

A similar process has occurred in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], with initially two main destinations for German immigrants ([[Blumenau]], created in 1850, and [[Joinville]] in 1851) and then the immigrants or their descendants moved to other areas. Arriving in larger numbers than Germans, in the 1870s, groups of Italians started settling northeast Rio Grande do Sul. Similar to Germans, they were also attracted to develop small familiar farming production. In [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], on the other hand, the main group of immigrants was composed of Eastern Europeans, particularly [[Polish people|Poles]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/etniasl.html |title=Outras Etnias |access-date=11 October 2008 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013122019/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/etniasl.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webartigos.com/articles/5777/1/a-imigrao-polonesa-no-paran/pagina1.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209022209/http://www.webartigos.com/articles/5777/1/a-imigrao-polonesa-no-paran/pagina1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2013|title=A Imigrao Polonesa No Paran}}</ref>

In southern Brazil, the immigrants settled in ''colônias'' ([[Settler colonialism|colonies]]), which were rural areas, composed of many small farms, settled by the families. Some of these colonies had a great development and gave birth to major Brazilian cities, such as the former German community of [[Joinville]] (600,000 inhabitants—the largest city of the state of Santa Catarina) or the former Italian community of [[Caxias do Sul]] (500,000 inhabitants—the second largest city of Rio Grande do Sul). Other colonies did not have a great development and remained small and agrarian. In these places, it is possible to feel more intensely the impact of the immigration, as many of these towns are still predominantly settled by a single ethnic group.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+First Settlers in Londrina (1930)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uel.br/portal/index.php?pagina=404&urlProcurada=www.uel.br%2Fpos%2Fmestredu%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdownloads%2Fdissertacoes%2F2007%2F2007+-+LUCCA%2C++Ana+Tereza+Gongora+de.pdf|title=Documento não Encontrado - Universidade Estadual de Londrina|website=www.uel.br|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141411/http://www.uel.br/portal/index.php?pagina=404&urlProcurada=www.uel.br%2Fpos%2Fmestredu%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdownloads%2Fdissertacoes%2F2007%2F2007+-+LUCCA%2C++Ana+Tereza+Gongora+de.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnic Group !! Population
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] Brazilians || 1,823
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] Italians ||  611
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japanese || 533
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germans || 510
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] Spanish || 303
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] Portuguese || 218
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] Polish || 193
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] Ukrainians ||  172
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] Hungarians ||  138
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] Czechoslovakians || 51
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Russians || 44
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] Swiss || 34
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] Austrians || 29
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px]] Lithuanians || 21
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Yugoslavia.svg|20px]] Yugoslavs || 15
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Romanians || 12
|-
| [[Image:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] English || 7
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] Argentinians || 5
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] Syrians || 5
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] Danes || 3
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] Australians || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] Belgians || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px]] Bulgarians || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] French || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|20px]] Latvian || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|20px]] Liechtensteiner || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of USA.svg|20px]] U.S. citizens || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] Swedes || 2
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|20px]] Estonians || 1
|-
| Indian || 1
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] Norwegian || 1
|-
| Total Foreign Born Population || 2.923( 61.6%)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Some southern Brazilian towns with a notable main ancestry
|-
! Town name
! State
! Main ancestry
! Percentage
|-
|[[Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina|Nova Veneza]]
|Santa Catarina
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]]
|95%<ref name="Nova Veneza">{{Cite web|url=http://www.portalveneza.com.br/a_cidade.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191657/http://www.portalveneza.com.br/a_cidade.php|url-status=dead|title=Nova Veneza|archivedate=19 August 2008}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pomerode]]
|Santa Catarina
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German Brazilian|German]]
|90%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/pomerode/|title=Captcha|date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807022637/http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/pomerode/|archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dom Feliciano]]
|Rio Grande do Sul
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish Brazilian|Polish]]
|90%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.domfeliciano.rs.gov.br/portal1/municipio/historia.asp?iIdMun=100143123|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160106/http://www.domfeliciano.rs.gov.br/portal1/municipio/historia.asp?iIdMun=100143123|url-status=dead|title=Prefeitura de Dom Feliciano - RS|archivedate=6 July 2011|website=www.domfeliciano.rs.gov.br}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prudentópolis]]
|Paraná
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian Brazilian|Ukrainian]]
|70%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brasil.kiev.ua/?option=com_content&view=article&id=172:ucranianos-no-brasil&catid=45:ucranianos-no-brasil&Itemid=110|title=Все про комбідреси &#124; Мінус 3 розміри за 1 хвилину – це реально!|website=brasil.kiev.ua|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161459/https://brasil.kiev.ua/?option=com_content&view=article&id=172:ucranianos-no-brasil&catid=45:ucranianos-no-brasil&Itemid=110|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Treze Tílias]]
|Santa Catarina
|{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian Brazilian|Austrian]]
|60%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guiacatarinense.com.br/trezetilias/trezetilias.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102050100/http://www.guiacatarinense.com.br/trezetilias/trezetilias.htm|url-status=dead|title=História de Treze Tílias|archivedate=2 November 2008}}</ref>
|}

==Statistics==
[[Image:Estado de São Paulo Brazil O Immigrante (Europa-Santos) 1908.jpg|thumb|Cover of the magazine "O Immigrante", published by Italian immigrants in Brazil.]]
[[Image:Imigrantes no pátio central da Hospedaria dos Imigrantes de São Paulo 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Europeans|European]] immigrants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:Centenário da Imigração Japonesa no Brasil19.jpg|thumb|right|Session in honor of the visit of [[Prince Naruhito]], heir to the throne of [[Japan]], to the [[National Congress of Brazil]], in [[Brasília]]. In the year that celebrated the centenary of [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese immigration to Brazil]].]]
[[Image:Museu Casa do Imigrante Carl Weege 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Brazilians|German]] community in [[Pomerode]].]]
[[Image:Sala de espera do ambulatório da Sociedade Espanhola de Socorros Mútuos.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spanish Brazilians|Spaniards]] in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:Audiência pública debate atos de violência contra a comunidade muçulmana no Paraná 06.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arab Brazilians|Arab]] community in [[Curitiba]].]]
[[Image:Casa-de-imigrantes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italian Brazilians|Italian]] community in [[Caxias do Sul]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Immigrants established in São Paulo state in 1940
|-
! Immigrants !! Population<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=qVd5kAc90wMC |page= }} |title=Nós e eles: relações culturais entre brasileiros e imigrantes }}</ref>
|-	
| [[Italians]] [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] || 694,489
|-	
| [[Spaniards]] [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] || 374,658
|-	
| [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] || 362,156
|-	
| [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] || 85,103
|-	
| [[Germans]] [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] || 50,507
|-	
| [[Austrians]] [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] || 33,133
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Main groups of settlers/slaves and immigrants in Brazil,
according to Fernando L. B. Basto
|-
! Origin !! Population<ref>{{cite book | url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xlEPAAAAYAAJ |page=87 }} |title= Síntese da história da imigração no Brasil}}</ref>
|-
| [[African diaspora|Africans]] (1550–1850) [[Image:Flag of the African Union.svg|20px]] ||  3,000,000
|-
|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], pre-[[Independence of Brazil|independence]] (1500–1822) [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]]<br/>Portuguese, post-independence (1837–1968) [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]]
|  800,000<br/>1,766,771
|-	
| [[Italians]] (1836–1968) [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] ||  1,620,344
|-	
| [[Spaniards]] (1841–1968) [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] ||  719,555
|-	
| [[Germans]] (1836–1968) [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] ||  257,457
|-	
| [[Japanese people|Japanese]] (1908–1968) [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] ||  243,441
|-	
| [[Russians]] (1871–1968) [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] ||   119,215
|-	
| [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] (1871–1968) [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]] ||   100,246
|-	
| [[Austrians]] (1868–1968) [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] ||  98,457
|-	
| [[Polish people|Poles]] (1892–1968) [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] ||  54,078
|-	
| [[French people|French]] (1842–1968) [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ||  50,341
|-	
| [[Romanians]] (1908–1968) [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] ||   40,799
|-	
| [[Americans]] (1884–1968) [[Image:Flag of USA.svg|20px]] ||   38,934
|-
| [[British people|English]] (1847–1968) 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 ||    38,080
|-
| [[Lithuanians]] (1920–1963) [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px]] ||  29,002
|-	
| [[Yugoslavs]] (1920–1968) [[Image:Flag of Yugoslavia.svg|20px]]||   27,726
|-	
| [[Argentines]] (1884–1968) [[Image:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] ||  25,553
|-	
| [[Syrians]] (1892–1968) [[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] ||   24,394
|-	
| [[Swiss people|Swiss]] (1820–1968) [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] ||    21,704
|-	
| [[Greeks]] (1893–1968) [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|20px]] ||  16,684
|-	
| [[Dutch people|Dutch]] (1884–1968) [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] ||  15,829
|-	
| [[Hungarians]] (1908–1968) [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] ||  13,592
|-	
| [[Uruguayans]] (1884–1968) [[Image:Flag of Uruguay.svg|20px]] ||  10,836
|-
| [[Belgians]] (1847–1968) [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] ||   9,173
|-
| [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (1895–1968) [[Image:Flag of China.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Taiwan.svg|20px]] ||   7,996
|-
| [[Swedes]] (1853–1968) [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] ||   7,994
|-	
| [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]] (1920–1968) [[Image:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] ||  6,538
|-	
| [[Danes]] (1886–1968) [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] ||  4,029
|-	
| [[Jordanians]] (1953–1968) [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|20px]] ||  3,567
|-	
| [[Estonians]] (1923–1961) [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|20px]] ||  2,803
|-	
| [[Koreans]] (1956–1968) [[Image:Flag of Korea.svg|20px]] ||  2,500
|-
| [[Latvians]] (1924–1961) [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|20px]] || 2,444
|-
| [[Egyptians]] (1895–1968) [[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|20px]] ||  2,283
|-
| [[Paraguayans]] (1886–1968) [[Image:Flag of Paraguay.svg|20px]] ||  2,271
|-
| [[Canadians]] (1925–1968) [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] ||  1,631
|-
| [[Peruvians]] (1885–1968) [[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|20px]] ||  1,600
|-	
| [[Ukrainians]] (1920–1967) [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] ||   1,415
|-	
| [[Norwegians]] (1888–1968) [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] ||   1,136
|-	
| [[Venezuelans]] (1886–1968) [[Image:Flag of Venezuela.svg|20px]] ||   1,076
|-	
| [[Finns]] (1819–1968) [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] ||   992
|-	
| [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] (1922–1968) [[Image:Flag of Iran.svg|20px]] ||   735
|-
| [[Bulgarians]] (1908–1968) [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px]] ||  557
|-	
| [[Luxembourgers]] (1919–1968) [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] ||  473
|-
| [[Australians]] (1946–1968) [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] ||  320
|-
| [[Irish people|Irish]] (1940–1968) [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px]] ||  176
|-
| [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (1945–1961) [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|20px]] ||  6
|-
|}

*Most of the Poles immigrated to Brazil with [[German Empire|German]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]] or [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] passports, the Ukrainians with [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] passports and the Hungarians with [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] passports.

{| class="wikitable"
|- align="middle"
|+ Arrival of settlers, slaves, and immigrants, by origin, periods from 1500 to 1933<br />Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics ([[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])
|- align="middle"
!
! colspan="10" | Period
|- align="middle"
! Origin
! 1500–1700
! 1701–1760
! 1761–1829
! 1830–1855
! 1856–1883
! 1884–1893
! 1894–1903
! 1904–1913
! 1914–1923
! 1924–1933
|- align="middle"
| [[Image:Flag of the African Union.svg|20px]] Africans
| 510,000
| 958,000
| 1,720,000
| 618,000
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese
| 100,000
| 600,000
| 26,000
| 16,737
| 116,000
| 170,621
| 155,542
| 384,672
| 201,252
| 233,650
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Italy}} Italians
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 100,000
| 510,533
| 537,784
| 196,521
| 86,320
| 70,177
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Spain}} Spaniards
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 113,116
| 102,142
| 224,672
| 94,779
| 52,405
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Germany}} Germans
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 5,003
| 2,008
| 30,000
| 22,778
| 6,698
| 33,859
| 29,339
| 61,723
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 11,868
| 20,398
| 110,191
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} Lebanese & Syrians
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 96
| 7,124
| 45,803
| 20,400
| 20,400
|- align="middle"
| {{flagicon|Russia}}{{flagicon|Poland}}{{flagicon|Ukraine}} Slavs
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 66,524
| 42,820
| 109,222
| 51,493
|- align="middle"
|}

[[Image:Exposição Vidas Refugiadas, no Museu da Imigração, em SP (34681520066).jpg|thumb|right|[[Museu da Imigração]] in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:Embarque de imigrantes suíços no Porto de Gênova.jpg|thumb|right|[[Swiss Brazilians|Swiss]] immigrants moving to Brazil.]]
[[File:Festa-confederada-brasil-estados-unidos-santa-bárbara-doeste.JPG|thumb|right|[[American Brazilians|American]] descendants in [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]].]]
[[Image:Imigrantes italianos na Hospedaria dos Imigrantes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Europeans|European]] immigrants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:Bosque Alemão - Curitiba - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Brazilians|German]] community in [[Curitiba]].]]
[[Image:Sinagoga Beth El, São Paulo 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[History of the Jews in Brazil|Jewish]] community in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:07669 Polonia Brazylia Araucaria 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Polish Brazilians|Polish]] descendants in [[Brazil]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Farms with foreign ownership (1920)
|-
! Immigrants !! Farms [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=4hECxprAkAoC |page=252 }}]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] Italians || 35,984
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] Portuguese || 9,552
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germans || 6,887
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] Spanish || 4,725
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Russians || 4,471
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] Austrians || 4,292
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japanese || 1,167
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Hungarian Immigration to Brazil
|-
! Passport !! Immigrants<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cultura.jaraguadosul.com.br/modules/xt_conteudo/index.php?id=231|title=Portal de Cultura da Prefeitura Municipal de Jaraguá do Sul - XT-Conteúdo|date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173800/http://cultura.jaraguadosul.com.br/modules/xt_conteudo/index.php?id=231|archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Romanian  || 30,437
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Yugoslavia.svg|20px]] Yugoslav  || 16,518
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] Hungarian  || 6,501
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] Austrian  || 2,742
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] Czechoslovak  || 518
|-
| Total || 56,716
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Lebanese and Syrians Immigrants (1920) – French Consulate Estimation
|-
! Location !! Immigrants [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=8g_NduoKW3MC |page= }}]
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[São Paulo]] and [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]|| 130,000
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Pará]] || 20,000
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Rio de Janeiro]] || 15,000
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Rio Grande do Sul]] || 14,000
|-	
| [[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Bahia]] || 12,000
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Main groups of settlers and immigrants in Brazil, from 1500 to 1972, 
according to multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBGE {{!}} Biblioteca {{!}} Detalhes {{!}} Brasil : 500 anos de povoamento / IBGE, Centro de Documentação e Disseminação de Informações. -|url=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo?id=26687&view=detalhes|access-date=24 November 2020|website=biblioteca.ibge.gov.br|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141412/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo?id=26687&view=detalhes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="docs.google.com2">{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AOug1hhZrJNkJ%3Awww.scielo.br%2Fpdf%2Frsp%2Fv8s0%2F03.pdf+O+papel+da+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+internacional+na+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+%281872+a+1972%29&hl=pt-BR&gl=br&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShLawfCXdg9RgAVAmThFv9cps_uBJ2RxgF2Jglo99p35T85HDuDsmZc00E9S6sOqGCC0P7WXRYBlo983WsVo_LAV9gtnaa426TncUkH2zeXX3fUApshOkCGxWEbmLMCFRqSHLcB&sig=AHIEtbSer_FI8oK3I52jaDow4AVTxsJzLg |title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) The figures for Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Japanese from 1820 to 31 August 1972, can be found in Maria Stella Ferreira Levy |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215061620/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AOug1hhZrJNkJ%3Awww.scielo.br%2Fpdf%2Frsp%2Fv8s0%2F03.pdf+O+papel+da+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+internacional+na+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+%281872+a+1972%29&hl=pt-BR&gl=br&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShLawfCXdg9RgAVAmThFv9cps_uBJ2RxgF2Jglo99p35T85HDuDsmZc00E9S6sOqGCC0P7WXRYBlo983WsVo_LAV9gtnaa426TncUkH2zeXX3fUApshOkCGxWEbmLMCFRqSHLcB&sig=AHIEtbSer_FI8oK3I52jaDow4AVTxsJzLg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bastos|first1=Sênia|last2=Salles|first2=Maria do Rosário Rolfsen|date=January 2014|title=A imigração polonesa para São Paulo no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial no quadro das entradas dos "deslocados de guerra": 1947 a 1951|journal=Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População|language=pt|volume=31|issue=1|pages=151–167|doi=10.1590/S0102-30982014000100009|issn=0102-3098|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|type=MSc|last=Bytsenko|first=Anastassia|date=2006|title=Imigração da Rússia para o Brasil no início do século XX. Visões do Paraíso e do Inferno. (1905-1914)|publisher=University of São Paulo|url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8155/tde-12112007-132926/publico/TESE_ANASTASSIA_BYTSENKO.pdf|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141429/https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8155/tde-12112007-132926/publico/TESE_ANASTASSIA_BYTSENKO.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The figure for Arab immigrants is based in Jeff Lesser. {{Google books |id=8g_NduoKW3MC |page=8 |title=Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil}}, Table 1, which gives 140,464 "Middle Eastern" immigrants for the period 1880–1969. Non-Arab Middle Easterners (mainly Iranian/Persians and Turks) have been in small numbers, as can be seen in the same book, table 3, p. 49.; and the numbers of Arab immigrants have been small before 1880 and after 1969.{{Google books|id=8g_NduoKW3MC|page=94|title=Jeffrey Lesser. Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil. Table 3}}, p. 94. (the original source, reported in the book, is Revista de Imigração e Colonização 1, n. 03 (July 1940): 617–638.) The total figure, 107,135, includes some non-Arabs, such as Greeks and Armenians (826). Notice that while most Levantine immigrants fall under "Turks", this is actually a misnomer, as it refers to the passport (of the Ottoman Empire) used in their arrival to Brazil.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chardenet|first=Patrick|date=25 May 2015|title=Les Français au Brésil : XIXe — XXe siècles|url=http://www.bulletin.auf.org/index.php?id=1980|journal=Le français à l'université. Bulletin des départements de français dans le monde|language=fr|issue=20–01|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126143919/http://www.bulletin.auf.org/index.php?id=1980|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hauresko|first=Cecilia|date=2009|title=A IMIGRAÇÃO UCRANIANA NA AMÉRICA LATINA (SÉCULOS XIX E XX): IDENTIDADE E CULTURA|url=https://www.revistas.ufg.br/bgg/article/view/55862/32869|journal=Boletim Goiano de Geografia|volume=39 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.5216/bgg.v39i0.55862 |s2cid=134725613 |access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141437/https://revistas.ufg.br/bgg/article/view/55862/32869|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTÓRICA – Revista Eletrônica do Arquivo do Estado|url=http://www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br/materias/anteriores/edicao10/materia01/|access-date=25 November 2020|website=www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829120356/http://www.historica.arquivoestado.sp.gov.br/materias/anteriores/edicao10/materia01/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2010|title=Imigração Grega no Brasil – MiniWeb Educação|url=http://www.miniweb.com.br/cidadania/personalidades/imigrantes11.html|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313204247/http://www.miniweb.com.br/cidadania/personalidades/imigrantes11.html|archive-date=13 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fraga|first=Leticia|date=2008|title=Os holandeses de Carambei : estudo sociolinguistico|url=http://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/CAMP_a4ed09b4f952b9daa39f131da6c6425e|access-date=25 November 2020|website=bdtd.ibict.br|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225554/http://bdtd.ibict.br/vufind/Record/CAMP_a4ed09b4f952b9daa39f131da6c6425e|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Retsö|first=Dag|date=12 October 2016|title=Emigration from the Nordic countries to Brazil 1880–1914|journal=Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|language=En|volume=45|issue=1|pages=6–18|doi=10.16993/iberoamericana.2|issn=2002-4509|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2011|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Deepest South|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216024122/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml|archive-date=16 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! Nationality/origin
! Number of settlers
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of the African Union.svg|20px]] [[African people|Africans]]{{ref|1|1}}
| 4,335,800
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
| 2,714,314
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Italians]]
| 1,649,536
|-
| align="left"|[[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[Spaniards]]
| 717,424
|-
| align="left" |[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Germans]]{{ref|2|2}}
| 260,478
|-
| align="left"|[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| 248,007
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[Polish people|Poles]]{{ref|3|3}}
| 200,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Image:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]] [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]/[[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Syrians]]{{ref|4|4}}
| 140,464
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[Russians]]{{ref|5|5}}
| 118,600
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[French people|French]]
| 100,000
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] [[Ukrainians]]
| 61,000
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px]] [[Lithuanians]]
| 57,620
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] [[Hungarians]]
| 56,716
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|20px]] [[Greeks]]
| 17,018
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Dutch people|Dutch]]
| 14,298
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] [[Scandinavia]]ns
| 13,159
|-
| align="left"| [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[Americans]]
| 10,000
|-
|}

:<small>{{note|1|1}}It includes all people who were brought from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].</small>

:<small>{{note|2|2}}It does not include Germans who immigrated with [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and Soviet passports (see [[Volga Germans]]).</small>

:<small>{{note|3|3}}Many Poles immigrated to Brazil with [[German Empire|German]], Russian or [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] passports.</small>

:<small>{{note|4|4}}It includes [[Greeks]] and [[Armenians]] who immigrated with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] passports (see [[Ottoman Greeks]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenians]]) and other [[Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Middle Eastern peoples]] such as [[Palestinians]] and [[Egyptians]].</small>

:<small>{{note|5|5}}It includes a majority of [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Balts]], [[Germans]], [[Ashkenazi Jews]] and other peoples who immigrated with Russian or Soviet passports.</small>

==Consequences==
[[File:Passaporte português de 1927.jpg|thumb|right|Passport of a [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] immigrant, 1927.]]
[[File:Kolonien Suedbrasilien.png|thumb|right|[[Germans|German]] colonies in [[Southern Brazil]].]]
[[Image:Grupo Folcórico Sírio.JPG|thumb|right|[[Syrian Brazilians|Syrian]] descendants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[File:Steagall.jpg|thumb|right|[[American Brazilians|American]] family in [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]].]]
[[Image:21ª Festa do Imigrante (27024572454).jpg|thumb|right|[[Russian Brazilians|Russian]] descendants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Image:Oktoberfest - A maior festa alemã das Américas - Blumenau – SC - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Brazilians|German]] community in [[Blumenau]].]][[File:Curitiba Parque Tingui.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]] church in [[Curitiba]].]]
[[File:Escola italianos.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] students in [[Campinas]].]]
[[File:Colonos alemaes 1874.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Brazilians]] in 1874.]]
[[Image:Steamship Rio Amazonas migrants from Italy disembark at Port of Santos in Brazil 1907.png|thumb|right|Italian disembarkment in [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]], São Paulo, 1907.]]
[[File:Ryo Mizuno family photo (Kasato Maru).png|thumb|right|Ryo Mizuno (at center), who organized the first travel of [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese immigrants]] to Brazil.]]

Brazilian demographers have long discussed the [[demographic]]al impact of the wave of emigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to Judicael Clevelário,<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol14_n1e2_1997/vol14_n1e2_1997_3artigo_51_71.pdf | title=A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira | author=Judicael Clevelario Júnior | journal=Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População | year=1997 | volume=14 | issue=1/2 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622124519/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol14_n1e2_1997/vol14_n1e2_1997_3artigo_51_71.pdf | archive-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref> most studies about the impact of immigration have followed Giorgio Mortara's conclusions in the 1940s and 1950s. Mortara concluded that only about 15% of the [[Population growth|demographic growth]] of Brazil, from 1840 and 1940 was due to immigration, and that the population of immigrant origin was of 16% of the total population of Brazil.<ref>Mortara, Giorgio. O aumento da população do Brasil entre 1872 e 1940.</ref>

However, according to Clevelário, Mortara failed to properly take into account the full endogenous growth of the population of immigrant origin,{{rp|52}} due to the predominantly rural settlement of the immigrants (rural regions tend to have higher natal rates than cities). Clevelário, then, besides extending the calculations up to 1980, remade them, reaching somewhat different conclusions.

One of the problems of calculating the impact of immigration in [[Demographics of Brazil|Brazilian demography]] is that the return rates of immigrants are unknown. Clevelário, thence, supposed four different hypothesis concerning the return rates. The first, that he deems unrealistic high, is that 50% of the immigrants to Brazil returned to their countries of origin. The second is based on the work of Arthur Neiva, who supposes the return rate for Brazil was higher than that of the United States (30%) but lower than that of Argentina (47%). The third hypothesis is taken from Mortara, who postulates a rate of 20% for the 19th century, 35% for the first two decades of the 20th century, and 25% for 1920 on. Although Mortara himself considered this hypothesis underestimated, Clevelário thinks it is closest to reality. The last hypothesis, also admittedly unrealistic is that of a 0% rate of return, which is known to be false.{{rp|57}}

Clevelário's conclusions are as following: considering hypothesis 1 (unrealistically high), the Population of Immigrant Origin in 1980 would be of 14,730,710 people, or 12.38% of the total population. Considering hypothesis 2 (based on Neiva), it would be of 17,609,052 people, or 14.60% of the total population. Considering hypothesis 3 (based on Mortara, and considered most realistic), it would be of 22,088,829 people, or 18.56% of the total population. Considering hypothesis 4 (no return at all), the Population of Immigrant origin would be of 29,348,423 people, or 24.66% of the total population.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol14_n1e2_1997/vol14_n1e2_1997_3artigo_51_71.pdf | title=A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira | author=Judicael Clevelario Júnior | journal=Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População | year=1997 | volume=14 | issue=1/2 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622124519/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol14_n1e2_1997/vol14_n1e2_1997_3artigo_51_71.pdf | archive-date=22 June 2013 }} Table 5, p. 59; Table 6, p. 60.</ref> Clevelário believes the most probable number to be close to 18%, higher than Mortara's previous estimate of 1947.{{rp|Abstract, p. 71}}
According to the Census of 1872, there were 9,930,478 people in Brazil, of which 3,787,289 (38.14%) Whites, 3,380,172 (34.04%) [[Mixed-race Brazilian|Pardos]], 1.954.452 (19.68%) Blacks, and 386,955 (3.90%) Caboclos. The White population grew faster than the non-White population due to the subsidized immigration of Europeans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1890, the non-White population was reduced to 47% and the Amerindian to 9%.<ref name="IBGE 2008">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2008/indic_sociais2008.pdf IBGE 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710024258/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2008/indic_sociais2008.pdf |date=10 July 2012 }} Cor ou Raça</ref> During this period, most immigrants came from Italy (58.49%) followed by Portugal with 20%.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil"/>

The disproportionally fast growth of the [[White Brazilian|White population]], due to mass immigration, lasted up to 1940, when its proportion in the Brazilian population peaked at 63.5%.<ref name="IBGE 2008"/> During the 1900–1940 period, Italian immigration was greatly reduced, due to the Prinetti decree, forbidding subsidized emigration to Brazil in 1902, then to the Italian war effort of 1915–1918. Thence, for the period of 1904–1940, Portuguese immigration became the main drive of immigration to Brazil, with 36.52% of the arrivals, compared to 14.99% of Italians.<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil"/>

The Brazilian Censuses do not ask questions about "[[ethnic]] origin", so there are no systematically comparable data about the impact of immigration. Varied entities, mainly embassies of foreign countries in Brazil and commercial associations that promote bilateral commerce between Brazil and other countries, make claims about the figures of "[[Lineal descendant|descendant]]s of immigrants" in Brazil, but none links to any actual survey. Also, if they are extrapolations of actual data on the number of immigrants, the calculations are not explained anywhere.

On the other hand, in 1998, the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], within its preparation for the 2000 Census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (origin/[[ancestry]]) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Research), to test the viability of introducing that variable in the Census<ref name=Schwartzman/>{{rp|3}} (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the Census). This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|title=Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil|author=Simon Schwartzman|access-date=24 January 2010|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610132216/http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|url-status=live}} Note 3, p.3</ref> To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians.

Here are its results:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|title=Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil|author=Simon Schwartzman|access-date=24 January 2010|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610132216/http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|url-status=live}}Table 6, p. 10</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Brazilian Population, by [[ancestry]], 1998<ref name=Schwartzman>{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|title=Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil|author=Simon Schwartzman|access-date=24 January 2010|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610132216/http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Ancestry ||%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} "Brazilian"||align="right"|86.09%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]||10.46%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian||10.41%
|-align="right"
|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]]||6.64%
|-align="right"
|Black||5.09%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish||4.40%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Germany}} German||3.54%
|-align="right"
|African||2.06%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese||1.34%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]/[[Syrian]]||0.48%
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Israel}} Jewish||0.20%
|-align="right"
|Others ||2.81%
|-align="right"
|Total||133.52%
|-align="right"
|}

Notice that the total is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. It is easy to see that the results of this research are widely incompatible with the claims made by [[embassies]] and commercial [[Voluntary association|associations]]:

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Comparison between claims by embassies, commercial associations, etc., and actual data
|-align="right"
! Ancestry
! Number of immigrants
! Ancestry in Brazil (claims by embassies, etc.)
! Found by 1998 PME (%)
! Projection
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germans]]||240,000||5,000,000||3.54%||6,372,000
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians]]||1,622,491||25,000,000||10.41%||18,738,000
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spaniards]]||716,052||15,000,000||4.40%||7,920,000
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]/[[Syrians]]||100,000||10,000,000||0.48%||864,000
|-align="right"
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese people|Japanese]]||248,007||1,600,000||1.34%||2,412,000
|}

The embassy figures are also hardly compatible with the known data for immigration. Here is how they compare:

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" width=75%
|+ Number of immigrants and their purported descendants, by national origin
! Origin 
! Immigrants<ref name="docs.google.com">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Oug1hhZrJNkJ:www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v8s0/03.pdf+O+papel+da+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+internacional+na+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+(1872+a+1972)&hl=pt-BR&gl=br&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShLawfCXdg9RgAVAmThFv9cps_uBJ2RxgF2Jglo99p35T85HDuDsmZc00E9S6sOqGCC0P7WXRYBlo983WsVo_LAV9gtnaa426TncUkH2zeXX3fUApshOkCGxWEbmLMCFRqSHLcB&sig=AHIEtbSer_FI8oK3I52jaDow4AVTxsJzLg O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215061620/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AOug1hhZrJNkJ%3Awww.scielo.br%2Fpdf%2Frsp%2Fv8s0%2F03.pdf+O+papel+da+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+internacional+na+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+%281872+a+1972%29&hl=pt-BR&gl=br&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShLawfCXdg9RgAVAmThFv9cps_uBJ2RxgF2Jglo99p35T85HDuDsmZc00E9S6sOqGCC0P7WXRYBlo983WsVo_LAV9gtnaa426TncUkH2zeXX3fUApshOkCGxWEbmLMCFRqSHLcB&sig=AHIEtbSer_FI8oK3I52jaDow4AVTxsJzLg |date=15 February 2017 }}. Tabela 2. p. 74. For this table, the sum for the period 1820–1971 is given. The figure for Arab immigrants is based in Jeff Lesser. {{Google books |id=8g_NduoKW3MC |page=8 |title=Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil}}, Table 1, which gives 140,464 "Middle Eastern" immigrants for the period 1880–1969. Non-arab middle easterners (mainly Iranian/Persians and Turks) have been in small numbers, as can be seen in the same book, table 3, p. 49.; and the numbers of Arab immigrants have been small before 1880 and after 1969.</ref>
! Descendants
! Descendants<br /> per immigrant
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} German||223,658||5,000,000||22.36
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} Lebanese/Syrian||140,000||10,000,000||71.43
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish||716,478||15,000,000||20.94
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian||1,623,931||25,000,000||15.39
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese||248,007||1,400,000||5.65
|}

The embassy figures for "[[Arab Brazilians]]" imply an impossible rate of childbirth. The process of inflation of the "Arab Brazilian" population is described by John Tofik Karam:<ref>John Tofik Karam. {{Google books |id=N5n6C_6c4goC |title=Another arabesque: Syrian-Lebanese ethnicity in neoliberal Brazil |page=11 }}</ref> ''Maintaining a privileged presence in business and political circles, Middle Easterners have overestimated themselves as a way to strengthen their place in the Brazilian nation.''

Among the groups listed in the table, German immigrants arrived quite early in Brazil, starting in the 1820s. By 1883, 23.86% of them had already arrived. Italian immigrants only started to arrive in the 1870s, coming in enormous numbers until 1902, when Italian immigration declined sharply. By 1903, 70.33% of them had already arrived. Spaniards started arriving about the same time as the Italians, but came in more steady pace, which means that, in average, they represent a more recent immigration. Arabs only started to arrive in considerable numbers about 1890, making them the second most recent immigration, after the Japanese, who started to arrive in 1908. Evidently, the older the immigration, higher should be the descendant/immigrant relation—but, as the table shows, the embassy figures would place the Arab descendant/immigrant relation first—and, in fact, more than three times higher than that of the Germans.

When the number of immigrants is compared to the findings of the July 1998 PME, the results are different:

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" width=75%
|+ Number of immigrants and their descendants, projected from the 1998 PME, by national origin
! Origin
! Immigrants<ref name="docs.google.com"/>
! Descendants<ref>Simon Schwartzman. [http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610132216/http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf |date=10 June 2017 }}. Quadro 2, p. 7. To obtain comparable figures, the percents found by the PME were applied to the 2000 Census population.</ref>
! Descendants<br /> per immigrant
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} German||223,658||4,709,857||21.06
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} Lebanese/Syrian||140,000||641,200||4.58
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish||716,478||5,856,417||8.17
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian||1,623,931||13,847,471||8.53
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese||248,007||1,776,382||7.16
|}

Here the correct order is reestablished, except for the Arabs appearing with a lower descendant/immigrant rate than the Japanese. This, however, is probably due to the concentration of Nikkeis in São Paulo, as opposed to a less concentrated distribution of "Arab Brazilians", who are present in considerable numbers in regions not counted by the PMEs—notably the Northern Region, the West of Paraná State, and Southern Rio Grande do Sul.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etni-cidade.net/arabes.htm |title=Arabs in western PR and southern RS |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303234007/http://www.etni-cidade.net/arabes.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nowadays, it's possible to find millions of descendants of Italians, from the southeastern state of [[Minas Gerais]] to the southernmost state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], with the majority living in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] (15.9&nbsp;million)<ref name="Itália Nossa">{{cite web |url=http://www.italianossa.com.br/site.php?area=estatistica&PHPSESSID=48a1a4e26ce2388867024965cbfef484 |title=Imigração italiana por Estados e Regiões do Brasil (in Portuguese) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107042129/http://www.italianossa.com.br/site.php?area=estatistica&PHPSESSID=48a1a4e26ce2388867024965cbfef484 |archive-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> and the highest percentage in the southeastern state of [[Espírito Santo]] (60–75%).<ref name="Itália Nossa"/><ref>Cilmar Franceschetto. [http://www2.regione.veneto.it/videoinf/periodic/precedenti/01/6/espirito.htm Espírito Santo, lo stato più veneto del Brasile (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040316191344/http://www2.regione.veneto.it/videoinf/periodic/precedenti/01/6/espirito.htm |date=16 March 2004}}</ref><ref>José Carlos Mattedi. [http://aplic.vitoria.es.gov.br/pmv/calandra.nsf/0/8688D942E5AB6F7783256FBF006E63CD?OpenDocument&pub=T&proj=internet&gen=Doc+Diario2 Consulado italiano vai abrir dois escritórios em Vitória para agilizar pedidos de cidadania (in Portuguese)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810085315/http://aplic.vitoria.es.gov.br/pmv/calandra.nsf/0/8688D942E5AB6F7783256FBF006E63CD?OpenDocument&pub=T&proj=internet&gen=Doc+Diario2 |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>Nara Saletto. [http://www.anpuhes.hpg.ig.com.br/ensaio25.htm Sobre a composição étnica da população capixaba (in Portuguese)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125165925/http://anpuhes.hpg.ig.com.br/ensaio25.htm |date=25 January 2009}}</ref> Small southern Brazilian towns, such as [[Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina|Nova Veneza]], have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.<ref name="Nova Veneza"/>
{{-}}
[[File:Ukrainians in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ukrainians of Brazil|Ukrainians]] in Brazil.]]
As happened with several other countries in the Americas, such as the United States, which received immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a [[melting pot]] of races and nationalities, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historiadobrasil.com.br/viagem/visao.htm|title=Viagem pela História do Brasil|website=www.historiadobrasil.com.br|access-date=28 January 2010|archive-date=12 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212021246/http://www.historiadobrasil.com.br/viagem/visao.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Thousands of [[White American]]s from the Southern United States (including relatives of former president [[Jimmy Carter]]), known as [[Confederados]], fled to Brazil after the [[American Civil War]], where they settled in the city of [[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Deepest South<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216024122/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/2/1998_2_84.shtml|archive-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> and founded a city nearby, [[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Sesc SP |title=SESC SP |url=http://sescsp.net/sesc/revistas_sesc/pb/artigo.cfm?Edicao_Id=239&breadcrumb=1&Artigo_ID=3764&IDCategoria=4139&reftype=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724061041/http://sescsp.net/sesc/revistas_sesc/pb/artigo.cfm?Edicao_Id=239&breadcrumb=1&Artigo_ID=3764&IDCategoria=4139&reftype=1 |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

===Opposition to immigration===
{{excerpt|Opposition to immigration|Brazil}}

==Co-official languages in Brazil==
{{Main|Languages of Brazil}}
[[File:21ª Festa do Imigrante (27001688513).jpg|thumb|right|Festa do Imigrante in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[File:Students and teachers at a German school in Blumenau in 1866.jpg|thumb|right|German children in [[Blumenau]], 1866.]]
[[File:Refugiados sírios no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syrians|Syrian]] refugees in [[Rio de Janeiro]].]]
[[File:Pomeranoespiritosanto.svg|right|thumb|Municipalities where the Pomeranian language is co-official in [[Espírito Santo]].]]
[[File:20ª Festa do Imigrante (18847942238).jpg|thumb|right|[[Europeans|European]] immigrants in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:21ª Festa do Imigrante (27001687783).jpg|thumb|right|[[Arabs|Arab]] immigrants in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[File:CuritibaPracaDoJapaoCerejeira.JPG|thumb|right|[[Japan]] Square in [[Curitiba]].]]
[[File:22ª Festa do Imigrante (35106433432).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hungarians|Hungarian]] immigrants in [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:Família Belli em Brusque - SC em 1942.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italians|Italian]] family in [[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]].]]
[[File:Dutch Folklore Dance Group in Holambra, Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dutch people|Dutch]] descendants in [[Holambra]].]]
[[File:Casanv.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italians|Italian]] houses in [[Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina|Nova Veneza]].]]
In this century has grown a recent trend of co-official languages in cities populated by immigrants (such as Italian and German) or indigenous in the north, both with support from the Ministry of Tourism, as was recently established in [[Santa Maria de Jetibá]], [[Pomerode]] and [[Vila Pavão]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.secult.es.gov.br/?id=%2Faqui_tem_cultura%2Fartigos%2Fmateria.php&cd_matia=1371 |title=Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espírito Santo |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006215210/https://secult.es.gov.br/?id=%2Faqui_tem_cultura%2Fartigos%2Fmateria.php&cd_matia=1371%2F |url-status=live }}</ref> where German also has co-official status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html |title=Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município. |language=pt |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530095532/http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref>

The first municipality to adopt a co-official language in Brazil was [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=83 |title=Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918053759/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=83 |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html |title=Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – Flávia Martin e Vitor Moreno, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM)] |language=pt |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604042024/http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 }}</ref> Since then, other municipalities attempt to co-officialise other languages.

The states of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://server03.pge.sc.gov.br/LegislacaoEstadual/2009/014951-011-0-2009-001.htm |title=LEI Nº 14.951 |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024415/http://server03.pge.sc.gov.br/LegislacaoEstadual/2009/014951-011-0-2009-001.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cacador.net/portal/Noticias.aspx?cdNoticia=16388&cdNoticiaDivisao=2 |title=Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana |date=11 August 2011 |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155841/http://www.cacador.net/portal/Noticias.aspx?cdNoticia=16388&cdNoticiaDivisao=2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730014727/http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Fóruns sobre o Talian – Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 }}</ref> and [[Rio Grande do Sul]] have [[Talian dialect|Talian]] officially approved as a heritage language in these states,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |title=Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS] |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127132553/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> and [[Espírito Santo]] has the [[East Pomeranian dialect]], along with the German language, such as cultural heritage state.<ref name="pomeranoses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |title=O povo pomerano no ES |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690 |title=Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127142052/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690 |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf |title=Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106211109/http://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110 |title=ALEES – PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070838/http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Brazilian states with linguistic heritages officially approved statewide===
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Espírito Santo]] ([[East Pomeranian dialect|Pomeranian]] and [[German language|German]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735|url-status=dead|title=O povo pomerano no ES|archivedate=21 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="plenarioes">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690|title=Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127142052/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690|archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="ementaes">{{Cite web|url=http://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf|title=Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106211109/http://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110|title=ALEES – PEC que trata do patrimnio cultural retorna ao Plenrio – Síntese|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070838/http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lerncafe.de/aus-der-welt-1142/articles/pommern-in-brasilien.html |title=Pommern in Brasilien - LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010211638/http://www.lerncafe.de/aus-der-welt-1142/articles/pommern-in-brasilien.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rio Grande do Sul]] ([[Talian dialect|Talian]]<ref name="rstalian">[http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127132553/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |date=27 January 2012 }}, accessed on 21 August 2011</ref> and [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German]]<ref name="rslei">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100018.asp?Hid_IdNorma=58094|title=Sistema Legis|website=www.al.rs.gov.br|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024004/http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100018.asp?Hid_IdNorma=58094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rsleijulho2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100099.ASP?Hid_Tipo=TEXTO&Hid_TodasNormas=58094&hTexto=&Hid_IDNorma=58094|title=Texto da Norma|website=www.al.rs.gov.br|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024221/http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100099.ASP?Hid_Tipo=TEXTO&Hid_TodasNormas=58094&hTexto=&Hid_IDNorma=58094|url-status=live}}</ref>)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] ([[Talian dialect|Talian]])<ref name="santacatarinalei">{{cite web|url=http://server03.pge.sc.gov.br/LegislacaoEstadual/2009/014951-011-0-2009-001.htm|title=LEI-014951|website=server03.pge.sc.gov.br|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024415/http://server03.pge.sc.gov.br/LegislacaoEstadual/2009/014951-011-0-2009-001.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cacador.net/portal/Noticias.aspx?cdNoticia=16388&cdNoticiaDivisao=2|title=Caçador Online|work=Portal Caçador Online|date=11 August 2011 |access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155841/http://www.cacador.net/portal/Noticias.aspx?cdNoticia=16388&cdNoticiaDivisao=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730014727/http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2012|title=Fóruns sobre o Talian – Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana}}</ref>

===Municipalities that have co-official indigenous languages===
====Amazonas====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]] ([[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], Tukano and Baniwa)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=83 |title=Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira] |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918053759/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=83 |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html |title=Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – Flávia Martin e Vitor Moreno, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM)] |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604042024/http://treinamento.folhasp.com.br/linguasdobrasil/saogabriel.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 }}</ref>

====Mato Grosso do Sul====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Tacuru]] ([[Guarani language|Guarani]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sinepe-pe.org.br/noticias/municipio-do-ms-adota-o-guarani-como-lingua-oficial/ |title=Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial] |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095438/http://www.sinepe-pe.org.br/noticias/municipio-do-ms-adota-o-guarani-como-lingua-oficial/ |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Paranhos (Mato Grosso do Sul)|Paranhos]] ([[Guarani language|Guarani]], under approval)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.regiaonews.com.br/exibe.php?id=98451 |title=Paranhos poderá ter a co-oficialização de uma língua Indígena] |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010141934/https://www.regiaonews.com.br/sidrolandia/paranhos-podera-ter-a-co-oficializacao-de-uma-lingua-indigena |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Roraima ====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Bonfim, Roraima|Bonfim]] ([[Macushi language|macushi]]) and ([[wapishana]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radios.ebc.com.br/jornal-da-amazonia-1a-edicao/edicao/2015-01/rr-bonfim-torna-co-oficiais-linguas-indigenas-macuxi-e|title=Município de Roraima co-oficializa línguas indígenas Macuxi e Wapixana|date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914104933/http://radios.ebc.com.br/jornal-da-amazonia-1a-edicao/edicao/2015-01/rr-bonfim-torna-co-oficiais-linguas-indigenas-macuxi-e|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

====Tocantins====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Tocantínia]] (Akwê Xerente)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://conexaoto.com.br/2012/04/25/tocantinia-passa-a-ter-akwe-xerente-como-lingua-co-oficial-e-recebe-centro-de-educacao-indigena |title=Tocantínia passa a ter Akwê Xerente como língua co-oficial e recebe Centro de Educação Indígena |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021653/http://conexaoto.com.br/2012/04/25/tocantinia-passa-a-ter-akwe-xerente-como-lingua-co-oficial-e-recebe-centro-de-educacao-indigena |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Municipalities that have co-official allochthonous languages===

====Municipalities that have co-official Talian language (''or Venetian dialect'')====

=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Serafina Corrêa]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406 |title=Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330031236/http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento |title=Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801012132/http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento |archive-date=1 August 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Flores da Cunha]]<ref name="ipol.org.br">{{Cite web |url=http://ipol.org.br/lista-de-linguas-cooficiais-em-municipios-brasileiros/ |title=Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212052326/http://ipol.org.br/lista-de-linguas-cooficiais-em-municipios-brasileiros/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Nova Roma do Sul]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Paraí]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul|Bento Gonçalves]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Fagundes Varela]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Antônio Prado]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Guabiju]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Camargo, Rio Grande do Sul|Camargo]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Caxias do Sul]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ivorá]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pinto Bandeira]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Nova Pádua]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Barão]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Nova Erechim]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ipumirim]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

====Municipalities that have co-official East Pomeranian language====
=====Espírito Santo=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Domingos Martins]]<ref name="pomeranoses"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ce.ufes.br/educacaodocampo/down/cdrom2/pdf/texto18.pdf |title=A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183001/http://www.ce.ufes.br/educacaodocampo/down/cdrom2/pdf/texto18.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name="farese">{{Cite web |url=http://www.farese.edu.br/pages/artigos/pdf/ismael/A%20co-oficializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20L%20Pomer.pdf |title=A co-oficialização da língua pomerana |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.farese.edu.br/pages/artigos/pdf/ismael/A%20co-oficializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20L%20Pomer.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Itarana]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024937/https://www.itarana.es.gov.br/portal/artigo/municipio-de-itarana-participa-de-acoes-do-inventario-da-lingua-pomerana Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana], Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190323025238/https://www.itarana.es.gov.br/portal/uploads/legislation/antigos/d4ad3e0ff7023e6dd1bacde801ff13a4.pdf «Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES»]. ''itarana.es.gov.br''</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Laranja da Terra]]<ref name="pomeranoses"/><ref name="farese"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Pancas]]<ref name="pomeranoses"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lpniceia.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/pomerano/ |title=Pomerano!? |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006215205/https://lpniceia.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/pomerano// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gabeira.locaweb.com.br/causas/causa.asp?id=941&idSubd=40 |title=No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328015129/http://gabeira.locaweb.com.br/causas/causa.asp?id=941&idSubd=40 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Santa Maria de Jetibá]]<ref name="pomeranoses"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=604 |title=Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095437/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=604 |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Vila Pavão]]<ref name="pomeranoses"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.secult.es.gov.br/?id=%2Faqui_tem_cultura%2Fartigos%2Fmateria.php&cd_matia=1371 |title=Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006215210/https://secult.es.gov.br/?id=%2Faqui_tem_cultura%2Fartigos%2Fmateria.php&cd_matia=1371%2F |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Minas Gerais=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Itueta]] (only in the district of [[Vila Nietzel]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nanademinas.com.br/exibe-cultura.php?id=928 |title=Descendentes de etnia germânica vivem isolados em área rural de Minas |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225437/http://www.nanademinas.com.br/exibe-cultura.php?id=928 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/portal/index.php?p=noticias&getID=5307 |title=Pomeranos em busca de recursos federais |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727183916/http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/portal/index.php?p=noticias |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guiaresplendor.com.br/noticias/resistencia-cultural |title=Resistência cultural – Imigrantes que buscaram no Brasil melhores condições de vida, ficaram isolados e sem apoio do poder público |language=pt |access-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120085427/http://www.guiaresplendor.com.br/noticias/resistencia-cultural |archive-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Pomerode]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html |title=Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município. |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530095532/http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref>

=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Canguçu]] (under approval)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/maiscangucu/2010/06/18/vereadores-propoem-ensino-da-lingua-pomerana-nas-escolas-do-municipio/ |title=Vereadores propõem ensino da língua pomerana nas escolas do município |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327205729/http://wp.clicrbs.com.br/maiscangucu/2010/06/18/vereadores-propoem-ensino-da-lingua-pomerana-nas-escolas-do-municipio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Rondônia=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Espigão d'Oeste]] (under approval)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000101925 |title=Ontem e hoje : percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D'Oeste-RO |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425050204/http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000101925 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prefeituraespigao.com.br/noticias/sessao-solene-em-homenagem-a-comunidade-pomerana,941 |title=Sessão Solene em homenagem a Comunidade Pomerana |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183001/http://www.prefeituraespigao.com.br/noticias/sessao-solene-em-homenagem-a-comunidade-pomerana,941 |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academicoo.com/tese-dissertacao/ontem-e-hoje-percurso-linguistico-dos-pomeranos-de-espigao-d-oeste-ro|title=Percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D Oeste-RO]|year=1996|language=pt|access-date=12 November 2011|last1=Pessoa|first1=Maria do Socorro|archive-date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221194549/http://www.academicoo.com/tese-dissertacao/ontem-e-hoje-percurso-linguistico-dos-pomeranos-de-espigao-d-oeste-ro|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espigaonews.com/viewmanchete.asp?idmanchete=2457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002755/http://www.espigaonews.com/viewmanchete.asp?idmanchete=2457 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2015 |title=Comunidade Pomerana realiza sua tradicional festa folclórica |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref>

====Municipalities that have co-official Trentinian language (''or Trentinian dialect'')====
=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rodeio]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

====Municipalities that have co-official language Riograndenser Hunsrückisch language====
=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Antônio Carlos (Santa Catarina)|Antônio Carlos]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipol.org.br/upload/Image/lei1.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095443/http://www.ipol.org.br/upload/Image/lei1.jpg|url-status=dead|title=Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos|archivedate=2 April 2012}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Treze Tílias]] (language teaching is compulsory in schools, standing on stage in public official of the municipality)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicalfm99.com.br/noticia.php?noticia=000714 |title=Vereadores de Treze Tílias se reuniram ontem |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bol.uol.com.br/|title=BOL - O email grátis do Brasil|website=www.bol.uol.com.br|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161058/https://www.bol.uol.com.br/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guarios.com.br/guanews/roteiros.php?id=5 |title=Um pedaço da Aústria no Brasil |publisher=Treze Tílias |language=pt |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513103303/http://www.guarios.com.br/guanews/roteiros.php?id=5 |archive-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ipumirim]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Santa Maria do Herval]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revistas.ucpel.edu.br/index/login?source=%2Findex.php%2Frle%2Farticle%2Fview%2F76%2F48|title=Acesso|website=revistas.ucpel.edu.br|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161501/https://revistas.ucpel.edu.br/index/login?source=%2Findex.php%2Frle%2Farticle%2Fview%2F76%2F48|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ventosdalusofonia.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/brasil-dialeto-do-baixo-alemao-torna-se-segunda-lingua-oficial-de-cidade-gaucha/|title=Brasil: dialeto do baixo-alemão torna-se segunda língua oficial de cidade gaúcha|work=Ventos da Lusofonia|date=28 June 2012|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124084152/https://ventosdalusofonia.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/brasil-dialeto-do-baixo-alemao-torna-se-segunda-lingua-oficial-de-cidade-gaucha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dzeit.blogspot.ca/2009/03/apresentando-santa-maria-do-herval-rs.html|title=dzeitrs: Apresentando... Santa Maria do Herval (RS)|author=Jorge Luis Stocker Jr.|year=2009|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000512/http://dzeit.blogspot.ca/2009/03/apresentando-santa-maria-do-herval-rs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/portal/notice_print.php?id=5643 |title=Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul] – ''Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik – a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian'' |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084650/http://www.brasilalemanha.com.br/portal/notice_print.php?id=5643 |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Barão]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

====Municipalities in which the teaching of the German language is mandatory====
=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nova Petrópolis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.camaranovapetropolis.com.br/UPLarquivos/201220101443063.pdf|title=Câmara Municipal de Vereadores de Nova Petrópolis}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camaranovapetropolis.com.br/UPLarquivos/221220101102423.pdf|title=Ata 047/2010|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195953/http://www.camaranovapetropolis.com.br/UPLarquivos/221220101102423.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/lei-organica/novapetropolis-rs/4136|title=Art. 153 § 3º da Lei Orgânica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219181959/http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/lei-organica/novapetropolis-rs/4136|archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.novapetropolis.rs.gov.br/int_noticias.php?id=218&tipo=3 Em Nova Petrópolis 100% da população é alfabetizada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161844/http://www.novapetropolis.rs.gov.br/int_noticias.php?id=218&tipo=3 |date=22 February 2014 }}, quinto parágrafo</ref>

====Municipalities in which the teaching of the Italian language is mandatory====
=====Espírito Santo=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Venda Nova do Imigrante]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folhadaterra.com.br/website/site/Noticia.aspx?id=2942|title=Língua italiana na rede municipal de ensino|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101131/http://folhadaterra.com.br/website/site/Noticia.aspx?id=2942|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camaravni.es.gov.br/noticias_online.asp?id_noticia=842|title=Câmara Municipal de Venda Nova do Imigrante|website=www.camaravni.es.gov.br|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143352/http://www.camaravni.es.gov.br/noticias_online.asp?id_noticia=842|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Paraná=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Francisco Beltrão]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.franciscobeltrao.pr.gov.br/arquivos/legislacao/898.DOC|title=LEI Nº 3018/2003 – 02.10.03 – Dispõe sobre a oficialização de aulas de língua italiana nas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.leismunicipais.com.br/legislacao-de-francisco-beltrao/669887/lei-3018-2003-francisco-beltrao-pr.html|title=Lei Ordinária nº 3018/2003 de Francisco Beltrão, dispõe sobre a oficialização de aulas de língua italiana nas escolas}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Antônio Prado]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.camaraaprado.com.br/revista_eletronica_detalhe.php?id=731 |title=Elaboração de Projeto de Lei para o ensino obrigatório da língua italiana nas escolas municipais |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724125523/http://www.camaraaprado.com.br/revista_eletronica_detalhe.php?id=731 |archive-date=24 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.correiodopovo.com.br/Impresso/?Ano=115&Numero=183&Caderno=9&Noticia=119621 |title=Língua italiana em Antônio Prado, Italiano integra currículo escolar |language=pt |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415005236/http://www.correiodopovo.com.br/Impresso/?Ano=115&Numero=183&Caderno=9&Noticia=119621 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/anotada/9618423/lei-3113-08-brusque|title=Lei 3113/08, Brusque|work=JusBrasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/940069/lei-3113-08-brusque-0|title=Lei 3113/08 – Lei nº 3113 de 14 de agosto de 2008|work=JusBrasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/anotada/9618411/art-1-da-lei-3113-08-brusque|title=Art. 1 da Lei 3113/08, Brusque|work=JusBrasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brusque.sc.gov.br/web/agenda_evento.php?noticia=172:Secretaria_de_Educacao_esclarece_a_situacao_sobre_o_Ensino_da_Lingua_Italiana|title=Prefeitura Municipal de Brusque – Secretaria de Educao esclarece a situao sobre o Ensino da Lngua Italiana|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221194746/http://www.brusque.sc.gov.br/web/agenda_evento.php?noticia=172%3ASecretaria_de_Educacao_esclarece_a_situacao_sobre_o_Ensino_da_Lingua_Italiana|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Criciúma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/984309/lei-4159-01-criciuma-0|title=Lei 4159/01 – Lei nº 4159 de 29 de maio de 2001|work=JusBrasil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/anotada/9933877/lei-4159-01-criciuma|title=Lei 4159/01, Criciuma|work=JusBrasil}}</ref>

====Municipalities that have co-official Plattdüütsch language (''or Plattdüütsch dialect'')====
=====Rio Grande do Sul=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Westfália]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

====Municipalities that have co-official German language====
=====Santa Catarina=====
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Pomerode]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>
*{{flagicon|Brazil}}{{flagicon|Germany}} [[São João do Oeste]]<ref name="ipol.org.br"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Brazil}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Afro-Brazilian]]s
* [[Americans in Brazil]]
* [[Argentine Brazilians]]
* [[Armenian Brazilian]]s
* [[Bolivians in Brazil]]
* [[Brazilian diaspora]]
* [[Bulgarians in South America]]
* [[Croatian Brazilian]]s
* [[Chinese Brazilian]]s
* [[Czech Brazilian]]s
* [[Dutch Brazilian]]s
* [[English Brazilian]]s
* [[French Brazilian]]s
* [[Greek Brazilian]]s
* [[Haitian Brazilian]]
* [[History of the Jews in Brazil]]
* [[Hungarian Brazilian]]s
* [[Japanese Brazilian]]s
* [[Korean Brazilian]]s
* [[Lithuanians in Brazil]]
* [[Luxembourg Brazilian]]s
* [[Palestinian Brazilian]]s
* [[Polish Brazilian]]s
* [[Russians in Brazil]]
* [[Scandinavian Brazilian]]s
* [[Spanish immigration to Brazil]]
* [[Swiss Brazilian]]s
* [[Turkish Brazilian]]s
* [[Uruguayan Brazilians]]
* [[Ukrainian Brazilian]]s
* [[Venezuelan Brazilians]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil}}
{{South America topic|Immigration to}}
{{Brazil topics}}
{{Americas topic|Immigration to}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Immigration To Brazil}}
[[Category:Immigration to Brazil| ]]