View source for Imbros

{{Short description|Island in Turkey}}
{{About|the island}}
{{Redirect|Gökçeada|the district|Gökçeada District|the town|Gökçeada (town)}}
{{Redirect|Imroz|the painter|Imroz (Punjabi painter)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| name                            = Imbros
| local_name                     = {{Lang|tr|Gökçeada}}<br />{{Lang|tr|İmroz}}
| native_name_link                = 
| image                      = Gökçeada by Sentinel-2 Cloudless.jpg
| image_caption                   = Satellite view of Gökçeada in 2016
| image_size                      = 
| map                             = Turkey Marmara#Turkey#Europe
| map_relief                      = yes
| coordinates                     = {{coord|40|09|39|N|25|50|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_map          = {{Infobox mapframe
  | id    = Q658437
  | zoom  = 10
  | shape-fill-opacity=0.4
  | marker = island
  }}
| nickname                        = 
| location                        = [[Aegean Sea]]
| archipelago                     = 
| area_km2                        = 286.8
| highest_mount                   = İlyas Dağ (Προφήτης Ηλίας ''Profitis Ilias'')
| elevation_m                     = 673
| country                         = Turkey
| country_admin_divisions_title   = District
| country_admin_divisions         = [[Gökçeada (district)|Gökçeada District]]
| country_capital_city            = 
| country_largest_city            = 
| country_largest_city_population = 
| country_leader_title            = 
| country_leader_name             = 
| population                      = 10,721
| population_as_of                = 2023
| population_footnotes            = <ref name=tuik/>
| density_km2                     = 
| ethnic_groups                   = 
| additional_info                 = 
| website                         = 
}}
'''Imbros''' ({{langx|el|Ίμβρος|Ímvros}};<ref>{{Cite DGRG|title=Imbros}}</ref> {{langx|tr|İmroz}}; {{langx|ota|ايمروز}}), officially '''Gökçeada''' ({{lit|Heavenly Island}}) since 29 July 1970,<ref name="Alexandris">Alexis Alexandris, "The Identity Issue of The Minorities in Greece And Turkey", in Hirschon, Renée (ed.), ''Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey'', Berghahn Books, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jJTge-_444C&pg=PA120 p. 120]</ref><ref>[http://www.yenicag.com.cy/haber.php?subaction=showfull&id=1184254556&archive=&start_from=&ucat=7& "Hüzün Adası: İmroz"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100156/http://www.yenicag.com.cy/haber.php?subaction=showfull&id=1184254556&archive=&start_from=&ucat=7& |date=21 July 2011 }}, ''Yeniçağ'', 12 July 2007</ref> is the largest island of Turkey, located in [[Çanakkale Province]]. It is located in the north-northeastern [[Aegean Sea]], at the entrance of [[Saros Bay]], and has the westernmost point of Turkey ([[İncirburnu, Gökçeada|Cape İncirburnu]]). Imbros has an area of {{convert|286.8|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="yearbook">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0022025.pdf | title = Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013 | year = 2014 |page = 7| publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish, English}}</ref> and has some wooded areas.<ref name="concise">[http://secure.britannica.com/ebc/article-9037207 "Gökçeada"], from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</ref>

As of 2023, the island-district of Gökçeada has a population of 10,721.<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2023, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr |access-date=10 May 2024|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr|format=XLS}}</ref> The main industries of Imbros are fishing and tourism. By the end of the 20th century, the island was predominantly inhabited by settlers from the Turkish mainland that mostly arrived after 1960,<ref name=Babul/> with the indigenous Greek population having declined to about 300 persons by the start of the 21st century.<ref name="Al-monitor">{{cite web |last=Akyol |first=Kursat |title=For Turkey's Greek minority, an island school provides fresh hope |date=2 October 2015 |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-greece-minority-island-school-escape-extinction.html |access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>

Historically, the island was primarily inhabited by [[ethnic Greeks]]<ref name="Alexandris"/> since the [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] until approximately the 1960s, when many were forced to emigrate to [[Greece]] as well as to [[Western Europe]], the [[Greeks in the United States|United States]] and [[Greeks in Australia|Australia]], due to a campaign of discrimination and [[ethnic cleansing]] sponsored by the governments of [[İsmet İnönü]].<ref name="Alexandris"/><ref name="Al-monitor" /><ref>Hurriyet Daily News. "Greeks look to revive identity on Gökçeada", 22 August 2011. [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=greeks-look-to-revive-identity-on-gokceada-2011-08-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716091214/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=438|date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>Mohammadi, A., Ehteshami, A. "''Iran and Eurasia''" Garnet&Ithaca Press, 2000, 221 pages. p. 192 [https://books.google.com/books?id=pwZ1pAmVUtoC&pg=PA192]</ref> The Greek Imbriot diaspora is thought to number around 15,000 globally and in Turkey, and has a strong special Imbrian identity.<ref name="Al-monitor"/><ref name="Babul" /> The 2010s saw a tentative revitalisation of the island's remaining Greek community.<ref name="exterminationflourish" />

==History==

===In mythology===

According to [[Greek mythology]], the palace of [[Thetis]], mother of [[Achilles]], king of [[Phthia]], was situated between Imbros and [[Samothrace]].
[[File:Gokceada3.JPG|thumb|View of [[Samothrace]] from Imbros]]

The stables of the winged horses of [[Poseidon]] were said to lie between Imbros and [[Tenedos]].

[[Homer]] wrote in the ''[[Iliad]]'':

<blockquote><poem>
In the depths of the sea on the cliff
Between Tenedos and craggy Imbros
There is a cave, wide gaping
Poseidon who made the earth tremble,
stopped the horses there.<ref>[[Homer]], [[The Iliad]] Book XIII.</ref>
</poem></blockquote>

Eëtion, a lord of or ruler over the island of Imbros, is also mentioned in the ''[[Iliad]]''. He buys [[Priam]]'s captured son [[Lycaon (Troy)|Lycaon]] and restores him to his father.<ref>[[Homer]], [[The Iliad]], Book XXI.</ref> Homer also writes that [[Hera]] and [[Hypnos]] leave [[Lemnos]] and Imbros making their way to [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]].<ref>[[Homer]], [[The Iliad]], Book XIV.</ref> Homer mentions Imbros in the Iliad on other occasions as well.

Imbros is mentioned in the [[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] which was dedicated to [[Apollo]].<ref>Homeric Hymn 3 to Delian Apollon</ref>

[[Apollonius of Rhodes]] also mentions Imbros in the first book of his work [[Argonautica]].<ref>APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, BOOK 1 OF ARGONAUTICA</ref>

===In antiquity<!--'Ancient Imbros' redirects here-->===
The original inhabitants of Imbros were Pelasgians, worshipped [[Cabeiri]], and Hermes as a god of reproduction in [[Phallus|ithyphallic]] form, whence his Carian epithet, 'Ιμβραμος, has been supposed to be derived. For ancient Greeks, the islands of [[Lemnos]] and Imbros were sacred to [[Hephaestus]], god of [[metallurgy]], and on ancient coins of Imbros an [[ithyphallic]] [[Hephaestus]] appears.

In classical antiquity, Imbros, like Lemnos, was an Athenian [[cleruchy]], a [[colony]] whose settlers retained Athenian citizenship; although since the ''Imbrians'' appear on the Athenian tribute lists, there may have been a division with the native population. The original inhabitants of Imbros were [[Pelasgians]], as mentioned by [[Herodotus]] in [[Histories (Herodotus)|''The Histories'']].<ref>[[Herodotus]], [[Histories (Herodotus)|''The Histories'']], Book V.</ref>

In 511 or 512 BC the island was captured by the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] general [[Otanes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/larchersnotesonh02larc|title=Larcher's Notes on Herodotus, historical and critical comments on the History of Herodotus, with a chronological table; [Translated] from the French|first1=Pierre Henri|last1=Larcher|first2=William Desborough |last2=Cooley |date=29 December 1844|publisher=London, Whittaker|via=Internet Archive|page=105}}</ref> But later, [[Miltiades the Younger|Miltiades]] conquered the island from Persia after the [[battle of Salamis]]; the colony was established about 450 BC, during the first Athenian empire, and was retained by [[History of Athens|Athens]] (with brief exceptions) for the next six centuries. [[Thucydides]], in his ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' describes the colonization of Imbros,<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'', Book VII.</ref> and at several places in his narrative mentions the contribution of Imbrians in support of Athens during various military actions.<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'', Books III, IV, and V.</ref> He also recounts the escape of an Athenian squadron to Imbros.<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'', Book VIII.</ref>
During the [[Social War (357–355 BC)]] the [[Chians]], [[Rhodians]] and [[Byzantium|Byzantians]] attacked Imbros and [[Lemnos]], which were allies of Athens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc3:16.21 |title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVI, chapter 21 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> In the late second century A.D., the island may have become independent under [[Septimius Severus]].<ref>''Oxford Classical Dictionary'': "Imbros"</ref>{{clarify|date=September 2023}}

[[Strabo]] mentions that [[Cabeiri]] are most honored in Imbros and Lemnos.<ref>[[Strabo]], Geography.</ref>

[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] mentions that Imbros was sacred to Cabeiri and [[Hermes]].<ref>{{Google books |title=Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World|page=37|id=N2zyCQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>[https://topostext.org/work/241#I331.14 Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, § I331.14]</ref>

[[Imbrian Mysteries]] were one of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece (similar to the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]]). Unfortunately, very little is known about the Imbrian Mysteries.<ref>{{Google books |title=Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World|page=38|id=N2zyCQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

It is said that [[Philonomus]] had sent to [[Amyclae]] in [[Laconia]] colonists from Imbros and Lemnos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=amyclae-geo|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), AMYCLAE|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/photius/conon.htm|title=Bibliothèque de Photius : Récits de Conon.|website=remacle.org}}</ref>

[[Philostratus]] in his "''Letter 70''" to the Imbrian Cleophon, states that being a [[Lemnos|Lemnian]], he considers Imbros also as his homeland.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Ellen |last1 = Bradshaw Aitken |first2 = Jennifer |last2 = K. Berenson Maclean |title = Philostratus' Heroikos: Religion and Cultural Identity in the Third Century C.E |year = 2004 |publisher = Society of Biblical Literature |isbn = 978-1589830912 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KESzH7Mhyq0C |page= 223}}</ref>

===Byzantine era===
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean 1450 .svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century. Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430. A few islands in the Aegean and the [[Propontis]] remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 (not shown on the map).]]
Prior to the [[Fall of Constantinople]], several larger islands south of Imbros were under Genoese rule, part of the territory historically held in the eastern [[Mediterranean]] by the independent [[Republic of Genoa|Maritime Republic of Genoa]] (1005–1797, thus predating the [[East-West Schism|East–West schism]] of 1054) a political development emanating from the former territory of the Western Roman Empire, by city-states such as [[Venice]], [[Pisa]] and [[Amalfi]].

At the beginning of the 13th century, when the Fourth Crusade and its aftermath temporarily disrupted Venice's relations with the Byzantine Empire, Genoa expanded its influence north of Imbros, into the Black Sea and Crimea.

[[Ruy González de Clavijo]], ambassador to [[Henry III of Castile]] to the court of [[Timur]], travelled through the Aegean during his 1403-1406 Embassy to Samarkand, noted the island as being under the rule of the Byzantines.

===Ottoman era (1455-1466, 1470-1912)===
Shortly following the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Byzantine forces in Imbros left the island, and the population became Ottoman subjects. The island was not conquered by force, but rather through [[istimalet]]{{clarify|date=September 2023}} policy. [[Michael Critobulus|Michael Critoboulos]], a leading Imvrian, and subsequently a chronicler of [[Mehmed II|Mehmet II]], organised and facilitated the peaceful surrender of the island to the Ottomans. In return for taxes and loyalty, the island was given a degree of relative autonomy, with administration under a local person. In 1479, the island came under definitive Ottoman rule. The Ottomans, through issuing [[Law of the Ottoman Empire|kanunname]] and installing local Muslim rulers, attempted to integrate the entirely Orthodox Greek population. [[Feryal Tansuğ]] judges that it is difficult to determine the degree to which the islanders recognised Ottoman rule. After the island became Ottoman soil in 1455 it was administered by Ottomans and Venetians at various times. During this period, and particularly during the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Kanuni Sultan Süleyman]] (1520–1566), the island became a foundation{{clarify|date=September 2023}} within the Ottoman Empire. Relations between the Ottomans and Venetians occasionally led to hostilities – for example, in June 1717 during the [[Turkish-Venetian War (1714-1718)]], a tough but ultimately fairly indecisive [[Battle of Imbros (1717)|naval battle]] between a Venetian fleet, under [[Lodovico Flangini]], and an Ottoman fleet, was fought near Imbros in the [[Aegean Sea]]. Nevertheless, the island's residents continued to live in relative peace and prosperity until the 20th century. The population lived modest lives in subsistence economies and were not involved in upheavals, for instance, the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence (1821-1832)]]. <blockquote>"Although Greek bandits attacked [...] and landed in Imvros and Lemnos in order to take sustenance support, the islanders did not help them so that Ottoman troops drove back the rebellions."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tansuğ |first=Feryal |date=2014-04-01 |title=The Kocabaşis as Intermediaries?: The Local and Central Administration in Imvros/İmroz and Lemnos in the Early 19th Century |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ttkbelleten/issue/52512/690233 |journal=Belleten |language=en |volume=78 |issue=281 |pages=223–244 |doi=10.37879/belleten.2014.223 |s2cid=245283381 |issn=0041-4255}}</ref><ref>Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), Hattı Hümayun (HAT) 862/38465, 3 Rebiülahir 1236 (8 January 1821); BOA, HAT 750/35418, 1 Zilhicce 1236 (30 August 1821); HAT 663/32280, 1 Zilhicce 1236 (30 August 1821); Feridun Emecen, "Limni," İslam Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, vol. 27, p. 191.</ref></blockquote>

Only in 1864 with the promulgation of the new [[Vilayet Law|Vilâyet Law]] was the administrative status of the island in regard to the central government defined. Two administrative districts were formed—the Kazâ/Jurisdiction of İmroz and Bozcaada of the Sanjak/District of Lemnos, a subdivision of the larger province of Eyalet/Administrative Division of the Islands of the Aegean Sea. Prominent Ottoman politician, [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Qemal Bej Vlora]], who spent about a year during the mid-1870s superintending the workings of a lignite mine upon the island, remarked that:<blockquote>"The sole authority in the place was the müdür (a sort of mayor appointed by the Government [whose attributions included tax collection, executing the court sentences, and at times mediation of disputes and pacification of the locals]), who was a charming Albanian, and more like the father of this island family than a representative of government. There were four or five gendarmes recruited from among the Greeks of the country, who did not even know where their arms were, so little did they ever find need of using them —and it is doubtful if they would have known how to if the occasion had arisen...We passed whole weeks without communication with the outside world. No telegrams came, nor couriers, nor newspapers, nor anything else to disturb our hermit's life amid this beautiful scenery and among a population that is perhaps the quietest and simplest in the world. There are no pleasures there except the songs of young Greeks and the country dances."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bey |first=Ismail Kemal |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179889 |title=The Memoirs Of Ismail Kemal Bey |year=1920}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1912 during the [[First Balkan War]], the Greek Navy invaded the island. The island had an absolute Greek majority population of 8,506 people then.<ref>''Ίμβρος και Τένεδος, δύο ξεχασμένα ελληνικά νησιά (1910–1930)'', p.23</ref> After the signing of the [[Treaty of Athens]] in 1913, all of the Aegean islands except Bozcaada and Gökçeada were ceded to Greece.

===First World War===
[[File:Australian Army Service Corps wagons loading bread at the 1st Australian Field Bakery, at Imbros.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Australian Army Service Corps wagons loading bread at the First Australian Field Bakery, at Imbros (c.1915)]]
In 1915, Imbros played an important role as a staging post for the allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, prior to and during the invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula. A field hospital, airfield and administrative and stores buildings were constructed on the island. In particular, many [[ANZAC]] (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) soldiers were based at Imbros during the Gallipoli campaign, and the island was used as an air and naval base by ANZAC, British, and French forces against Turkey. The headquarters of General [[Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton|Ian Hamilton]] were on Imbros.<ref>{{Google books |title=Gallipoli: The battlefield guide|id=ct8AWvmF9nQC}}</ref>

On 20 January 1918, a naval action (see [[Battle of Imbros (1918)]]) took place in the Aegean near the island when an Ottoman squadron engaged a flotilla of the British Royal Navy.

[[Patrick Shaw-Stewart]] wrote his famous poem "Achilles in the Trench", one of the best-known war poems of the First World War, while he was on Imbros. He seemed to enjoy speaking [[ancient Greek]] to the inhabitants of Imbros. In one of his letters he wrote: "here I am, living in a Greek village and talking the language of [[Demosthenes]] to the inhabitants (who are really quite clever at taking my meaning)."<ref>{{Google books |title=Stand in the Trench, Achilles: Classical Receptions in British Poetry of the Great War|page=37|id=BahEGJK76wMC}}</ref>

===Between Turkey and Greece===
Between November 1912 and September 1923, Imbros, together with [[Tenedos]], were under the administration of the Greek navy. Both islands were overwhelmingly ethnically Greek, and in the case of Imbros the population was entirely Greek.<ref name="Alexandris"/>

Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problem. The issue divided the great powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands.<ref name="Kaldis">{{cite journal |last=Kaldis |first=W.P. |title=Background for Conflict: Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Islands, 1912–1914 |journal=Journal of Modern History |year=1979 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=D1119–D1146 |doi=10.1086/242039 |jstor=1881125 |s2cid=144142861}}</ref> With Italy controlling key islands in the region, major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest. Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913.<ref name="Kaldis" /> Eventually, Greece and the United Kingdom pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tenedos, [[Kastelorizo]] and Imbros and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands. The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands.<ref name="Kaldis" /> This agreement would not hold, but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side.

During [[World War I]] [[Gallipoli Campaign]], the [[British Empire|British]] used the island as a supply base and built a 600-metre-long airstrip for military operations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=H.A. |title=The War in the Air: being the story of the part played in the great war by the Royal Air Force |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1928 |page=25}}</ref>

In 1920, the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] with the defeated [[Ottoman Empire]] granted the island to Greece. The Ottoman government, which signed but did not ratify the treaty, was overthrown by the new Turkish nationalist Government of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], based in Ankara. After the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made the island part of Turkey; but it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status for Imbros and Tenedos to accommodate the Greeks, and excluded them from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] that took place between Greece and Turkey, due to their presence there as a majority.<ref>See link to the text of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], below</ref> Article 14 of the treaty provided specific guarantees safeguarding the rights of minorities in both the nations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Volume 2 |editor1=Matthew J. Gibney |editor2=Randall Hansen |publisher=Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt |isbn=978-1576077962}}</ref>

However shortly after the legislation of "Civil Law" on 26 June 1927 (Mahalli Idareler Kanunu), the rights accorded to the Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos were revoked, in violation of the Lausanne Treaty. The island was demoted from an administrative district to a sub-district with the result that the island was to be stripped of its local tribunals. Moreover, the members of the local council were obliged to have adequate knowledge of the Turkish language, which meant that the vast majority of the islanders were excluded. Furthermore, according to this law, the Turkish government retained the right to dissolve this council and in certain circumstances, to introduce police force and other officials consisting of non-islanders. This law also violated the educational rights of the local community and imposed an educational system similar to that followed by ordinary Turkish schools.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexandris|first=Alexis|title=Imbros and Tenedos:: A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923|year=1980|publisher=Pella Publishing Company|page=21|url=http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422023849/http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>

Massive scale persecution against the local Greek element started in 1961, as part of the ''Eritme Programmi'' operation that aimed at the elimination of Greek education and the enforcement of economic, psychological pressure and violence. Under these conditions the Turkish government approved the appropriation of the 90% of the cultivated areas of the island and the settlement of additional 6,000 ethnic Turks from mainland Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|publisher=Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref name="Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage">{{cite book| last1= Eade | first1= John| last2= Katic| first2 =Mario| title= Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBqrBAAAQBAJ&q=imvros%2Bdiscrimination&pg=PA37| publisher= Ashgate Pub Co|date=28 June 2014| page=38 |isbn=978-1472415929 }}</ref> The Turkish Government, also, closed the Greek schools on the island and classified it as "supervised zone", which meant that [[expatriate]]s could not visit the island and their homes without special admission.<ref name="Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage"/> Greeks on the island were also targeted by the construction of an open prison on the island that included inmates convicted of rape and murder, who were then allowed to roam freely on the island and harass locals.<ref name="Al-monitor"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish public unaware of truth of Imbros: Patriarch|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-public-unaware-of-truth-of-imbros-patriarch.aspx?pageID=238&nID=34603&NewsCatID=341|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=14 November 2012|access-date=14 November 2012}} "According to Feryal Tansuğ, a historian at Istanbul's Bahçeşehir University, who compiled the book "İmroz Rumları, Gökçeada Üzerine" (Rums of Imbros, on Gökçeada), non-Muslims on the island were targeted as part of an official policy that included allowing inmates at a jail built on the island to roam free and harass locals."</ref> Some are said to have committed the same crimes before the prison was closed down in 1992.<ref name="Al-monitor"/> Farming land was expropriated for the prison.<ref name = "Helsinki_Watch_Report_1992">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY923.PDF|title=DENYING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE GREEKS OF TURKEY – A Helsinki Watch Report 1992}}</ref> Furthermore, with the 1964 Law on Land Expropriation (No 6830) the farm property of the Greeks on the island was taken away from their owners.<ref name="Human_Rights_in_Turkey">{{cite book| last = Arat| first = Zehra F. Kabasakal| title = Human Rights in Turkey| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AWIUBAAAQBAJ| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|date=April 2007| page = 65| isbn = 978-0812240009}}</ref>
In 1965, the first mosque was built in the island. It was named Fatih Camii (Conqueror's Mosque) and was built on an expropriated Greek Orthodox communal property at the capital of the island.<ref name="Crossing the Aegea_p.120">{{cite book |first = Renée |last = Hirschon |title = Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey |year = 2003 |publisher = Berghahn Books |isbn = 978-1571815620 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDQqKh90YwC |page= 120}}</ref> Additional population settlements from Anatolia occurred in 1973, 1984 and 2000. The state provided special credit opportunities and agricultural aid in kind to those who would decide to settle in the island.<ref>Babul, 2004: 5-6</ref> New settlements were created and existing settlements were renamed with Turkish names.<ref name="Al-monitor"/> The island itself was officially renamed to Gökçeada in 1970.<ref name="Al-monitor"/> On the other hand, the indigenous Greek population being deprived of its means of production and facing hostile behaviour from the government and the newly arrived settlers, left its native land. The peak of this exodus was in 1974 during the Cyprus crisis.<ref>Babul, 2004: 6</ref>

In 1991, Turkish authorities ended the military "forbidden zone" status on the island.<ref name = "Helsinki_Watch_Report_1992"/>

In 1992, Panimbrian Committee mentioned, that members of the Greek community are "considered by the authorities to be second class citizens" and that the local Greeks are afraid to express their feelings, to protest against certain actions of the authorities or the Turkish settlers, or even to allow anybody to make use of their names when they give some information referring to the violation of their rights, fearing the consequences which they will have to face from the Turkish authorities.<ref name = "Helsinki_Watch_Report_1992"/> In the same year [[Human Rights Watch]] report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on Imbros and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements.<ref name = "Helsinki_Watch_Report_1992"/>

By 2000, only 400 Greeks remained, while the Turks were around 8,000.<ref name="Eade"/> {{As of|2015}}, only 318 Greeks remained on the island, whereas the number of Turks increased to 8,344.<ref name="Al-monitor"/> However, international pressure resulted in Turkey's authorities relaxing some of the previously imposed restrictions in the 2000s, which, combined with efforts of the Imvrian expatriate communities and the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Bartholomew]], a native of Imbros, allowed the opening of Greek educational establishments on the island as well as the return of some Greeks who had left their native Imbros. In 2022, there were three Greek schools operating on the island, the Greek population of Imbros being over 400 people, whereas the number of Turks has increased to over 10,000.<ref name="exterminationflourish">{{cite web| last1= Antonopoulos| first1= Paul| title=After attempts of extermination, Hellenism is starting to flourish in Turkey again as Greeks return home| url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/04/24/after-attempts-of-extermination-hellenism-is-starting-to-flourish-in-turkey-again-as-greeks-return-home/ | publisher=Greek City Times | date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Economist2023>{{Cite news |title=The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0013-0613 |date=2023-09-07}}</ref>

In November 2019, a team of archaeologists led by Burçin Erdogan unearthed an approximately 8,000-year-old T-shaped [[obelisk]] in the Uğurlu-Zeytinlik mound. The monument made of two parts connected by seven-meter long walls reminds standing stones in [[Göbekli Tepe]] archeological site.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-23|title=8000-year-old monument found in Turkey where local inhabitants used to perform ancient rituals|url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/8000-year-old-monument-found-turkey-where-local-inhabitants-used-perform-ancient-rituals-34812|access-date=2020-09-17|website=International Business Times, Singapore Edition|language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Gokceada4.JPG|thumb|Mountains of Imbros, with the highest mountain, the extinct cone-shaped volcano İlyas Dağ, on the right]]

===Geology===
Imbros is mainly of [[volcanic]] origin and the highest mountain of the island İlyas Dağ, is an extinct cone-shaped [[stratovolcano]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Physical and mechanical properties of Gokceada: Imbros (NE Aegean Sea) Island andesites |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=321–324 |doi=10.1007/s10064-010-0270-6 |year=2010 |last1=Kurtuluş |first1=Cengiz |last2=Irmak |first2=T. Serkan |last3=Sertçelik |first3=Ibrahim |bibcode=2010BuEGE..69..321K |s2cid=44244401}}</ref>

===Earthquakes===
Imbros is situated directly south of the [[North Anatolian Fault]], lying within the [[Anatolian Plate]] very close to the boundary between the [[Aegean Sea Plate|Aegean Sea]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] Plates. This fault zone, which runs from northeastern Anatolia to the northern Aegean Sea, has been responsible for several deadly earthquakes, including in Istanbul, Izmit and Imbros among others, and is a major threat to the island.

On the days of 20–21 August 1859, Imbros experienced some pre-earthquake tremors. The most catastrophic earthquake hit the island at 04:00 on the morning of the August 21, followed by a series of aftershocks—which were recorded to have had lasted until at least January 1860—the most severe of which were recorded at 16:15, 16:25, and 16:35 of the same day. The damage from these tremors was quite significant, as is evident in the descriptions provided from the newspaper, ''Αμάλθεια'' (''Amalthea''), and ''Schmidt''. The publication, ''Αμάλθεια'' stated that: <blockquote>"All the houses in the villages of ''Παναγία'', ''Γλυκύ'', ''Αγρίδια'' and ''Σχοινούδι'' of ''Ίμβρος'' collapsed or suffered cracks from the main earthquake and the three strong aftershocks that followed. The inhabitants remained on the streets and in the fields, without daring to approach the ruins, to get their furniture. Crying and mourning were heard everywhere. The first earthquake knocked down tiles and all the chimneys of the houses. After that the inhabitants left their homes. During the second earthquake, all the houses suffered cracks. The third earthquake caused the collapse of all houses, windmills, watermills, bakeries, and cafes, while churches were severely damaged, but did not collapse. The number of houses that fell was 1400. In various areas, cracks were observed in the ground, from which salt water gushed out, with fine sand. Massive rocks fell from the mountains. The villages of Αγίου Θεοδώρου suffered minor damage. Besides, in Samothrace, these earthquakes were also felt, but no damage was recorded. The same in Τένεδος. In Λήμνος on the contrary, some damage was caused, but it is not known how much. In Λήμνος, however, new sources appeared. In ''Ίμβρος'', the earthquakes continued until the 23rd of the month, but none of the residents were killed."</blockquote>''Schmidt'' writes that he derives his information about the earthquake mainly from a letter he received in January 1860, after the mediation of ''Professor'' ''Μητσόπουλου'', from the deacon ''Βαρνάβα'' ''Κουτλουμουσιανό''—an eyewitness to the earthquake. In this letter, it is mentioned that: <blockquote>"It seems that there were no human losses, but in all areas of the island the destruction was great, as many houses and churches were destroyed. Some springs have disappeared, while others have appeared in areas that were previously dry. There were also cracks in the ground, from which mud with a strong sulphur odour came. The earthquake preceded a violent thunder from the north-east." </blockquote>On 24 May 2014, Imbros was shaken by a strong [[2014 Aegean Sea earthquake|earthquake]] with a magnitude of 6.9 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>W</sub>]]. 30 people were injured and numerous old houses were damaged, some of them irreparably. A major earthquake is expected to occur along this fault line in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000r2hc#summary |title=M6.9 – 19km S of Kamariotissa, Greece |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Minor noticeable earthquakes are common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deprem.ibb.gov.tr/tr/index.html |title=İstanbul ve Civarının Deprem Etkinliğinin Sürekli İzlenmesi Projesi – Marmara Bölgesi |publisher=Deprem.ibb.gov.tr |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035848/http://deprem.ibb.gov.tr/tr/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Climate===
The island has a [[Mediterranean climate]] with warm and dry summers, and wet and cool winters. Although summer is the driest season, some rainfall does occur in summer. Snow and ground frost are not uncommon in winter.

{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | collapsed   = yes
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Gökçeada (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 9.8
 | Feb high C = 10.7
 | Mar high C = 13.3
 | Apr high C = 17.8
 | May high C = 23.2
 | Jun high C = 28.1
 | Jul high C = 30.6
 | Aug high C = 30.7
 | Sep high C = 26.1
 | Oct high C = 20.4
 | Nov high C = 15.6
 | Dec high C = 11.3
 | year high C = 19.8
 | Jan mean C = 7.0
 | Feb mean C = 7.4
 | Mar mean C = 9.6
 | Apr mean C = 13.5
 | May mean C = 18.3
 | Jun mean C = 22.9
 | Jul mean C = 25.3
 | Aug mean C = 25.4
 | Sep mean C = 21.4
 | Oct mean C = 16.7
 | Nov mean C = 12.5
 | Dec mean C = 8.6
 | year mean C = 15.7
 | Jan low C = 4.4
 | Feb low C = 4.7
 | Mar low C = 6.6
 | Apr low C = 9.9
 | May low C = 14.2
 | Jun low C = 18.4
 | Jul low C = 20.8
 | Aug low C = 21.2
 | Sep low C = 17.8
 | Oct low C = 13.8
 | Nov low C = 9.9
 | Dec low C = 6.2
 | year low C = 12.4
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 109.28
 | Feb precipitation mm = 88.03
 | Mar precipitation mm = 88.02
 | Apr precipitation mm = 55.04
 | May precipitation mm = 36.66
 | Jun precipitation mm = 23.45
 | Jul precipitation mm = 14.29
 | Aug precipitation mm = 8.46
 | Sep precipitation mm = 33.33
 | Oct precipitation mm = 73.37
 | Nov precipitation mm = 99.35
 | Dec precipitation mm = 121.88
 | year precipitation mm = 751.16

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 7.2
 | Feb precipitation days = 7.3
 | Mar precipitation days = 6.8
 | Apr precipitation days = 5.8
 | May precipitation days = 4.2
 | Jun precipitation days = 2.5
 | Jul precipitation days = 2.2
 | Aug precipitation days = 1.8
 | Sep precipitation days = 3.3
 | Oct precipitation days = 4.9
 | Nov precipitation days = 6.6
 | Dec precipitation days = 9.6
 | year precipitation days = 62.2

 | Jan humidity = 79.4
 | Feb humidity = 77.2
 | Mar humidity = 74.2
 | Apr humidity = 68.9
 | May humidity = 66.9
 | Jun humidity = 62.5
 | Jul humidity = 59.9
 | Aug humidity = 61.3
 | Sep humidity = 65.0
 | Oct humidity = 73.4
 | Nov humidity = 77.9
 | Dec humidity = 79.6
 | year humidity = 70.5
 | source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Gokceada_17110.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Gökçeada
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 15, 2024}}</ref>
}}

===Town===
[[File:ImbrosTenedos 2.svg|thumb|right|Location of Imbros (Gökçeada) and [[Tenedos]] (Bozcaada)]]
[[File:View of artificial lake from Tepeköy village, Gökçeada, Turkey - 20050713.jpg|thumb|View of Imbros' artificial lake from the village of Tepeköy]]
[[File:Gokceada zeytinli olives.JPG|thumb|[[Olive grove]]s in Zeytinli]]
[[File:20070700 Imbros Sxoinoudi 11.jpg|thumb|Village of Dereköy]]
; Çınarlı : Çınarlı (also known as "Gökçeada" or "Merkez" meaning "center") is the only town on Imbros, known as ''Panaghia Balomeni'' (Παναγία Μπαλωμένη) in Greek; there is a small [[Gökçeada Airport|airport]] nearby.

===Villages===
Most of the settlements on Imbros were given Turkish names in 1926.
; Bademli köyü : Older Greek name is ''Gliky'' (Γλυκύ). It is located to the northeast of the island, between Çınarlı town and Kaleköy/Kastro.
; Dereköy : Older Greek name is ''Schoinoudi'' (Σχοινούδι). It is located at the center of the west side of island. Due to the emigration of the Greek population (largely to Australia and the USA; some to Greece and Istanbul before the 1970s), Dereköy is largely empty today. However, many people return on every 15 August for the festival of the [[Virgin Mary]].
; Eşelek / Karaca köyü : It is located at the southeast of the island. It is an agricultural area that produces fruit and vegetables.
; Kaleköy : Older name is ''Kastro'' (Κάστρο) ([[Latin language|Latin]] and Greek for [[castle]]). Located on the north-eastern coast of island, there is an antique castle near the village. Kaleköy also has a small port which was constructed by the French Navy during the occupation of the island in the First World War, and is now used for fishing-boats and yachts.
; Şahinkaya köyü : It is located near Dereköy.
; Şirinköy : It is located in the southwest of island.
; [[Tepeköy, Gökçeada|Tepeköy]] : Older Greek name is ''Agridia'' (Αγρίδια). It is located in the north of the island, and is home to the largest Greek population among all villages. İlyas Dağ, an extinct volcano located to the south of the village, has an elevation of {{convert|673|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which makes it the highest point of the island.
; Uğurlu köyü : It is located in the west of the island.
; Yeni Bademli köyü : It is located at the center-northeast of the island, near Bademli. It has many motels and ''pensions.''
; Yenimahalle : Older Greek name is ''Evlampion'' (Ευλάμπιον). It is located near the town of Çınarlı on the road to Kuzulimanı port.
; [[Zeytinliköy, Gökçeada|Zeytinliköy]] : Older Greek name is ''Agios Theodoros'' (Άγιος Θεόδωρος). Demetrios Archontonis, known as [[Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]], was born there on 29 February 1940. The village has beautiful historic Greek houses and gets its Turkish name from the surrounding [[olive grove]]s (''Zeytinli köy'' meaning "[[Olive]]-ville" in Turkish.) The village is very popular among tourists during high season.
; Others : '''Yeni Bademli köyü''', '''Eşelek / Karaca köyü''', '''Şahinkaya köyü''', '''Şirinköy''' and '''Uğurlu köyü''' were established after 1970.

===Cittaslow===
Gökçeada is one of the eight "[[cittaslow]]s" of Turkey and is the second in being accepted as one, after [[Seferihisar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cittaslow.org/network/country/35 |title=Turkey – Cittaslow International |publisher=cittaslow.org |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>

===Places to see===
* '''Aydıncık/Kefaloz (Kefalos) beach''': Best location for windsurfing{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
* '''Kapıkaya (Stenos) beach''':
* '''Kaşkaval peninsula / (Kaskaval)''': Scuba diving
* '''Kuzulimanı (Haghios Kyrikas)''': Ferryport with 24-hour ferries to [[Gelibolu]]–[[Kabatepe]] port and [[Çanakkale]] port.
* '''Mavikoy/Bluebay''': The first national [[underwater park]] in Turkey.<ref name="tudav">{{cite web|title=Gökçeada Marine Park|url=http://www.tudav.org/index.php/en/gokceada-marine-park/192-gokceada-marine-park|publisher=Turkish Marine Research Foundation|access-date=12 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Scuba diving allowed for recreational purposes.
* '''Marmaros beach''': Also has a small waterfall.
* '''Pınarbaşı (Spilya) beach''': Longest (and most sandy) beach on the island.

==Environment==

=== Gökçeada (imroz) sheep ===
This ancient native breed of sheep is named after the island where it was established. The sheep is suitable for milk and meat. Outside the island, it is still farmed in Çanakkale.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.veteriner.cc/koyun/gokceada.asp | title=Veteriner.CC - Koyun Yetiştiriciliği - Gökçeada (Imroz) Koyun ırkı }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tarimtv.gov.tr/tr/video-detay/gokceada-koyun-irki-11946 | title=Gökçeada Koyun Irkı (İmroz) - Hayvansal Üretim - Tarım TV }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yasemin.com/yemek/haber/2981460-imroz-kuzusu-nedir-ve-nereden-alinir-imroz-kuzusu-nasil-piser | title=İmroz kuzusu nedir ve nereden alınır? İmroz kuzusu nasıl pişer? }}</ref>

===Marine===

Water from the Black and Marmara Seas mixing with the warmer saltier water of the Aegean Sea supports a rich marine ecosystem.<ref name="ÇOMÜ 1">{{cite web|title=Gökçeada ve Deniz|url=http://guby.comu.edu.tr/gokceada/gokceada-ve-deniz/gokceada-ve-deniz.html |publisher=Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Gökçeada Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616024732/http://guby.comu.edu.tr/gokceada/gokceada-ve-deniz/gokceada-ve-deniz.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Wind===

Offshore<ref>{{cite book|last1=Argin|first1=Mehmet|title=2015 9th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO)|pages=966–970|last2=Yerci|first2=Volkan|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/ELECO.2015.7394519|year=2015|isbn=978-6-0501-0737-1|s2cid=44242072}}{{dead link|date=July 2016}}</ref> wind power may be developed in future. At the moment, there are some wind turbines generating energy on the island.

===Issues===

Environmental issues include litter.

==Economy==
[[Swordfish]] are caught in season.<ref name="ÇOMÜ 1" />

==Population==

===Greek population===
[[File:Barba Yorgo tavern, Tepeköy village, Gökçeada, Turkey - 20050713.jpg|right|thumb|Barba Yorgo's [[taverna]] in Tepeköy]]
The island was primarily inhabited by ethnic [[Greeks]] from ancient times through to approximately the 1960s. Data dating from 1922 taken under Greek rule and 1927 data taken under Turkish rule showed a strong majority of Greek inhabitants on Imbros, and the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] had a strong presence on the island.<ref name="Alexandris"/> The Turkish census of 1927 states that the island's population was almost exclusively Greek Orthodox and numbered 6,762 
(with only 157 of them being Turks).<ref name="Crossing the Aegea_p.120"/>

Article 14 of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923) exempted Imbros and Tenedos from the large-scale [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] that took place between Greece and Turkey, and required Turkey to accommodate the local Greek majority and their rights:

<blockquote>The islands of Imbros and Tenedos, remaining under Turkish sovereignty, shall enjoy a special administrative organisation composed of local elements and furnishing every guarantee for the native non-Moslem population insofar as concerns local administration and the protection of persons and property. The maintenance of order will be assured therein by a police force recruited from amongst the local population by the local administration above provided for and placed under its orders.</blockquote>
 
However, the treaty provisions relating to administrative autonomy for Imbros and protections of minority populations was never implemented by the Turkish government."<ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite book|last=Human Rights Watch|title=Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks in Turkey|year=1992|page=27|publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdubdhMwM1YC&pg=PA26 |isbn=9781564320568}}</ref> The result was a significant decline in the Greek population of the island.<ref name="Human Rights Watch" />

A diaspora of approximately 15,000 Imbriots based mostly in Greece maintains strong links to the island.<ref name="Al-monitor" /> However, large populations of Imbriots reside in Australia, South Africa, Turkey, Egypt, the Americas, and Western Europe.

===Human rights===
[[File:Gokceada zeytinli coffee.JPG|thumb|Co-owner of the famous "Madam'ın Dibek Kahvesi" in Aghios Theodoros (Zeytinli), Imbros. Circa 2005.]]

The following grievances apply particularly to Imbros:
* On 4 October 1923, following the installation of Turkish authorities on the island, the elected government of the island were dismissed, and installed mainlanders. At the same time, 1,500 Imbriots who had taken refuge from the [[Turkish War of Independence]] on [[Lemnos]] and in [[Thessalonica|Thessaloniki]] were classified as ''[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]],'' denied the right to return, and their property was confiscated.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Libitsiouni |first=Anthi |title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία,. Οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης, της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου, 1955–1964 |date=2009 |type=PhD |doi=10.26262/heal.auth.ir.113326 |url=https://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/113326 |publisher=University of Thessaloniki |access-date=6 September 2012 |pages=108–109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726175301/https://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/113326 |archive-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
* With the passing of Law 1151 on 25 June 1927, the system of local administration on Imbros was abolished, closed the Greek schools, and prohibited instruction in the language. In 1952–3, the Greek Imbriots were permitted to build new ones, closed again in 1964. Since 2013, the decision to restrict the use of the Greek language in instruction has been reversed.<ref name=Committee/>
* In 1943, Turkey arrested the Metropolitan of Imbros and Tenedos with other Orthodox clerics. They also confiscated the lands on Imbros belonging to the monasteries of [[Great Lavra]] and [[Koutloumousiou monastery|Koutloumousiou]] on [[Mount Athos]], expelled the tenants, and installed settlers; when the Mayor of Imbros and four village elders protested, they were arrested and sent to the mainland.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* Between 1964 and 1984, almost all the usable land on Imbros had been expropriated (98% by 1990), for inadequate compensation, for an army camp, a minimum-security prison, reforestation projects, a dam project, and a national park.<ref name=Committee>{{cite web|last=Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights |title=Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos): preserving the bicultural character of the two Turkish islands as a model for co-operation between Turkey and Greece in the interest of the people concerned |url=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc08/EDOC11629.pdf |work=Parliamentary Assembly Assemblée parlementaire |access-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002134443/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc08/EDOC11629.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2012 }}</ref>
* Nikolas Palaiopoulos, a town councilor, was arrested and imprisoned in 1962 for complaining to the Greek Ambassador on the latter's visit to Imbros; he, together with the Mayor of Imbros and 20 others, was imprisoned again in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexandris|first=Alexis|title=Imbros and Tenedos:: A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923|year=1980|publisher=Pella Publishing Company|pages=28–29|url=http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422023849/http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>
* Between 
* The old Cathedral at Kastro (Kaleköy) was desecrated on the night of the Turkish landing on Cyprus in 1974; the present Cathedral was looted in March 1993; criminal activities have included a number of rapes and murders, officially blamed on convicts and soldiers, but none of them has been solved.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* Through the latter half of the 20th century, the Turkish government implemented a program to settle [[Turkish people]] from Anatolia <ref name="dunya.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.dunya.com/gundem/greek-population-dwindles-on-turkish-aegean-island-haberi-200944 | title=Greek population dwindles on Turkish Aegean Island | date=13 February 2013 }}</ref> on Imbros and Tenedos (Bozcaada).<ref name="Al-monitor"/>
* On 28 October 2010, the Greek cemetery of the island was [[desecrated]], an action condemned by the [[Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish public unaware of truth of Imbros: Patriarch|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-condemns-desecration-against-greek-orthodox-cemetery-in-gokceada-2010-10-31|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=31 October 2010|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224005440/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-condemns-desecration-against-greek-orthodox-cemetery-in-gokceada-2010-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Population change in Imbros===
Discrimination against the island's Greek population as well as geopolitical tensions have led to the Greeks emigrating from both islands, the peak of this exodus occurring in 1974, when Turkey [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded Cyprus]].<ref name="Babul" /> According to 1927 Population Census, Imbros population was 6,555 Greeks, and 157 Turks; in contrast at the 2000 Population Census the Greeks had become a minority on the island.<ref name="Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage"/> In 2000, there were around 400 Greeks, while there were around 8000 Turks.<ref name="Eade">{{cite book| last1= Eade | first1= John| last2= Katic| first2 =Mario| title= Ashgate Studies in Pilgrimage| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBqrBAAAQBAJ&q=imvros%2Bdiscrimination&pg=PA37| publisher= Ashgate Pub Co|date=28 June 2014| page=38 |isbn=978-1472415929 }} In 2014 there were around 300 Greeks and 8,344 Turks.</ref> Most of the former Greeks of Imbros and Tenedos are in [[diaspora]] in Greece, the United States, and Australia.<ref>''Struggle for Justice'', pp.33-73; they ascribe the resettlement program to an article in the Turkish magazine "Nokta".</ref>

In September 2015, a Greek school on Imbros was reopened after 51 years of prohibition of Greek education.  {{As of|2015}}, there were 14 students, only one of whom was born on the island, the rest from diaspora families that returned to the island.<ref name="Al-monitor"/> In addition, a member of the Greek community is serving on the Imbros municipal police force {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="Al-monitor"/>

By 2019, the Greek population of the island had increased to 400, mainly due to increasing numbers of returnees from the diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agos.com.tr/en/article/17270/back-to-homeland-new-locals-of-imroz|title = Back to homeland: 'New locals of Imroz'| date=17 December 2016 }}</ref> There are now 3 Greek schools with 53 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proto thema|date=5 January 2020|url=https://www.protothema.gr/stories/article/961692/to-thrasos-tis-tourkias-kai-i-amihani-siopi-tis-elladas-apo-ti-sunthiki-tis-lozanis-stin-kinaro/}}</ref>

{{legend|#ffcccc|[[Turkish people|Turks]]<ref name="dunya.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.dunya.com/gundem/greek-population-dwindles-on-turkish-aegean-island-haberi-200944 | title=Greek population dwindles on Turkish Aegean Island | date=13 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Babul>{{cite web|last=Babul |first=Elif |title=Belonging to Imbros: Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Turkish Republic |url=http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/babul.pdf |publisher=Bogazici University |access-date=28 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219230918/http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/babul.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 }}</ref>}}
{{legend|#ccccff|[[Greek people|Greeks]]}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"| '''Town and villages'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gokceada.bel.tr/ |title=Gökçeada Belediyesi |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218141404/http://www.gokceada.bel.tr/ |archive-date=18 February 2010 }} Gökçeada Municipality official page</ref><ref>Alanur Çavlin Bozbeyoğlu, Işıl Onan, [http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s80/OtherPosters_P01_Bozbeyoglu.pdf "Changes in the demographic characteristics of Gökçeada"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517021012/http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s80/OtherPosters_P01_Bozbeyoglu.pdf |date=17 May 2012 }}</ref>|| style="background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1893<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexandris|first=Alexis|title=Imbros and Tenedos:: A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923|year=1980|publisher=Pella Publishing Company|page=6|url=http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422023849/http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/07_1_1980.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref>[[Kemal Karpat]] (1985), [https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7 Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics], [[The University of Wisconsin Press]], p. 130-131</ref>'''|| style="background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1927'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1970'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1975'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1980'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1985'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1990'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''1997'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''2000'''||  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" colspan="2"|'''2018'''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|'''Çınarlı ''(Παναγιά/Panagiá)'' '''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''-'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''-'''||style="background:#fcc;"|'''-'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''-'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''3578''' || style="background:#ccf;"|'''615'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''3806'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''342'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''4251'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''216'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''767'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''70'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''721'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''40'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''553'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''26'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''503'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''29'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''490'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''41'''
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Bademli ''(Γλυκύ/Glyký)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|66|| style="background:#ccf;"|144|| style="background:#fcc;"|1|| style="background:#ccf;"|57|| style="background:#fcc;"|40|| style="background:#ccf;"|1|| style="background:#fcc;"|13|| style="background:#ccf;"|34|| style="background:#fcc;"|29|| style="background:#ccf;"|22|| style="background:#fcc;"|15|| style="background:#ccf;"|15|| style="background:#fcc;"|15|| style="background:#ccf;"|13|| style="background:#fcc;"|11|| style="background:#ccf;"|17
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Dereköy ''(Σχοινούδι/Schoinoúdi)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|73|| style="background:#ccf;"|672|| style="background:#fcc;"|391|| style="background:#ccf;"|378|| style="background:#fcc;"|319|| style="background:#ccf;"|214|| style="background:#fcc;"|380|| style="background:#ccf;"|106|| style="background:#fcc;"|99|| style="background:#ccf;"|68|| style="background:#fcc;"|82|| style="background:#ccf;"|40|| style="background:#fcc;"|68|| style="background:#ccf;"|42|| style="background:#fcc;"|63|| style="background:#ccf;"|50
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Eşelek || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-||style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|152|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|170|| style="background:#ccf;"|-
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Fatih|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|3962|| style="background:#ccf;"|45|| style="background:#fcc;"|4284|| style="background:#ccf;"|32|| style="background:#fcc;"|4135|| style="background:#ccf;"|21|| style="background:#fcc;"|4180|| style="background:#ccf;"|25|| style="background:#fcc;"|4300|| style="background:#ccf;"|32 
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Kaleköy ''(Κάστρο/Kástro)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|38|| style="background:#ccf;"|36|| style="background:#fcc;"|24|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|128|| style="background:#fcc;"|94|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|105|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|90|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|89|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|84|| style="background:#ccf;"|-
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Şahinkaya|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|168|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|107|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|86|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|95|| style="background:#ccf;"|-
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Şirinköy|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|189|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|200|| style="background:#ccf;"|- 
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|[[Tepeköy, Gökçeada]] ''(Αγρίδια/Agrídia)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|3|| style="background:#ccf;"|504|| style="background:#fcc;"|4|| style="background:#ccf;"|273|| style="background:#fcc;"|2|| style="background:#ccf;"|193|| style="background:#fcc;"|1|| style="background:#ccf;"|110|| style="background:#fcc;"|75|| style="background:#ccf;"|2|| style="background:#fcc;"|2|| style="background:#ccf;"|39|| style="background:#fcc;"|2|| style="background:#ccf;"|42|| style="background:#fcc;"|25|| style="background:#ccf;"|140 
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Uğurlu (''Λιβούνια / Livoúnia)|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|460|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|490|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|466|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|401|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|420|| style="background:#ccf;"|- 
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Yenibademli|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|416|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|660|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|628|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|581|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|595|| style="background:#ccf;"|- 
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|Yenimahalle ''(Ευλάμπιον/Evlámpion)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|182|| style="background:#ccf;"|143|| style="background:#fcc;"|162|| style="background:#ccf;"|121|| style="background:#fcc;"|231|| style="background:#ccf;"|81|| style="background:#fcc;"|359|| style="background:#ccf;"|59|| style="background:#fcc;"|970|| style="background:#ccf;"|27|| style="background:#fcc;"|2240|| style="background:#ccf;"|25|| style="background:#fcc;"|2362|| style="background:#ccf;"|27|| style="background:#fcc;"|2600|| style="background:#ccf;"|30
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;"|[[Zeytinliköy, Gökçeada|Zeytinliköy]] ''(Άγιοι Θεόδωροι/Ágioi Theódoroi)'' || style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|-|| style="background:#ccf;"|-|| style="background:#fcc;"|30|| style="background:#ccf;"|507|| style="background:#fcc;"|15|| style="background:#ccf;"|369|| style="background:#fcc;"|36|| style="background:#ccf;"|235|| style="background:#fcc;"|72|| style="background:#ccf;"|162|| style="background:#fcc;"|25|| style="background:#ccf;"|130|| style="background:#fcc;"|12|| style="background:#ccf;"|82|| style="background:#fcc;"|12|| style="background:#ccf;"|76|| style="background:#fcc;"|25 || style="background:#ccf;"|110
|- style="text-align:right;"
|  style="text-align:left; background:#fcc;"|'''TOTAL'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''99'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''9,357'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''157'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''6555'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''3970'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''2621'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''4403'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''1540'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''4879'''|| style="background:#ccf"|'''1068'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''6524'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''586'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''7626'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''321'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''8330'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''248'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''8640'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''226'''|| style="background:#fcc;"|'''8983'''|| style="background:#ccf;"|'''420'''
|}

==Culture==
[[File:Bartolomeo I.jpg|thumb|[[Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew{{nbsp}}I]] was born in the village of [[Zeytinliköy, Gökçeada|Aghios Theodoros (Zeytinliköy)]]]]

A Turkish documentary of 2013, ''Rüzgarlar'' (Winds), by [[Selim Evci]], is focused on the discriminatory government policies of the 1960s against the Greek population.<ref>{{cite web|title=ΒΙΝΤΕΟ: Τα τουρκικά εγκλήματα στην Ίμβρο, αποκαλύπτει τουρκική ταινία |date=11 June 2013 |url=http://www.onalert.gr/stories/tourkika-eglimata-stin-imvro-apokalyptei-tourkiki-tainia |publisher=onalert.gr |access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

Another Turkish film, ''[[My Grandfather's People]]'', is based on the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] between Turkey and Greece in 1923. Among other places, some scenes were filmed in Imbros.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christy dim |url=http://vimeo.com/43207711 |title=Dedemin İnsanları – My Grandfather's people (with english subs) on Vimeo |publisher=Vimeo.com |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523093354/http://vimeo.com/43207711 |archive-date=23 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Notable people from Imbros==
{{Main|Category:People from Imbros}}

==See also==
* [[Treaty of Lausanne]]
* [[Greco-Turkish relations]]
* [[Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul]]
* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]
* [[Tenedos]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''The struggle for justice : 1923–1993 : 70 years of Turkish provocation and violations of the Treaty of Lausanne : a chronicle of human rights violations''; Citizen's Association of Constantinople-Imvros-Tenedos-Eastern Thrace of Thrace. Komotini (1993)
* "Greeks look to revive identity on Gökçeada" in [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=greeks-look-to-revive-identity-on-gokceada-2011-08-22 Hürriyet Daily News], 22 August 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021183112/http://www.tudav.org/new/pdfs/2.EgeAdalari.pdf Papers] presented to the II. National Symposium on the Aegean Islands, 2–3 July 2004, Gökçeada, Çanakkale.
* {{cite book
| last      = Αλεξάνδρου
| first     = Δημήτρης
| title     = Ίμβριοι-Τενέδιοι ΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΞΕΧΑΣΑΜΕ
| publisher = Ερωδιός
| year      = 2002
| isbn      = 978-960-7942-37-1
}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gökçeada}}
* [http://www.gokceada.gov.tr/ Official website of the Gökçeada District] {{in lang|tr}}
* [http://www.gokceada.bel.tr/ Official website of the Gökçeada Municipality] {{in lang|tr}}
* [https://dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Havalimani/Gokceada/AnaSayfa.aspx Gökçeada Airport] {{in lang|tr}}
* [https://www.gokceadarehberim.com/en/ Gökçeada Rehberim / Imbros Guide] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhFLzDQAnbM#! The Greeks of Imbros], video of the book ''İmroz Rumları / Gökçeada Üzerine'', a film directed by Yannis Katomeris, {{ISBN|978-605-5419-75-2}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Çanakkale|image=Canakkale}}
{{Aegean Sea}}
{{Islands of Turkey}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Imbros| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Turkey]]
[[Category:North Aegean islands]]
[[Category:Thracian Sea]]
[[Category:Islands of Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Populated places in Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Places in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Turkey]]
[[Category:Greece–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Members of the Delian League]]
[[Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands]]
[[Category:Cittaslow]]