View source for Ichthyocentaur

{{Short description|Mythological aquatic creatures}}
[[File:Ichthyocentaur, hotel Sacher-VIENNA-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (5).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Icthyocentaur with [[trident]]. [[Hotel Sacher]], Vienna.]]
[[File:Ichthyocentaurs_from_the_Fountain_of_the_Centaurs_by_AA_Weinman,_Jefferson_City_MO_USA,_1927.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Four-legged ichthyocentaur. Fountain of the Centaurs, [[Missouri State Capitol]].]]

In late [[Classical Greek art]], an '''ichthyocentaur''' ({{langx|grc|ἰχθῠοκένταυρος, plural: ἰχθῠοκένταυροι|ikhthúokéntauros, ikhthúokéntauroi}}) was a [[centaur]]ine sea being with the upper body of a [[human]], the lower anterior half and forelegs of a [[horse]], and the tailed posterior half of a [[fish]].

The earliest example dates to the 2nd century BC, among the [[frieze]]s in the [[Pergamon Altar]]. There are further examples of '''Aphros''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀφρός|Aphrós|Sea Foam}}) and/or '''Bythos''' ({{langx|grc|Βυθος|Bythós|Sea Depth/Abyss}}), the personifications of the sea's foam and abyss respectively, depicted as ichthyocentaurs in [[mosaic]]s and [[sculpture]]s.

The term ''ichthyocentaur'' is of late coinage, attributable to the [[Byzantine]] writer [[John Tzetzes]] in the 12th century, and thus they are also referred as '''sea-[[centaur]]'''.

== Nomenclature ==
=== Origin ===
"Ichthyocentaur" is not a term in the vocabulary of [[Classical antiquity]] at all. The word's earliest known use occurs in the 12th century by [[John Tzetzes|Ioannes Tzetzes]] in his commentary ''On [[Lycophron]]'', 34 and may have been coined by him.<ref>[[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] ad [[Lycophron]], [https://topostext.org/work/860#34 34], [https://topostext.org/work/860#886 886] & [https://topostext.org/work/860#892 892]</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}}<ref>{{harvp|Packard|1980}}, p. 329, note 7</ref>{{sfnp|Litvinskij|Pičikian|1995|p=142}}

=== Meaning ===
Ichthyocentaur is a [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]] represented as having the fore-legs of a horse, rather than just having a fish-like lower-body.<ref name=brills-new-pauly-triton><!--Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Christine F. Salazar edd.-->{{cite dictionary|title=Triton |dictionary=Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity |volume=14 |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |page=101}}</ref>

Ichthyocentaur comes from two different words, ''ichthyo-'' and ''centaur''. ''Ichthyo-'' is an adjective stem from Greek {{Transliteration|grc|ikhthis}} ({{lang|grc|ιχθύς}}) "fish"; ''[[centaur]]'', from Greek {{Transliteration|grc|kentauros}} ({{lang|grc|κένταυρος}}), a creature from classical mythology that has a man's upper body attached to a horse's body and legs.

=== Synonyms ===
The term or its equivalent in other European languages ({{langx|de|Ichthyokentaur}}, plural: {{lang|de|Ichthyokentauren}}; {{langx|fr|Ichthyocentaure, Ichtyocentaures}}) has been used in classical art commentary in the modern age, and vernacular terms such as "sea-centaur" ({{langx|de|Seekentauren, Fischkentauren}}; {{langx|fr|centaures marins}}) have also been interchangeably applied.<ref name=roscher/><ref name=brulet/> [[Henri van de Waal]] (1976) placed "ichthyocentaur", "'''centaurotriton'''", and "sea-centaur" in the same [[iconography|iconographic]] group or [[iconclass]]<ref>{{citation|last=van de Waal |first=Henri |author-link=Henri van de Waal |title=Iconclass: an iconographic classification system. Society, civilization, culture. System. Part I-Part II. |volume=4 |publisher=North-Holland |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SMKAQAAMAAJ |page=98 |isbn=9-780-72048-264-5}}</ref> synonymous treatment of these terms are also seen in archaeological papers.{{sfnp|Litvinskij|Pičikian|1995|p=142}}<!--In artistic representations there were also Ιχθυοκένταυροι ichthyocentaurs, « sea-centaurs» or «centaurotritons».--><ref>{{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=44}}, where "ichthyocentaur" and "sea centaur" are equated.</ref>

'''Centaur-Tritons''' is another name for ichthyocentaurs, noted in a 19th-century reference.<!--depicted with the forelegs of horses as well as human arms. [commenting out Smith] "sometimes represented with two horse's feet instead of arms" [actually horse's feet AND human arms] --><ref name=dgrbm-triton1/>

== Greek art ==
[[File:Altar Pérgamo Tritón 02.JPG|thumb|Triton on Pergamon Altar]]

The earliest datable depiction of an ichthyocentaur is found in the relief sculptures of the [[Pergamon Altar]] (2nd century BC), although the inscription labels the figure as a "[[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Rumpf|1939|p=105}} and note 140, cited by {{harvp|Lattimore|1976|p=44}}, note 84.</ref>{{sfnp|Litvinskij|Pičikian|1995|p=142}} The ichthyocentaur in this relief sculpture has wings on its back; these wings are of a peculiar type which are lined with either seaweed or sea creature parts instead of feathers.<ref name=roscher/>

Ichthyocentaurs are sometimes portrayed with a pair of [[Chela (organ)|pincered]] arms (similar to a [[lobster]]'s clawed arms) emerging out of their heads.<ref name=collignon>{{cite book|last=Collignon |first=Maxime |author-link=Maxime Collignon |translator-last=Harrison |translator-first=Jane E. |translator-link=<!--Jane E. Harrison--> |title=Manual of Mythology: In Relation to Greek Art |publisher=H. Grevel & Co. |year=1890 |url=https://archive.org/details/manualmythology00collgoog |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manualmythology00collgoog/page/n218 197]–199 |quotation=then come, in late days, the Centaurs of the sea, beating the water with their mighty fins, with their heads sometimes surmounted by lobsters' claws.}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Cf. [[Oceanus]] conventionally depicted with crab or lobster claws ("''pinces de crabe/homard''") on their heads, including Zeugma.<ref name=eraslan/> Cf. also Pauline (1972) on both "antennae (''antennes'')" and "pincers (''pinces'')" present on mosaic heads of Oceanus/sea deities.<ref name=voute/>}}

=== Aphros and Bythos ===
[[File:Venüs&#039;ün Doğuşu Mozaiği.jpg|thumb|left|Aphrodite with Bythos and Aphros.{{right|—[[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]]}}]]

==== Zeugma mosaics ====
A "[[Aphrodite Anadyomene|Birth of Venus (Aphrodite)]]" mosaic unearthed at [[Zeugma (Commagene)|Zeugma]], Turkey shows Aphrodite emerging from a shell, supported by two "sea-centaurs", construed as special names for Tritons, according to a paper published by the leader of the French excavation team.{{sfnp|Abadie-Reynal|2002|p=760}} The mosaics bear inscriptions, identifying the sea-centaurs as Aphros ("Sea-Foam",<!--l'Écume marine--> [[Personification|personified]]) and Bythos ("Sea-Depths"<!--personification des abymes profonds; -->).{{sfnp|Abadie-Reynal|2002|p=760}}

The Aphros is shown with a pair of lobster-like appendages growing out of his head,{{sfnp|Abadie-Reynal|2002|p=760}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Abadie-Reynal actually states "crowned with the [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] of lobsters (''couronné d'antennes de homards'')", but these terminate in what look like pincers (or ''pinces'', used by other French scholars to describe such appendages), and differs from the straight "antennae" described on the [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]] mosaic Aphros described below.{{sfnp|Balty|1972|p=115}} }} as is Bythos <!--also shown with lobster claws on head, though not expicitly stated by Abadie-Reynal-->(see images).<ref name=wootton/><ref name=theoi/><ref name=zeugma-org-images/>

In the Zeugma mosaic, the elder-looking triton is labeled Aphros and the youthful-looking one is called Bythos, which is contrary to convention seen in other examples.<ref>{{harvp|Abadie-Reynal|2002|p=760}}; {{cite thesis|type=Ph. D. |last=Wardle |first=Marianne Eileen |author-link=<!--Marianne Eileen Wardle--> |title=Naked and Unashamed: A Study of the Aphrodite Anadyomene in the Greco-Roman World |publisher=Duke University, Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies|year=2010 |url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/3120/NakedandUnashamedFinalSubmission.pdf?sequenc |page=233}}</ref>

This mosaic dates to the 3rd century CE, and is now part of the [[Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology]]'s collection,<ref name=wootton/> now housed in the annex named the [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]].<ref name=zeugma-mosaic-mus-floorplan/>

==== Apamea, Paphos and others====
In the marine procession mosaic found underneath a cathedral at [[Apamea, Syria]] (c. 362–363 CE), there is an Aphros in ichthyocentaur form.<ref name=limc-france/><ref>{{harvp|Balty|1972|p=115}}. Fig. 5; Fig. 7</ref> This Aphros (identified by inscription) is depicted as a youthful triton with lobster-like antennae on its head and hair of seaweed.{{sfnp|Balty|1972|p=115}} Bythos also appears in the same group; he evidently appears old-aged and the commentator remarks this is none other than the "[[Old Man of the Sea]]".<ref>{{harvp|Balty|1972|pp=118, 120}}. Fig. 9</ref>

[[File:ZyPaphos07.jpg|thumb|240px|left|Thetis (center), Bythos (center bottom).{{right|—Paphos Archeological Park mosaic, "Beauty contest between Cassiopeia and the Nereids"<!--[[House of Aion]]-->}}]]

The [[Paphos]] mosaic depicts Bythos alone carrying the nereid [[Thetis]] along with two other nereids, [[Nereids#Name|Doris]] and [[Galateia]].

The two sea gods also appear in a pair of matching sculptures (belonging to the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] and [[Vatican Museums]]) depicting them carrying [[Silenus|silen]] companions of the god [[Dionysus]] after his company was driven into the sea by King [[Lycurgus of Thrace]].

==== Aphros in glosses ====
Aphros is glossed as a king of [[Ancient Libya]] and the progenitor of the Aphroi (or [[Carthaginians]]) according to the entry in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] lexicon, the ''[[Suda]]''.<ref name=theoi/><ref name=suda-aphroi>"{{URL|1=http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/alpha/4655|2=Ἄφροι}}", ''Suda On Line", tr. Jennifer Benedict. 5 June 2001.</ref> A mosaic uncovered in Tunisia confirms this belief; it depicts a pair of African sea gods swimming alongside Poseidon's chariot—one is the ichthyocentaur Aphros and the other a twin-tailed Triton, god of the Libyan [[Lake Tritonis]].<ref name=theoi/>{{Better source needed|date=September 2019}}

The ''Suda'' also states this Aphros was the son of Cronos and Philyra.<ref name=suda-aphroi/> This matches the parentage of the centaur [[Chiron]], who was the son of the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Cronus|Cronos]] and the nymph [[Philyra (mythology)|Philyra]] (''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheke]]'' of Pseudo-Apollodorus 1.2)<ref name=apollodorus-1-2/> from which it might be deduced this Aphros and Chiron were siblings.<ref name=theoi/> Aphros was perhaps regarded as Aphrodite's foster-father, given their similarity in names.<ref name=theoi/>

=== Other examples ===
The monochrome [[mosaic]] [[Isthmia (ancient city)|Ishthmia]] (2nd century CE or later),{{sfnp|Packard|1980|p=344}} included an ichthyocentaur-form Triton on the upper panel and a winged-form Triton on the lower; both these beardless Tritons were depicted with a pair of what look like [[crustacean]] [[Chela (organ)|pincers]] growing out of their heads.<ref>{{harvp|Packard|1980|pp=328–329}} and Plates 97–99</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reinhard |first=Jayne Huntington |author-link=<!--Jayne Huntington Reinhard--> |title=The Roman Bath at Isthmia: Decoration, Cult, and Herodes Atticus |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqFs11XrTDUC|page=46 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isthmia.osu.edu/fieldwork/mosaic |title=Lifting the Monochrome Mosaic |work=OSU Excavations at Isthmia |publisher=College of Arts and Sciences The Ohio State University |year=2019|access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>

A pair of [[thiasus#Marine thiasos|marine thiasos]] [[fresco]] fragments in [[Herculaneum]] have been described, such that in one fragment, are two tritons, one of them an ichthyocentaur. The ichthyocentaur here is beardless, and bears a ribboned trident. A pair of [[sea crayfish]] (lobster) feet or pincers sprout from each triton's head.{{Efn|The second triton, bearded, has twin fish-tails, and bears an oar.}} In the second fragment, a youthful ichthyocentaur proceeds ahead of a mounted Venus marina; the ichthyocentaur holds two objects difficult to identify.<ref name=marechal/><ref name=barre&roux/>

== Literary examples ==
One late literary example that has been noted is the poem by [[Claudian]] (d. 404), the ''[[Epithalamium]]'' for the wedding of Honorius and Maria, in which Venus rides Triton on her back as her whole procession heads for the wedding. Here Triton is described as follows "The dread monster uprose from the abyss; his billowing hair swept his shoulders; hoofs of cloven horn grown round with bristles sprang from where his fishy tail joined his man's body".<ref name=claudian/> [[Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher]] observed that this Triton (with [[cloven hoof|cloven hooves]]) is being described as an ichthyocentaur subtype with a bull's forelegs.<ref name=roscher/>

== Renaissance period ==
[[Conrad Gessner]]'s "sea-satyr" or "sea-Pan" was also described as an "ichthyocentaur" or "sea-devil" in his chapter on [[Triton (mythology)|tritons]] in his ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]] IV'' (1558).<ref name=gesner>Gesner, Konrad (1558) ''Historiae animalium'' {{URL|1=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN472755935?tify={%22pages%22:[1237]}|2=Liber IIII}}, p. 1197; (1604 ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=AA0NvxYDpDQC&pg=PA1001 p. 1001].</ref><ref name=hendrikx/><ref name=wehner/> In the German translated edition, this creature is called "''Meerteuffel'' {{sic}}" or "sea devil".<ref name=gesner-germ>Gesner, Konrad (1558) {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=X81YAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA153|2=''Gesnerus redivivus auctus & emendatus, oder: Allgemeines Thier-Buch: Gesneri redivivi aucti et emendati ... oder Vollkommenes Fisch-Buch'', Tomus IV}}, p. 153</ref>

This "marine daemon" ({{langx|de|Meerteufel}}), with other names such as "sea Pan monster", "monstrous sea satyr" or "centaur-fish" has also been used on [[heraldic device]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holme |first=Randle III |author-link=Randle Holme |chapter=16.39 Marine Daemon |title=The Academie of Armorie |year=1688 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A44230.0001.001/1:11.16?rgn=div2;view=fulltext |pages=375, 367}} via [[EEBO]]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hippocampus (mythology)]]
*[[Onocentaur]]
*[[Pisces (astrology)]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citation
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=apollodorus-1-2>{{URL|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=1:chapter=2&highlight=chiron|2=Apollod. 1.2}}; {{cite book|translator1=Stephen M. Trzaskoma |translator-link1=<!--Stephen M. Trzaskoma--> |translator2=R. Scott Smith |translator-link2=<!--R. Scott Smith--> |title=Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek MythologyI |publisher=Hackett Publishing |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8pgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |page=2 |isbn=9-781-60384-052-1}}</ref>

<ref name=barre&roux>{{citation|last1=Barré |first1=Louis |author-link1=:fr:Louis Barré |others=François-Henri Roux, aîné (engravings) |chapter=Planche 16 |title=Herculanum et Pompéi: recueil général des peintures, bronzes, mosaïques, etc. |volume=5 |publisher=F. Didot |year=1840|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNUWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA37 |pages=36–38|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name=brulet>{{cite book|last=Brulet |first=Raymond |author-link=<!--Raymond Brulet--> |title=Le sarcophage Gallo-Romain de Tournai |publisher=Université catholique de Louvain, Départemant d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd7VAAAAMAAJ |page=68}}</ref>

<ref name=claudian>{{cite book|author=Claudian |author-link=Claudian |translator=M. Platnauer |translator-link=<!--Maurice Platnauer--> |title=Epithalamium of Honorius and Maria |publisher=Harvard University Press |website=Perseus.tufts.edu |series=Loeb Classical Library 135 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Epithalamium*.html |pages=252–253}}</ref>

<ref name=dgrbm-triton1>{{Cite DGRBM|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard <!--L.S.-->|authorlink=Leonhard Schmitz |title=Triton (1) |volume=3 |page=1176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1176 |short=}} [[Perseus Project]]: {{URL|1=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dtriton-bio-1|2=Triton (1)}}.</ref>

<ref name=eraslan>{{citation|last=Eraslan |first=Şehnaz |author-link=<!--Şehnaz Eraslan --> |title=Oceanus, Tethys and Thalssa Figures in the Light of Antioch and Zeugma Mosaics|journal=Journal of International Social Research |volume=8 |issue=37 |year=2015 |url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi37_pdf/3sanattarihi_arkeoloji/eraslan_sehnaz.pdf |pages=454, 459, 45<!--454–462-->|doi=10.17719/jisr.20153710616 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=hendrikx>{{cite journal|last=Hendrikx |first=Sophia |author-link=<!-- Sophia Hendrikx --> |title=Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters |journal=Anthropozoologica |date=2018 |volume=53 |issue=11 |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/anthropozoologica/53/11 |pages=132–135<!--125–137-->|doi=10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a11 |hdl=1887/67726 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=limc-france>{{cite web|url=http://www.limc-france.fr/print/objet/14827 |title=Objet14827 |work=Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (France) |date=2012-09-11|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name=marechal>{{citation|last=Maréchal |first=Sylvain |author-link=Sylvain Maréchal |others=François-Anne David (engravings) |chapter=Planche CLV |title=Antiquités d'Herculanum<!--: ou Les plus belles peintures antiques, et les marbres, bronzes, meubles, etc. etc. trouvés dans les excavations d'Herculaneum, Stabia et Pompeïa--> |volume=5 |publisher=Chez David |year=1789 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4U2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA76 |pages=76–77 |language=fr}}; {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4U2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT187|2=Pl. CLV}}</ref>

<ref name=roscher>{{citation|last=Roscher |first=Wilhelm Heinrich |author-link=Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher |title=Ichthyokentauren |work=Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie |volume=2 |publisher=B. G. Teubner |year=1890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_UUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA91 |pages=91–94 |language=de}} [https://archive.org/details/ausfhrlichesle0201rosc/page/n59 Alt URL]</ref>

<ref name=theoi>{{cite web|url=https://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Ikhthyokentauroi.html |title=Ikhthyokentauroi |work=[[Theoi Project]] |date=2010–2017 |author=Aaron J. Atsma}}</ref>

<ref name=voute>{{citation|last=Voute |first=Pauline |author-link=<!--Pauline Donceel-Voûte (b. 1944) --> |title=Notes sur l'iconographie d'Océan. À propos d'une fontaine à mosaïques découverte à Nole (Campanie) |journal=Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité |volume=81 |number=1 |year=1972 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1972_num_84_1_930 |pages=660–664<!--639–674--> |language=fr}}; fig. 11–14</ref>

<ref name=wehner>{{cite book|last1=Ursula Wehner |first1=Peggy |author-link1=<!--Ursula Wehner--> |last2=Zierau |first2=Wolfgang |author-link2=<!--Wolfgang Zierau--> |last3=Arditti |first3=Joseph |author-link3=<!--Joseph Arditti--> |title=Germanicus and Plinius Indicus: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Descriptions and Illustrations of Orchid "Trash Baskets", Resupination, Seeds, Floral Segments and Flower Senescence in the European Botanical Literature in Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives |work=Orchid Biology VIII: Reviews and Perspectives |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyLtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |pages=42–44 |isbn=978-9-401-72500-2}}</ref>

<ref name=wootton>{{cite book|last=Wootton|first=Will |author-link=<!--Will Wootton--> |title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Mosaicist under the Roman Empire |editor-last=Alcock |editor-first=Susan E. |editor-link=Susan E. Alcock |editor-last2=Egri |editor-first2=Mariana |editor-link2=<!--Mariana Egri--> |editor-last3=Frakes|editor-first3=James F. D. |editor-link3=<!--James F. D. Frakes--> |work=Beyond Boundaries: Connecting Visual Cultures in the Provinces of Ancient Rome |publisher=Getty Publications |year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOlYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |pages=74–75|isbn=978-1-606-06471-9}}</ref>

<ref name=zeugma-org-images>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeugma.org.tr/eserler.aspx?eser=10 |trans-title=Works: Zeugma and Other Finds: Birth of Aphrodite |title=Eserleri: Zeugma ve Diğer Buluntular. Aphrodithe'in Doğuşu |website=zeugma.org.tr |year=2014 |access-date=2019-09-12 |language=tr |archive-date=2019-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004043720/http://www.zeugma.org.tr/eserler.aspx?eser=10 |url-status=dead }}; Cf. [http://www.zeugma.org.tr/gso/dosyalar/ZEUGMA%202015%20MIR%20MEDYA%20(269).jpg gallery photo]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

<ref name=zeugma-mosaic-mus-floorplan>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeugma.org.tr/muze_kat_plani_baski2/index.html?page=1 |trans-title=A 20 The Birth of Venus Mosaic |title=Venüs'ün Doğuşu Mozaiği |work=Zeugma Mozaik Müzesi. Müze Kat Plani [Zeugma Mosaic Museum: Floor Plan] |year=2014 |access-date=2019-09-12 |language=tr |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130211615/http://www.zeugma.org.tr/muze_kat_plani_baski2/index.html?page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

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* {{cite book|last=Lattimore |first=Steven |author-link=<!--Steven Lattimore--> |title=The Marine Thiasos in Greek Sculpture |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles |year=1976 |isbn=9780917956027 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPo2AQAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book|last1=Litvinskij |first1= B. A. |author-link1=<!--Litvinskij, B. A.--> |last2=Pičikian |first2=I. R. |author-link2=<!--Pičikian, I. R.--> |editor-last=Invernizzi |editor-first=Antonio |editor-link=<!--Antonio Invernizzi, U. Turin--> |title=River-Deities of Greece Salute the God of the River Oxus-Vaksh: Achelous and the Hippocampess |work=In the Land of the Gryphons |publisher=[[Rinehart & Company]] |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzgMAQAAMAAJ |pages=335–336 |series=Monografie di Mesopotamia 5|isbn= 9788871662480 }}
* {{citation|last=Packard|first=Pamela M. |author-link=<!--Pamela M. Packard--> |title=A Monochrome Mosaic at Isthmia |journal=Hesperia<!--: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens--> |volume=49 |number=4 |year=1980 |publisher=The American School of Classical Studies at Athens |url=https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147913.pdf|pages=326–346}} {{JSTOR|147913}}
* {{citation|last=Rumpf |first=Andreas |author-link=Andreas Rumpf |title=Die Meerwesen auf den antiken Sarkophagreliefs |publisher=Deutsches Archaologisches Institut |volume=5, pt. 1 |year=1939 }}. {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?&id=NhNGAQAAIAAJ|2=Reprint (1969)}}, L'Erma di Bretschneider. <!--quote:"[Ichthyokentauren].. weil bei weitem der zukunftsreichste der erweiterten Typen der ist, bei dem in Analogie des Hippokampen dem Fischmenschen Pferdevorderbeine gegeben werden. Das früheste datierbare Beispiel ist der Triton im Gigantenkamp an der Nordwange der Trppenseite des pergamenischen Altares."-->

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Ikhthyokentauroi.html Theoi Greek Mythology: IKHTHYOKENTAUROI]
*[http://www.borges.pitt.edu/vakalo/zf/html/body_ichthyocentaurs.html University of Pittsburgh: Borges Center: Fantastic Zoology: Ichthyocentaur] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709001159/https://www.borges.pitt.edu/vakalo/zf/html/body_ichthyocentaurs.html |date=July 9, 2010}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101216143542/http://mythindex.com/greek-mythology/I/Ichthyocentaurus.html GREEK MYTH INDEX: ICHTHYOCENTAUR]
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/asian_art/marine_deity_triton_or_ichthyocentaur/objectview.aspx?collID=6&OID=60005764 The Metropolitan Museum of Art: WORKS OF ART: ASIAN ART: Marine Deity (Triton or Ichthyocentaur)]

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Centaurs]]
[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Mythological aquatic creatures]]
[[Category:Horses in mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological human–animal hybrids]]