View source for Ice Mountain

{{Short description|Mountain ridge and algific talus slope in Hampshire County, West Virginia, US}}
{{other uses|Ice Mountain (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name            = Ice Mountain Preserve
| iucn_category   = V
| iucn_ref        = <ref name="IUCN1">{{cite web|title=Ice Mountain Preserve|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/ice-mountain-preserve|website=Protected Planet|publisher=IUCN|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>
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| map             = USA West Virginia
| map_image       = 
| map_size        = 
| map_caption     = Location of Ice Mountain Preserve in West Virginia
| relief          = 1
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| location        = [[Hampshire County, West Virginia|Hampshire]], West Virginia, United States
| nearest_city    = 
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| coordinates     = {{coord|39|21|48|N|78|28|01|W|display=inline,title}}
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| area_acre       = 149
| area_ref        = <ref name="TNC Ice Mountain">{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/ice-mountain-preserve/ |title=Ice Mountain Preserve |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]] |access-date=November 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208002951/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/westvirginia/preserves/art1208.html |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| elevation       = {{convert|1509|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="USGS Elevation: Ice Mountain">
{{cite web
 |url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic
 |title = Ice Mountain
 |work = Elevation Query
 |access-date = November 7, 2009
 |publisher = [[U.S. Geological Survey]]
 |url-status = live
 |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/698t1HjXe?url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=132:1:3161899225272452
 |archive-date = July 14, 2012
 |df = mdy-all
}}
</ref>
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| website         = [https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/ice-mountain-preserve/ Ice Mountain Preserve]
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}}

'''Ice Mountain''' is a [[mountain]] [[ridge]] and [[algific talus slope]]<ref name="Andrews">{{Citation
  | last = Andrews
  | first = Kevin M.
  | title = A Geological and Geophysical Investigation of Ice Mountain Algific Talus, Hampshire County, West Virginia
  | year = 2003
  | url = http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/6553.pdf
  }}</ref> that is part of a {{convert|149|acre|adj=on}} [[Nature reserve|preserve]] near the community of [[North River Mills, West Virginia|North River Mills]] in [[Hampshire County, West Virginia]], United States.  It was designated a [[National Natural Landmark]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nnlandmarks/site.htm?Site=ICMO-WV|title=National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13|quote=Year designated: 2012}}</ref>

Ice Mountain is protected by [[The Nature Conservancy]] and open for visits by small groups of [[Hiking|hiker]]s.<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /> It is nicknamed "Nature's Ice Box" and "Nature's Refrigerator" owing to its [[ice vent]]s that release cool air all year long.<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /><ref name="Andrews"/>

==Refrigeration==
The accumulated rock [[Detritus (geology)|detritus]] at Ice Mountain's base forms a [[Scree|talus]] that is {{convert|50|ft}} thick in some places. It creates a [[refrigeration]] effect. As cold air sinks into the talus pile during the cooler months it forms masses of ice and [[ice vent]]s inside it.<ref name="Earl Core">{{Citation
  | last = Core
  | first = Earl L.
  | title = The Botany of Ice Mountain, West Virginia
  | journal = Southern Appalachian Botanical Society's Castanea
  | volume = 33
  | issue = 4
  | pages = 345–348 
  | date = December 1968
  | jstor = 4032173
  }}</ref><ref name="HHC">{{cite book|title=History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present|last=Maxwell|first=Hu|author2=Howard Llewellyn Swisher|year=1897|publisher=A. B. Boughner|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhampshi00maxw_0|df=mdy-all|author2-link=Howard Llewellyn Swisher}}</ref><ref name="TNC Climate Change"/><ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="HHSWB">{{cite book | editor-last1=Brannon | editor-first1=Selden W. | year=1976 | title=Historic Hampshire: A Symposium of Hampshire County and Its People, Past and Present | publisher=[[McClain Printing Company]] | location=[[Parsons, West Virginia]] | isbn=978-0-87012-236-1 | oclc=3121468 }}</ref> The ice vents are in a section about {{convert|200|yd}} in length along Ice Mountain's southern flank.<ref name="Earl Core"/><ref name="HHC"/><ref name="HHSWB"/>

Cool air is expelled from the ice in the warmer months.<ref name="TNC Climate Change"/> Vent air temperatures vary throughout the year, but the mean annual temperature can be as low as 2&nbsp;°C (35&nbsp;°F).<ref name="Kite">{{cite book|title=Ice Mountain: Ice-Age Ecosystem Refuge in West Virginia|last=Kite|first=J. Steven|year=2009|publisher=West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Colloquium Series|url=http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/colloquia/20090914_Kite.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623034357/http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/colloquia/20090914_Kite.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Within the area of ice vents there are approximately 60 different pockets<ref name="Off the Beaten Path" /> and the cold air escapes through more than 150 small openings in the talus.<ref name="Kite"/>

The cool air affects surrounding air and soil around creating an area of [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] species and plant growth.<ref name="TNC Climate Change"/>  Studies of Ice Mountain's geology, [[wikt:geomorphology|geomorphology]], and [[micro-climatology]] since 2000 have shown that ice is no longer apparent after early June, but it is unclear whether this disappearance is due to climate change or the abandonment of historic ice storage strategies{{Dubious|date=November 2009}}.<ref name="Kite"/>

==Flora==
Ice Mountain's ice vents provide a habitat for [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] species of plants commonly found in [[Subarctic]] regions.<ref name="TNC Climate Change"/><ref name="Off the Beaten Path" /><ref name="Pickett">{{cite web |url=http://www.bobpickett.org/Field%20Notes/PATC%20-%20Bob%20Pickett's%201998%20Trail%20and%20Field%20Notes.htm |title=Bob Pickett's 1998 Field Notes |publisher=Bob Pickett |access-date=November 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311203653/http://www.bobpickett.org/Field%20Notes/PATC%20-%20Bob%20Pickett's%201998%20Trail%20and%20Field%20Notes.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[ecosystem]] exhibits a combination of Appalachian, Canadian, and Subarctic species in a [[humid subtropical climate]].<ref name="HCWV"/> Northern boreal species have survived at Ice Mountain since the last [[glacial period]] and became isolated over time as temperatures warmed and relegated the boreal species to the Subarctic regions of North America.<ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Pickett"/> The cool air expulsed by the ice vents allowed boreal species to remain at Ice Mountain.<ref name="Pickett"/> Ice Mountain's boreal species are not only unique because of their isolated location, but also because of their elevation.<ref name="Andrews"/><ref name="Pickett"/> Boreal species are typically found at elevations {{convert|4000|ft}} [[above mean sea level]], but species at Ice Mountain survive at heights around {{convert|700|ft}} above mean sea level.<ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Pickett"/>

Boreal species at Ice Mountain include [[Cornus canadensis|bunchberry]] (''Cornus canadensis''),<ref name="Andrews" /><ref name="TNC Climate Change"/><ref name="Pickett"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire">{{cite web |url=http://www.historichampshire.org/scenic/icemt.htm |title=Historic Hampshire: Ice Mountain |publisher=HistoricHampshire.org |access-date=November 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405061423/http://www.historichampshire.org/scenic/icemt.htm |archive-date=April 5, 2009 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Gymnocarpium appalachianum|Appalachian wood fern]] (''Gymnocarpium appalachianum''),<ref name="Andrews" /><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Maianthemum canadense|Canada mayflower]] (''Maianthemum canadense''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Menziesia pilosa|minniebush]] (''Menziesia pilosa''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Acer spicatum|mountain maple]] (''Acer spicatum''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Viburnum lentago|nannyberry]] (''Viburnum lentago''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Galium boreale|northern bedstraw]] (''Galium boreale''),<ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Pickett"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Ribes cynosbati|prickly gooseberry]] (''Ribes cynosbati''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Rosa acicularis|prickly rose]] (''Rosa acicularis''),<ref name="Andrews" /><ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Off the Beaten Path" /><ref name="Pickett"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Clematis occidentalis|purple virgin's bower]] (''Clematis occidentalis''),<ref name="Andrews" /><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Oenothera argillicola|shale barren primrose]] (''Oenothera argillicola''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Ribes glandulosum|skunk currant]] (''Ribes glandulosum''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Trientalis borealis|starflower]] (''Trientalis borealis''),<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> and [[Linnaea borealis|twinflower]] (''Linnaea borealis'').<ref name="Andrews" /><ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Off the Beaten Path" /><ref name="Pickett"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> [[Tsuga canadensis|Eastern Hemlock]]s (''Tsuga canadensis'') provide shade to and cool the mountain's ice vents.<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/>

The Appalachian [[Dryopteris|wood fern]], which grows on moss, was once thought to have been extinct but is found in abundance near the cold vents at the base of Ice Mountain.<ref name="wvpubcast">{{cite web |url=http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=7206 |title=A visit to West Virginia's Ice Mountain |publisher=West Virginia Public Broadcasting |access-date=November 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132922/http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=7206 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Parts of Ice Mountain are barren, but the majority of the ridge is covered in [[Kalmia latifolia|mountain laurel]] (''Kalmia latifolia''), [[Betula lenta|sweet birch]] (''Betula lenta''), and [[Pinus virginiana|Virginia pine]] (''Pinus virginiana'').<ref name="HHC"/> [[Old-growth forest|Old growth]] species include [[Quercus prinus|chestnut oak]] (''Quercus prinus''), sweet birch (''Betula lenta''), and [[Pinus strobus|Eastern white pine]] (''Pinus strobus'').<ref name="OldGrowth">{{cite web |url=http://www.primalnature.org/ogeast/wv.pdf |title=Old Growth in the East: A Survey |publisher=Mary Byrd Davis |access-date=November 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820073624/http://www.primalnature.org/ogeast/wv.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Ice Mountain's tree canopy also consists of [[Acer saccharum|sugar maple]] (''Acer saccharum''), [[Liriodendron tulipifera|American tulip poplar]] (''Liriodendron tulipifera''), [[Carya ovata|shagbark hickory]] (''Carya ovata''), [[Quercus velutina|eastern black oak]] (''Quercus velutina''), [[Nyssa sylvatica|black gum]] (''Nyssa sylvatica''), [[Platanus occidentalis|American sycamore]] (''Platanus occidentalis''), [[Prunus serotina|black cherry]] (''Prunus serotina''), [[Tilia americana|linden]] (''Tilia americana''), [[Fraxinus americana|white ash]] (''Fraxinus americana''), and [[Juglans nigra|black walnut]] (''Juglans nigra'').<ref name="Pickett"/>

West Virginia's [[state flower]], the [[Rhododendron maximum|American rhododendron]] (''Rhododendron maximum''), grows in thick clusters along the lower mountainside of Ice Mountain.<ref name="HCWV"/>

==Fauna==
Ice Mountain provides habitats for breeding neotropical birds including [[warbler]]s, [[vireo]]s, and [[thrush (bird)|thrush]]es as well as various types of birds common in the central [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /> Ice Mountain also serves as a habitat for [[bald eagle]]s and [[raven]]s, which nest in the mountain's Raven Rocks outcrop named for them.<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> Other bird species include [[American goldfinch]] (''Carduelis tristis''), [[great crested flycatcher]] (''Myiarchus crinitus''), [[indigo bunting]] (''Passerina cyanea''), [[red-tailed hawk]] (''Buteo jamaicensis''), and [[black vulture|American black]] (''Coragyps atratus'') and [[Turkey vulture|turkey]] (''Cathartes aura'') vultures.<ref name="Pickett"/>

==Conservation==
[[The Nature Conservancy]], with the help of volunteers, has worked to control non-native [[invasive species]] to protect and preserve Ice Mountain's rare and native plant species.<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /> These invasive species include [[Ailanthus altissima|tree of heaven]] (''Ailanthus altissima''), [[Alliaria petiolata|garlic mustard]] (''Alliaria petiolata''), and [[Microstegium vimineum|Japanese stilt grass]] (''Microstegium vimineum'').<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /> The Nature Conservancy has also partnered with the [[United States Forest Service]] to prevent the deaths of [[Tsuga canadensis|eastern hemlock]]s (''Tsuga canadensis'') due to the [[hemlock woolly adelgid]].<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /> The Nature Conservancy has worked with [[West Virginia University]] geologists to preserve and prevent the mountain's ice vents from succumbing to effects associated with [[climate change]].<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" /><ref name="TNC Climate Change"/> The melting of the ice vents warms the soil's temperature which threatens the survival of the boreal species that thrive there.<ref name="TNC Climate Change"/> The Nature Conservancy also continues to monitor the natural forest regeneration in the areas of Ice Mountain affected by a 2008 [[tornado]].<ref name="TNC Ice Mountain" />

Guided hikes on Ice Mountain are offered on North River Mills and Ice Mountain Day in May and by appointment April through November.<ref name="Off the Beaten Path">{{cite book |title=Off the Beaten Path West Virginia, Volume 6 |last=Clauson-Wicker |first=Su |year=2006 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=0-7627-4218-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWqrt2lsDkC }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Geography and geology==
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Ice Mountain
| photo = 
| photo_caption = 
| elevation_ft = 1509
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence = 
| range = [[North River Mountain]], part of the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians]]
| listing = [[List of mountains of the Alleghenies|Mountains of the Alleghenies]]
| location = [[West Virginia]], United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|39.3634320|-78.4669537|format=dms|region:US-WV_type:mountain_source:GNIS|display=inline}} 
| coordinates_ref=<ref name="gnis">
  {{cite gnis
  | id = 1540653
  | name = Ice Mountain
  | access-date = January 19, 2009 }}</ref>
| topo = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Capon Bridge
| first_ascent = unknown
| easiest_route = [[Hiking|Hike]], [[climbing|Climb]]
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}

Ice Mountain is an arc-shaped forested ridge of the [[Allegheny Mountains]], part of the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians]].<ref name="HHSWB"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> It is {{convert|1509|ft}} above mean sea level at its summit.<ref name="gnis"/> Ice Mountain is a large mass of [[Devonian]] [[Ridgeley sandstone|Oriskany (Ridgeley)]] [[sandstone]] and [[Marcellus Formation|Marcellus]] [[shale]] with numerous bare rock slopes and vertical cliffs.<ref name="Andrews"/><ref name="Earl Core"/><ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="Pickett"/> Ice Mountain lies on the west side of the Timber Mountain [[anticline]] and to the west of [[North Mountain (Virginia-West Virginia)|North Mountain]] [[fault (geology)|fault]], which places it on the Martinsburg [[allochthon]]ous sheet.<ref name="Andrews"/> Ice Mountain is situated along [[North River (Cacapon River)|North River]] and is known for the several hundred yards of ice that form at its base all year long.<ref name="HHSWB"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> At its southern end overlooking the community of [[North River Mills, West Virginia|North River Mills]] is located Raven Rocks, a set of stone chimney [[outcrop]]s.<ref name="HHSWB"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> Raven Rocks is {{convert|1230|ft}} in height above mean sea level with vertical cliffs measuring nearly {{convert|200|ft}} in height.<ref name="Earl Core"/><ref name="HHC"/><ref name="Off the Beaten Path" /> Raven Rocks were named because of the presence of [[raven]]s during pioneer days.<ref name="HHSWB"/> The present Raven Rocks is the remaining vestige of a once towering cliff that overlooked the North River.<ref name="HHC"/> Geologically, Ice Mountain is a northern extension of [[North River Mountain]].<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/>

==History==
Ice Mountain has played a significant role in the history of the North River Mills community.<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> Among Ice Mountain's earliest descriptions are mentions in Henry Howe's ''History of Virginia'' (1845) and in a ''[[American Journal of Science|Silliman's Journal]]'' article by Charles Hayden from the same year.<ref name="Earl Core"/> Ice Mountain was also detailed in [[Hu Maxwell]] and [[Howard Llewellyn Swisher]]'s ''History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present'' (1897), O. F. Morton's ''History of Hampshire County'' (1910), and Homer Floyd Fansler's "Ice Mountain: Nature's Deep Freeze" in the July 1959 issue of ''West Virginia Conservation''.<ref name="Earl Core"/> The mountain was also featured in the April 1861 edition of ''[[Harper's New Monthly Magazine]]''.<ref name="HHSWB"/> The ''Harper's'' publishing company sent the article to the ''[[Winchester Star]]'' where it appeared in their October 10, 1962, issue.<ref name="HHSWB"/>
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Raven Rocks
| photo = 
| photo_caption = 
| elevation_ft = 1230
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence = 
| location = [[West Virginia]], United States
| range = [[North River Mountain]], part of the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|39.3375994|-78.4966763|format=dms|region:US-WV_type:mountain_source:GNIS|display=inline}} <ref name="gnis-raven-rocks">
  {{cite gnis
  | id = 1545430
  | name = Raven Rocks
  | access-date = November 7, 2009 }}</ref>
| topo = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Capon Bridge
| first_ascent = unknown
| easiest_route = [[Hiking|Hike]], [[climbing|Climb]]
}}

Ice Mountain earned its nicknames "Nature's Ice Box" and "Nature's Refrigerator" because of its use by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s and early settlers for storage of perishable food items during the warmer months of the year.<ref name="Andrews"/> During the [[American Civil War]], Ice Mountain was used as a lookout point while the surrounding area served as the scene of numerous small skirmishes.<ref name="HCWV"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/> Thomas McMackin's [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] militia company camped alongside North River at the base of Raven Rocks, where a [[wikt:sentinel|sentinel]] was placed from daybreak to dusk.<ref name="HHC"/> Around the late 19th and early 20th centuries, North River Mills residents would celebrate [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] and other occasions as late as September by digging up ice from the talus for the making of ice cream and lemonade.<ref name="Kite"/><ref name="HistoricHampshire"/>

The mountain had through generations been owned by the Deaver family, the last of which was Mrs. Virginia Pugh.<ref name="HCWV"/> On September 22, 1962 Hampshire County farmer Otis Baker purchased the {{convert|4|acre|adj=on}} Ice Mountain and an adjacent {{convert|106|acre}} for $23,000 at a [[public auction]] at the [[Hampshire County Courthouse (West Virginia)|Hampshire County Courthouse]] in [[Romney, West Virginia|Romney]].<ref name="HCWV"/> Ice Mountain was purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 1991.<ref name="wvpubcast"/>

=== West Virginia state historical marker ===
[[File:Ice Mountain Historical Marker Augusta WV 2014 10 05 01.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Ice Mountain historical marker]]
The text of the historical marker located at the [[U.S. Route 50 in West Virginia|U.S. Route 50]]/[[West Virginia Route 29]] [[wiktionary:Wye|wye]] fork between [[Augusta, West Virginia|Augusta]] and [[Pleasant Dale, West Virginia|Pleasant Dale]] reads as follows:<ref name="HistoricHampshire"/>

{{quote|Huge natural refrigerator, five miles north along North River, where ice is found for several hundred yards on the hottest summer days. Raven Rock, on North Mountain, offers one of the finest views in West Virginia.}}

== See also ==
* [[List of National Natural Landmarks in West Virginia]]
* [[North River (Cacapon River)]]
* [[North River Mountain]]
* [[Climate change in West Virginia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="HCWV">
 {{cite book| editor-last1=Munske| editor-first1=Roberta R.| editor-last2 = Kerns | editor-first2 = Wilmer L. | year=2004| title=Hampshire County, West Virginia, 1754–2004| publisher=The Hampshire County 250th Anniversary Committee| location = [[Romney, West Virginia]] |  isbn=978-0-9715738-2-6 | oclc = 55983178 }}</ref>
<ref name="TNC Climate Change">{{cite web
  |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/ice-mountain-preserve/
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603133405/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/ice-mountain-preserve/
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-date=June 3, 2019
  |title=Ice Mountain Preserve
  |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]
  |access-date=November 7, 2009
  }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
  | url = https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/ice-mountain-preserve/
  | title = Ice Mountain Preserve
  | publisher = The Nature Conservancy
  | access-date = January 19, 2009
  | archive-date = December 8, 2009
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208002951/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/westvirginia/preserves/art1208.html
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{YouTube|id =qBUUCESehms|title =West Virginia Public Broadcasting: Lab 304: A Trip to Ice Mountain}}
* {{MP3link|[http://www.wvpbmedia.com/news/2008/1231icemountain.mp3 West Virginia Public Broadcasting: A visit to West Virginia’s Ice Mountain]}}
* {{MP3link|[http://www.wvpbmedia.com/news/2008/0731Icemountain.mp3 West Virginia Public Broadcasting: The geological wonder known as Ice Mountain]}}
* [http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/6553.pdf A Geological and Geophysical Investigation of Ice Mountain Algific Talus, Hampshire County, West Virginia]
* [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_76777.htm Dynamics of Cold Air Flow from Talus at the Ice Mountain Ecological Refugium, West Virginia, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007044650/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_76777.htm |date=October 7, 2008 }}
* [http://www.historichampshire.org/aerial/ice-air.htm Historic Hampshire: Aerial View of Ice Mountain]
* [http://www.epnps.org/ice-mountain-plant-list/ Ice Mountain Plant List]

{{Hampshire County, West Virginia, in the American Civil War}}
{{Protected Areas of West Virginia}}
{{Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia}}
{{Mountains of West Virginia}}
{{Portal bar|Geology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Algific talus slopes]]
[[Category:American Civil War sites in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Ridges of Hampshire County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:Hampshire County, West Virginia, in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Ice caves]]
[[Category:Ridges of West Virginia]]
[[Category:Nature Conservancy preserves]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Hampshire County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:Rock formations of West Virginia]]
[[Category:National Natural Landmarks in West Virginia]]
[[Category:IUCN Category V]]