View source for IDEF0

{{Short description|Function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions}}
[[Image:IDEF Diagram Example.jpg|thumb|320px|IDEF0 Diagram Example]]
'''IDEF0''', a compound acronym ("Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling", where ICAM is an acronym for "Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing"), is a [[function model]]ing methodology for describing [[manufacturing]] functions, which offers a functional [[modeling language]] for the analysis, development, [[reengineering (software)|reengineering]] and integration of [[information system]]s, [[business process]]es or [[software engineering]] analysis.<ref name="DAC01">[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/readings/sefguide_01_01.pdf ''Systems Engineering Fundamentals.''] Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001.</ref>

IDEF0 is part of the [[IDEF]] family of modeling languages in the field of [[software engineering]], and is built on the functional modeling language [[Structured analysis and design technique|Structured Analysis and Design Technique]] (SADT).

== Overview ==
The IDEF0 Functional Modeling method is designed to model the decisions, actions, and activities of an organization or system.<ref name = "VG00">[[Varun Grover (information scientist)|Varun Grover]], [[William J. Kettinger]] (2000). ''Process Think: Winning Perspectives for Business Change in the Information Age''. p.168.</ref>  It was derived from the established graphic modeling language [[Structured Analysis and Design Technique]] (SADT) developed by [[Douglas T. Ross]] and [[SofTech, Inc.]] In its original form, IDEF0 includes both a definition of a graphical modeling language ([[syntax]] and [[semantics]]) and a description of a comprehensive methodology for developing models.<ref name="ITL93">[http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef02.doc FIPS Publication 183] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227122140/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef02.doc |date=2009-02-27 }} released of IDEFØ December 1993 by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).</ref> The US Air Force commissioned the SADT developers "to develop a [[function model]] method for analyzing and communicating the functional perspective of a system. IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical devices".<ref name = "VG00"/>

Where the [[Functional flow block diagram]] is used to show the functional flow of a [[Product (business)|product]], IDEF0 is used to show [[data flow]], system control, and the functional flow of lifecycle processes. IDEF0 is capable of graphically representing a wide variety of business, manufacturing and other types of enterprise operations to any level of detail. It provides rigorous and precise description, and promotes consistency of usage and interpretation. It is well-tested and proven through many years of use by government and private industry. It can be generated by a variety of computer graphics tools. Numerous commercial products specifically support development and analysis of IDEF0 diagrams and models.<ref name="DAC01"/>

An associated technique, Integration Definition for Information Modeling (IDEF1x), is used to supplement IDEF0 for data-intensive systems. The IDEF0 standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 183 (FIPS 183), and the IDEF1x standard (FIPS 184) are maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).<ref name="DAC01"/>

FIPS PUB 183 "Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0)," was withdrawn as a Federal Standard (in favor of OPEN Specifications and Standards) September 2, 2008, as cited in "The Federal Register",  Volume 73, page 51276 (73FR/51276). <ref name="fips_withdrawn" />

== History ==
During the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force Program for [[Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing]] (ICAM) sought to increase manufacturing productivity through systematic application of computer technology.  The ICAM program identified the need for better analysis and communication techniques for people involved in improving manufacturing productivity. As a result, in 1981 the ICAM program developed a series of techniques known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) techniques which included the following:<ref name="ITL93"/>

* IDEF0, used to produce a "[[function model]]".  A function model is a structured representation of the functions, activities or processes within the modeled system or subject area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232909/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADB062457 ICAM Architecture Part II-Volume IV - Function Modeling Manual (IDEF0)], AFWAL-TR-81-4023, Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, June 1981.</ref>
* IDEF1, used to produce an "information model".  An information model represents the structure and semantics of information within the modeled system or subject area.<ref>ICAM Architecture Part II, Volume V - Information Modeling Manual (IDEF1), AFWAL-TR-81-4023, Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, June 1981.</ref>
* IDEF2, used to produce a "dynamics model".  A dynamics model represents the time-varying behavioral characteristics of the modeled system or subject area.<ref>ICAM Architecture Part II, Volume VI - Dynamics Modeling Manual (IDEF2),
AFWAL-TR-81-4023, Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air
Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, June 1981.</ref>

In 1983, the U.S. Air Force Integrated Information Support System program enhanced the IDEF1 information modeling technique to form [[IDEF1X]] (IDEF1 Extended), a semantic data modeling technique. By the 1990s, IDEF0 and IDEF1X techniques are widely used in the government, industrial and commercial sectors, supporting modeling efforts for a wide range of enterprises and application domains. In 1991 the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) received support from the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Corporate Information Management (DoD/CIM), to develop one or more [[Federal Information Processing Standard]] (FIPS) for modeling techniques.  The techniques selected were IDEF0 for function modeling and IDEF1X for [[information modeling]]. These FIPS documents are based on the IDEF manuals published by the U.S. Air Force in the early 1980s.<ref name="ITL93"/>  Sometime later, IEEE created the IDEF0 standard, and ISO adopted and published it as IEEE/ISO/IEC 31320-1.

== IDEF0 topics ==
[[Image:IDEF Top-Level Context Diagram.jpg|320px|thumb|Top-Level Context Diagram]]

=== The IDEF0 approach ===
IDEF0 may be used to model a wide variety of automated and  non-automated systems. For new systems, it may be used first to define the [[requirements]] and specify the functions, and then to design an implementation that meets the requirements and performs the functions. For existing systems, IDEF0 can be used to analyze the functions the system performs and to record the mechanisms (means) by which these are done. The result of applying IDEF0 to a system is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross-referenced to each other.  The two primary modeling components are functions (represented on a diagram by boxes) and the data and objects that inter-relate those functions (represented by arrows).<ref name="ITL93"/>

=== IDEF0 Building blocks ===
[[Image:IDEF Box Format.jpg|thumb|320px|left|Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) Box Format]]
The IDEF0 model displayed here on the left is based on a simple [[syntax]]. Each activity is described by a verb-based label placed in a box. Inputs are shown as arrows entering the left side of the activity box while output are shown as exiting arrows on the right side of the box. Controls are displayed as arrows entering the top of the box and mechanisms are displayed as arrows entering from the bottom of the box. Inputs, Controls, Outputs, and Mechanisms (ICOM) are all referred to as concepts.<ref name = "VG00"/>

* ''Arrow'' : A directed line, composed of one or more arrow segments, that models an open channel or conduit conveying data or objects from source (no arrowhead) to use (with arrowhead). There are 4 arrow classes:  Input Arrow, Output Arrow, Control Arrow, and Mechanism Arrow (includes Call Arrow).  See Arrow Segment, Boundary Arrow, Internal Arrow.
* ''Box'' : A rectangle, containing a name and number, used to represent a function.

<gallery class="center">
Image:1 Box Syntax.svg|Box Syntax
Image:2 Arrow Syntax.svg|Arrow Syntax
Image:3 Arrow Positions and Roles.svg|Arrow Positions and Roles
Image:4 Label and Name Semantics.svg|Label and Name Semantics
</gallery>

* ''Context'' : The immediate environment in which a function (or set of functions on a diagram) operates.
* ''Decomposition'' : The partitioning of a modeled function into its component functions.

<gallery class="center">
Image:5 Example Top-level Diagram.svg|Example Top-level Diagram
Image:6 Decomposition Structure.svg|Decomposition Structure
Image:7 Detail Reference Expression Use.svg|Detail Reference Expression Use
Image:11 Arrow Fork and Join Structures.svg|Arrow Fork and Join Structures
</gallery>

* ''Fork'' : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) divides into two or more arrow segments. May denote unbundling of meaning.

<gallery class="center">
Image:12 Connections Between Boxes.svg|Connections Between Boxes
Image:13 Boundary and Internal Arrows.svg|Boundary and Internal Arrows
Image:20 Typical Node Tree.svg|Typical Node Tree
Image:21 Negative Node-Numbered Context.svg|Negative Node-Numbered Context
</gallery>

* ''Function'' : An activity, process, or transformation (modeled by an IDEF0 box) identified by a verb or verb phrase that describes what must be accomplished.
* ''Join'' : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) merges with one or more other arrow segments to form a single arrow segment.  May denote bundling of arrow segment meanings
* ''Node'' : A box from which child boxes originate; a parent box.  See Node Index, Node Tree, Node Number, Node Reference, Diagram Node Number.
[[Image:IDEF Diagram Example.jpg|thumb|320px|IDEF0 Diagram Example]]

=== Graphical notation ===
IDEF0 is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross referenced to each other. The two primary modeling components are: 
* functions (represented on a diagram by boxes), and
* data and objects that interrelate those functions (represented by arrows).
As shown by Figure 3 the position at which the arrow attaches to a box conveys the specific role of the interface. The controls enter the top of the box. The inputs, the data or objects acted upon by the operation, enter the box from the left. The outputs of the operation leave the right-hand side of the box. Mechanism arrows that provide supporting means for performing the function join (point up to) the bottom of the box.<ref name="DAC01"/>

=== The IDEF0 process ===
The IDEF0 process starts with the identification of the prime function to be decomposed. This function
is identified on a “Top Level Context Diagram,” that defines the scope of the particular IDEF0 analysis. An example of a Top Level Context Diagram for an information system management process is shown in Figure 3. From this diagram lower-level diagrams are generated. An example of a derived diagram, called a “child” in IDEF0 terminology, for a life cycle function is shown in Figure 4.<ref name="DAC01"/>

=== Federal Information Processing Standards ===
In Dec 1993 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announcing the standard for Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) in the category Software Standard, Modeling Techniques. This publication announces the adoption of the IDEF0 as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS). This standard was based on the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories [[Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing]] (ICAM) Architecture from June 1981.<ref name="ITL93"/>


On September 2, 2008, the associated NIST standard, FIPS 183, has been withdrawn (decision on Federal Register vol. 73 / page 51276.<ref name="fips_withdrawn"> [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-09-02/pdf/E8-20138.pdf Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number, Updated 12/15/16])</ref> 

== See also ==
* [[Function model]]
* [[Functional flow block diagram]]
* [[IDEF1X]]
* [[IDEF3]]
* [[IDEF5]]

== References ==
[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/readings/sefguide_01_01.pdf Systems Engineering Fundamentals.] Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001.
 
{{NIST-PD}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|IDEF0}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227122140/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef02.doc FIPS Publication 183] released of IDEFØ December 1993 by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (Withdrawn by NIST 08 Sep 02 see [https://web.archive.org/web/20100801020458/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/withdraw.htm Withdrawn FIPS by Numerical Order Index])
* [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-09-02/pdf/E8-20138.pdf Federal Register vol. 73 / page 51276] withdrawal decision
* [http://www.idef.com/idefo-function_modeling_method/ Overview of IDEF0] at www.idef.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idef0}}
[[Category:Enterprise modelling]]
[[Category:Business software]]
[[Category:Systems analysis]]
[[Category:Systems engineering]]